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CLARY, RENEE M. "THE ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES: HENRY DE LA BECHE’S CONVERGENCE OF PROFESSIONALIZATION AND PUBLIC ADVOCACY". Earth Sciences History 39, n.º 2 (12 de novembro de 2020): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-39.2.291.
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ABSTRACT Several European countries instituted mining schools in the late 1700s, including France, Germany, Hungary, and Russia. However, since England’s mining industry was privatized with little government involvement, Great Britain was decades behind with the creation of a school of mines. In 1835, Henry De la Beche (1796–1855) became the first director of the Ordnance Geological Survey, precursor to the British Geological Survey. De la Beche used this position to advance geology’s professionalization, which would include the establishment of an applied geology museum, mining records storehouse, and a school of mines. The Museum of Economic Geology, displaying the country’s mineral resources and geology, was De la Beche’s first success. Founded in 1835, it opened to the public in 1841. The Mining Records Office opened in 1840 as a repository for plans of working and abandoned mines. An early public advocate for workers’ safety, De la Beche lobbied for government inspections of collieries, immediate reporting of mining accidents, and proper plans of mines. The School of Mines was De la Beche’s third accomplishment in geology’s professionalization. As an outgrowth of the museum, it was formally opened in 1851 along with the larger Museum of Practical Geology, the Museum of Economic Geology’s successor. De la Beche’s intent for the School of Mines—instruction as a combination of science and practice—seems modern in its approach. In 1843, funding was allocated for lectures on the practical applications of geology, but these were not implemented until the School of Mines opened in 1851. In his effort to educate everyone—from miner to mine owner—De la Beche transcended social boundaries and supported open, public lectures. As a result, some considered him a class traitor. De la Beche used his position to advocate for advancement of the mining industry to include miner safety and public education. Therefore, while the Royal School of Mines emerged later than many of its European counterparts, it was part of a systematic professionalization of geology, coupled with education and a public advocacy for mining participants.
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Wight, Quintin. "Mines de Plomb en Haute-Loire (Lead Mines of Haute-Loire)by Christian Vialaron (in French). Les Éditions du Piat, Saint-Julien-du-Pinet, France; www.leregnemineral.fr/. 152 pages; 2014; €33 (softbound)." Rocks & Minerals 91, n.º 3 (13 de abril de 2016): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2016.1138433.
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Chugaev, Andrey, e Irina Saprykina. "Coin Silver Source’s Evolution in Bosporos from the Fifth – Fourth Centuries BC to the Second – Third Centuries AD According to Pb-Isotopic Analysis". Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria, XХVII (15 de dezembro de 2022): 467–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.467-490.
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This article generalizes the results of analytical studies of Bosporan coin silver made by Pb isotope analysis and the researches of the evolution of sources of silver supply to Bosporos the fifth – fourth centuries BC to the second – third centuries AD. Pb-isotope characteristics of coin silver originating from the territory of Bosporos (https://www.archaeolog.ru/ru/data/isoarchmet-iaras) have been compared with the latest data obtained for the coin silver of Magna Graecia, Carthage, and Rome, which made it possible to clarify the range of silver mining regions supplying the territory of Bosporos in different chronological periods. This way, at the early stage of the Bosporan coinage, silver was used from the mines of Lavrion, Chalkidiki Peninsula, and the Rhodope Mountains. Unlike Greek coin silver, the share of mines on the Chalkidiki Peninsula and the Rhodope Mountains in Bosporan coinage significantly exceeds the share of silver from the mines of Lavrion. Although from the third to first centuries BC, Bosporan coinage worked on the same “old” silver, the finds also contained raw materials from another source similar to the source for the coin silver of Carthage (Iberian Penionsula); no Roman coin silver have been documented in Bosporos in the period in question. In the second and third centuries AD, the main source of coin silver in Bosporos were the Roman mines located in Dacia (Roșia Montană region); there was also silver from the Roman mines of Iberia and the Massif Central in modern France.
