Artigos de revistas: "Monochromatization"

1

ZHOU YUN-SONG, RAN JING-HUI, CHEN JIN-CHANG e YI XIANG-DONG. "A NEW METHOD OF NEUTRON MONOCHROMATIZATION". Acta Physica Sinica 46, n.º 5 (1997): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.46.929.

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Burdilov, Alexander, Gleb Dovzhenko, Ivan Bataev e Anatoly Bataev. "Methods of synchrotron radiation monochromatization (research review)". Metal Working and Material Science 26, n.º 3 (13 de setembro de 2024): 208–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2024-26.3-208-233.

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The paper presents an analysis of studies related to the monochromatization of X-ray radiation (XR) at synchrotron radiation sources. A review of monochromators based on of X-ray diffraction on crystals is given, and the peculiarities of their technical realization are considered. The ideas about monochromators which include multilayer structures are examined. The authors also study technical problems arising during designing devices and its possible solutions. Introduction. The possibilities of using X-rays in scientific research are described. The high efficiency of synchrotron radiation sources is noted, and its characterization is given. Elementary information about diffraction of X-rays. The paper describes the properties of X-ray radiation and the possibilities of its using while studying various materials. Degree of monochromaticity. The degree of monochromaticity is an important characteristic of the synchrotron radiation (SR). Depending on the width of the wavelength band, “white”, “pink” and monochromatic beams are distinguished. Monochromators based on multilayer structures are used to obtain “pink” beams. Monochromatic radiation is formed using monocrystals. When conducting experiments with “white” beams, the monochromator is not used. The authors also describe the factors that violate the ideal fulfillment of the Wolf-Bragg condition and affect the degree of monochromaticity (heat, vibration). The reflectivity values at different beam grazing angles are noted to have different widths. Monochromators based on multilayer structures. Periodic structures combining thin layers of two heterogeneous materials make it possible to obtain “pink” beams. The wavelength bandwidth of such devices is one or two orders of magnitude greater than that of monochromators using crystals as optical elements. Configurations and geometry of optical elements. There are two types of X-ray diffraction on a crystal: Bragg and Laue diffraction. Bragg diffraction refers to reflective geometry, Laue diffraction is based on the passage of beams through the crystal. The section provides examples of monochromators with different configurations of crystals and X-ray mirrors. The arrangement of optical elements in a monochromator plays an important role in the geometry of the beam path. When designing monochromators, it is necessary to take into account the methods of fixation and orientation of the rotation axes of optical elements. Examples of monochromators with different configurations of crystals and X-ray mirrors are given. Focusing monochromators. It is possible to provide sagittal and meridional types of deformation by bending the optical element of the monochromator. Due to the curved crystal surface the beam is not only monochromatized but also subjected to focusing. Modern focusing monochromators are equipped with adaptivity elements allowing it to change the radius of curvature of the optical element. Examples of practical realization of such monochromators are presented. Thermal load of SR on optical elements. The SR is characterized by high brightness and a wide spectrum of emitted wavelengths. While operating optical elements of SR stations absorb a large amount of thermal power. The problems of heat dissipation have a fundamental influence on the quality of synchrotron radiation monochromatization. Additional information about monochromators. Examples of special design solutions for monochromators are given. Conclusion. The design of monochromators is relevant to the synchrotron radiation source 4+ “SKIF” under construction in Novosibirsk.

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3

Jark, Werner. "Concepts for flexible and efficient monochromatization of X-rays by refraction to a relative bandwidth of the order of 0.5%". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 20, n.º 1 (10 de novembro de 2012): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049512041556.

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Recently it was shown experimentally that regular arrays of tiny prisms can be used as X-ray monochromators providing a spectral bandwidth of below 2%. Successively the measured spectral transmission functions of monochromators operated under different conditions were found to be in agreement with expectations within an analytical model. This type of monochromator focuses chromatically and thus necessitates the use of an exit slit for the monochromatization. This contribution will show that the lower limit for the achievable bandpass can be predicted under practically feasible experimental conditions. Refractive monochromators based on prism arrays are found to be feasible solutions for monochromatization with high transmission to a spectral bandwidth of the order of 0.5%. The bandwidth can easily be increased by adjusting the exit slit setting accordingly. Consequently, the presented refractive devices would make for tunable monochromators with tunable bandwidth, which provides more flexibility for an intermediate bandwidth of <1%, which multilayer monochromators have difficulty providing routinely.

