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Neumark, David. "The Econometrics and Economics of the Employment Effects of Minimum Wages: Getting from Known Unknowns to Known Knowns". German Economic Review 20, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2019): 293–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12184.
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Abstract I discuss the econometrics and the economics of past research on the effects of minimum wages on employment in the United States. My intent is to try to identify key questions raised in the recent literature, and some from the earlier literature, which I think hold the most promise for understanding the conflicting evidence and arriving at a more definitive answer about the employment effects of minimum wages. My secondary goal is to discuss how we can narrow the range of uncertainty about the likely effects of the large minimum wage increases becoming more prevalent in the United States. I discuss some insights from both theory and past evidence that may be informative about the effects of high minimum wages, and try to emphasize what research can be done now and in the near future to provide useful evidence to policymakers on the results of the coming high minimum wage experiment, whether in the United States or in other countries.
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Derenoncourt, Ellora, e Claire Montialoux. "Minimum Wages and Racial Inequality*". Quarterly Journal of Economics 136, n.º 1 (14 de setembro de 2020): 169–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa031.
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Abstract The earnings difference between white and black workers fell dramatically in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This article shows that the expansion of the minimum wage played a critical role in this decline. The 1966 Fair Labor Standards Act extended federal minimum wage coverage to agriculture, restaurants, nursing homes, and other services that were previously uncovered and where nearly a third of black workers were employed. We digitize over 1,000 hourly wage distributions from Bureau of Labor Statistics industry wage reports and use CPS microdata to investigate the effects of this reform on wages, employment, and racial inequality. Using a cross-industry difference-in-differences design, we show that earnings rose sharply for workers in the newly covered industries. The impact was nearly twice as large for black workers as for white workers. Within treated industries, the racial gap adjusted for observables fell from 25 log points prereform to 0 afterward. We can rule out significant disemployment effects for black workers. Using a bunching design, we find no aggregate effect of the reform on employment. The 1967 extension of the minimum wage can explain more than 20% of the reduction in the racial earnings and income gap during the civil rights era. Our findings shed new light on the dynamics of labor market inequality in the United States and suggest that minimum wage policy can play a critical role in reducing racial economic disparities.
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Butcher, Kristin F., e John Dinardo. "The Immigrant and Native-Born Wage Distributions: Evidence from United States Censuses". ILR Review 56, n.º 1 (outubro de 2002): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390205600106.
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Recent studies document a large widening of the immigrant/native-born mean wage gap since about 1970, a trend that some observers ascribe to post-1965 changes in U.S. immigration policy. These studies are limited, however, by their exclusive focus on men, which ignores important gender differences in the wage gap, and by the inadequacy of the mean wage for characterizing the gap when, as in recent decades, the wage distribution dramatically changes. This study of recent immigrants examines changes across the entire wage distribution, for both genders. The authors find evidence, based partly on gender differences, that minimum wages strongly influenced the gap. A counterfactual analysis also indicates that if recent immigrants in 1970 had faced the 1990 wage structure, their wage distribution would have closely resembled that of recent immigrants in 1990. These and other results suggest that the increasing wage gap is linked to changes in the wage structure.
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Cuecuecha, Alfredo, Norma Fuentes-Mayorga e Darryl McLeod. "Do minimum wages help explain declining Mexico-U.S. migration?" Migraciones internacionales 12 (15 de dezembro de 2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.2326.
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This paper finds that minimumwagesof the United States and Mexicomeasured carefully in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) help explain the well-documented post-2010 fall in Mexico-U.S.migration. Declining inequality also plays a role since the purchasing power of the minimum wage increased relative to the average wage in Mexico. Using time-series data,we find two positive partial correlations between minimum wages and net migration: one driven by wage differentials between the two countries and the other by wage inequality in Mexico. However, these results are found to be mediated through migrantsocial networks. Though relative wages are a classic migration driver,this paper is the first to explore the full minimum-average wagenexus. One clear policy implication of these results is that maintaining the real purchasing power of minimum wages helps reducemigration.An in-depth analysis is needed to demonstrate the causality of these correlations.
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Stevans, Lonnie K., e David N. Sessions. "Minimum Wage Policy and Poverty in the United States". International Review of Applied Economics 15, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2001): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692170120013358.
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Pargianas, Christos. "Education and the minimum wage in the United States". Applied Economics Letters 25, n.º 7 (24 de maio de 2017): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2017.1332738.
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Santiago, Carlos E. "The Migratory Impact of Minimum Wage Legislation: Puerto Rico, 1970–1987". International Migration Review 27, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1993): 772–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700403.
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Minimum wage research has historically focused on labor mobility between covered and uncovered labor markets within a geographic area. This study examines the impact of minimum wage setting on labor migration. A multiple time series framework is applied to monthly data for Puerto Rico from 1970–1987. The results show that net emigration from Puerto Rico to the United States fell in response to significant changes in the manner in which minimum wage policy was conducted, particularly after 1974. The extent of commuter type labor migration between Puerto Rico and the United States is influenced by minimum wage policy, with potentially important consequences for human capital investment and long-term standards of living.
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Cengiz, Doruk, Arindrajit Dube, Attila Lindner e Ben Zipperer. "The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs*". Quarterly Journal of Economics 134, n.º 3 (2 de maio de 2019): 1405–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz014.
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Abstract We estimate the effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs using 138 prominent state-level minimum wage changes between 1979 and 2016 in the United States using a difference-in-differences approach. We first estimate the effect of the minimum wage increase on employment changes by wage bins throughout the hourly wage distribution. We then focus on the bottom part of the wage distribution and compare the number of excess jobs paying at or slightly above the new minimum wage to the missing jobs paying below it to infer the employment effect. We find that the overall number of low-wage jobs remained essentially unchanged over the five years following the increase. At the same time, the direct effect of the minimum wage on average earnings was amplified by modest wage spillovers at the bottom of the wage distribution. Our estimates by detailed demographic groups show that the lack of job loss is not explained by labor-labor substitution at the bottom of the wage distribution. We also find no evidence of disemployment when we consider higher levels of minimum wages. However, we do find some evidence of reduced employment in tradeable sectors. We also show how decomposing the overall employment effect by wage bins allows a transparent way of assessing the plausibility of estimates.
