Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Mise en évidence expérimentale"
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Pavolini, Donatella. "Étude théorique et mise en évidence expérimentale du phénomène de subradiance". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112252.
Texto completo da fontePaul, Denis. "Contraintes hygrothermiques dans les matériaux composites stratifiés : modélisation et mise en évidence expérimentale". Saint-Etienne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STET4001.
Texto completo da fontePabiou, Hervé. "Mise en évidence expérimentale d'une instabilité convective dans un écoulement de Poiseuille-Rayleigh-Bénard". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066245.
Texto completo da fonteDuri, Davide. "Mise en évidence expérimentale de l'intermittence dans un jet cryogénique turbulent d'hélium normal et superfluide". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781852.
Texto completo da fonteChefdeville, Simon. "Dynamique de collisions moléculaires à très basse énergie : mise en évidence expérimentale de résonances quantiques". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0340/document.
Texto completo da fonteTheoretical calculations predict that the dynamics of rotational excitation of CO or O2molecules, induced by collisions with H2, are dominated by quantum scatteringresonances at very low energies. However, experimental observation of these effectsis challenging: very low collision energies and high energy resolution are bothrequired. Experiments performed with a crossed molecular beam apparatus withvariable intersection angle allow us to observe the thresholds of the CO (j = 0 1)transition at 3.85 cm-1 and the O2 (Nj = 10 11) transition at 3.96 cm-1, whichcorrespond to the average kinetic energy of a gas below 4 K. The peaks in theintegral cross section’s collision energy dependence constitute the first experimentalobservation of resonances in an inelastic process. The good agreement betweentheory and experiment reinforces the confidence in the interaction potentials used todeduce rate coefficients for modeling the interstellar medium in the 1-20 K range. Ourexperimental results highlight the quantum nature of molecular interactions at verylow energies
Romdane, Mohamed Hedi. "Mise en évidence du ménisque de l'articulation temporo-mandibulaire par l'IRM : Étude expérimentale et corrélation clinique". Rennes 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REN1A001.
Texto completo da fonteDemaria, Pesce Victor Hugo. "Mise en évidence expérimentale de facteurs génétiques lors d'une intoxication aigüe par le monoxyde de carbone". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112189.
Texto completo da fonteVicentini, Maxime. "Mise en évidence expérimentale et modélisation des régimes de combustion diphasique présents dans les foyers aéronautiques". Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESAE0011/document.
Texto completo da fonteNowadays, combustion of hydrocarbons is widespread in many engineering applications, including aeronautical propulsion. However, gas turbines produce pollutant emission levels that are no longer accepted. Therefore, understanding physical phenomena involved in combustion chambers is a major issue to help to the development of more eco-friendly engines. In aero-engine combustors, fuel is injected as a spray of droplets which generates a strong interaction with the turbulent air flow and the flame. This thesis aims at contributing to the development of two-phase combustion models to improve the predictive ability of numerical simulation tools. To do so, a new test setup dedicated to the study of two-phase turbulent flames has been designed and an experimental database has been built (non-reactive and reactive conditions). Simultaneous visualizations of Mie scattering droplets and heat release rate have highlighted a complex flame structure and the existence of different spray combustion regimes. Another important point of this work was to perform a statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of droplets under reactive conditions using an original measurement method. This analysis permitted to measure the inter-droplet distances (nearest neighbor) in different points of the flow and to assess the errors related to the processing of data through a numerical approach. It further appears that the spatial distribution of droplets is similar to an uniform random law while droplet combustion models are often based on a regular law
Coiret, Alex. "Mise en évidence et étude expérimentale d'une bifurcation turbulente réductrice des bruits auto-entretenus dans les écoulements". La Rochelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LAROS038.
Texto completo da fonteLoffredo, Nicolas. "Devenir du séléniate dans les sols : mise en évidence expérimentale et modélisation des phénomènes d'hystérèse de sorption/désorption". Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608532.