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4

Sergueev, Ilya, Konstantin Glazyrin, Markus G. Herrmann, Pavel Alexeev, Hans-Christian Wille, Olaf Leupold, Andrew F. May et al. "High-pressure nuclear inelastic scattering with backscattering monochromatization". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, n.º 5 (23 de agosto de 2019): 1592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519008853.

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The capability to perform high-pressure low-temperature nuclear inelastic scattering on 125Te and 121Sb with a sapphire backscattering monochromator is presented. This technique was applied to measure nuclear inelastic scattering in TeO2 at pressures up to 10 GPa and temperatures down to 25 K. The evaluated partial Te densities of phonon states were compared with theoretical calculations and with Raman scattering measured under the same conditions. The high-pressure cell developed in this work can also be used for other techniques at pressures up to at least 100 GPa.

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Surdu-Bob, C. C., e G. Musa. "The kinetics of monochromatization of plasma light emission". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 41, n.º 17 (7 de agosto de 2008): 172004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/17/172004.

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Schief, Hansjörg, Vittorio Marsico, Klaus Kuhnke e Klaus Kern. "Monochromatization of atomic waves by nanoscopic echelette gratings". Surface Science 364, n.º 3 (setembro de 1996): L631—L637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(96)00794-7.

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7

Zhang, Hongxia, Juanjuan Liu, Yufeng Zhang, Jinchen Wang, Daye Xu, Peng Cheng, Hongliang Wang e Wei Bao. "Highly aligned pyrolytic graphite blades for neutron monochromatization". Journal of Instrumentation 19, n.º 06 (1 de junho de 2024): P06036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/p06036.

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Abstract Highly aligned pyrolytic graphite blades for neutron monochromatization have been fabricated successfully from smaller commercial highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) crystals. These blades of a large coverage area, 136 mm wide × 2 mm high, are achieved with minimum increase of the mosaic over that of the original HOPG crystal. A specialized crystal cleavage device and soldering device are developed for the fabrication process. Furthermore, an optimized intermittent mode of the radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique is employed to deposit indium on HOPG crystals. The devices and procedure reported here could be applied to the development of the focusing monochromators and analyzers in neutron scattering instruments using a sizable neutron beam.

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8

Toellner, T. S., A. Alatas e A. H. Said. "Six-reflection meV-monochromator for synchrotron radiation". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 18, n.º 4 (26 de maio de 2011): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049511017535.

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An in-line monochromatization scheme suitable for 10–40 keV synchrotron radiation is presented based on the use of six crystal reflections that achieves meV and sub-meV bandwidths with high efficiency. The theoretical spectral efficiency surpasses all previous multicrystal designs and approaches that of single room-temperature back-reflecting crystals. This article presents the designs of two such devices along with their theoretical and measured performances.

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9

Cotton, J. P., e J. Teixeira. "Time of flight as a monochromatization technique for sans". Physica B+C 136, n.º 1-3 (janeiro de 1986): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4363(86)80031-6.

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10

Kozhevnikov, S. V. "Neutron monochromatization using spin-flip and spatial beam splitting". Physica B: Condensed Matter 283, n.º 4 (junho de 2000): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(00)00320-3.

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11

Veshcherevich, V. G., V. A. Lebedev, P. V. Logachev e V. P. Yakovlev. "Monochromatization as the way to maximum luminosity B-factories". Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 27 (junho de 1992): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(92)90028-q.

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12

Sadagov, Yu M., A. D. Levin, V. M. Bat’kov e E. A. Furmanskii. "Monochromatization of resonance radiation in Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry". Measurement Techniques 50, n.º 9 (setembro de 2007): 943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-007-0177-1.

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13

Protsenko, Andrey I., Alexander E. Blagov, Anton V. Targonsky, I. A. Eliovich, Alexander V. Rogachev, Sergey N. Yakunin e Michail V. Kovalchuk. "Fast EXAFS measurement in piezo-driven single-crystal monochromatization scheme". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 77, a2 (14 de agosto de 2021): C455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s010876732109231x.

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14

Burza, M., H. Enquist, A. Jurgilaitis, J. Nygaard e J. Larsson. "Dispersion and monochromatization of x-rays using a beryllium prism". Optics Express 23, n.º 2 (12 de janeiro de 2015): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.000620.

