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Loring, Dylan. "Mulch Project". Minnesota review 2016, n.º 87 (2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00265667-3630736.
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Rodriguez, D., P. de Voil, MC Rufino, M. Odendo e MT van Wijk. "To mulch or to munch? Big modelling of big data". Agricultural Systems 153 (maio de 2017): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.010.
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Ham, Jay M., e G. J. Kluitenberg. "Modeling the effect of mulch optical properties and mulch-soil contact resistance on soil heating under plastic mulch culture". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 71, n.º 3-4 (novembro de 1994): 403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(94)90022-1.
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Jalota, SK. "Evaporation through a soil mulch in relation to mulch characteristics and evaporativity". Soil Research 31, n.º 2 (1993): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930131.
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A simple equation describing the effects of atmospheric parameters and soil mulch characteristics upon vapour flux density through a dry soil mulch was successfully developed. Determination of vapour flux density was made from columns of diameter 0.1 m and length 0.95 m. These were filled with silt loam and sandy loam soils with surfactant-treated soil mulch on the surface which varied in thickness and porosity. The experiments were conducted under different atmospheric evaporativities (E0), which comprised a number of combinations of wind speed and ambient temperature. The observed vapour flux density and that computed with Hanks' equation matched well. The results indicated that evaporation under a given E0 was affected more by temperature than wind speed. However, vapour flux density showed a strong interaction with wind speed, temperature and the soil mulch characteristics such as porosity and thickness.
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Cushman, Kent E., Muhammad Maqbool e Patrick D. Gerard. "Mulch Type, Mulch Depth, and Rhizome Planting Depth for Field-grown American Mayapple". HortScience 40, n.º 3 (junho de 2005): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.635.
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American mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum L.) is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial found in wooded areas of eastern North America and is a source of the pharmaceutical compound podophyllotoxin. To explore the possible domestication of this species, this research examined strategies for establishing mayapple in field plantings using organic mulches. Mayapple rhizome segments were harvested from the wild and transplanted to raised beds in northern Mississippi in Fall 2001. Two types of mulch (pine bark or wheat straw), two depths of mulch (7.5 or 15 cm), and two planting depths (0 or 5 cm) of rhizome segments were examined in a factorial arrangement and randomized complete block design. Data were recorded during spring of 2002 and 2003. Shoot number was not affected by mulch depth, but there was a significant interaction between mulch type and rhizome planting depth. Rhizome segments planted 0 cm deep and covered with straw mulch produced about 30% fewer shoots compared to any of the other treatment combinations. Number of emerging shoots was also affected by year, with a 33% increase in shoots from 2002 to 2003. Total leaf area and total leaf dry weight were not affected by mulch depth, but there was a significant three-way interaction between mulch type, rhizome planting depth, and year. During 2002, treatment combinations were not different, but during 2003 rhizome segments planted 0 cm deep and covered with straw mulch produced less leaf area and leaf dry weight than any of the other treatment combinations. The ratio of sexual shoots to total shoots was affected by year, with a higher ratio of sexual shoots occurring in 2002 than 2003. Grasses established in bark mulch to a greater extent than in straw mulch in 2002, but weed control was excellent for all treatments in 2003. These results indicate that rhizome segments planted 0 cm deep and covered with straw mulch consistently produced fewer shoots with less leaf area and dry mass compared to any other treatment combination. We preferred bark mulch, but we can recommend either bark or straw mulch for the purpose of establishing field plantings of american mayapple in full sun as long as rhizome planting depth is 5 cm. There was no difference between the two mulching depths used in this study; therefore, a mulch depth of 7.5 cm can be recommended because of its lower cost.
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Schmithals, Anja, e Norbert Kühn. "To mulch or not to mulch? Effects of gravel mulch toppings on plant establishment and development in ornamental prairie plantings". PLOS ONE 12, n.º 2 (6 de fevereiro de 2017): e0171533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171533.
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Král, Martin, Petr Dvořák e Ivana Capouchova. "The effect of straw mulch and compost application on the soil losses in potatoes cultivation". Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 9 (14 de setembro de 2020): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/330/2020-pse.
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The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the straw mulch and compost application on the soil losses in potatoes cultivation. The three-year (2016–2018) exact field plot trials with the potato cv. Dicolora was carried out at the experimental station in Prague-Uhříněves. Wheat straw mulch in two doses 2.5 t/ha (SM1) and 4.5 t/ha (SM2) was applied on the soil surface; the compost in a dose of 20 t/ha (CM) was shuffled to the surface soil layer. Both straw mulch and compost application contributed to the significant reduction of the soil losses compared to control untreated (C). In the average of 2016–2018, the lowest soil loss 17.54 g/m<sup>2</sup> (amount of the soil sediment caught) was found for the variant with the straw mulch treatment (SM2); it means the decrease of soil losses by 71.9% compared to C. Variant SM1 (lower rate of straw mulch in dose 2.5 t/ha) showed the soil loss 18.6 g/m<sup>2</sup> (the decrease by 70.2% compared to C). The similar results for both variants indicate that for effective soil protection, it is not necessary to use the high doses of the straw mulch. Regarding the distribution of precipitation during the vegetation season, intensive precipitation during the short time, especially when they came after the longer period of drought led to higher soil losses compared to the precipitation distributed regularly.
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Waterer, Doug, William Hrycan e Theresa Simms. "Potential to double-crop plastic mulch". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2008): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07007.