Texto completo da fonteJégou, Christophe. "Mise en évidence expérimentale des mécanismes limitant l'altération du verre R7T7 en milieu aqueux. Critique et proposition d'évolution du formalisme cinétique". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20181.
Texto completo da fonteIdda, Franck. "Etude expérimentale de résonances acoustiques excitées par des flammes de prémélange stabilisées et confinées : mise en évidence de mécanismes de couplage". Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11078.
Texto completo da fonteAmine, Yasser. "Étude expérimentale de la réaction sulfatique interne dans les betons : mise en évidence des effets d'additions minérales et de l'endommagement mécanique". Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT4035/document.
Texto completo da fonteCompared to other degradation mechanisms such as carbonation or chloride ion diffusion, swelling by internal sulfate attack (ISA) is still a little-studied mechanism. The field of investigation and remains very large and many scientific obstacles are waiting answers especially in concretes with mineral admixtures such as fly ash, metakaolin and natural pozzolan. The objective of this thesis is to bring new elements to understand the effects of the mineral admixtures on the ISA in binary and ternary mixtures. First, in binary mixtures it was shown that ettringite is more present in mortars than in concrete. For the ternary mixtures, we have shown that the presence of limestone filler makes it possible for it to be combined with the calcium aluminates which favors the formation of (hemi / mono) carbonates. The filler reduces monosulfoaluminate formation, which will stabilize the ettringite and thus reduce longer-term delayed ettringite formation (DEF). As for the influence of the type of addition to the ISR, the presence of sulfate in addition is a dominant factor in this pathology particularly in the case of natural pozzolan and metakaolin contrary to the fly ash. This study also showed that the amount of deferred ettringite tends to increase with increasing compressive mechanical stress while the ISA trigger period remains insensitive to mechanical damage. L’Université
Thomas, Anthony. "Transferts d'eau et de chaleur dans une pile à combustible à membrane : mise en évidence expérimentale du couplage et analyse des mécanismes". Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00820468.
Texto completo da fonteTachon, Monique. "Mise en évidence des rotamères de quelques trans-diaryléthylènes par spectroscopie électronique à basse température. Étude expérimentale et théorique de leurs conformations". Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR10562.
Texto completo da fonteThomas, Anthony. "Transfert d'eau et de chaleur dans une pile à combustible à membrane : mise en évidence expérimentale du couplage et analyse des mécanismes". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0143/document.
Texto completo da fonteProton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) make it possible to convert efficiently chemical energy into electricity. For this, hydrogen is oxidized at one of the electrodes of the cell, created protons pass through the electrolyte (membrane) while electrons flow across the external circuit provide the electrical energy. All these elements recombine at the second electrode, with oxygen, to produce water. Performance is not perfect within a cell and a part of the reactants energy is also degraded as heat. Despite recent advances, the large scale commercialization of PEMFC is still hampered by durability issues, some of them being related to water and thermal management. In order to quantify the thermal behavior and its effect on the water transport, a fuel cell has been instrumented for the electrodes temperature, water and heat fluxes measurement. The results show that high temperature gradients (up to about 30 K/mm) can exist in a cell operating under standard conditions. It was observed a clear influence of the temperature field in the cell on the water transport. Water flows towards the coldest part of the cell (usually the channels), passing through the porous layers in vapor phase in our experimental conditions
Delatour, Thierry. "Mise en évidence par spectrométries optiques de formes tautomères caractéristiques d'un pyridylazo diethylaminophénol". Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10159.
Texto completo da fontePalladas, Annabella. "Etude expérimentale de décharges haute pression (Hg, NaI, TlI). Application à la mise en évidence de déviations par rapport à l'E. T. L". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30026.
Texto completo da fonteBourlard, Thierry. "Mise en évidence de nouvelles activités pectine méthyltransférases chez le lin. Purification et caractérisation de deux méthyltransférases". Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES047.
Texto completo da fonteJubault, Catherine. "Développement d'un test scintigraphique de mise en évidence des tumeurs par un glycopeptide marqué encapsulé dans des liposomes : étude expérimentale et application en pathologie humaine". Tours, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOUR3803.