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Buszkiewicz, James H., Heather D. Hill e Jennifer J. Otten. "Association of State Minimum Wage Rates and Health in Working-Age Adults Using the National Health Interview Survey". American Journal of Epidemiology 190, n.º 1 (10 de fevereiro de 2020): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa018.
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Abstract States adopt minimum wages to improve workers’ economic circumstances and well-being. Many studies, but not all, find evidence of health benefits from higher minimum wages. This study used a rigorous “triple difference” strategy to identify the associations between state minimum wages and adult obesity, body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2), hypertension, diabetes, fair or poor health, and serious psychological distress. National Health Interview Survey data (United States, 2008–2015) on adults aged 25–64 years (n = 131,430) were linked to state policies to estimate the prevalence odds ratio or mean difference in these outcomes associated with a $1 increase in current and 2-year lagged minimum wage among less-educated adults overall and by sex, race/ethnicity, and age. In contrast to prior studies, there was no association between current minimum wage and health; however, 2-year lagged minimum wage was positively associated with the likelihood of obesity (prevalence odds ratio = 1.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.16) and with elevated body mass index (mean difference = 0.27, 95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.49). In subgroup models, current and 2-year lagged minimum wage were associated with a higher likelihood of obesity among male and non-White or Hispanic adults. The associations with hypertension also varied by sex and the timing of the exposure.
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Wescher, Lance, Travis Hutchinson e Anna Rannou. "Minimum Wages, Employment, and College Enrollment". American Economist 64, n.º 1 (20 de julho de 2018): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0569434518787485.
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Most studies of the effects of minimum wage laws look exclusively at the labor market. This article investigates the less-researched topic of the effects of a minimum wage increase on enrollment in undergraduate higher education institutions in the United States. With a higher opportunity cost of pursuing an education given a higher minimum wage, potential students may opt to work instead of attend college. Conversely, if an increase in the minimum wage raises the unemployment rate for young workers, more people may enroll in college, as they are unable to find employment. Using restricted geocode variables and panel data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) over a period of time in which every state saw an increase in its effective minimum wage, we find that higher minimum wages do correspond to lower levels of college enrollment. We use a multinomial probit model to examine how tradeoffs are made between employment and college enrollment. Finally, we examine the transition path between college enrollment and employment. JEL Classification: I23, J24, and E24.
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Yao, Jianfeng, e Duanxiang Fu. "A Comparative Study of Minimum Wage and Employment in China and in the United States". Economic Analysis 52, n.º 2 (9 de dezembro de 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.28934/ea.19.52.2.pp1-11.
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In this paper, we use regression models to analyze and compare the effect of a change in real minimum wage on employment rate both in China (the largest emerging market) and in the United States (the largest developed country). The longitudinal data we use is from 2000 to 2016 published by both countries. After controlling for unobserved heterogeneities by using the fixed effect estimations, the results show a significant and negative correlation between real minimum wage and employment rate in both countries, with a smaller and weaker effect of real minimum wage in China. It indicates that employment in China is less responsive to a change in minimum wage because of its unique economic system. In addition, We find that the effect of minimum wage on employment rate turns into insignificant in recent years in China since 2008, which is the opposite of and different from the situation in the U.S.
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Mora, Jhon J., e Juan Muro. "Wage–employment elasticity: a meta-analysis referring to Colombia". Journal of Economic Studies 47, n.º 6 (2 de abril de 2020): 1495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2019-0151.
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PurposeThe article clarifies the wage–employment relation in a developing country. Several years ago, many articles in the United States indicated that the relation between increasing wages and increasing unemployment is unclear. These articles from the United States are insufficient to be applicable to all countries, especially developing countries such as Colombia where institutions and the wage–employment relation differ from those in the United States.Design/methodology/approachA meta-analysis methodology was used as 28 estimates of long-run wage–employment elasticity in Colombia from 1998 to 2016 were analyzed.FindingsThis article provides insights into how real wages affect employment. Despite publication biases, results showed that a 1% increase in wages results in a 0.11% decline in employment in the long run.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the publication bias, it is not considered how variables such as sectors, estimation strategies (panel data, partial adjustment, cointegration and non-linear least squares, among others), formal/informal urban sectors, government services and transportation, and qualified and unskilled workers affect the true elasticity value.Practical implicationsThis paper includes implications for public policy because the results are important to minimum wages policy in a developing country.Originality/valueThere are no studies regarding the wage–employment relation in a developing country. The empirical results obtained in this article are useful for regulators, policy makers and researchers to understand whether employment is affected by real wages.
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Petach, Luke. "Distribution and capacity utilization in the United States: evidence from state-level data". Review of Keynesian Economics 8, n.º 2 (7 de abril de 2020): 240–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2020.02.06.
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Applying previously unused regional data to the problem of wage- versus profit-led growth, this paper estimates a demand-and-distribution system for a panel of US states for the years 1974 to 2014. Using variation in minimum-wage policy across states as an instrument for the labor share, I find that – at a regional level – the United States is strongly wage-led. In the absence of a satisfactory econometric identification strategy, I estimate the distributive curve non-parametrically. The results suggest the presence of significant non-linearities, with US states exhibiting profit-squeeze dynamics at low levels of capacity utilization and wage-squeeze dynamics at high levels. These results suggest difficulties for wage-led policy akin to a coordination failure.
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Li, Yuyang, Jie Zhang e Xinxin Deng. "The Minimum Wage as Method of Alleviating Poverty: Current Practices versus Alternative Policy and Legal Resolutions". Journal of Politics and Law 14, n.º 4 (27 de junho de 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n4p14.
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Poverty is a social issue that impacts much of the world, including the United States. Oftentimes, proponents of the minimum wage argue that a higher minimum wage would help alleviate poverty in the country. Whether or not there will be impacts, or how significant the impact will be, is a subject of debate. The paper first analyzes arguments in support of using the minimum wage to reduce poverty in the US. Then, arguments against the current minimum wage are presented. Discussion regarding alternatives or alterations to the current minimum wage is raised at the end of the paper that would provide a more sustainable and legally sound public policy choice. This includes an analysis of the current minimum wage policies in the city of Philadelphia as example.