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Double-cropping of plastic (polyethylene) mulches has the potential to increase the cost-effectiveness while reducing the environmental impact of this technology for enhancing growth of vegetable crops. In regions with a short growing season, double-cropping of soil mulches hinges on being able to leave the plastic in the field over winter. This extended exposure to the elements may alter the physical and optical characteristics of the mulch, thereby influencing crop productivity in the second year of use. This study evaluated the physical characteristics and efficacy of black, clear and infrared transmitting (IRT) mulches over two cropping seasons in Saskatchewan. The crops planted were pepper (Capsicum annuum) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) in the first year and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in the second year. Early-season soil temperatures appeared highest under the clear mulch in the first year, but once the crop canopy was established there was little difference in soil temperature among plots having different mulches. Higher yields of both cucumber and pepper were produced in the first year by clear mulch than by black mulch or without mulch. All mulches were still physically sound at the end of the first growing season, but light transmission through the clear and IRT mulches was reduced relative to new mulch. Much of this change was due to soil and other debris on the surface of the mulches. There was little further change in the physical condition or light transmission characteristics of the mulches through the second year of use. Weed growth under clear mulch in its second year appeared to reduce soil temperatures, particularly relative to new clear mulch. Mulch type, either newly laid or year-old, had no impact on yields of marketable tomatoes. More fruit reached full red color prior to harvest in response to clear mulch than to no mulch (bare soil). Yields of marketable tomato fruit obtained on year-old mulch of all types were comparable to yields obtained with new mulch. These data suggest that double-cropping of plastic mulches can be done without loss of crop yield and provide significant savings in materials, labor and disposal costs. While clear mulch was generally the most beneficial for the production of warm season vegetable crops, it did not prevent weed growth in the second year which was problematic. Key words: Wavelength selective, light transmission, cucumber, pepper, tomato
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Daugovish, Oleg, James Downer, Ben Faber e Milton McGiffen. "Weed Survival in Yard Waste Mulch". Weed Technology 21, n.º 1 (março de 2007): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-088.1.
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Field studies were conducted near Oxnard, CA, to assess propagule survivability of two annual and two perennial weed species in 7.6 m3 static piles of fresh or aged yard waste mulch over a 56 d period. Mulch temperatures > 60 C generated at depths > 30 cm in fresh mulch caused all weed propagule mortality, whereas sublethal temperatures at shallower depths in fresh, and at all depths in aged piles allowed propagule survival. A controlled environment laboratory experiment suggested ≥ 1 d exposure provides 100% mortality of seed of little mallow at 72 C, California burclover seed (without burs) at 85 C, rhizomes of bermudagrass at 69 C, and nutlets of yellow nutsedge at 70 C. These studies indicate that reinfested, aged mulch does not produce sufficient heat to destroy weed propagules and, therefore, may become a weed-carrying substrate. Fresh mulch should be mixed to expose surviving weed propagules at shallow depths to lethal temperatures found at 30 cm or deeper in fresh mulch piles.
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Glenn, J. S., C. H. Gilliam, J. H. Edwards, G. J. Keever e P. R. Knight. "Recycled Waste Paper Mulch Reduces Available Container N". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 18, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2000): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-18.4.188.
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Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pelletized recycled paper mulch on container plant nutrition. In experiment 1 with Petunia floribunda Hort. ‘Midnight Madness’, 9 g (0.32 oz) of Osmocote 14N-6.2P-11.6K (14-14-14) was applied over or under 2.5 cm (1 in) of recycled paper pellet mulch, or to plants with no paper mulch (control). Leachate samples were collected after microirrigation. Both treatments with paper mulch reduced nitrate (NO3-N) and ammonium (NH4-N) levels in container leachate, compared to the control 21 days after planting (DAP). Shoot dry weight was reduced 53% and 70% for plants fertilized under and over the mulch, respectively, compared to the non-mulched control. At the end of the experiment 40–48% of the total N applied over or under mulch was retained by the recycled paper mulch. In experiment 2 with Petunia grandiflora Hort. ‘Ultra Blue’, mulch and three methods of fertilizer application (over mulch, under mulch, and incorporated in the substrate) were compared. Leachate NO3-N levels were reduced 72% or 68% with fertilizer placed over or under the mulch, respectively, when compared to a non-mulched topdressed treatment 21 DAP. When fertilizer was incorporated into the substrate, paper mulch reduced NO3-N leachate levels 87% compared to the non-mulched treatment. There were no significant differences in leachate NH4-N levels with fertilizer placed over or under the mulch when compared to a non-mulched control 21 DAP. When fertilizer was incorporated into the substrate, paper mulch reduced leachate NH4-N levels 82% compared to the non-mulched control. Shoot dry weight was 84 or 49% lower with fertilizer placed over or under the mulch, respectively, when compared to the topdressed, non-mulched treatment. However, plants grown with fertilizer applied under the mulch were 213% larger than plants with fertilizer applied over the mulch. When fertilizer was incorporated into the substrate, paper mulch reduced shoot dry weight 41% when compared to non-mulched plants. There were no differences between shoot dry weights of plants grown in non-mulched treatments with topdress fertilization or fertilizer incorporated.
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Hodges, Laurie, e Ronald E. Talbert. "Adsorption of the Herbicides Diuron, Terbacil, and Simazine to Blueberry Mulches". HortScience 25, n.º 4 (abril de 1990): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.4.401.
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Samples of soil, mulch, and the soil/mulch interface zone were collected from commercial highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fields typical in their use of mulch under Arkansas conditions. Mulches included 1-year-old hardwood sawdust, 5-year-old hardwood sawdust, and 1-year-old pine needle mulch. Herbicide adsorption (Kd values) of the samples was determined for diuron, terbacil, and simazine. The soils, mulches, and interfaces adsorbed nearly 10 times as much diuron and more than twice as much simazine as terbacil. Adsorption of the herbicides was three to five times greater to the mulches than to the soils. Adsorption was significantly correlated with the organic matter content of the mulch. Adsorption was not related to herbicide solubility. Although no statistical differences were found among the three mulch materials, adsorption coefficients (Kd values) were numerically lower for each chemical on the 5-year-old hardwood mulch than on the 1-year-old hardwood or pine mulch. Chemical names used: 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron); 3- tert -butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil); 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamine)- s -triazine (simazine).
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Sterrett, S. B., H. E. Hohlt e C. P. Savage. "Mulch Type Influences Yield of Fall Tomato". HortScience 33, n.º 3 (junho de 1998): 476b—476. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.476b.
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Because of environmental concerns relating to the potential for surface runoff from plastic culture, the potential of six cover crops [pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), sorgham (Sorghum bicolor), cowpea (Vigna sinensis), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), soybean (Glycine max), and millet/cowpea combination was compared to a plastic mulch for fall tomato production in 1996. All cover crops were chemically desiccated prior to tomato transplanting. The use of plastic mulch significantly increased early marketable yield; soybean or millet/cowpea mulch significantly reduced the production of large fruit. Total marketable yield of cover crop mulches except millet/cowpea was similar to that of plastic mulch. In 1997, full (0.9-m) and narrow (0.45-m) plastic mulched beds were compared to desiccated millet or sorghum mulches or straw mulch applied at planting. Early marketable yield was greatest for straw mulch. Total marketable yield of straw and both plastic mulch treatments was significantly higher than that for desiccated mulches. Width of the plastic mulched bed did not significantly affect total marketable yield.