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15

Voshchinskii, E. A., e V. S. Gorelik. "Monochromatization of semiconductor laser diodes using one-dimensional photonic crystals". Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute 39, n.º 4 (abril de 2012): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068335612040057.

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16

Martynov, V. V., e Yu Platonov. "Deep multilayer gratings with adjustable bandpass for spectroscopy and monochromatization". Review of Scientific Instruments 73, n.º 3 (março de 2002): 1551–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1445815.

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17

Hayashi, Kouichi, Katsunori Sakai e Hisataka Takenaka. "Monochromatization of characteristic X-rays using stepped X-ray waveguide". Thin Solid Films 515, n.º 14 (maio de 2007): 5728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.017.

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18

Gerdau, E., e R. Rüffer. "Monochromatization of synchrotron radiation by nuclear Bragg diffraction in YIG". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 246, n.º 1-3 (maio de 1986): 362–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(86)90108-7.

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19

Burmakov, A. P., A. A. Labuda e N. N. Nikiforenko. "Monochromatization of radiation for spectral control of plasma technological processes". Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 65, n.º 4 (julho de 1998): 611–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02675656.

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20

Freund, Andreas K., Changyong Chen, Mike Crosby, Gergely Farkas, Brian Kozak, Dawn Krencisz, Xiang Liu e Pavol Mikula. "A novel pyrolytic-graphite-on-silicon device for neutron monochromatization". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 1048 (março de 2023): 168012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2023.168012.

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21

Veres, Zsolt, e András Roósz. "Producing of Singlecrystal from Heusler Alloy". Materials Science Forum 473-474 (janeiro de 2005): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.473-474.171.

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The Heusler alloy is a ferromagnetic compound (Cu2MnAl), that is suitable for the simultaneous monochromatization and polarization of the neutron beam in the form of singlecrystal. The prespecimen were cast in shell-sand or permanent steel moulds, then they were resolidified in crucibles of different size and material in the Universal Multi-zone Crystallizer (UMC) developed in the Institute of Material Sciences of Miskolc University. The solidified samples were investigated by means of a light microscope, electron microscope, energy disperse microprobe, X-ray diffraction as well as neutron scattering experiments.

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22

MAEYAMA, Satoshi, Tomoaki KAWAMURA, Masaharu OSHIMA, Hisataka TAKENAKA e Yoshikazu ISHII. "Application of a multilayer-coated mirror to soft X-ray monochromatization." SHINKU 32, n.º 12 (1989): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.32.845.

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23

Grote, M., R. Röhlsberger, E. Gerdau, R. Hellmich, U. Bergmann, M. Harsdorff, M. Chambers e W. Pfützner. "Preparation and characterization of GIAR-films for monochromatization of synchrotron radiation". Hyperfine Interactions 58, n.º 1-4 (julho de 1990): 2439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02398357.

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24

Niel, L., e H. Rauch. "Acceleration, deceleration and monochromatization of neutrons in time dependent magnetic fields". Zeitschrift f�r Physik B Condensed Matter 74, n.º 1 (março de 1989): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01307246.

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25

Stöcker, Hartmut, Katrin K. Reuter e Dirk C. Meyer. "Si(511) channel cut for monochromatization and linear polarization of X-rays". Journal of Applied Crystallography 40, n.º 3 (15 de maio de 2007): 635–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889807020948.

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The capabilities of an Si(511) channel-cut monochromator used with an X-ray tube with copper anode are presented. By passing this Si(511) channel-cut crystal, X-rays become both monochromatic and linearly polarized. The monochromaticity of the resulting beam is proved by angular dispersive measurements. Elastic scattering was used to characterize the degree of linear polarization.

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26

Sergueev, I., H. C. Wille, R. P. Hermann, D. Bessas, Yu V. Shvyd'ko, M. Zając e R. Rüffer. "Milli-electronvolt monochromatization of hard X-rays with a sapphire backscattering monochromator". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 18, n.º 5 (20 de julho de 2011): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s090904951102485x.

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27

Balykin, V. I. "On the possibility of velocity monochromatization of atomic beams below recoil velocity". Applied Physics B Photophysics and Laser Chemistry 49, n.º 4 (outubro de 1989): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00324190.

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28

Macchi, Piero, Hans-Beat Bürgi, Abita S. Chimpri, Jürg Hauser e Zoltán Gál. "Low-energy contamination of Mo microsource X-ray radiation: analysis and solution of the problem". Journal of Applied Crystallography 44, n.º 4 (8 de junho de 2011): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889811016232.