Texto completo da fonteIsabelle, Marc. "Etude expérimentale de la dysfonction cardiaque induite par la cocaïne : mise en évidence des espèces réactives de l'oxygène et des enzymes impliquées dans leur production". Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUE05NR.
Texto completo da fonteProlonged use of cocaine induces hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction. Oxidative stress appears to be involved in the initiation and the development of this cardiac dysfunction. Nvertheless, the enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species production are not clearly defined. In the present work, we show that in rat cocaine induces NADPH oxidase by alpha1-adrenoreceptor stimulation. The overproduction of superoxide and peroxynitrite due to the increase in NADPH oxidase activity contributes to the xanthine oxidase activation, an other major pro-oxydant enzyme in cardiovascular system and catalase inactivation, an anti-oxydant enzyme. Finally, we show that blockade of alpha1-adrenoreceptor as NADPH oxidase or xanthine oxidase inhibition prevents the cardiac dysfunction induced by cocaine
Decool, Jean. "Recherches expérimentales sur la formation des tissus minéralisés : mise en évidence du rôle mnémonique des matrices extra-cellulaires". Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10027.
Texto completo da fonteRoyer, Pascal. "Etude théorique de l'excitation des plasmons de surface sur des particules d'argent ellipsoïdales de taille submicroscopique : effets du substrat, mise en évidence expérimentale par spectroscopie photoacoustique". Dijon, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985DIJOS036.
Texto completo da fonteNaïja, Rym. "Apprentissage des réactions acido-basiques : mise en évidence et remédiation des difficultés des étudiants lors d'une séquence d'enseignement expérimental". Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2004/naija_r.
Texto completo da fonteThe work that we have done deals with "learning acid-base reactions : pointing student's difficulties during a laboratory teaching sequence and their remediations". This work offers a way to analyse the cognitif functions of students during modelling. The theoric framework that we have developped depends on three principal axes : modelling activity, cognitif fonctionnement of the student and theory of situations. The analysis of the labwork text has shown that they are not rich and they don't correspond to various cognitive activities. We proposed textes including knowledge concerning different acide-base titrations. We used two types of methods to analyse the work of students. First, we studied the writings of the students and we showed the difference in the cognitive fonctionnement when the students work with the two labwork textes. Second, we completed analysis stuying the student's verbal production. In this case, we described the cognitive fonctionnement students' during the different activities which we proposed. This analysis has shown the reflexion of students toward the reaction systeme. Their difficulties in the acid-base field is the result of their partiel comprehension of the concept of the chemical reaction
Arnaud, Brigitte. "Evolution des microstructures de fatigue à chaud dans des solutions solides à base nickel : mise en évidence d'une cavitation intragranulaire". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066054.
Texto completo da fonteLagunegrand, Laurent. "Mise en évidence expérimentale et prise en compte dans la formulation d'un critère d'amorçage du délaminage, de l'influence des contraintes normales inter plis au sein d'un matériau composite". Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12943.
Texto completo da fonteBardot, Cédric. "Spectroscopie d'émission et spectroscopie Raman résonante dans le régime de Hall quantique non entier : mise en évidence expérimentale d'effets liés aux corrélations électron-électron et électron-phonon optique". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10017.
Texto completo da fonteLabiche, Alexandre. "Contribution à l’étude du stroma des carcinomes ovariens par une analyse morphologique, morphométrique et expérimentale, à l’échelle histologique et ultrastructurale : mise en évidence de l’importance de la vascularisation". Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN4002.