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SZEKELY-VARGA, Zsolt, Monica BOSCAIU, Endre KENTELKY e Maria CANTOR. "Does Mulch Affect Lavender Growth?" Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 78, n.º 1 (14 de maio de 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2020.0057.
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Lavender cultivation in Romania is continuously increasing due to its outstanding medicinal and ornamental properties. The raw material production of lavender may be increased by mulching. The aim of this study was to analyse how mulching can affect the growth of lavender seedlings. The experiment was performed between 2018-2020 on two varieties of Lavandula angustifolia (‘Codreanca’ and ‘Sevtopolis’). Diameter growth was determined in three types of mulching: unmulched (control), straw and mulch foil. The results obtained showed that lavender diameter growth was influenced by both the type of mulching and the variety.
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Bryan, H. H., e L. N. Shaw. "MECHANICAL SEEDING THROUGH PLASTIC MULCH". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 198 (junho de 1987): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.198.12.
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Bell, R. W. "WEED MATTING MULCH FOR BLUEBERRIES". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 165 (maio de 1985): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1985.165.21.
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Hezroni, A., Y. Alper, A. Antler e I. Wolf. "SEEDING DIRECTLY THROUGH PLASTIC MULCH". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 187 (maio de 1986): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.187.12.
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Newenhouse, Astrid C., e Malcolm N. Dana. "Grass Living Mulch for Strawberries". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, n.º 6 (novembro de 1989): 859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.6.859.
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Abstract ‘Sparkle’ and ‘Honeoye’ strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) were planted into plots of newly seeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), or no grass. After a 1985 windstorm during the green fruit stage, yield was higher in living mulch plots than in control plots and fruit from control plots were small and dark relative to those from the ryegrass plots. In 1986, all plots had similar yields. All plants grew at similar rates during the establishment year. Later, strawberry plants in living mulch plots had smaller leaves than plants in control plots. Plants in all treatments contained above the critical concentrations of leaf N on most sampling dates. Soil under grass was less compacted and was cooler than cultivated soil. Living mulch prevented annual weed establishment after the first and improved winter survival of flower buds. A tillering type of ryegrass was the best living mulch of the three species tested. It quickly covered the ground but did not spread into the crop rows, and grew tall enough to afford wind protection.
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Tarara, Julie M. "Microclimate Modification with Plastic Mulch". HortScience 35, n.º 2 (abril de 2000): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.2.169.
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Parish, Richard L., Regina P. Bracy e Joe E. McCoy. "Field Incineration of Plastic Mulch". Journal of Vegetable Crop Production 6, n.º 1 (10 de julho de 2000): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j068v06n01_03.
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ISHIMOTO, SHOICHI. "Environmental Controler of Soil -Mulch-". Sen'i Gakkaishi 49, n.º 8 (1993): P286—P290. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.49.8_p286.
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G. M. Hyde, J. E. George, K. E. Saxton e J. B. Simpson. "A Slot-Mulch Implement Design". Transactions of the ASAE 29, n.º 1 (1986): 0020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30093.
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OKADA, Shuhei, Tamaki KAWAMOTO e Makio KAMICHIKA. "Spectral Characteristics of Paper Mulch". Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 59, n.º 2 (2003): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.59.179.
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Cochran, Diana R., Charles H. Gilliam, D. Joseph Eakes, Glenn R. Wehtje, Patricia R. Knight e John Olive. "Mulch Depth Affects Weed Germination". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2009): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-27.2.85.
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Abstract With environmental concerns increasing, non-chemical weed control in container plant production is increasing in the United States. Pine bark mini-nuggets were evaluated as a non-chemical weed control technique for two weed species; Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (spotted spurge) and Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.(eclipta). On June 19, 2006, seed (25 per container) were directly placed on the potting substrate surface of #3 containers before mulching with pine bark mini-nuggets to a depth of either 0, 1.27 or 2.54 cm (0, 0.5 or 1.0 in). Additional treatments consisted of applying the mini-nugget mulch at either 1.27 or 2.54 cm (0.5 or 1.0 in) on the potting substrate then overseeding with either spotted spurge or eclipta. Eclipta number per container were 87% less 60 days after seeding (DAS) with the 1.0 in mulch depth compared to non-mulched. Furthermore, spotted spurge fresh weight (FW) was reduced by 45 and 87% (0.5 and 1.0 in, respectively) compared to the non-mulched treatment. The experiment was repeated on August 30 and spurge number per container was 90% less 60 DAS in the 1.0 inch mulch treatment compared to the non-treated containers. A third and fourth experiment also demonstrated that pine bark mini-nuggets have potential to provide non-chemical weed control in nursery crops grown in #3 containers. Results, suggest that with proper application pine bark mini-nuggets can enhance weed control in container nurseries.
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Johnson, G., e P. S. Tofts. "Multiline chemical-shift (MULCH) imaging". Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 6, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1988): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910060113.
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Král, Martin, Petr Dvořák e Ivana Capouchová. "The straw as mulch and compost as a tool for mitigation of drought impacts in the potatoes cultivation". Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 11 (2 de dezembro de 2019): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/493/2019-pse.
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The frequent occurrence of years with extreme drought leads to the investigation of measures for mitigation of their impacts. The efficiency of organic mulch materials – straw and compost application as the preservation of potato production in drought conditions were verified in this study. Three mulching treatments were verified during the three experimental years (2016–2018) in an exact field trial with potatoes cv. Dicolora. Wheat straw mulch in the rate of 2.5 t/ha (SM1) and 4.5 t/ha (SM2), compost in the rate of 20 t/ha (CM), and control block without any treatments (C) were used. The yield of marketable tubers (tuber over 40 mm) showed a significant increase by 21.2% at the straw mulch treatment (SM2) in comparison with control. As for the straw mulch (SM1) and compost mulch (CM), tubers yields increased by 12.8% and 10.1%, respectively, compared to control.