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In recent years, microsource sealed tubes in combination with multilayer optics have been adopted in many crystallography laboratories for very low power X-ray generation, monochromatization and high-brilliance microfocusing. All these factors allow high-performance experiments on a laboratory scale. However, a fundamental defect of this technology has been discovered, namely a significant contamination of the characteristic radiation by low-energy photons. Some simple experiments are reported, showing that the contamination can significantly reduce the accuracy of the measured intensities, especially when Mo Kα radiation is used. A simple and economic solution to the problem is proposed: an aluminium filter approximately 100 µm thick, which efficiently removes the low-energy contaminant photons.

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29

Guetman, F. I., I. S. Kim, A. Bücher, C. A. Druzhinin, J. C. Noëns, R. T. Salakhutdinov, A. A. Semenikin e V. I. Skomorovsky. "On Filter Observations of Coronal Structures in the Light of FeX 6374 Å Emission Line". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 144 (1994): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100026075.

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AbstractThe red coronal line of Fe X (6374 Å) seems to be extremely suitable for filter observations due to reduced sky scattering in this spectral interval and absence of blending by Fraunhofer lines. Comparative analysis of location of Hαstructures in colour and black-white pictures of the solar corona of July 11, 1991 was carried out. A conclusion was made that care should be taken when interference filters are used for the red corona observations. Non-ideal monochromatization of present-day existing interference filters may be responsible for some ”false“ red and white coronal structures which belong to Hαprominence emission. Estimations of parameters of an interference filter for the reliable red coronal observations are presented.

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30

Metje, Jan, Mario Borgwardt, Alexandre Moguilevski, Alexander Kothe, Nicholas Engel, Martin Wilke, Ruba Al-Obaidi et al. "Monochromatization of femtosecond XUV light pulses with the use of reflection zone plates". Optics Express 22, n.º 9 (28 de abril de 2014): 10747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.010747.

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31

Klimko, S. A., S. V. Grigoriev, V. V. Runov e A. I. Okorokov. "Monochromatization of a polarised neutron beam by means of the spatial spin resonance". Physica B: Condensed Matter 283, n.º 4 (junho de 2000): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(00)00350-1.

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32

Gerdau, E., e R. Rüffer. "Monochromatization of synchrotron radiation by ultranarrow frequency filters-nuclear bragg diffraction in yig". Hyperfine Interactions 27, n.º 1-4 (março de 1986): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02354744.

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33

Homma, H., M. Kentjana, E. E. Alp, T. M. Mooney, E. Witthoff e T. Toellner. "SnO2grazing‐incidence antireflection films for monochromatization of synchrotron radiation: Design, preparation, and characterization". Journal of Applied Physics 72, n.º 12 (15 de dezembro de 1992): 5668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351916.

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34

Sturhahn, W., E. Gerdau, S. Börger e W. Guse. "169Tm-A new candidate for monochromatization of synchrotron radiation by nuclear Bragg diffraction". Hyperfine Interactions 58, n.º 1-4 (julho de 1990): 2483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02398365.

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35

Veres, Zsolt, e András Roósz. "Producing a Heusler Alloy Single Crystal". Materials Science Forum 508 (março de 2006): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.508.125.

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The Heusler alloy Cu2MnAl is a ferromagnetic compound that is in the form of a single crystal suitable for the simultaneous monochromatization and polarization of a neutron beam. Our purpose is to produce such a monochromator. Pre-cast polycrystalline samples were resolidified in crucibles made of different materials with different sizes in the Universal Multizone Crystallizator (UMC) developed in the Institute of Material Sicence at University of Miskolc. Single crystals were obtained as a result of the resolidification. The quality of the single crystals was verified with neutron diffraction, then the ones having suitable quality were oriented crystallographically by using the Laue method. By using the spark machining method, seed crystals with suitable orientation were cut from the single crystals, and oriented single crystals will be grown from them.

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36

Kellermann, G., F. Vicentin, E. Tamura, M. Rocha, H. Tolentino, A. Barbosa, A. Craievich e I. Torriani. "The Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Beamline of the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory". Journal of Applied Crystallography 30, n.º 5 (1 de outubro de 1997): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889897001829.

