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1
Wilson, Karen. "Aspects of solidarity between middle-class and working-class women 1880-1903". Thesis, Keele University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293991.
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Bell, J. Gregory Dossey John A. "A history of mathematics class for middle school teachers". Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1992. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9234458.
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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1992.Title from title page screen, viewed January 19, 2006. Dissertation Committee: John A. Dossey (chair), Lynn H. Brown, Franklin G. Lewis, Albert D. Otto, Charles L. VanderEynden. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 644-648) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Hall, Catherine. "White, male and middle class : explorations in feminism and history". Thesis, University of East London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532374.
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North, David L. "Middle-class suburban lifestyles and culture in England, 1919-1939". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302935.
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Prendergast, Neil. "American Holidays, A Natural History". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204910.
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This dissertation examines the production and consumption of nature in middle-class American holidays. Focusing on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it follows the creation of new symbols and practices associated with Easter, the Fourth of July, Thanksgiving and Christmas. In each of these holidays, members of the middle class used nature to narrate their new identity as Americans belonging less to local, regional, or ethnic communities and more to the nuclear family and the nation. In Thanksgiving, the turkey became an important symbol in the antebellum era, the same period in which the Easter rabbit was born, the Fourth of July picnic became popular, and the Christmas tree rose to prominence. These trends resulted from the middle-class desire to make the home an idealized private life complete with its own rituals and symbols that separated it from the public life of the street. While the middle class retreated into its imagined private sphere, it did so while simultaneously claiming that their families represented the core building blocks of the nation. By conflating family and nation, the middle class generated a large demand for the physical goods that made such symbolic meaning manifest--in particular, Thanksgiving turkeys and Christmas trees. Reproducing these plants and animals, however, created agroecological problems, including crop diseases. While middle-class family holidays reinforce the scales of popular culture and mass agriculture, they do so only tenuously.
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Pettit, Harry. "Without hope there is no life : class, affect, and meritocracy in middle class Cairo". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3673/.
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This thesis examines the lives of a group of young middle-class Egyptian men who experience a mismatch between their aspirations and their chances of realising them. It analyses the historical emergence of an under-recognised ‘falling’ middle-class in contemporary Egypt, by comparing their relative fall with another middle-class population which has experienced a dramatic rise in wealth and status in the aftermath of neoliberal economic change. I contribute to literature examining the rise of the middle-classes across the Global South in recent years. First, I reveal the importance of historically-owned rural land, cultural privilege, the legal and political remnants of state socialism, and international migration in the socio-economic rise of an Egyptian middle-class. Second, I move away from a predominant focus on consumption, and instead highlight how educational markers, and ‘character’ differences enable the exercise of a new form of ‘open-minded’ middle-class distinction. But finally, I challenge existing literature by uncovering the emergence of an alternative, less-celebratory middle-class in the late-20th and early-21st century, one which has experienced relative decline as the public sector jobs, education, and subsidies they relied on to forge their middle-class lives have been stripped away. The rest of the thesis uses eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork stretched over two years to delve into the lives of a group of young men in this falling middle-class category as they attempt to make the transition from education to ‘aspired to’ employment. It first establishes the existence of a rupture in the Bourdieu-like congruence between their aspirations for a globalised middle-class life, and their ability to reach it. The three main empirical chapters analyse the consequences of this ‘mismatch.’ By applying affect theory to the study of class immobility, I recast existing understandings of how people navigate conditions of ‘waithood,’ in particular through reintroducing a focus on stability and power. I argue that these young men survive their classed and aged immobility through forming a ‘cruel attachment’ to a discursive and material terrain of Egyptianised meritocracy that affects them with hope for the future. This terrain was continuously extended by certain labour market industries and institutions, such as training centres, recruitment agencies, and an entrepreneurship ‘scene,’ that constituted part of Cairo’s ‘hopeful city.’ The thesis therefore demonstrates how Egypt’s capitalistauthoritarian regime also survives, securing the compliance of young middle-class men, despite denying them access to respectable middle-class living, by continually regurgitating a hopeful promise of future fulfilment.
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Byrne, Frank J. "Becoming bourgeois : merchant culture in the antebellum and confederate south /". The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488203158828259.
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Loiacano, Catherine Lynn. "Casualties of a Radicalizing Cuban Revolution: Middle-Class Opposition and Exile, 1961-1968". NCSU, 2010. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03262010-104219/.
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This study explores the major factors contributing to the exodus of the Cuban middle class from 1961 to 1968. For the purpose of this study, the heterogeneous middle class is broken up into middle-class students, professionals, and businessmen. Each of these groups had slightly different values and motivations, yet large percentages of each left Cuba as the revolution radicalized, changing economic, political and social life for all Cubans. In explaining this phenomenon, this paper follows the relationship between Cuba and the United States, focusing particularly on the conflictive dialogue that emerged between Fidel Castro and the US presidents of the 1960âs. In addition, the role of each government in facilitating the exodus must be considered, necessitating attention to US special treatment toward Cuban immigrants. Ultimately, this study asserts that various radicalizations in revolutionary Cuba from the declaration of socialism in April 1961 to the final revolutionary offensive of 1968 pushed the middle class to the United States. Unlike the middles classes of 1940s Costa Rica and Guatemala, they chose to leave in order to retain their standard of living rather than to sacrifice in order for the lower classes to benefit.