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Rigelsky, Martin, Viera Ivankova, Beata Gavurova e Martin Mudrik. "The effect of the minimum wage on smoking-related indicators in selected OECD countries". Equilibrium 15, n.º 3 (7 de setembro de 2020): 439–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2020.020.
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Research background: The amount of the minimum wage is, in some sense, an indicator of the economic level of a country. There are considerable differences in this indicator between the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). At the same time, the minimum wage is also an instrument that largely regulates people's behaviour and affects different areas of life.
Purpose of the article: The objective of this study is to determine the relations between the minimum wage and individual smoking-related indicators in a sample of selected OECD countries (16 countries). The study answers the question of whether people in countries with lower minimum wages (lower development) smoke more than in countries with higher minimum wages.
Methods: Four variables entered into the analytical processing, the minimum wage, daily smokers (age 15+), daily smokers (age 15-24) and tobacco consumption in grams per capita (age 15+). The data were collected between 2011 and 2017. The analysis was carried out in three steps — descriptive analysis, cluster analysis and regression analysis.
Findings & Value added: It has been found that the minimum wage negatively affects smoking and tobacco consumption, i.e. in developed countries, where the minimum wage is higher, people smoke less. Regarding the evaluation of minimum wage and tobacco consumption, countries such as Austria, New Zealand or the United States can be considered positive. On the other hand, opportunities for improvement can be seen in countries such as the Czech Republic, Spain, Estonia and Israel. The study highlights the importance of the effect of the minimum wage on selected smoking-related indicators in selected OECD countries. In all three cases, there was a negative relation; therefore, smoking can be expected to decrease, if the minimum wage is increased.
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Gunawan, Teng Junaidi, e Muhammad Sholehuddin. "Nonequivalence Between Imprisonment and Fines in United States Sentencing Guidelines". Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, n.º 9 (11 de outubro de 2023): e512. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i9.512.
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Objective: Seeking rational uniformity and proportionality of sentencing in United States Sentencing Guidelines. The United States has been establishing and updating its sentencing guidelines and structure based on the Sentencing Reform Act since 1984, aiming to improve the ability of the criminal justice system to fight crimes through an effective and fair sentencing system. Thus the objective here is to evaluate whether that aim has been met. Method: Through normative research, the economic analysis of law was utilized to study the sentencing in the 2021 United States Sentencing Guidelines and its manual, especially comparing imprisonment and fine sentences. At the same time, comparing the imprisonment sentence and the fine sentence as the imprisonment alternative with the help of local economic variables, the minimum wage. The differentiation between the fine sentence or fines and its imprisonment alternative is calculated for each statute in the US Sentencing Fine, especially under §5E1.2.(c). (3). - Fines for Individual Defendants’ Fine Table, and combining it with the minimum and maximum values in Sentencing Table in §5A to find the differentiation value or reference value or each row to analyse if any pattern emerged. Then compare it with the second objective, the United States’s national minimum wage is used to calculate the minimum and maximum imprisonment statute to calculate the amount of money a normal person working legally in the worst condition, paid in the minimum wage, can collect in the same length amount of time. Results: This research shows that: a) there is no equivalence between imprisonment and a fine sentence in the United States Sentencing Guidelines, and b) imprisonment has lesser economic value than its alternative sentence. Both findings are against the purpose of seeking rational uniformity and proportionality of sentencing. The nonequivalence above demonstrates the structure and guidelines of the United States sentencing system, which have several excellences compared to the sentencing system of other countries, such as Indonesia’s prior Penal Code Book. However, the United States sentencing system is also flawed, which needs improvements in applying economic analysis and efforts to fix the flaws.
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Lee, D. S. "Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage?" Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1999): 977–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355399556197.
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Ponthieux, Sophie, e Pierre Concialdi. "Low pay and poor workers: a comparative study of France and the United States". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 6, n.º 4 (novembro de 2000): 650–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600408.
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In the USA the share of low-wage earners in the labour force is twice as high as in France, although it has remained relatively constant on the other side of the Atlantic in recent years, whereas it has risen in France. The characteristics of the workers affected in the two countries are comparable: women, young people and the low-skilled are more than proportionately affected, groups that are also more frequently encountered in part-time jobs. Low-wage earners have a higher risk of living in a low-income household than the average for wage and salary earners. In the USA poor people of working age are more likely to be employed than is the case in France. In both countries there is clearly a link between the poverty risk and the annual number of hours worked. However, in France the working poor are more likely to be confronted with the problem of inadequate weekly working hours, whereas the same phenomenon in the USA is clearly due to the low level of minimum wages.
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Kuroki, Masanori. "State minimum wage and mental health in the United States: 2011–2019". SSM - Mental Health 1 (dezembro de 2021): 100040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2021.100040.
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Fortin, Nicole M., e Thomas Lemieux. "Institutional Changes and Rising Wage Inequality: Is There a Linkage?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, n.º 2 (1 de maio de 1997): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.2.75.
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In this paper, the authors analyze the role of three institutional changes--the decline in the real value of the minimum wage, deunionization, and economic deregulation--on the rise in wage inequality in the United States during the 1980s. They argue that about a third of the increase in male and female wage inequality can be traced to these institutional changes. Deunionization had a significant effect on the rise in inequality for men, while the minimum wage is what matters most for women. The authors find the direct impact of economic deregulation to be comparatively small.
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Fine, Janice, Daniel J. Galvin, Jenn Round e Hana Shepherd. "Wage Theft in a Recession: Unemployment, Labour Violations, and Enforcement Strategies for Difficult Times". International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 37, Issue 2/3 (1 de junho de 2021): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2021006.