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Rom, Werner, Robin Golser, Walter Kutschera, Alfred Priller, Peter Steier e Eva M. Wild. "AMS 14C Dating of Equipment from the Iceman and of Spruce Logs from the Prehistoric Salt Mines of Hallstatt". Radiocarbon 41, n.º 2 (1999): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200019536.
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This paper summarizes radiocarbon measurements of mainly botanical samples from the Iceman (“Ötzi”) and from his discovery site, an Alpine glacier at the Austrian-Italian border. The results were obtained by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at 3 different laboratories (Vienna, Austria; Uppsala, Sweden; Gif-sur-Yvette, France) between 1992 and 1997. All the dates, except 2, are consistent with the time period 3360–3100 BC, as previously determined from bone and tissue samples from the Iceman himself. The 2 exceptional dates from wooden artifacts suggest that the site of the Iceman was used as a mountain pass for millennia prior to and after the lifetime of “Ötzi”.For a 2nd sample complex, we studied logs from the beginning of salt mining in the world's oldest salt mines at Hallstatt in Upper Austria. 14C AMS measurements were performed in Vienna on spruce samples found in the prehistoric mines and from a log-house on the surface. Data evaluation included “wiggle matching” of different sets of tree rings. The results suggest that salt mining in the Hallstatt region took place in the 14th–13th century BC, well before the so-called Hallstatt period.We discuss in some detail the chemical pretreatment of the samples and the data evaluation. We also present a comprehensive survey of 14C dates available in the literature concerning both botanical remains from the vicinity of the Iceman and from the earliest salt mining in Hallstatt.
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Bettenay, Leigh. "Geological and Mining Constraints on Historical Mine Production: The Case of Early Medieval Lead-Silver Mining at Melle, France". METALLA 26, n.º 2 (15 de agosto de 2022): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/metalla.v26.2022.i2.67-86.
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Early Medieval silver production for the Melle Pb-Ag deposit in western France has been estimated up to 15 tonnes per year over hundreds of years (Téreygeol, 2013) which would place it amongst the top silver mines of all times prior to the New World discoveries. However, this deposit has geological and mining characteristics economically unsuitable for substantial production, because it is thin, sub-horizontal and comprised of discontinuous pods. Furthermore, it is a Mississippi Valley type (MVT) base metal deposit, which are typically not major silver producers. There is no geological evidence for primary or secondary enrichment to generate silver-rich ore. Inaddition, the fact that Melle remained unmined in all later historical periods is enigmatic compared to the almost ubiquitous reworking of significant ore deposits elsewhere.In this paper, I discuss the geological characteristics, mining parameters, documented historical mining rates and workforce considerations, all of which can be used to constrain production estimates for Melle. The largest uncertainty for production estimates is the workforce size, which reflects scarce information about Carolingian Melle and its surroundings. A model employing realistic mining parameters and a workforce appropriate for a small mining village (100 miners/fire-setters, within a workforce of 250-300, from a settlement of at least 400-500) yields 52 tonnes of lead metal and 150 kg of silver per year. Doubling the workforce would double this estimate. Conversely, it could be half or less if mining was a seasonal activity between agricultural priorities such as harvesting and seeding.The previously claimed production rates require improbable mining assumptions together with at least 500 dedicated full-time miners and a population in the thousands. Furthermore, it would yield per capita silver productivity more than four times higher than in well-documented Early Modern operations that were leading silver deposits of their time. This seems unlikely. However, even at the much lower production levels, favoured here, Melle still might have been a major factor in the Carolingian economy, with its lead production perhaps as important as its silver.
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Carasco, C., B. Pérot, J. L. Ma, H. Toubon e A. Dubille-Auchère. "Improving gross count gamma-ray logging in uranium mining with the NGRS probe". EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817005001.