Texto completo da fonteThe ovarian carcinoma is a cancer of very poor prognosis, as diagnosis occurs at an advanced stage. A better understanding of the natural history of this cancer is critical interest in order to discover new targeted therapies and to determine new markers for prognosis prediction and therapeutic follow-up. We have chosen to study the tumour stroma which plays probably a crucial role in the tumorigenesis and drug resistance of ovarian carcinomas. This study highlighted that the amount of blood vessels, mast cells and stroma can be used as prognosis indicators. Then, we have focused our study on peritoneal metastasis which are responsible of the recurrence of this disease. We have also finalized an in vivo mice model of peritoneal carcinosis to investigate the different steps of stroma development. Finally, we have tested on this model the effect of an anti-angiogenic drug associated or not with classical chemotherapy
Tisserand, Julie. "Mise en évidence d'un rôle suppresseur de tumeur pour la protéine tyrosine-kinase FES dans le mélanome". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5035.
Texto completo da fonteAmong skin cancers, melanoma is the most aggressive and has the worst prognosis. In the last years, new therapeutic tools have been developed but responses differ between patients and are often transient due to resistance mechanisms. This highlights the need to improve understanding of molecular mechanisms of the disease. During my thesis, I have shown for the first time that FES tyrosine kinase is expressed in normal melanocytes, and that its expression is lost at the protein and RNA levels in most melanoma cell lines. The same result is observed in a panel of 12 patients’ short-term cultures. The lack of expression is due to FES promoter hyper-methylation and can be reverted using a hypomethylating agent. By restoring FES expression in two melanoma cell lines, I observe a decrease of oncogenic properties of the cells. Moreover, the analysis of the TCGA data on melanoma indicate that FES expression is strongly decreased or lost in about 40% of patients, and that this loss of expression is correlated with FES promoter methylation. Importantly, patients with low level of FES mRNA have poor prognosis compared to FES expressing patients. Finally, Fes knock-out mice crossed with an inducible melanoma mouse model indicate that tumors proliferation and size are more important under a Fes KO background.In conclusion, by using melanoma cells in vitro, data from melanoma patients and mouse models, I have demonstrated that FES is expressed in normal melanocytes and clearly plays a tumor suppressor role.in melanoma
Bauchet, Armand. "Spectroscopie gamma de fragments de fission auprès d'Euroball : Mise en évidence du rôle des orbitales de proton dans des noyaux riches en neutrons de la région de masse A∼100". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00999469.
Texto completo da fonteDuflo, Frédéric. "Mécanismes d'action des agonistes α2 adrénergiques dans les modèles expérimentaux de douleur aigue͏̈ et chronique : mise en évidence de la plasticité médullaire". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10267.
Texto completo da fonteFrankland, J. D. "Etude de systèmes très lourds observés avec INDRA: première mise en évidence d'un effet de volume dans le processus de multifragmentation nucléaire". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204534.
Texto completo da fonteCes réactions ne correspondent ni aux collisions les plus centrales ni aux événements les plus isotropes (dans l'espace des impulsions des fragments), et ne peuvent pas donc être isoleés correctement des collisions binaires profondément inélastiques dominantes à partir de ces critères. Une première comparaison des données sélectionnées avec un code statistique indiquent l'origine des fragments dans un système dilué à topologie compacte, avec une énergie d'expansion auto-similaire de 1 à 1.5 AMeV. La comparaison avec des événements du même type observés dans les collisions Xe+Sn à 32 AMeV révèle une loi d'échelle pour la multifragmentation de systèmes de masses différentes à la même énergie d'excitation par nucléon : les distributions en Z des fragments sont identiques tandis que leurs multiplicités augmentent en proportion de la masse du système en multifragmentation. Cette observation est interprétée comme un signal expérimental que cette multifragmentation trouve son origine dans une instabilité de volume de la matière nucléaire à basse densité (région spinodale). Un calcul microscopique semi-classique complet des deux réactions comprenant la formation et la multifragmentation par décomposition spinodale de systèmes très lourds à basse densité reproduit très bien non seulement les multiplicités et les distributions en Z expérimentales des fragments mais aussi leurs énergies cinétiques moyennes, ainsi que la distribution en taille des plus gros fragments.