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During the Covid-19 pandemic and accompanying recession, millions of low-wage workers have become increasingly vulnerable to exploitation. Limited scholarly attention, however, has been paid to the relationship between rising unemployment, labour standards violations, and government enforcement capacities during periods of economic recession. In this article, we begin to draw out these connections. First, we turn to the case of the Great Recession of 2008-2010 in the United States to examine the relationship between rising unemployment and minimum wage violations, using Current Population Survey (CPS) data to estimate minimum wage violation rates by industry and demographic group. We find that minimum wage violations rose in tandem with rising unemployment, and were shouldered by some groups of low-wage workers more than others, and that they were unexpectedly affected certain industries more than others. We then use an analysis of internal complaint data filed with the San Francisco Office of Labour Standards Enforcement (OLSE) to illustrate that even during non-recession periods, the number of complaints received by industry are in some cases wildly disproportionate to the estimated violation rates by industry. This underscores the shortcomings of the complaint-based enforcement model, which is by far the most common mode of workplace regulation in the United States. Finally, we discuss how this empirical evidence points to the importance of developing alternatives to complaint-based models of enforcement – in particular, strategic enforcement and co-enforcement – especially during periods of high unemployment. Strategic Enforcement, Co-Enforcement, Great Recession, Wage Theft, Minimum Wage Violations
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Schrank, Andrew. "Rebuilding Labor Power in the Postindustrial United States". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 685, n.º 1 (setembro de 2019): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219868672.
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Workers in the United States have lost their voice (or influence) in Washington and the workplace. Industrial unions are ill-suited to the postindustrial economy, and alternative organs of representation and influence (i.e., “alt-labor”) are trapped in a vicious circle of vulnerability and volatility that limits their likely growth. As a result of this, power is increasingly skewed toward employers and their political allies, who add to labor’s difficulties by eliminating and evading remaining labor protections. The federal government could help to restore a balance of power between workers and employers by establishing and enforcing a robust wage floor: (1) a $15 an hour minimum wage, (2) a nationwide hotline for workers who believe that their rights had been violated (“911 for workers”), and (3) a database that would allow regulatory agencies and worker organizations to rationalize and coordinate labor and employment law efforts. Doing so would produce a positive feedback loop so workers regain their voice on the job and in politics.
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Wang, Mingzhou. "The Effect of Minimum Wage Increased on Employment and Total Personal Income: County-Level Estimation from Restaurant and Retail Sector". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 73, n.º 1 (19 de abril de 2024): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/73/20230566.
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This research examines the impact of minimum wage policies on employment and personal income in the United States, focusing on food preparation and service occupations and retail occupations. Using state-level and county-level data and employing econometric techniques such as difference-in-differences with continuous treatment and fixed effects, the study finds that moderate increases in the minimum wage do not significantly affect employment levels but lead to modest income effects. Moreover, minimum wage increases result in reduced usual hours worked per week, especially among individuals aged 14 to 21, with females in this age group experiencing a more pronounced effect. The findings highlight the complexity of minimum wage effects across different demographics and geographic regions and the importance of targeted policy considerations for specific demographic groups.
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Chiatchoua, Cesaire, Carlos Ernesto Luquez Gaitan e Ernest Yasser Nuñez Betancourt. "Causes of the salary levels in the Mexican automotive industry three years after the USMCA". Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, n.º 6 (21 de junho de 2024): 4289. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i6.4289.
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The United States, Mexico, and Canada (USMCA) seek to promote fair wages and adequate working conditions, especially in Mexico, by strengthening labor rights and freedom of association. The objective of this research is to determine the factors that influence salary levels in the Mexican Automotive Industry (MAI), through a causality analysis in the Granger sense, to generate a panorama that allows a decision-making process in the Mexican salary policy. With data from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, the Bank of Mexico and Statista, autoregressive vector models were estimated to determine causalities in the Granger sense. It was proven that minimum wage, employed personnel, production, total sales, and exports are some causes of remuneration in the sector, with the minimum wage being the most significant. The above suggests that the salary increase involves several actors, such as the government (minimum wage), the organization (production, sales and exports) and the market (employed personnel), therefore, the design of appropriate labor policies will contribute to the dignification of salaries inside the MAI.
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Schmitt, John. "Explaining the Small Employment Effects of the Minimum Wage in the United States". Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 54, n.º 4 (11 de setembro de 2015): 547–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irel.12106.
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Ngai, Mae M., e Sophie Loy-Wilson. "Thinking Labor Rights through the Coolie Question". International Labor and Working-Class History 91 (2017): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000399.
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In 2014 the conservative Australian Institute of Public Affairs called for the abolition of the minimum wage—at the time AU$16.87, the highest in the industrial world and twice that of the United States. The Australian minimum, enacted in Victoria in 1896, was the first in the world. Other nations copied it, and the International Labor Organization inscribed it as an international convention in 1928. Responding to calls for its abolition, University of Melbourne historian Marilyn Lake reminded Australians that the minimum wage was a “symbol of Australian values.” Envisioned as a “living wage, sufficient to meet the variety of needs of a person living in a civilized community … [it] recognized workers as human beings and equal citizens,” she wrote.
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Finkin, Matthew W. "The Kindness of Strangers: The Tip and the Minimum Wage in France, Germany, and the United States". International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 32, Issue 1 (1 de março de 2016): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2016002.
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A large number of employees work for tips; but the tip is an ambiguous institution—in economics, ethics, social practice, and law. This article explores those ambiguities in three countries—France, Germany, and the United States. In all three serious efforts were mounted to suppress the tip. In all three those efforts failed. And all three eventually legislated a minimum wage. But the status of the customer’s tip as the employer’s wage varies in each. This essay explores how that has come about and why it is so.
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Yin, Pengzhi, e Jiasi Peng. "Analysis of the Economic Impact of the US Presidential Candidates on the United States and China". Finance and Market 6, n.º 1 (21 de abril de 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/fm.v6i1.3062.
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The presidential election of art and industry: the contest between Trump and Biden has been staged. They have different tax, minimum wage, energy, technology, trade and other strategies, which will inevitably have an impact on the economy of the United States and China. Our team chose this mathematician modeling project to scientifically evaluate the impact of the new president of the United States on the economy of the two countries, and put forward our coping strategies.
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Doughty, Paul. "Raise the Wage LA: Campaigning for Living Wages in Los Angeles and an Emergent Working-Class Repertoire". Journal of Working-Class Studies 5, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2020): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/jwcs.v5i1.6249.