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AREVA Mines and the Nuclear Measurement Laboratory of CEA Cadarache are collaborating to improve the sensitivity and precision of uranium concentration measurement by means of gamma ray logging. The determination of uranium concentration in boreholes is performed with the Natural Gamma Ray Sonde (NGRS) based on a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The total gamma count rate is converted into uranium concentration using a calibration coefficient measured in concrete blocks with known uranium concentration in the AREVA Mines calibration facility located in Bessines, France. Until now, to take into account gamma attenuation in a variety of boreholes diameters, tubing materials, diameters and thicknesses, filling fluid densities and compositions, a semi-empirical formula was used to correct the calibration coefficient measured in Bessines facility. In this work, we propose to use Monte Carlo simulations to improve gamma attenuation corrections. To this purpose, the NGRS probe and the calibration measurements in the standard concrete blocks have been modeled with MCNP computer code. The calibration coefficient determined by simulation, 5.3 s-1.ppmU-1 ± 10%, is in good agreement with the one measured in Bessines, 5.2 s-1.ppmU-1. Based on the validated MCNP model, several parametric studies have been performed. For instance, the rock density and chemical composition proved to have a limited impact on the calibration coefficient. However, gamma self-absorption in uranium leads to a nonlinear relationship between count rate and uranium concentration beyond approximately 1% of uranium weight fraction, the underestimation of the uranium content reaching more than a factor 2.5 for a 50 % uranium weight fraction. Next steps will concern parametric studies with different tubing materials, diameters and thicknesses, as well as different borehole filling fluids representative of real measurement conditions.
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Shende, Priti, Wankhede Vishal Ashok, Suresh Limkar, Mahadeo D. Kokate, Santosh Lavate e Ganesh Khedkar. "Assessment of Seismic Hazards in Underground Mine Operations using Machine Learning". International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, n.º 2s (2 de março de 2023): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i2s.6142.
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The most common causes of coal mining accidents are seismic hazard, fires, explosions, and landslips. These accidents are usually caused by various factors such as mechanical and technical failures, as well as social and economic factors. An analysis of these accidents can help identify the exact causes of these accidents and prevent them from happening in the future. There are also various seismic events that can occur in underground mines. These include rock bumps and tremors. These have been reported in different countries such as Australia, China, France, Germany, India, Russia, and Poland. Through the use of advanced seismological and seismic monitoring systems, we can now better understand the rock mass processes that can cause a seismic hazard. Unfortunately, despite the advancements, the accuracy of these methods is still not perfect. One of the main factors that prevent the development of effective seismic hazard prediction techniques is the complexity of the seismic processes. In order to carry out effective seismic risk assessment in mines, it is important that the discrimination of seismicity in different regions is carried out. The widespread use of machine learning in analyzing seismic data, it provides reliability and feasibility for preventing major mishaps. This paper provides uses various machine learning classifiers to predict seismic hazards.
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Quinlan, Michael, e David Walters. "Knowledge Activists on Health and Safety: Workmen-Inspectors in Metalliferous Mining in Australia 1901-25". Labour History: Volume 119, Issue 1 119, n.º 1 (1 de novembro de 2020): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlh.2020.17.
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Worker campaigns for a more direct say in protecting their health and safety are a significant but under-researched subject in labour history. Largely overlooked are the attempts by coalminers in the UK, Australia and Canada to establish mechanisms for representation on health and safety in the 1870s. This push for a voice then spread to New Zealand, France, Belgium and other countries, with unions eventually securing legislative rights to inspect their workplaces a century before workers in other industries gained similar entitlements. In Australia metalliferous miners’ unions followed coalminers in initiating a parallel campaign for the right to appoint their own mine-site and district inspectors (known as “check-inspectors”) from the late nineteenth century. This article examines the struggle for and activities/impact of workmen-inspectors in Australian metalliferous mines, including adoption of the competing UK-Australian and Continental-European models. It finds the development conforms to a resistance rather than mutual-cooperation perspective with check-inspectors performing the role of “knowledge activists.” The article argues this finding is not only relevant to understanding more recent experience of worker involvement in occupational health and safety but also demonstrates the relevance of historical research to contemporary regulatory policy debates and union strategies.