Gandon, Enora. "Influence des contraintes culturelles dans l'organisation de la motricité humaine : proposition d'un cadre théorique et mise en évidence expérimentale à travers l'exemple du tournage de poterie (France / Inde Prajapati / Inde Multani Khumar)". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22099/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe main goal of our study was to provide an empirical demonstration of the influence of cultural constraints on motor performance. We focused on wheel throwing, an ancient craft skill that is still practiced in many societies. Inspired by the theoretical framework of the ecological approach to perception and action, we studied how a same task (throwing ceramic vessels on a wheel) was realised in different cultural environments in France and in two distinct communities in India. This study was made possible by the application of a standardised experimental approach within the different cultural contexts. The task consisted in reproducing four forms in two masses. The results were further developed by crossing experimental conditions between the two Indian populations. By analysing the action strategies and the vessels produced we were able to highlight a set of invariant characteristics. These invariants are interpreted as potters’ responses to the task constraints related of throwing a vessel. We suggest that all potters studied have acquired the principles underlying wheel throwing, independent of the (cultural) specifics of the conditions in which they evolve. At the same time, our results also revealed cultural modulations in the geometry of the vessels thrown and in the temporal organisation of the throwing activity. Such variations are interpreted as adaptations to the operative (material and social) cultural constraints specific to each group. Interestingly, social constraints were found to be as influential as material constraints (such as the type of wheel used). This latter observation led us to propose a post-doctoral research programme designed to analyse the influence of social action models (promulgated by the social environment during learning) on potter’s action strategies
Jubault, Philippe. "Génération électrochimique de carbanions α-phosphorés α, α-dihalogénés : électrosynthèse de gem-dihalogénoalcènes et de cycloalkylphosphonates. Mise en évidence d'un phénomène d'activation électrochimique du magnésium". Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES018.
Texto completo da fonteThomas, Carré Claudine. "États de Rydberg atomiques en champs magnétique et électrique parallèles : spectroscopie à haute résolution sur jet atomique de lithium : mise en évidence expérimentale et analyse théorique de la structure Stark du multiplet diamagnétique hydrogénoïde". Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112007.
Texto completo da fonteFroment, Pascal. "Rôles de l'IGF-I et de l'insuline dans les interfaces entre le métabolisme et la reproduction : mise en évidence à partir de deux modèles expérimentaux". Tours, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUR4010.
Texto completo da fonteAvetisov, Stepan. "Herschel-Quincke filters for passive vibration mitigation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Le Mans, 2024. https://cyberdoc-int.univ-lemans.fr/Theses/2024/2024LEMA1018.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteVibration and structure borne noise are generally undesirable phenomena for both the reliability and comfort issues. Many approaches to vibration control have been studied over the years, using various geometrical designs, damping materials, or active control strategies. In addition, lightening mechanical structures is a major challenge in terms of energy consumption, particularly for transport applications. In these combined contexts, the aim of this thesis is to develop new vibration control concepts by adapting the principle of Herschel-Quincke (HQ) filters, traditionally applied to plane acoustic waves in tubes, to the realm of elastic waves in beams and plates. In acoustics, HQ filters exploit the principle of a phase shift between two parallel tubes of varying lengths created from a primary tube, resulting in destructive interference and hence zero transmission at certain frequencies. The attractiveness of HQ filters lies in their capacity to provide multiple transmission loss peaks, presenting a viable alternative to traditional resonance-based approaches. This study extends this principle to bending waves by partitioning a thin beam into two segments of equal length but different thicknesses. The resulting disparity in bending stiffness induces the requisite phase difference, leading to wave filtering. This approach positions HQ filters as a promising solution for vibration and noise control applications without increasing the mass of the considered structure. First, the HQ principle for structural dynamics is theoretically analysed through wave based models considering non dispersive longitudinal or torsional waves and bending waves in beams. An experimental study also demonstrates the practical interest of this filtering technique. Then, the principle is extended to plates structures, leading to annular filters that may surround a vibration source and so isolate it from the rest of the plate. Third, some more sophisticated designs based on serial, parallel or periodic arrangements of structural HQ devices are proposed and analyzed to assess how they can optimize vibration filtering performance
Guigal, Nolwen. "Mise en évidence d'un nouveau mécanisme d'induction du CYP1A1". Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX20663.