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In a relatively short period in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis and the Occupy movement, minimum wage campaigns rapidly gained momentum across the United States. In particular a purposeful working-class mobilisation of the Los Angeles labour movement in coalition with worker centres and community organisations, and set against the backdrop of the national Fight for $15, deployed a range of tactics and exercised political leverage from 2014-2016 to be successful in securing an increase in the minimum wage to $15 in the U.S.’s second most populous city, in its most populous state. Based on interviews conducted in Los Angeles in December 2016 this article describes L.A.’s Raise the Wage campaign in a framework of mobilisation theory (Kelly 1998; Tilly 1978). It is argued that the elements of mobilisation theory are present and that the mobilisations in L.A. of the kind studied represent an expansion of working-class repertoire.
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Blackburn, Sheila. "Minimum Wage Policy in Great Britain and the United States - By Jerold L. Waltman". British Journal of Industrial Relations 47, n.º 4 (10 de novembro de 2009): 791–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009.00753_3.x.
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Gitterman, Daniel P. "Remaking a Bargain: The Political Logic of the Minimum Wage in the United States". Poverty & Public Policy 5, n.º 1 (março de 2013): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pop4.23.
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Davletgildeev, R. S., e D. V. Zarubin. "International Labour Standards on the Minimum Wage and the Legislation of the Russian Federation: a Comparative Legal Analysis". Moscow Journal of International Law, n.º 2 (1 de setembro de 2023): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2023-2-6-20.
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INTRODUCTION. The right to fair remuneration is one of the fundamental human rights. Legal norms on the establishment of a sufficient minimum wage are enshrined in the provisions of important international acts of the universal and regional levels. Currently, the Russian Federation bears international legal obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which secured the right of all workers to remuneration that would ensure a satisfactory existence for them and their family members (Article 7). This article examines the compliance of the minimum wage established in the Russian Federation with international labour standards.MATERIALS AND METHODS. In preparing this article, documents and information materials were analyzed that contain the criteria used by international organizations (United Nations, International Labour Organization, Council of Europe, European Union, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) to assess the adequacy of the minimum wage. Special attention is paid to the group of criteria formed by the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, related to the needs of workers and their families, through which the amount of minimum wages in the member states of the International Labour Organization is determined. Statistical data on minimum wages in the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union are given. The acts of the national law of the Russian Federation on the establishment of the minimum wage are investigated. It also analyzes the statistical data of Rosstat on the average and median wages in our country. When writing this article, both general scientific (methods of formal logic) and special legal (formal legal, comparative legal) and other (statistical) methods of scientific knowledge were used.RESEARCH RESULTS. An analysis of the materials used in the preparation of this article showed that international organizations and their supervisory bodies do not indicate the need for the state to comply with a certain procedure for calculating the minimum wage, but only focus on its sufficient amount, which is an acceptable percentage of the average and (or) median earnings. It is noted that over the past few years, the procedure for calculating the minimum wage in Russia has undergone several reforms (a brief description of these changes is given). The results of the study allow us to talk about the need to further increase the minimum wage in our country.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In conclusion, it is noted that actions are being taken in the Russian Federation to increase the wages of workers, however, the Russian minimum wage is currently insufficient (does not comply with international labour standards). It is noted that the practical realization of the conclusions of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights regarding Art. 7 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, would have a positive impact on ensuring the effective exercise of the right of workers to a fair remuneration for work, which could guarantee them and their families a decent standard of living. In addition, attention is drawn to the desirability of following the recommendations of the International Labour Organization to assess the adequacy of the minimum wage established in our country, as well as the possibility of ratifying the Minimum Wage Fixing Convention (No. 131) by the Russian Federation. It emphasizes the expediency of fixing the gradual following to the establishment of the ratio of the minimum wage to the average wage in the amount of at least 50 % or returning to the use of the median wage as a criterion, setting the ratio of the minimum wage to the median wage in the amount of at least 60 % as a clear guideline state policy aimed at ensuring compliance with international obligations in the implementation of the constitutional guarantee provided for in Paragraph 5 of Art. 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
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HAMMOND, J. DANIEL. "STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: FR. JOHN A. RYAN AND THE MINIMUM WAGE MOVEMENT". Journal of the History of Economic Thought 33, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2011): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837211000277.
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Fr. John A. Ryan (1869–1945) was one of the early advocates of minimum wage laws in the United States. The thesis of this paper is that in three respects Fr. Ryan stood apart from other advocates of the minimum wage. First, during the period of his work, economics was developing on the basis of the positivist conception of science. Fr. Ryan’s case for the minimum wage combined economics with “non-scientific” theology and philosophy. Second, most religiously motivated American reformers were Protestants, and their advocacy was grounded in the Protestant Social Gospel movement. This was different from Fr. Ryan’s grounding in the social encyclicals of Popes Leo XIII and Pius XI, which themselves were grounded in the Catholic Church’s constant teaching that man is made in the image of God. Third, many reformers were motivated not at all by religion, but by the utilitarian calculus that had become the foundation of the social sciences. Although Fr. Ryan made utilitarian judgments in his analysis, he was not an ethical utilitarian.
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Sigaud, Liam, Angela Daley, Jonathan Rubin e Caroline Noblet. "The effects of recent minimum wage increases on self-reported health in the United States". Social Science & Medicine 305 (julho de 2022): 115110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115110.
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Vargas-Hernández, José G., Rafael Casas-Cardenaz e Rebeca Almanza Gutiérrez. "REVALUATION OF MINIMUM WAGES IN MEXICO AND ITS FINANCIAL IMPACT ON ORGANIZATIONS AND PRIMARILY ON SMEs". SINERGIA - Revista do Instituto de Ciências Econômicas, Administrativas e Contábeis 23, n.º 2 (6 de agosto de 2019): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/sinergia-2236-7608-v23n2-8654.
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The development of this work is aimed at emphasizing the devaluation suffered by the general minimum wage in Mexico, highlighting the need for its revaluation as a response to the economic marginalization of vulnerable sectors and regions with greater lag in the country, as well as a to stop the deterioration of the wage-earners' living standards mainly, taking into account the demands of nations with respect to the new Agreement between the United States, Mexico and Canada (USMCA). However, its recovery must be planned through a gradual process that allows the progressive adaptation with respect to its economic impact. For this, a qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out, describing its deterioration, the loss of purchasing power, proposing a restitution scheme in a period of six years to avoid affecting financially organizations and SMEs mainly.
Keywords: National index of consumer prices, inflation, purchasing power, SMEs and minimum wage.