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Giafferi, Jean-Louis. "Hommage à Pierre Duffaut, 15 octobre 2021. De l’épopée hydroélectrique de l’Électricité de France à la mécanique des roches et la diffusion du savoir". Revue Française de Géotechnique, n.º 169 (2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/geotech/2021021.
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Jeune ingénieur de l’École des Mines de Saint-Étienne, Pierre Duffaut a intégré en 1948 le tout nouveau et embryonnaire Service Géologique que venait de créer l’Électricité de France (EDF). Il a participé à l’épopée hydroélectrique d’EDF confrontée au défi d’un programme énergétique ambitieux nécessité par la pénurie d’énergie au sortie de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il fallait terminer de gros chantiers interrompus par la guerre et étudier tous les nombreux nouveaux projets répartis dans les Alpes, les Pyrénées, et le Massif central. Il fallait innover et développer une géologie de l’ingénieur appliquée au Génie civil dans un premier temps pour les galeries puis, plus tard, pour les barrages. Pierre Duffaut se consacra tout d’abord aux études des lits épigéniques du Drac, de la Loire et à l’optimisation des tracés de galeries et du franchissement d’« accidents » géologiques. Il participa ainsi activement à cette épopée de l’hydroélectricité. Quelques années plus tard, de 1956 à 1961, il fut chef de l’Aménagement du barrage de Lanoux et des galeries hydrauliques avec leurs difficultés. La rupture, fin 1959, du barrage voûte de Malpasset le conduisit à se consacrer plus particulièrement au développement de la mécanique des roches et à la géologie appliquée aux barrages et plus généralement à celle des ouvrages de Génie civil (tunnels, cavités souterraines, aménagement du sous-sol en site urbain…). Après avoir été détaché, de 1977 à 1982 au service Génie géologique (ex service Géotechnique), ayant pris sa « retraite », Pierre Duffaut s’orienta vers l’enseignement, l’encadrement de thèses, avec le souci de la transmission de ses connaissances aux plus jeunes à travers de nombreuses publications et sa participation à différents congrès à travers le monde d’où il revenait avec de nouvelles idées. La publication du Manuel de mécanique des roches, coordonnant 80 spécialistes français, a couronné l’ensemble de sa carrière.
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Germain, Damien, Sophie Sanchez, Philippe Janvier e Paul Tafforeau. "The presumed hagfish Myxineidus gononorum from the Upper Carboniferous of Montceau-les-Mines (Saône-et-Loire, France): New data obtained by means of Propagation Phase Contrast X-ray Synchrotron Microtomography". Annales de Paléontologie 100, n.º 2 (abril de 2014): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annpal.2013.12.003.
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Duda, Adam, e Gregorio Fidalgo Valverde. "Environmental and Safety Risks Related to Methane Emissions in Underground Coal Mine Closure Processes". Energies 13, n.º 23 (30 de novembro de 2020): 6312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236312.
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The closure process of underground coal mines entails specific risks which require a careful liquidation methodology, including the implementation of relevant risk mitigation procedures to identify the key hazards to the environment and humans. As gas represents one of the major risks, it needs to be taken into consideration in the liquidation process. Given its adverse effect on the environment, methane, a greenhouse gas, requires particular attention and may also reach dangerous concentrations in the ground floor areas and basements of buildings as well as in areas where mine closure works are conducted, leading to intoxication, asphyxia or explosions. This paper presents a risk analysis of the methane hazard occurring at the final stage of the closure process of a Polish underground mine. It applies a methane emission model created jointly by the National Institute for the Environment and Industrial Hazards (INERIS) in France and the Central Mining Institute (GIG) in Poland. The analyses and measurements carried out for this paper were conducted within the framework of the Management of Environmental Risks during and after Mine Closure (MERIDA) project. The subject of the study included: the flooding process and how it affects the scale of gas emission from goafs, changes in methane concentration, and changes in the volume of voids.