Texto completo da fonteLapierre, Catherine. "Hétérogénéité des lignines de peuplier : mise en évidence systématique". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112220.
Texto completo da fonteLabonté, Marguerite. "Mise en évidence de l'ataxie optique chez les acalleux". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1991. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5530/1/000586655.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDaurat, Morgane. "Mise en évidence du potentiel biomédical de nouveaux nanovecteurs". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT022/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe development of targeted therapies is a major health issue and the rise of nanovectors makes it possible to meet these clinical needs. The first approach of this thesis is dedicated to the study of the therapeutic potential of multifunctional nanoparticles for medical imaging, photothermal therapy and drug delivery in cancer treatment. The second line of research focuses on active therapeutic targeting. The NanoMedSyn company aims to develop an active targeting of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor, allowing a better addressing of drugs and more effective treatments. This type of targeting may have multiple benefits for cancer therapy but also for the treatment of the lysosomal diseases which are rare genetic diseases. NanoMedSyn develops innovative synthetic derivatives of glycovectors, called AMFA, which it exploits exclusively. AMFA have a good affinity for the mannose 6-phosphate receptor and have been grafted on multifunctional nanoparticles in order to improve addressing and two-photon photodynamic therapy of a pediatric cancer: the rhabdomyosarcoma; and on lysosomal enzymes for the lysosomal diseases treatment such as for Pompe disease
Martinat-Caire, Christine. "Mise en évidence des métabolites urinaires de l'amopyroquine chez l'homme". Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P205.
Texto completo da fonteGérard, Hervé. "Mise en évidence d'une réaction de déshalogénation catalysée par l'hémoglobine". Compiègne, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989COMPD194.
Texto completo da fonteHuman haemoglobin can catalyze various reactions like hydroxylations and peroxydations,similar to cytochrome P450 reactions. Haemoglobin with ascorbic acid and oxygen can dehalogenate various organochlorines like DDT, perchloroethane and benzylchloreehalides. The study of the dehalogenation of p-nitrobenzylchloride show us the reductive pathway of this reaction but also the necessary of little quantity of oxygen. This reaction requires two reduction. The first one needs ascorbic acid and the second one needs semidehydroascorbic acid generated by oxygen molecular
Brochier, Céline. "Phylogénie des Eubactéries et mise en évidence des transferts horizontaux". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112184.
Texto completo da fonteDue to limited and often contradictory morphological characters, providing a natural classification of prokaryotes has until recently proven to be a difficult task. With the development of sequencing techniques, new hopes have been put in molecular phylogenies in order to solve this problem, but new difficulties have arisen also. The first one lies in the fact that eubacteria form a very ancient group, meaning that most of the phylogenetic signal has been erased, hence the difficulty of recovering the phylogeny. Using a recent phylogenetic method, which selects only the most reliable positions of a data set, we propose a revised version of the eubacterial phylogeny. Thermotogales and Aquificales are not the first taxa to emerge any more, which casts serious doubt about the hyperthermophilic origin of life. On the opposite, the first offshoots of the tree are now the Planctomycetales, whose peculiarity is to display compartimented DNA. The second problem lies in the fact that procaryotes are known to exchange genetic material during lateral transfers, which upsets phylogenies. As the extent of this phenomenon is poorly known, some authors put into question the very concept of species among procaryotes. We show here that even genes whose products are involved in complex interactions are likely to be transferred. However, using statistical methods, we also show that most of the translation proteins share a common evolutionary history, both in eubacteria and archaea. This work thus legitimates phylogenetic reconstruction based on concatenated genes, which should become more and more common as genome projects are growing in numbers
Dandrieux, Sylvaine. "Etude et mise en évidence d'activités antibactériennes de type microcine". La Rochelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LAROS142.