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Juha, Heiskanen, Uotila Karri e Ruhanen Hanna. "Effect of wood ash mulch on growth of Scots pine seedlings after transplanting into peat soil: A pilot study". Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 1 (29 de janeiro de 2018): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/83/2017-jfs.
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Wood ash production from power plants and the use of recycled ash for earthworks and forest peatland fertilization have increased markedly in Finland in recent decades. In this study, effects of wood-based ash on potted Scots pine seedlings were tested in a greenhouse. Seedlings were grown for one to two growing periods in peat with ash mulch thicknesses 0–8 cm. Seedlings grew well in ash thicknesses 0–4 cm during the first growing period. Seedling mortality (60%) occurred with the thickest ash mulch. Soluble nutrients in press water extracts were high compared with the control treatment. N and P levels were suboptimal also with ash mulch. During the second growing period, seedling mortality occurred (17%) already with the thinnest ash mulch. The results suggest that ash mulch around seedlings in quantities of less than 0.5 cm (or 7 kg·m<sup>–2</sup>) is feasible and is not detrimental to Scots pine seedlings. The results provide foundation for further field research on the longer-term impacts of wood ash mulch on planted seedlings on boreal forest sites and on the feasibility testing of the mulch as a supplement to or substitute for the soil preparation for seedling planting.
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Hutton, Mark G., e David T. Handley. "Effects of Silver Reflective Mulch, White Inter-row Mulch, and Plant Density on Yields of Pepper in Maine". HortTechnology 17, n.º 2 (abril de 2007): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.2.214.
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Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) are an economically important yet difficult to grow crop in northern New England. Yields of bell peppers can be increased through the use of plastic mulches; however, refinements are needed to make bell peppers a more viable crop in regions with short, variable growing seasons. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the effects of black mulch with white inter-row much, reflective silver mulch, and standard black plastic mulched beds on bell pepper yield and quality and (2) compare the effects of two in-row plant arrangements [single rows at 12-inch within-row spacing (7260 plants/acre) and double rows spaced 18 inches apart with 18-inch in-row spacing (9680 plants/acre)] on pepper yield and quality. Treatments were factorial combinations of three mulch treatments and two within-row planting arrangements. Double rows produced more fruit by number and weight than single rows; however, fruit harvested from the double-row plots tended to be smaller than fruit harvested from the single-row plots. Mulch treatments significantly influenced total marketable yield and yield of cull bell peppers grown in Maine. The plots receiving the inter-row white mulch or reflective silver mulch treatment produced significantly greater yield than standard black plastic mulch treatment. The reflective mulch treatment produced significantly more cull fruit per acre compared with the white inter-row mulch and black plastic.
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Parlindungan Situmeang, Yohanes, I. Gusti Made Arjana e Kadek Siliani. "Use of Mulch and Organic Fertilizer on Chrysanthemum". SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 1, n.º 2 (20 de dezembro de 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.1.2.395.39-45.
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This study aims to determine the growth response and yield of chrysanthemum plants in the application of several types of mulch and organic fertilizer. This research uses the basic design of Randomized Block Design with the factorial pattern with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is mulch treatment consisting of 3 levels ie without mulch, rice husk mulch, and black silver plastic mulch. The second factor is organic fertilizer consists of 3 levels namely petrogenic, cow manure and chicken manure. The research results showed that the highest weight of flower stalk was obtained in silver black mulch treatment, increase of 9.63% when compared with the weight of the lowest flower stalk. The highest economic fresh weight was obtained in mulch treatment, increase of 17.53% when compared with the lowest fresh economic weight on mulch rice husk mulch treatment weighing. The highest weight of the flower stalk was obtained in the treatment of cow manure, increased of 10.14% when compared with the lowest weight of the flower stalk obtained in the treatment of cow manure weighing. The highest economic fresh weight was obtained in the cow manure treatment, which increased by 9.91% when compared with the lowest fresh economic interest weight obtained in the treatment of petrogenic fertilizer weighing.
Keywords: type mulch, petrogenic, manure; flower
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Qiu, Y., Z. Xie e Y. Wang. "Influence of gravel mulch on rainfall interception under simulated rainfall". Soil and Water Research 13, No. 2 (13 de abril de 2018): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/172/2016-swr.
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To understand the hydrological outcomes of interception by gravel mulches, rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in the loess regions of northwestern China. The rainfall interception decreased with gravel size but increased with the thickness of the gravel mulch layer, following two exponential functions. Interception was 15.1% of the gross rainfall at 1 cm thickness, followed by 17.2, 20.9, 30.5 and 45.6 % at 3, 5, 7 and 10 cm thickness, respectively. For the equivalent gravel grain size of 3.43 mm, relative interception was 45.6%, which was about 1.1, 1.2, 1.4 and 2.3 times higher than that for the equivalent grain size of 11.01, 19.31, 32.8 and 43.72 mm, respectively.
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Shahadat, M. K., M. A. Rahman, M. G. Miah, A. K. M. A. Hoque e S. Cundu. "MULCH AND IRRIGATION EFFECTS ON TOMATO PERFORMANCE AND WEED INFESTATION". Mordovia University Bulletin 25, n.º 4 (21 de dezembro de 2015): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/0236-2910.025.201504.113.
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Neri, Davide, Serena Polverigiani, Matteo Zucchini, Veronica Giorgi, Fabio Marchionni e Md Jebu Mia. "Strawberry Living Mulch in an Organic Vineyard". Agronomy 11, n.º 8 (18 de agosto de 2021): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081643.
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A living mulch system can provide beneficial biodiversified phytocoenoses and spatial competition against weeds; however, it may also compete for water with the main cultivated crop under Mediterranean climate conditions. Strawberries employed as living mulch in a rain-fed hill vineyard of central Italy were evaluated for two years through a participative approach involving the farmer. A local wild strawberry was propagated by stolons to obtain small plantlets easily uprooted after the summer and then transplanted to a one-year-old vineyard. The densities of two and four strawberry plants per grapevine were compared with no living mulch in a randomized complete block design. A horizontal blade weeder was used once a year in all treatments. The results showed that strawberries as living mulch plus application of a blade weeder avoided the need for further soil tillage and assured a full soil cover during winter for both initial planting densities. The strawberry living mulch did not alter the grapevine transpiration during an incident of water stress in summer. Moreover, the yield per vine and the grape quality were comparable with those of the soil without living mulch. The growth of strawberry mulch was relevant in the area surrounding the vines. Furthermore, the living mulch guaranteed a constant soil cover reducing the risk for soil erosion while increasing the vineyard’s biological diversity. This may imply a higher resilience.