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Pryvalov, V., J. Pironon, P. de Donato, R. Michels, A. Izart, C. Morlot e O. Panova. "Multi-scale structural inheritance of fracture systems pattern in coal-bearing measures of the Lorraine-Saar coal Basin". Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal 44, n.º 1 (3 de abril de 2022): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v44i1.253710.
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The Lorraine-Saar Basin (LSB) is one of the major Paleozoic coalfields of Western Europe that has been shapedover two centuries as a heartland of underground coal mining and associated industrial activities in the transborderarea of France and Germany. The Basin still has considerable coal reserves accumulated in numerous laterally continuous coal seams that were affected by processes of thermogenic production of gaseous hydrocarbons during post-Carboniferous burial and related coalification. The LSB stands out by its up to 6 km sedimentary column and its inversion resulting in Paleozoic erosion in the range of 750 m (French part of the Basin) and pre-Mesozoic (Permian) erosion between 1800 and 3000 m (German part of the Basin). Historically, coal production in the Lorraine and the Saar portions of the entire Basin was associated with numerous mining hazards because of the high methane content in coal seams. The LSB has the potential to host an enormous unconventional resource base including coalbed methane (CBM). Coal mines here are no longer operated to produce coal; however, methane generated in deep compartments is venting here via fracture swarms to the Earth’s surface. Cutting natural methane emissions throughout CBM production within coal-bearing terrains is a crucial opportunity for slowing global warming rates. Nearly all CBM plays worldwide are affected in some way by natural multiscale fracture sets ranging from large fault zones to closely spaced joints, micro-shears, or cleat sets in coal seams. The LSB is not excluded indeed from this trend because of the long-term experience of geological exploration during extensive coal mining in the past. Characterization of structural patterns of fracture networks at different scales is a pragmatic process boosting the reliable perception of the performance of coalbed methane gas reservoirs. The focus of this contribution is to get an insight into the style and kinematic description of the multi-scale fault and cleat patterns in the LSB based on results of subsurface and underground geological mapping, and X-ray computer tomography. It will benefit the right mindset to ensure proper technical decisions for efficient exploration and exploitation of CBM reservoirs in the Basin.
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Fernández, Martina Inmaculada Álvarez, Celestino González Nicieza, Román Fernández Rodríguez e Juan Ramón García Menéndez. "Earth Dam Monitoring in the Soil Take Care Project". Proceedings 2, n.º 23 (21 de novembro de 2018): 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231451.
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The Cartagena-La Unión mountain range was the focus of an intense mining activity between early XIX and late XX centuries. Most of Spanish national production of lead and zinc was extracted from its mines. During the ore concentration process, contaminated wastes containing heavy metal minerals, cyanides and sulfates were produced and deposited in earth dams. The Spanish National Institute of Geology and Mining had catalogued 75 earth dams in the councils of Cartagena and La Unión. These deposits pose a potential risk for the environment and nearby populations. Without suitable and precautionary measures, contaminated particles can be transported far away due to the wind action and runoff water, and may be incorporated to the food chain. This risk is increase due to the fact that it is a seismically active area, and breakage of these dams can lead to the dumping of thousands of tons of contaminated wastes. The SOIL TAKE CARE Project is an international project co financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg Sudoe Cooperation Programme. It aims to improve the management and rehabilitation of contaminated soils in South-Western Europe that includes Spain, Portugal and south of France. The University of Oviedo takes part of that Project by the instrumentation and monitoring of two of those earth dams. Among the work realized so far highlights the perforation of two boreholes and the installation of several sensors. It aims a double objective: to analyze the erosion and infiltration capacity of rainfall into the dams and to detect possible symptoms of slope instability. Although the investigation is still in course, preliminary results shows fast rainfall infiltration into the superficial soil layers, being discharge curves much more extended. This water retention capacity, coupled with the existence of impermeable layers into the dams, could lead to a complete saturation of superficial soil layers and trigger slope instability processes.
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"Slate Rock Mines: From Formation to Extraction". International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, n.º 9 (10 de julho de 2019): 2411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.i8018.078919.