Texto completo da fonteMicrocins are a new antibiotics family presenting an interesting alternative to the problems related to the increasing prevalence of pathogen antibiotic resistance. Our research went towards the discovery and the characterization of news microcins. First of all, we studied the antibacterial activity produced by the E coli LRF1 strain. This microcin-like activity has a narrow spectrum of activity. Its production is carried out preferentially in minimum medium. An electrofocusing revealed the presence in the culture supernatant of two substances being different by their pi and presenting antibacterial activities. One has a molecular mass higher than 10 kDa. This substance was identified as being the colicin B. We were thus interested in the second substance whose activity cross the cellophane membrane translating a lower molecular mass. After the installation of a protocol of partial purification we identified our second substance as being the colicin M. In the second time, we selected in the laboratory collection by cross immunity tests and by PCR 9 E coli strains potentially producing new microcine-like activities. Among those the E coli LR11 strain was selected. This strain has microcin V structural gene and presents another important microcin-like activity. The genetic system of this new molecule plasmidic origin and transferable by conjugation was cloned
Suard, Laurence. "L'alpha 1 antitrypsine : mise en évidence et rôle en pathologie". Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P085.
Texto completo da fonteMasclet, David. "Pression des pairs et incitation à l'effort : fondements théoriques et évidence expérimentale". Lyon 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2002/masclet_d.
Texto completo da fonteIn recent years, models of peer pressure which have been developed are essentially models of mutual monitoring insofar as they assume that the only choice confronting agents in determining the peer pressure environment is to specify their monitoring effort. In this thesis, we aim at considering a model of peer pressure where the agents decide on the sanctions to impose to eventual free riders. When sanctioning is costly, a rational money maximizer will never punish. As a consequence, subjects will shirk because they anticipate that they will never be punished. We conduced several experimental treatments to explore the validity of the theoretical predictions on the efficiency of peer pressure. The experiments simulate team production and allow subject to punish the other members. Our results indicate that subjects often engage in costly punishment of shirkers and that the availability of punishment increases cooperation. Moreover, the efficiency of peer pressure is strongly correlated with the cost and the nature of the sanction. We find that the increase in cooperation is not only due to the willingness to avoid monetary consequences of sanctions but also to avoid disapproval of the peers. This analysis also provides evidence that subjects sanction their peers for two main reasons. The first explanation is that subject punish their peers because they expect that sanctions might have positive effects on future cooperation. The second explanation relies upon considerations of fairness: subjects are willing to sanction their peers in order to reduce inequity of payoffs. So full cooperation, as observed in the experiments, would be sustained as an equilibrium outcome if subjects would be sufficiently inequity averse
Sacy, Michel. "Raisonnement causal: quelle place occupe la mise en évidence du changement ?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29987/29987.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteBruckert, Geoffrey. "Mise en évidence d'une forme alternative de l'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène". Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN3153.
Texto completo da fonteTissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a 70 kDa serine protease, initially described for its functions in fibrinolysis. Composed of 5 domains named Finger, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Kringle 1 (K1), K2 and catalytic, many studies have however shown that tPA was more than a fibrinolytic enzyme. Indeed, tPA could affect physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system, through mechanisms that could be dependent or independent of the catalytic domain. Thus, tPA can act as an enzyme, a neuromodulator or a cytokine. Its highly specialized tridimensional structure comes from an evolutionary mechanism named exon shuffling, in which exons from different genes could be exchanged and put together into the tPA gene. The latter has 14 exons and 13 introns. Thus, some studies observed that 95% of multiexonic genes could have one or more alternative splicing in Humans, a source of protein diversity. In our study, we focused on alternative variants of tPA and we highlighted a new mRNA transcript composed of sequences for Finger, EGF, K1 and ended with intron 7. We named it LSL tPA and we showed that it could be translated into a 20 kDa protein. Moreover, we found that alternative and constitutive variants could have a differential regulation according to physiological or pathological conditions. Our data thus suggest a functional role of LSL tPA, which could act as a cytokine
Faure, Nathalie. "Mise en évidence de la stéréosélectivité du métabolisme de la méfloquine". Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P231.
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