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Locascio, S. J., J. P. Gilreath, S. Olson, C. M. Hutchinson e C. A. Chase. "Red and Black Mulch Color Affects Production of Florida Strawberries". HortScience 40, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2005): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.1.69.
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Strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa, Duch) were grown in the annual hill system at four locations in Florida to compare the effects of standard black low density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch and red reflective mulch (SMR-red) on fruit size and production. Marketable fruit size was not affected by mulch color. Early and total marketable fruit yields were not affected by mulch color at Bradenton, but yields were significantly higher at Gainesville with red than black mulch, and were significantly higher with black than red mulch at Quincy and Hastings. Soil temperatures under the black mulch were significantly higher than red mulch at Hastings but significantly higher under red than black mulch at Gainesville. Mean soil temperatures at soil depths of 5 to 25 cm ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 °C Reflected photosynthetically active radiation values at 25 and 50 cm above the mulch were higher earlier in the season and decreased as the season progressed. Within a month after transplanting when foliage covered about 10% of the mulch, reflections were lower and similar at both heights with black mulch than red and were higher at 25 than 50 cm with red mulch. Data indicate that there was not a consistent advantage of the use of this red mulch over black mulch at four locations in Florida.
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Ryan, Matthew R., Sandra Wayman, Christopher J. Pelzer, Caitlin A. Peterson, Uriel D. Menalled e Terry J. Rose. "Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Tolerance to Mulch". Plants 10, n.º 10 (29 de setembro de 2021): 2047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102047.
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Mulch from cover crops can effectively suppress weeds in organic corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) as part of cover crop-based rotational no-till systems, but little is known about the feasibility of using mulch to suppress weeds in organic winter small grain crops. A field experiment was conducted in central NY, USA, to quantify winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling emergence, weed and crop biomass production, and wheat grain yield across a gradient of mulch biomass. Winter wheat seedling density showed an asymptotic relationship with mulch biomass, with no effect at low rates and a gradual decrease from moderate to high rates of mulch. Selective suppression of weed biomass but not wheat biomass was observed, and wheat grain yield was not reduced at the highest level of mulch (9000 kg ha−1). Results indicate that organic winter wheat can be no-till planted in systems that use mulch for weed suppression. Future research should explore wheat tolerance to mulch under different conditions, and the potential of no-till planting wheat directly into rolled-crimped cover crops.
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O'Callaghan, Angela M. "Improving Garlic Using Wheat Straw Mulch". HortScience 31, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 611b—611. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.611b.
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Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been cultivated in much of the world for millennia. Little scientific research, however, has focused on improving cultural conditions for production in the temperate regions of the northeastern United States, where garlic is gaining importance as a horticultural crop. To study the effectiveness of wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) mulch on garlic, experiments were conducted at the Cornell Univ. research facilities in East Ithaca, N.Y., during the 1993–94 (year 1) and 1994–95 (year 2) growing seasons and at the Homer C. Thompson Vegetable Research Farm, Freeville, N.Y., during the 1994–95 growing season. Two clones, one bolting and one nonbolting, were studied in year 1, and four varieties, three bolting and one non bolting, in year 2. All were fall-planted (mid-October), and mulch treatments were covered with wheat straw early in the following December. Control plots were not covered. The mulch either remained on the crop throughout the growing season or was removed early in the spring to expedite soil warming. This is the common practice among growers who use mulch only for winter protection. The presence of mulch during the winter increased the survival rate. Soil temperatures under the wheat straw were significantly lower during the summer than soil temperatures in unmulched plots, which could have contributed to the increase found in the yield and average bulb size of several of the cultivars. Maintaining the mulch through the entire growing season reduced weed pressure >30%. We found no significant increase in the amount of basal fungal infection. The results indicate that using straw mulch can improve garlic produced in the northeastern United States.
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Parsakhoo, Aidin, Seyed Jamal Mirniazi e Ayoob Rezaee Motlaq. "Effectiveness of wheat straw mulch and Polyacrylamide on shallow stability of roadside slopes". Journal of Forest Science 65, No. 11 (29 de novembro de 2019): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/93/2019-jfs.
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Soil aggregate instability on unprotected roadside slopes can cause landslide, soil erosion and sedimentation. Different biological and chemical soil stabilizers are used to reinforce the instable slopes. In the present study, straw mulch and Polyacrylamide (PAM) combinations were investigated on a clay soil of road cutslope in campus of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. The selected cover treatments were Polyacrylamide (2, 3 and 4 g·m–2) with wheat straw mulch (50, 150 and 250 g·m–2) which was spread by hand to attain 75% groundcover on a 1:1 slope. After the three months, soil sampling was done to determine the changes in aggregate stability of soil. Results showed that the most efficient treatment with respect to mean weight diameter of soil aggregates in dry and wet sieving (MWDdry and MWDwet), aggregate stability index (AS) and aggregate destruction index (DI) was treatment of B (150 g·m–2 wheat straw mulch and 3 g·m–2 Polyacrylamide tackifier) with 34%, 68% and 47% increment in MWDdry, MWDwet and AS, respectively as well as 37% reduction in DI as compared to the bare soil control.<br /><br />
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Othman, Yahia A., e Daniel I. Leskovar. "Degradable Mulch as an Alternative to Polyethylene for Watermelon Production". HortTechnology 32, n.º 2 (abril de 2022): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04997-21.