JEL: E21, E24, E31.
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Aerts, Elise, Ive Marx e Zachary Parolin. "Income Support Policies for Single Parents in Europe and the United States: What Works Best?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 702, n.º 1 (julho de 2022): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027162221120448.
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Poverty rates among single parents vary considerably across countries, in part reflecting differences in the generosity and design of minimum income protections. We ask what the optimal ways are to target income support to single parents, if the prime objective of policy is to shelter those households from poverty. We map minimum income provisions for working and nonworking single-parent households across Europe and the United States, showing that three things matter for adequate minimum income protection. First, minimum wage levels matter, obviously for working single parents, but also for jobless ones since they effectively set the ‘glass ceiling’ for out-of-work benefits. Second, the overall generosity of the child benefit package is crucial to shelter both working and jobless single parents from poverty. Third, countries that employ a strategy of “targeting within universalism” (that is directing extra support to vulnerable groups such as single parents within the context of a universal benefit program) tend to do best.
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Gutsalenko, L. V., e D. O. Mokiienko. "Modern remuneration system in foreign country". Bioeconomics and Agrarian Business 11, n.º 1 (29 de maio de 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/bioeconomy2020.01.040.
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The article describes the formation features of modern remuneration systems, taking into account the main aspects and methods of labour organization in foreign countries. It also determines the requirements for compulsory salary increase in certain foreign countries. The article focuses on the observers’ forecast of remuneration level changes and the formation of five trends in employee salary and additional payments, such as: regular bonus payments for performance; transparent remuneration; more employees will receive bonuses; analysis of equity aimed at remuneration payments; the formation by states of their own minimum wage policy. It notes that there has been a positive economic change and an increase in demand among states due to increased political influence on the establishment of minimum wages. The data on the minimum wage for January 2020 has been studied and it was pointed that in 2020 Ukraine took the fifteenth place out of 54 countries in the growth rating of minimum wages in the world. Moreover, the main components of the system used at enterprises to provide incentives and increase productivity of employees have been determined. It is also noted that in some foreign countries there is a tendency to regulate and establish maximum wages of intellectual workers. The article gives a comparative analysis of wages of intellectual workers versus manual workers; and it indicates that the wages of intellectual workers are on average higher than wages of manual workers: in Germany – by 20%; in Italy and Denmark — by 22 %; in Luxembourg — by 44 %; in France and Belgium — by 61 %. In comparison with qualified workers, craftsmen earn more: in Germany – by 15%; in the Netherlands — by 23 %, in France— by 30 %, in Belgium — by 40 %. In the United States, lower-level executives (craftsmen, group and sector leaders) have an annual income on average 1.5 times higher than an annual income of manual workers. The article points out that foreign countries tend to use and combine various remuneration systems, each of which consists of two parts: basic (permanent) and additional (variable). It has been suggested to improve and develop new approaches to provide incentives for employees of domestic enterprises that will have a positive impact on their performance.
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Jaynes, Gerald D. "MIGRATION AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4, n.º 1 (2007): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070026.
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AbstractThe dawn of the twenty-first century confronts Western democracies with a racialized class problem. The globalization of capitalism—mass geographic movement of peoples, capital, and markets on scales unprecedented since the Atlantic slave trade—has brought poor migrants into affluent nations. Migrants' descendants are replicating conditions associated with poor Blacks. Affluent Western democracies are hurtling toward biplural stratification defined by a multiracial underclass. Racialized class stratification stems from economic policies. Capitalist democracies' edifice of social policies—sanctioning expectations of rising prosperity, welfare “safety nets” for minimal consumption, low-wage migration policies—erroneously assumed that jobs and wages would continuously grow to absorb expanding populations. Overuse of low-wage migration policies commodified work relations in low-skilled jobs. Acculturated to demand affluent living standards and egalitarian human relations, educationally deprived descendants of migrants find commodified work regimens repellent. Despite large populations of jobless natives, some maintain that affluent democracies need more migrants to do the jobs that natives won't do. But jobless youth are alienated and prone to agency, as riots in England, the United States, and, more recently, France and other areas of Europe suggest. To avert the solidification of biplural societies, social policy must slow rates of migration from low living-standard economies, expand minimum wages and income transfers to working-citizen households, and provide documented immigrants clear avenues to citizenship. This agenda is more likely to succeed in the United States, where minority voting strength is gathering considerable momentum.
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Johnson, Colleen F. "The Politics of Minimum Wage legislation in the Western United States: Lessons in Policy and Power". Journal of Economic Issues 36, n.º 2 (junho de 2002): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2002.11506475.
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Coetzee, Liza (ESM), Hanneke du Preez e Natasha K. Smale. "South African Tax Incentives To Alleviate Unemployment: Lessons From United States Of America Approaches". International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, n.º 7 (16 de julho de 2013): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i7.7965.
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A quarter of the labour force in South Africa is currently unemployed with the majority of the unemployed being unskilled youth. One of the major causes seems to be the commanding power of trades union resulting in a high minimum wage for unskilled workers, which results in a reduction in the demand for unskilled labour. To reduce the current unemployment rate in South Africa, policy decisions should be focused on youth employment with emphasis on skills development. Policy should also stimulate growth of small, medium and micro enterprises in order to stimulate job creation. A literature review indicates that current tax incentives in South Africa do not incentivise employers to hire unskilled youth labour, and are not applied on a wide enough scale to significantly impact the overall unemployment statistics. The proposed youth wage subsidy will increase the demand for unskilled labour by reducing the cost of labour. However, to have the desired impact, the participation rate must be high. The proposed subsidy was analysed against the successes and failures of subsidies implemented in the USA. It was found that many of the flaws identified in the USA have been avoided.Based on the above, the recommendation is that the proposed youth wage subsidy is plausible in a South African context and should be implemented. The main concern is that newly employed youth would replace workers who do not meet the qualifications of the subsidy. This would have to be taken into account by policy makers.
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Vargas-Hernández, José G., Rafael Casas Cárdenaz e Rebeca Almanza Jiménez. "REVALUATION OF MINIMUM WAGES IN MEXICO AND ITS FINANCIAL IMPACT ON ORGANIZATIONS AND PRIMARILY ON SMES". Revista Labor 1, n.º 20 (31 de março de 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.29148/labor.v1i20.40921.