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This paper describes the small-angle scattering beamline built at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS). Vertical focusing of the synchrotron beam is achieved by an elastically bent gold-plated cylindrical mirror. An asymmetric cut curved triangle-shaped silicon single crystal (111 reflection) is used for monochromatization and horizontal focusing. The mirror, monochromator optics and 2θ arm were designed to cover the spectral range between 1.0 and 2.0 Å. Three slit sets, a secondary photon shutter, two beam monitors, filters and absorbers, a multi-sample holder, a vacuum path, a beam-stopper and a set of detectors are the basic components of the workstation. The stepping motors are equipped with specially designed encoders. All mechanical and pneumatic movements and detectors can be remotely controlled using a direct panel or a PC.

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Mikhailov, Igor, Aleksey Baturin, Valery Kondratenko, Igor Kopilets e Anton Mikhailov. "Prospects for application of X-ray anomalous transmission effect to monochromatization of broadband spectrum". Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 25, n.º 1 (28 de janeiro de 2017): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/xst-160605.

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Lyubutin, I. S., N. I. Snegirev, M. A. Chuev, S. S. Starchikov, E. S. Smirnova, M. V. Lyubutina, S. V. Yagupov, M. B. Strugatsky e O. A. Alekseeva. "Magnetic and electric hyperfine parameters of antiferromagnet FеBO3 intended for monochromatization of synchrotron radiation". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 906 (junho de 2022): 164348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164348.

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Mikula, Pavel, Miroslav Vrána e Volker Wagner. "On a possible use of multiple Bragg reflections for high-resolution monochromatization of neutrons". Physica B: Condensed Matter 350, n.º 1-3 (julho de 2004): E667—E670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2004.03.181.

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40

Huang, Xian-Rong, Quanjie Jia, Michael Wieczorek e Lahsen Assoufid. "Continuous X-ray multiple-beam diffraction with primary Bragg angle from 0 to 90°". Journal of Applied Crystallography 47, n.º 5 (30 de setembro de 2014): 1716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671401930x.

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The interesting phenomenon of continuous multiple-beam diffraction (MBD) occurring within special crystallographic planes of cubic structures is illustrated for any Bragg angles of the primary reflection. On the one hand, this effect must be avoided in crystal-based X-ray optics or general crystal diffraction experiments that are designed to utilize two-beam diffraction mechanisms, since the MBD process can significantly reduce the diffraction efficiency and the monochromatization quality. On the other hand, the continuous MBD mechanism may have unique practical applications, with the advantage that it can be activated at arbitrary X-ray wavelengths by simply adjusting the azimuthal angle of the primary reflection. A simple mathematical procedure for determining the continuous MBD planes of any primary reflections is developed for optimization of X-ray monochromator designs and for general X-ray characterization of (pseudo)cubic structure crystals using MBD.

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Mikula, P., J. Kulda, L. Horalík, B. Chalupa e P. Lukáš. "The spatial condensation of the neutron beam by an asymmetric diffraction in thermal-neutron monochromatization". Journal of Applied Crystallography 19, n.º 5 (1 de outubro de 1986): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889886089288.

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42

Polikarpov, I. V., V. Panov e H. D. Bartunik. "Dynamical adjustment of crystal reflectivity by large-amplitude ultrasonic excitation for synchrotron X-ray monochromatization". Journal of Applied Crystallography 27, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1994): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889893008696.

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43

Müller, J. J., H. E. Gorny, J. Schmalz e U. Heinemann. "Glass-capillary collimator for distance compensation and partial monochromatization at rotating-anode X-ray generators". Journal of Applied Crystallography 28, n.º 6 (1 de dezembro de 1995): 853–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889895009708.

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44

Faus-Golfe, A., e J. Le Duff. "Versatile DBA and TBA lattices for a Tau-Charm factory with and without beam monochromatization". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 372, n.º 1-2 (março de 1996): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(95)01275-3.

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45

Kumar, Ashwani, Biplab Ghosh, H. K. Poswal, K. K. Pandey, Jagannath, M. V. Hosur, Abhilash Dwivedi, Ravindra D. Makde e Surinder M. Sharma. "Protein crystallography beamline (PX-BL21) at Indus-2 synchrotron". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, n.º 2 (13 de fevereiro de 2016): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751600076x.