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Polyethylene mulch is widely used for vegetable production in the United States as a tool to conserve water, control weeds, and produce earlier and cleaner products (i.e., less attached soil). However, the increasing labor costs for mulch removal and disposal after harvest and soil environmental pollution are major concerns. The objective of this study was to assess fruit yield and quality, mulch deterioration, soil microbial activity, and nutrient changes in ‘Stargazer’ watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) grown with degradable plastic mulch. The deterioration rates of degradable mulch were 7%, 37%, 57%, and 92% after 120, 210, 300, and 365 days, respectively, of placing the mulch in the field. However, the extra difference in using degradable mulch was calculated as $58.6/acre (polyethylene $600.9/acre vs. degradable $659.5/acre), including all costs associated with laying and disposing. One year after placing mulch in the field, the nitrate content and total and active fungi numerically increased (P = 0.08) in soils with the degradable mulch compared with polyethylene mulch. However, there were no statistical differences in soil phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, and total and active bacteria. Extra-large fruit size yield (category >24.0 lb) from the polyethylene mulch treatment was higher than that from degradable mulch, whereas the 18.0- to 24.0-lb category was lower than that with degradable mulch. However, total yield and total soluble solids from both mulches were statistically similar. Considering the complete deterioration (less waste), mulch removal cost (not required), microbial associations (higher fungi abundance and activity), and similar yield and fruit quality of degradable mulch compared with polyethylene, the implementation of degradable mulches in commercial watermelon field practices is promising.
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ONWUKA, Brown Mang, e Kingsley Chinyere UZOMA. "Effects of Organic Mulch Materials on Soil Surface Evaporation". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, n.º 3 (27 de setembro de 2018): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10310273.
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The effects of organic mulching material on soil surface evaporation were studied in Abia State. The objective of the study was to compare impact of mulch materials on saturated hydraulic conductivity and surface evaporation. The organic mulch materials were composted and non-composted Calapogonuim, Chromolena and Panicum spp. The design was randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data generated were statistically analysed. Analysis of variance was used to compare the influence of mulch materials on the measured soil properties and significant means were separated using least significant differences at 5% level of probability. Line graph was used to represent the impact of mulch materials on the surface evaporation. Results showed that saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soils increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with the application of the mulch materials. Soil applied with non-composted Chromolena spp. mulch material had the highest saturated hydraulic conductivity (73.00 cm hr-1). Soil surface evaporation varied with both composted and non-composted mulch materials at 3rd and 9th day. The volume of soil moisture lost to the atmosphere was lower in non-composted Calapogonuim mulch material compared with the other mulch materials under study (3rd to 9th day, 3.9 to 11.0 cm3 respectively). Composted and non-composted Panicum mulch was observed to be a more efficient physical barrier to prevent the loss of moisture to the atmosphere as compared to other mulch materials studied. From the present study, it was evident that application of mulch reduced the actual evaporation rates in the initial days after irrigation (coinciding with early periods of plant growth). The water was thus conserved and could be used by the crop subsequently during the later period of its growth.
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Decoteau, Dennis R., Heather H. Friend, Dale E. Linvill e George Upton. "DEVELOPMENT OF A PLASTIC MULCH SYSTEM THAT CHANGES COLOR WITH SEASON". HortScience 25, n.º 9 (setembro de 1990): 1158d—1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1158d.
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We have developed and field tested a plastic mulch system that changes color with season. The system uses a photodegradable polyethylene mulch placed on top of a degradable or nondegradable polyethylene mulch of a different color. As the top polyethylene mulch degrades with increasing exposure to sunlight, the color of the bottom polyethylene mulch is exposed. We have successfully evaluated the effects of a black photodegradable mulch placed on top of a white nondegradable mulch on mulch color transition, soil temperatures under the mulch, and the production of spring planted tomatoes. The mulch color system affected soil temperatures and average tomato fruit size, but had no effect on number of fruit produced. We have also produced and are field testing a coextruded polyethylene mulch with the desired black and white photodegradable colored layers.
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Thompson, Ashley A., Mitchell Benjamin Samuelson, Ignatius Kadoma, Erick Soto-Cantu, Rhae Drijber e Sam E. Wortman. "Degradation Rate of Bio-based Agricultural Mulch is Influenced by Mulch Composition and Biostimulant Application". Journal of Polymers and the Environment 27, n.º 3 (12 de janeiro de 2019): 498–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01371-9.
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Martin, R. C., P. R. Greyson e R. Gordon. "Competition between corn and a living mulch". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 1999): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-089.
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Living mulches in row crops can reduce soil erosion, conserve soil moisture and control weeds; however, unless suppressed, they may also compete with the primary crop for light, nutrients and water. Therefore, the effects of mulch suppression were assessed on the development and yields of silage corn (Zea mays L.) in Truro, NS.In 1995 and 1996, silage corn was grown in a living mulch composed of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and mixed grasses in a 2 × 5 factorial design with eight replications. There were 2 levels of applied N: 0 and 115 kg N ha−1. The mulch was suppressed by: herbicide bands, roto-tilled strips, a combination of herbicide and roto-tillage, applied straw, and complete eradication with conventional tillage and herbicide applications (unmulched control treatment). Mulch between the corn rows was mowed several times, early in the season, to reduce competition.In 1996, the control treatment yielded 11583 kg ha−1, significantly more than 6844 kg ha−1 in the combined herbicide and rototilled treatment, but in 1995 yields were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between these two treatments. Where only one method of mulch suppression was used (either roto-till or herbicide), corn yields in plots with living mulch were reduced by 39 to 72% relative to control plots. In both years, corn yields were higher at 115 kg N ha−1 than at 0 kg N ha−1. Yields in the mulched plots were 27% lower in 1996 than in 1995, probably as a result of a late June 1996 frost. In addition to the increased risk of frost damage, the living mulch also delayed corn emergence and development. While there may be some reductions in herbicide use with living mulch, the risk in cool temperate climates of delayed development and reductions in yield may limit the use of living mulches to cool season crops. Key words: Corn, frost, living mulch, reduced tillage, soil moisture
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Ellis, D. R., K. Guillard e R. G. Adams. "Purslane as a living mulch in broccoli production". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 15, n.º 2 (junho de 2000): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300008481.