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Slate rock has been analyzed for more than 170 years and was among the first geological features to be used in a number of countries such as Spain, France, Wales, North America and Brazil. Early observations recognized the importance of slate into the construction of roofs, cladding, pavements, or roads. Natural slate has many features that make it one of the most valuable, versatile and sustainable construction materials e.g. slate waste is particularly used as an alternative to conventional aggregates. In this paper, I will review the slate rock, geological formation, mining, production and uses in construction. This paper gives the reader a comprehensive overview of slate geology, formation, extraction as seen in the light of all the vast body of work made there up to the present time.
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Saqalli, Mehdi, Abdelkarim Hamrita, Hassane Mouri, Hichem Rejeb, Moulay Lâarabi El Hachimi, El Mehdi Benyassine e Nasser Rebaï. "The canary in the mine: Mediterranean mines as indicators of the hold on territories and resources: French Pyrenees, Moroccan Middle Atlas, and Tunisian coastal mountains". Frontiers in Sustainable Cities 4 (4 de outubro de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2022.889081.
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Mediterranean mountains have been and continue to be used by human populations along an interweaving of numerous uses: agro-sylvo-pastoralism, trade, industry and mining have all gone hand in hand for several millennia. Mines are however a so important source of wealth that, by putting in contact external powers and mountain locals, it creates an imbalance of powers inducing structural violence and tensions. The 1830–1962 colonial era did change the magnitude of these imbalances and this affect all Mediterranean mountainous ranges. The French expansion did affect as a result the Moroccan Atlas, the Tunisia Coastal Mounts but also the French Pyrenees. The article explores the available archives regarding the history of three mines in each of these emblematic mountains with a shared mining and agro-sylvo-pastoral past and where mining were actually well-known: Sem-Rancié and Puymorens in the French Pyrenees, Mibladen and Zeïda in the Moroccan Middle Atlas and Jebel Ressass in Tunisia. These reconstructions show that the initial social and political situations, as diverse as they are, are of little importance in the trajectory of these mines: all of them see a rapid appropriation by economic powers that are more and more powerful and more and more distant as far as Paris, the common capital in colonial times, despite several revolts and tensions. The initial expansion then gave way to a structural crisis due to the competition with other mining sites until abandonment. The following powers, post-colonial in Morocco or Tunisia or decentralized in France, did not endorse any responsibility of this the post-mining environmental, social and economic legacy. For each of these sites, the mine could be seen as an indicator of the power balance evolution among activities and actors, a canary in the mine on which we propose a methodology for further investigations.
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Bonincontro, Tessa, Juliette Cerceau, Florian Tena-Chollet e Sylvia Becerra. "From unseen to seen in post-mining polluted territories: (in)visibilisation processes at work in soil contamination management". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11, n.º 1 (19 de junho de 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03290-0.
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AbstractIn line with EU recommendations, the potential ‘mining revival’ in France focuses on (re)opening mines. In this context, political discussions on post-mining areas have increased, driven by past mismanagements. Scientists are key in these regions, studying contamination, advising policy, and seeking solutions. Based on a case study of phytoremediation research in Saint-Laurent-Le Minier, we explore how lay and expert knowledge intersect. By examining what is hidden and by whom, we unveil research practices and stakeholder dynamics, sparking reflection on the research process while promoting a reflexive approach for researchers. We show research and its application spotlight specific topics (such as soil contamination), select, and make visible certain lay knowledge and local stakeholders and visibilises certain technological choices.
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Anne Hauzeur, Anne Hauzeur, Gilles Monin, Harold Lethrosne, Paul Fernandes e Vincent Delvigne. "Workshop Places at Chessy (Seine-et-Marne Dpt., France): Contextual and Technological Aspects". Archaeologia Polona 60 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apa60.2022.2828.