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The development of this work is aimed at emphasizing the devaluation suffered by the general minimum wage in Mexico, highlighting the need for its revaluation as a response to the economic marginalization of vulnerable sectors and regions with greater lag in the country, as well as a to stop the deterioration of the wage-earners' living standards mainly, taking into account the demands of nations with respect to the new Agreement between the United States, Mexico and Canada (USMCA). However, its recovery must be planned through a gradual process that allows the progressive adaptation with respect to its economic impact. For this, a qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out, describing its deterioration, the loss of purchasing power, proposing a restitution scheme in a period of six years to avoid affecting financially organizations and SMEs mainly.
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Rosenfeld, Jake. "US Labor Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Understanding Laborism Without Labor". Annual Review of Sociology 45, n.º 1 (30 de julho de 2019): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022559.
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In recent years, labor studies has flourished even as labor unions in the United States have continued their long-term downward trajectory. One strain of this research has situated the labor movement, and its decline, at the center of economic inequality's rise in the United States. Another has explored the labor movement's interconnections with political dynamics in the contemporary United States, including how labor's demise has reshaped the polity and policies. This body of scholarship also offers insights into recent stirrings of labor resurgence, ranging from the teachers’ strikes of 2017 to the Fight for 15 minimum wage initiatives. Yet the field's reliance on official union membership rates as the standard measure of union strength, and on official strike statistics as the standard measure of union activism, prevents it from fully understanding the scope and durability of worker activism in the post-Wagner age.
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Kwansa, Francis A. "Immigration Reform And Control Act And The Hospitality Industry". Hospitality Education and Research Journal 12, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 1988): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109634808801200256.
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The Immigration Reform and Control Act of November 1986, was designed to eliminate the attraction posed by jobs in the United States to potential illegal immigrants through employer participation. The hospitality industry, along with agriculture, has been one of the industries that have traditionally depended on foreigners as a source of labor due to its low starting wages which have typically repelled native-born labor. This research investigates the human resource implications of the Act through a supply of and demand for low-skilled labor analysis, implications for labor union activity in the industry, and further recommends employer strategies to cope with the effects of the Act. As a result of the 1986 Act, regions that tend to attract many illegal aliens will experience wage increases and this wage effect will spread throughout the country. However, wage rate increases will begin to attract more native as well as legal immigrants who were hitherto repelled by the low wages, and this will partially offset the labor shortage. These newcomers, some of whom are displaced workers from traditional manufacturing industries will present ideal targets for the unions who see the service sector as the new frontier and answer to their declining membership. An employee-driven approach to human resource management together with a strategic perspective to human resource planning is more crucial now than ever to improve employee tenure. Reduction in hours of operation, scaling down corporate expansion plans, and support of a minimum wage hike are recommended.
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Ott, Brian. "Minimum-wage Connoisseurship and Everyday Boundary Maintenance: Brewing Inequality in Third Wave Coffee". Humanity & Society 44, n.º 4 (7 de julho de 2020): 469–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160597620932898.
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The shift from Fordism to post-Fordism in the United States introduced vast changes to production and consumption practices. In contrast to the commercial enterprises of Fordism, the post-Fordist economy relies on fast-changing tastes and small, niche markets along with new cultural forms for inducing consumption and anchoring identities. This article focuses on the specialty (or “third wave”) coffee industry, where coffee is treated similarly to wine, which I argue is emblematic of a post-Fordist economy. Relying on data collected from over a year of ethnographic fieldwork, I argue that the specialty coffee industry represents a qualitative shift in the coffee industry, one that produces a new niche market and consumer base that commoditizes sensory experiences as embodied class dispositions. I argue that baristas perform a kind of labor that I term “minimum-wage connoisseurship,” where they receive minimum wage (and tips) along with additional payment in cultural and social capital that elevates their status as well as manufacture’s consent for dedicating their time, in and outside of work, and their bodies to the organization.
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Gold, Steve, e Nazli Kibria. "Vietnamese Refugees and Blocked Mobility". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 2, n.º 1 (março de 1993): 27–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689300200102.
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Recent media reports have described Vietnamese refugees as a “model minority” — a group whose cultural orientations have enabled them to overcome disadvantages and achieve economic success. This paper examines data from published sources and ethnographic studies conducted by the authors in Oakland, California and Philadelphia to assess the economic situation of Vietnamese refugees in the United States. Evidence suggests that in strong contrast to being a “success story,” the economic status of many recently arrived Vietnamese refugees is characterized by unstable, minimum-wage employment, welfare dependency and participation in the informal economy. The paper suggests that the group's economic opportunities have been limited by the configuration of circumstances that have surrounded their entry and settlement into the United States as refugees, as well as by the demographic structure of the group.
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Campion, Emily D., Michael C. Campion e Michael A. Campion. "Compensating Tipped Work: Security Cameras as a Tool for Time Use Measurement". Compensation & Benefits Review 50, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2018): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368718811461.
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While tipped labor is common in the United States, it presents potential issues for employers unable to demonstrate how tipped workers use their time, thus violating the Fair Labor Standards Act and attracting lawsuits. According to the Fair Labor Standards Act, if tipped employees spend more than 20% of their workweek completing non-tipped tasks (e.g., cleaning, stocking), then they are eligible for the Federal minimum wage ($7.25 in 2018) for the hours beyond 20%, rather than the minimum wage for tipped employees ($2.13 in 2018). Traditionally, employers have used self-report data or observers to determine time use, but these are problematic given self-report bias and the Hawthorne effect. In response, we conducted a study using security cameras to document employee time use in a sample of employees at a large chain restaurant. We found that the sample did not violate the 20% rule. Furthermore, we demonstrated an alternative method to study time use with technology most service-based companies already have.
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Wallace, Michael, e Rodrigo Figueroa. "Determinants of Perceived Immigrant Job Threat in the American States". Sociological Perspectives 55, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2012): 583–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2012.55.4.583.