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AbstractMany of the characteristics of common purslane that describe this species as a “weed” are also desirable traits for a living mulch. Common purslane was investigated as a living mulch in spring broccoli production in Connecticut and was compared with mechanical and chemical weed control, as well as black plastic mulch. Common purslane seed was broadcast prior to transplanting broccoli in late May 1993 and in early June 1994. Broccoli yields with the purslane living mulch were comparable to yields with conventional methods of weed management and with no reduction in crop quality. Common purslane living mulch was able to effectively compete with weeds in broccoli when between-row areas were kept relatively weed-free by hoeing or hand pulling during the first 2 weeks after broccoli transplanting. High levels of weed control and ground cover occurred when purslane became established between crop rows. Broccoli plants were tolerant of purslane living mulch and weeds up to a critical threshold level without a significant reduction in yield. Purslane living mulch established through periodic mechanical weed management was determined to be the most economical treatment in the study. While including purslane living mulch in a spring broccoli crop production system may be a novel approach to controlling weeds, the strategies involved in this system still rely on basic weed management principles.
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Mei, Ying, Xiao-Hua Yang, Rong Jiang, Chong-Li Di e Xue-Jun Zhang. "Phosphorus isothermal adsorption characteristics of mulch of bioretention". Thermal Science 16, n.º 5 (2012): 1358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1205358m.
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This study aims to identify mulch of bioretention which has high phosphorus sorption capacity. The phosphorus adsorption characteristics of five types of mulch of bioretention are studied by three isothermal adsorption experiments. Results show that the Langmuir eqution is suitable for describing absorption characteristics of five types of mulch. The positive values of Gibbs free energy for phosphorus indicate that the phosphorus biosorption by five mulches is a non-spontaneous process, and the values of mean sorption free energy of mulch are less than 8 kJ/mol, which proves that the adsorption process can be dominated by physical forces. The vermiculite is the better mulch of bioretention based on high phosphorus removal capacity.
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Suburika, Frederikus, Yosefina Mangera e Wahida Wahida. "Conservation of Soil Moisture Using Mulch of Green Bean Plants (Vigna Radiata)". Musamus AE Featuring Journal 1, n.º 1 (12 de dezembro de 2018): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/maef-j.v1i1.1609.
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The aim to this study was to determine the effect of plastic silver mulch and rice straw mulch on soil moisture conservation of green bean so that the plant can grow in dry season with enough water. The method used in this study was a randomized block design with three treatments: no mulch (T0), plastic silver mulch (T1) and rice straw mulch (T2). The parameters observed were physical soil of initial and final research, soil moisture measurements every 3 days, as well as growth and crop production parameters including plant height, number of seeds in pods, 100 seeds weight, sample plant production and total production. The results showed that the physical of soil analyzed were clay textured soil, preliminary porosity 60.77 and at the end of the study increased to 77.50%, organic matter 1.52%, initial bulk density 1.04 g/cm3 at the end of the study decreased to 0.60 g/cm3, soil permeability of 7.77 cm / hour and available water is 13.95%. The use of rice straw mulch from the beginning to the end of the study showed the best water content while the use of plastic silver mulch and no mulch showed water content not much different. The use of palstic silver mulch gives the highest yield of the best crops on 14 HST measurements where the plastic silver mulch differs markedly by the rice straw mulch and no mulch. The yield of green beans produced in the treatment of plastic silver mulch using the best results with a total production of 2.00 tons/ha, this result is significantly different from no mulch but not significantly different of rice straw mulch. Rice straw mulch is better used for soil conservation because it can improve soil aeration, retain water, prevent soil erosion, and increase organic matter on the soil.
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Grey, Timothy L., William K. Vencill, Theodore M. Webster e A. Stanley Culpepper. "Herbicide Dissipation from Low Density Polyethylene Mulch". Weed Science 57, n.º 3 (junho de 2009): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-08-144.1.
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Field and laboratory studies were conducted to examine herbicide dissipation when applied to low density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch for dry scenarios vs. irrigation. Analytical chemical analysis was used for quantification. In field studies, halosulfuron, paraquat, carfentrazone, glyphosate, and flumioxazin were surface applied to black 32-μm-thick (1.25 mil) LDPE mulch. LDPE mulch harvest began 1 h after treatment (HAT) then continued every 24 h for five consecutive rain-free days after treatment (DAT) to determine the level of herbicide dissipation from the LDPE mulch surface. In a related study, treated LDPE mulch was harvested 1 HAT, then sprinkler irrigation was applied, followed by a sampling five HAT, then the same irrigation and sampling procedure was repeated every 24 h for five consecutive DAT. The order for half-life, as defined as time for 50% dissipation (DT50), varied by herbicide and method of dissipation for dry and irrigated studies. Data indicated that glyphosate and paraquat dissipation was rapid following irrigation. Glyphosate and paraquat DT50 were both 1 h in the irrigated study, but 84 and 32 h for the dry scenario, respectively. This indicated that glyphosate and paraquat could be removed from LDPE mulch with rainfall or irrigation, primarily due to their high water solubility. Halosulfuron and flumioxazin DT50 were 3 and 6 h in the irrigated study, and 18 and 57 h for the dry study, respectively. Carfentrazone DT50 was similar at 28 and 30 h for the irrigated and dry studies, respectively. This indicated that carfentrazone was adsorbed to the LDPE mulch, and irrigation water did not remove it from the LDPE mulch. Results from 14C-herbicide laboratory studies were similar to those from field studies for halosulfuron, glyphosate, paraquat, and flumioxazin.
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Bristow, KL. "The role of mulch and its architecture in modifying soil temperature". Soil Research 26, n.º 2 (1988): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880269.
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Both the quantity and architecture of a surface mulch affect its performance in modifying the soil microenvironment. In this paper, temperature under two simple mulch architectures is compared and contrasted with that of bare soil in a tropical environment. In mulch treatments the quantities of mulch per unit area were similar, but elements in one treatment were horizontal (forming a 5 cm layer) while in the other they were vertical (forming a 22 cm layer). Temperatures were recorded for several days as the soil dried following a storm which saturated the mulch and surface soil. The bare soil dried more rapidly than that with mulch, so that by the fourth day its hourly maximum surface temperature was 8�C higher, and that at 2 5 cm depth was 3�C higher, than soil temperatures under the mulch. Significant differences in soil temperatures under the two mulch treatments only appeared several days later, as subtle differences in the partitioning of energy by the two mulch canopies became more apparent with drier conditions. By the twelfth day, the maximum surface temperature under the vertical mulch was 7�C higher than that under the horizontal mulch. Minimum soil temperatures were never more than 2.5�C different between the bare and mulched treatments and converged with drying. In both mulch treatments, the mulch elements near the soil surface experienced greater temperature extremes than those at the top of the mulch layer. The range in element temperature was slightly greater in the horizontal mulch treatment than in the vertical mulch treatment, where the element temperatures were more closely tied to air temperatures. The first few days following rain are crucial for seedling establishment in the semi-arid tropics and it appears from this study that mulch architecture is of minor importance during this period.