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The protein crystallography beamline (PX-BL21), installed at the 1.5 T bending-magnet port at the Indian synchrotron (Indus-2), is now available to users. The beamline can be used for X-ray diffraction measurements on a single crystal of macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and their complexes. PX-BL21 has a working energy range of 5–20 keV for accessing the absorption edges of heavy elements commonly used for phasing. A double-crystal monochromator [Si(111) and Si(220)] and a pair of rhodium-coated X-ray mirrors are used for beam monochromatization and manipulation, respectively. This beamline is equipped with a single-axis goniometer, Rayonix MX225 CCD detector, fluorescence detector, cryogenic sample cooler and automated sample changer. Additional user facilities include a workstation for on-site data processing and a biochemistry laboratory for sample preparation. In this article the beamline, other facilities and some recent scientific results are briefly described.

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Jagannath, U. K. Goutam, R. K. Sharma, J. Singh, K. Dutta, U. S. Sule, R. Pradeep e S. C. Gadkari. "HAXPES beamline PES-BL14 at the Indus-2 synchrotron radiation source". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, n.º 5 (2 de agosto de 2018): 1541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518008408.

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The Hard X-ray Photo-Electron Spectroscopy (HAXPES) beamline (PES-BL14), installed at the 1.5 T bending-magnet port at the Indian synchrotron (Indus-2), is now available to users. The beamline can be used for X-ray photo-emission electron spectroscopy measurements on solid samples. The PES beamline has an excitation energy range from 3 keV to 15 keV for increased bulk sensitivity. An in-house-developed double-crystal monochromator [Si (111)] and a platinum-coated X-ray mirror are used for the beam monochromatization and manipulation, respectively. This beamline is equipped with a high-energy (up to 15 keV) high-resolution (meV) hemispherical analyzer with a microchannel plate and CCD detector system with SpecsLab Prodigy and CasaXPS software. Additional user facilities include a thin-film laboratory for sample preparation and a workstation for on-site data processing. In this article, the design details of the beamline, other facilities and some recent scientific results are described.

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Kanngießer, B., e B. Beckhoff. "The Excitation of Low Z Elements by Means of a Cylindrical Graded Multilayer as a High Energy Cut-Off in Edxrf Analysis". Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800022527.

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To measure X-ray fluorescence radiation of low Z elements especially requires a very high excitation intensity with an energy as close as possible to the absorption edges. Furthermore, a monochromatization of the excitation radiation and a cut-off of higher energies is desirable in order to reduce the background in the spectral region of interest.A cylindrical graded multilayer was designed and tested to concentrate and to monochromatize the radiation of a thin window Mo fine focus tube. The variation of the dspacing is tuned to reflect the Mo La-radiation of the fine focus tube. The physical dimensions of the cylindrical shape are optimized for concentrating the Mo La tube radiation onto the specimen with a spot size of about 3 mm. This corresponds to the size of the specimens from a time dependent personal aerosol sampler used.The multilayer is characterized with respect to its reflecting, focusing, and monochromatizing properties. Two examples of low Z element analysis are given.

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Bushuev, Vladimir, e Liubov Samoylova. "Application of quasi-forbidden multilayer Bragg reflection for monochromatization of hard X-ray FEL SASE pulses". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 635, n.º 1 (abril de 2011): S19—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.10.036.

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Vrána, M., P. Mikula e B. Lebech. "Direct comparison of plastically deformed Ge mosaic crystal and bent perfect Si crystal for neutron monochromatization". Physica B: Condensed Matter 350, n.º 1-3 (julho de 2004): E663—E666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2004.03.180.

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Arai, Tomoya. "Measurements of Soft and Ultrasoft X-Rays with Total Reflection Monochromator". Advances in X-ray Analysis 30 (1986): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800021315.

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The development of X-ray spectrographic analysis of light elements, which are O, C and B, has bee n performed for many applications using an end-window type X-ray tube with Rh-target and thin Be-window, wavelength dispersing devices, which are synthetic multilayers or total reflection mirror (with a specific filter) and a gas flow proportional counter with a thin film window. In Fig. 1 factors related to the intensity measurements in X-ray fluorescence analysis are shown. The excitation efficiency in the soft and ultrasoft X-ray region is very low because of the lower intensity of primary X-rays and low fluorescence yield of light elements. Instead of the wavelength dispersive method of Bragg reflection, having high resolution and low reflectivity, monochromatization combining total reflection by a selected mirror and an appropriate filter offered an alternate approach in order to increase measured intensity with reasonable optical resolution. Synthetic multilayers which have higher resolution and lower intensity compared with the performance of the mirror method have become popular for the detection of soft and ultrasoft X-ray region.

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