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for axe head production in Bartonian (Eocene) silicite close to the mining complex of Jablines. They are attributed by the associated set of tools and the archaeological background to the later part of the Paris Basin Middle Neolithic (c. 4300–3700 BCE). The main characteristics of the knapping places are bifacial shaping to produce axe head preforms. Petrographical analyses show at first examination a close relation to the same silicite beds as those exploited at Jablines. Beside this, some of the artefacts indicate another way of raw material gathering which could match with the Bartonian silicite procurement on a larger scale. The workshop places may be distinguished as places of different function, mostly devoted to the first steps of preparation (roughing and shaping processes), but another to shaping stages, and a last one essentially concerned with the finishing of manufacturing rough-outs. Considering the very rare fragments of preforms collected on the site and the high quality of the rejected waste products, the skill level was high. From the first flaking of the block, contrary to what is usually inferred, indirect percussion was used since the first flaking of the block. These workshops add to the information from the other known similar places in this region of the Marne area, including the mining complex of Jablines itself. There were no settlements next to the mines, but in the surrounding areas, and the related distance remains to be explained.
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Clavier, Sarah, Nada Bendahmane, Natacha Gondran e Jacques Chevalier. "Method for quantifying urban mine flows: the case of clay bricks in Ile-de-France". Environnement, Ingénierie & Développement Unlabeled volume (28 de março de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/eid.2023.10159.
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soumission à Episciences The building sector is a large consumer of resources and a major producer of waste. In a context of resource depletion, the building sector will have to implement strategies to become more circular. One possible solution is to resort to urban mining, i.e., to see existing buildings as a resource pool available for future construction or renovation of the building stock during their deconstruction or renovation. This article proposes a method to compare the quantities generated by deconstruction and renovation to the needs of new construction or renovation projects. After deconstruction, building components may be suitable for various secondary uses from reuse to recycling. The uses issued from reuse and recycling are identified and the quantities of materials corresponding to each of them are determined with adequate units (m2, kg...) to be compared with the new buildings’ project’s needs. These units facilitate the comparison between the recovered materials and the demand of components and materials. The method assumes that circular economy is fully developed and that the focus is only on the technical feasibility of recovery methods, ignoring the socio-economic obstacles to reuse and recycling. To illustrate the method, the case of clay bricks in Ile-de-France is detailed. During the year 2020, 153 kt of clay bricks were produced by the demolition of buildings in this territory, allowing to obtain, for example, a maximum surface of more than 21,000 m2 of masonry bricks, in reuse, and 9.2 kt of aggregates for concrete manufacturing. Le secteur du bâtiment est un grand consommateur de ressources et producteur de déchets. Dans un contexte d’épuisement des ressources, on peut imaginer qu’il devra mettre en place des stratégies pour devenir davantage circulaire. Une solution possible est d’avoir recours aux mines urbaines, c’est-à-dire, de voir les bâtiments existants comme un gisement de ressources disponibles pour les futurs constructions ou rénovations du parc immobilier lors de leur déconstruction ou rénovation. Cet article propose une méthode pour mettre en relation des quantités de matériaux issus de la déconstruction et de la rénovation avec les besoins du secteur du bâtiment neuf ou de la rénovation. Après leur extraction des mines urbaines, les éléments de construction peuvent convenir à divers usages secondaires. Les usages possibles en sortie des filières de réemploi, réutilisation et de recyclage sont identifiés et les quantités de matériaux répondant à chacun de ceux-ci sont déterminés avec des unités adéquates (m2, kg…). Ces unités facilitent la comparaison entre les matériaux valorisés et la demande. La méthode se veut prospective en considérant comme hypothèse que l’économie circulaire est pleinement développée et que l’accent n’est mis que sur la faisabilité technique des modes de valorisation. Afin d’illustrer la méthode, le cas des briques en terre cuite en Ile-de-France est développé. Durant l’année 2020, 153 kt de briques en terre cuite ont été produites par la démolition de bâtiments sur ce territoire, permettant d’obtenir au maximum (et sous réserve d’une bonne qualité de tri et des matériaux déconstruits), une surface de plus de 21 000 m2 de parois en briques de maçonnerie, par exemple, et 9,2 kt de granulats destinés à la fabrication de béton.