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Loy, Brent, e Otho Wells. "EARLIER VEGETABLE CROPS WITH NEAR INFRA-RED TRANSMITTING MULCH". HortScience 27, n.º 11 (novembro de 1992): 1161d—1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1161d.
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Near infra-red (NIR)-transmitting plastic mulches transmit between 30 to 50% of the total solar energy to the soil, but block most photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). These mulches warm the soil more effectively than black plastic, but less effectively than clear mulch. Weed growth under NIR-transmitting mulches is suppressed through a combination of lowered light intensity and high temperatures under the mulch surface. With bell pepper and melons, IRT-76, a blue green, NIR-transmitting mulch, enhances growth to about the same extent as black mulch plus a floating rowcover. In turn, rowcover performance is enhanced by IRT-76 as compared to black mulch. In melons, early yield is about doubled and total yields increased by 20 to 30% with IRT-76 as compared to black mulch. Pepper yields are generally higher with IRT-76 as compared to black mulch, but the yield response to IRT-76 is less consistent than with melon.
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Agustina, Dian, Udi Tarwotjo e Rully Rahadian. "The Effectiveness of Plastic Mulch for Maintaining the Potato Farmland in Dieng Plateau Using Soil Biological Quality Index". Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 11, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2019): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v11i1.17804.
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Dieng farmers apply plastic mulch to reduce erosion and to prevent the loss of nutrients. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of plastic mulch in maintaining the quality of potato farmland using the Soil Biological Quality Index (QBS-ar) based on the existence of microarthropods. Soil sampling was conducted in six different locations, i.e., flat area with mulch, sloped area with mulch, the flat area without mulch, sloped area without mulch, flat forest area, and sloped forest area. Microarthropods were obtained from soil samples using a Berlese Funnel method. Soil quality was analyzed using QBS-ar index which was calculated based on Eco-morphological Index (EMI). The results showed that the value of QBS-ar index in potato farmland with the use of plastic mulch was much higher than in farmland without plastic mulch in bothflat and sloped area. Compared to the soil in the forest area, the value of QBS-ar index in farmland with the use of plastic mulch, especially in the flat area, was relatively similar. Hence, the use of plastic mulch for potato cultivation in the hilly area is effective in maintaining soil quality. This finding would be beneficial for developing a soil conservation strategy to achieve sustainable agriculture in Dieng agricultural area.
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Gilreath, James P., Bielinski M. Santos e Steven J. Duranceau. "Seasonal Variation of Paraquat Photodegradation Rate on Polyethylene Mulch". Weed Technology 20, n.º 2 (junho de 2006): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-083r1.1.
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Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of season of the year, sunlight exposure time, and mulch color on paraquat photodegradation rate on polyethylene mulch. Experiments were established in winter, spring, and summer, with white and black polyethylene mulch, and paraquat-applied films were exposed to sunlight for 1, 4, 8, 24, 30, 48, 72, or 96 h after herbicide application. There was significant effect of the season by mulch color by time of exposure interaction on paraquat concentration recovered from mulch eluants. Winter paraquat photodegradation was lower than during the other seasons. At 48 h of sunlight exposure, predicted photodegradation on white mulch was 67, 83, and 88%, during winter, spring, and summer, respectively, whereas these values were 66, 82, and 84% on black mulch. The difference in paraquat photodegradation in winter with respect to the other seasons may be attributed to reduced ultraviolet radiation in winter, when solar radiation has to penetrate a larger atmosphere mass. In practical terms, transplanting on paraquat-applied mulch requires a minimum of 96 h during the spring and summer seasons, when concentrations were 5% or less, whereas a longer waiting period might be necessary in the winter.
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Patterson, David T. "Suppression of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) with Polyethylene Film Mulch". Weed Technology 12, n.º 2 (junho de 1998): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00043815.
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In greenhouse experiments, translucent polyethylene film mulches reduced or eliminated purple nutsedge shoot emergence compared to a conventional, opaque, white/black polyethylene film mulch. The translucent mulches reduced purple nutsedge shoot biomass, tuber and rhizome number, and tuber biomass 85–99%. In a nonilluminated growth chamber, purple nutsedge shoots emerging from tubers readily penetrated translucent mulch as well as opaque mulch. Shoots emerging in pots illuminated by a mixture of fluorescent and incandescent lighting failed to penetrate translucent mulch but penetrated the opaque mulch. In field experiments, translucent mulches reduced emergence and growth of purple nutsedge 70–88% compared to opaque mulch. Numbers of viable tubers in the soil were reduced 65–76%. In greenhouse and field experiments, the translucent mulches elevated soil and air space temperatures 4–13 C compared to opaque mulch. However, in the growth chamber experiment, air space temperatures were not affected by mulch type, and soil temperatures were only 0.4–0.6 C higher under the translucent mulches. Results suggest that the suppression of nutsedge emergence and growth by translucent mulch cannot be attributed to solarization effects.
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Clark, John R., e James N. Moore. "RESPONSE OF SOUTHERN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY TO SAWDUST MULCH". HortScience 25, n.º 8 (agosto de 1990): 852d—852. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.852d.
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The southern highbush blueberry cultivars `Blueridge', `Cape Fear', `Georgiagem' and `O'Neal' were evaluated for their response to sawdust/woodchip mulch for five years at Clarksville, Arkansas on a Linker fine sandy loam soil. Mulched plants produced higher yields and larger plant volumes than non-mulched. Berry weight was similar for mulch treatment except for the first fruiting year. All cultivars responded to mulch, although `Blueridge' and 'Cape Fear' produced the higher yields. General response of these cultivars of southern highbush was similar to that of northern highbush in previous mulch studies in Arkansas.