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In the United States, the 2000s were marked by record numbers of immigrants and heightened levels of pro- and anti-immigrant agitation. As a result, research investigating anti-immigrant prejudice in the United States and other societies has surged. In this article, the authors investigate the determinants of perceived immigrant job threat in the fifty U.S. states in 2005. They draw upon three theoretical perspectives that dominate the study of prejudice—group threat theory, contact theory, and cultural theory—but move beyond these established theories to adduce three new perspectives, which they label economic competition, labor market deregulation, and globalization. The authors find support for all six perspectives. The three new perspectives augment, rather than supplant, the traditional theories. The authors find that levels of perceived immigrant job threat tend to increase in settings where there is economic stagnation, where labor unions are growing weaker, where the minimum wage is low, and where corporate restructuring has taken place.
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Robertson, Ryan A., Corbin J. Standley, John F. Gunn III e Ijeoma Opara. "Structural indicators of suicide: an exploration of state-level risk factors among Black and White people in the United States, 2015–2019". Journal of Public Mental Health 21, n.º 1 (5 de janeiro de 2022): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmh-09-2021-0111.
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Purpose Death by suicide among Black people in the USA have increased by 35.6% within the past decade. Among youth under the age of 24 years old, death by suicide among Black youth have risen substantially. Researchers have found that structural inequities (e.g. educational attainment) and state-specific variables (e.g. minimum wage, incarceration rates) may increase risk for suicide among Black people compared to White people in the USA. Given the limited understanding of how such factors systematically affect Black and White communities differently, this paper aims to examine these relationships across US states using publicly available data from 2015 to 2019. Design/methodology/approach Data were aggregated from various national sources including the National Center for Education Statistics, the Department of Labor, the FBI’s Crime in the US Reports and the Census Bureau. Four generalized estimating equations (GEE) models were used to examine the impact of state-level variables on suicide rates: Black adults suicide rate, Black youth (24 years and younger) suicide rate, White adult suicide rate and White youth suicide rate. Each model includes state-level hate group rates, minimum wage, violent crime rates, gross vacancy rates, and race-specific state-level poverty rates, incarceration rates and graduation rates. Findings Across all GEE models, suicide rates rose between 2015–2019 (ß = 1.11 – 2.78; ß = 0.91 – 1.82; ß = 0.52 – 3.09; ß = 0.16 – 1.53). For the Black adult suicide rate, state rates increased as the proportion of Black incarceration rose (ß = 1.14) but fell as the gross housing vacancy rates increased (ß = −1.52). Among Black youth, state suicide rates rose as Black incarcerations increased (ß = 0.93). For the adult White suicide rate, state rates increased as White incarceration (ß = 1.05) and percent uninsured increased (ß = 1.83), but fell as White graduation rates increased (ß = −2.36). Finally, among White youth, state suicide rates increased as the White incarceration rate rose (ß = 0.55) and as the violent crime rate rose (ß = 0.55) but decreased as state minimum wages (ß = −0.61), White poverty rates (ß = −0.40) and graduation rates increased (ß = −0.97). Originality/value This work underscores how structural factors are associated with suicide rates, and how such factors differentially impact White and Black communities.
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Lytvynenko, Mykola. "Mechanisms of calculation of subsistence minimum in Ukraine and abroad". Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, n.º 1 (15 de abril de 2020): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2020.85.
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This article covers the results of a theoretical analysis of subsistence minimum calculation as the basic social standard in Ukraine and abroad. According to Ukrainian Law, the subsistence minimum is a value sufficient to ensure the proper functioning of the human body, maintain its health that includes a minimum set of food products, non-food items, and services necessary to satisfy basic social and cultural needs of each person. In numerous countries, subsistence minimum depends on the age of a person with the view to different needs.
The mechanism of subsistence minimum calculation is stipulated in Ukrainian legislative acts. Each year, the Ukrainian Parliament establishes a new amount of subsistence level in the Law on the budget of Ukraine. Failure to adhere to the procedure of the subsistence minimum calculation leads to a difference in the declared and actual subsistence minimum. Ukrainian courts consider the number of cases relating to a violation of the above-mentioned procedure. The problem of insufficient subsistence minimum has led to the initiative on reforming this sphere.
This article also presents the results of analyzing the phenomenon of subsistence minimum in different countries. It has been found that a relative method of subsistence minimum calculation is used by determining median income in the United States and the United Kingdom. The governments adopt annual minimum wage to be paid for each of those who work. Trade unions contribute significantly to raising and fixing subsistence minimum and minimum wage in these countries that is a great example of a positive impact initiated by representatives of civil society. In Estonia and Slovakia, similarly to Ukraine, the subsistence level is set by the normative method - by setting the cost of living through a consumer basket. The study revealed that it is highly important to found the level of subsistence minimum on the real purchasing power of the population, which would be able to provide a decent standard of living for all.
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Balqis Romulia, Aldelita Putri. "SECURITIZATION OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS ON THE SOUTH BORDER OF THE UNITED STATES BY PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP: FOREIGN POLICY CHANGES". Jurnal Dinamika Global 8, n.º 01 (29 de junho de 2023): 133–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v8i01.1557.
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The United States is a country that implements a free and most open immigration foreign policy in the world as evidenced by the acceptance of hundreds of thousands of regional and international immigrants each year. The government that is given the responsibility to lead the country will give priority to immigration issues to be formulated in foreign policy. In the era of President Donald Trump, the issue of immigrants was focused on solving the problem of illegal immigrants at the Southern border with an America First approach and securitization measures. This research will focus on the factors that became the basis for President Donald Trump's consideration of securitization in order to change United States immigration policies, using the framework of The Politics of Foreign Policy Change, namely the identification of global and domestic conditions with political and economic elements as factors that underlying changes in a country's foreign policy. This study argues that President Trump's securitization actions in the context of changing US immigration policy are based on global political conditions, namely the presence of transnational crimes such as identity fraud, drug smuggling, and criminal acts. Global economic conditions, related to immigrants with low wages undermine the standard minimum wage for American workers. Political domestic factors are related to the fulfillment of President Trump's campaign promise to protect the homeland and people of the United States from the threat of illegal immigrants on the southern border. Domestic economic factors are related to American jobs which are occupied by illegal immigrants by falsifying their identities at companies and impacting the loss of the right to social security for United States citizens.
Keywords: Foreign Policy Changes, Immigration Policy, Securitization.