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Borenstein, Bonnie Jill. "Perspectives on British middle class pleasure travel to Italy and Switzerland, 1860-1914". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37192.pdf.
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Labosier, James Bruce. "Motion Picture Exhibition and the Development of a Middle-class Clientele: Portland, Oregon, 1894-1915". PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4952.
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For about the first fifteen years after its commercial introduction motion picture entertainment throughout the United States was supported almost entirely by the mass of urban industrial workers, immigrants and their families. Beginning a few years before 1910 motion pictures began acquiring regular support from a limited element of the more affluent citizens until by the end of 1916 they constituted motion pictures' primary audience. This paper examines the audience development and conversion as it occurred in the downtown theaters of Portland, Oregon. Motion pictures were shown to two diverse audiences in Portland during the 1890s, regularly on a mass level to the lower income strata and sporadically to regular stage theater audiences. Their expectations differed greatly. Urban workers craved entertainment for the sake of diversion while middle and upper class audiences required responsibility and purpose in their entertainments. After the turn of the century when big time vaudeville established itself in Portland films were supported almost entirely by the lower class element in arcades and vaudeville theaters. Motion pictures in these venues catered to their audiences' tastes. During the 4-5 year period after nickelodeons developed in 1906 a small number of Portland's middle class became regular patrons, due partially to national imposition of licensing and establishment of a censorship board fostering a more respectable image. After 1910, when national support for motion pictures had been proven permanent and unsatisfied, large movie palaces emerged in Portland. These theaters and their amenities created atmospheres consistent with those of stage theaters, providing comfortable and familiar surroundings for middle class audiences. Industrywide developments such as increased story length, better quality productions and evidence of social responsibility enhanced the ease of middle class transition from the stage theater to the movie theater.
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Hills, Philip. "Division and cohesion in the nineteenth-century middle class : the case of Ipswich, 1830-1870". Thesis, University of Essex, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328346.
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Stone, Joanna. "Going Against the Flow: Middle Class Families and Neoliberalism in Nogales, Sonora". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193238.
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Following decades of protectionism, in 1982 Mexico reacted to its foreign debt crisis by implementing extreme structural adjustment policies and it has continued a pattern of neoliberalism, increasingly opening its economy to international markets. The cumulative impacts of these policies have negatively affected the majority of the Mexican population, and researchers have documented the detrimental effects of neoliberal polices on working and middle classes in other contexts. Based on ethnographic research in Nogales, Sonora, this paper will describe a particular group of Mexicans who have nevertheless risen to middle class status throughout this time period. It will situate them within an industrializing border economy and will investigate some of the factors, both internal and external, that have contributed to their success in this endeavor. Finally, it will raise questions for future research, such as: Is this middle-class sustainable?
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Lam, Heung-wan. "Social structure, gender consciousness and identity : analyzing the life history of middle class women in Hong Kong in the 1990s /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19852332.
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Tjeder, David. "The power of character : Middle-class masculinities, 1800–1900". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Univ. : www.tjeder.nu [distributör], 2003. http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:213690.
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Leonard, Bayes Kathleen E. "Making Middle-Class Marriage Modern in Kentucky, 1830-1900". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1160578440.
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Neiswander, Judith Ann. "Liberalism, nationalism and the evolution of middle-class values : the literature on interior decoration in England, 1875-1914". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1988. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1633.
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In the 1870s and 80s, the interior decoration of the middle-class home was the focus of a great deal of attention, as reflected in a dramatic increase in the literature on this subject in the form of handbooks 'for those about to furnish', articles in women's magazines, trade Journals and publications for artists and architects. This literature expressed the most advanced ideas of the day and actively promoted such progressive concepts as individual freedom of expression, cosmopolitan internationalism, the need for improvement in the position of women, and the application of new scientific theories This thesis traces these ideas to the political ideology of modern British liberalism which was at its most influential during this period Liberal writers, in particular John Stuart Mill, wrote persuasively about the primacy of the private sphere of life In their view, it was only in private life that man could develop true individuality through freedom of choice, this concept had important implications for the appearance of the home Many of those who wrote on interior decoration had read Mill, or were involved with reform movements or political activities inspired by liberal theories As a result, they tried to bring about social change through the application. of liberal principles to the decoration of the middle-class home There were also, however, sharp disagreements expressed in the decorating literature about what constituted the optimal middle-class interior These conflicts reflected areas of unresolvable tension within the ideological framework of liberalism; their impact on interior decoration is explored as well As the influence of liberalism waned, the values expressed in the literature on decoration changed correspondingly The importance of the home in the formation of national character was given greater emphasis and a return to 'correct' and traditional national styles was seen as a necessary protection against both internal weakness and the 'foreign contagion' of European styles such as Art Nouveau
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Jenkins, Celia Margaret. "The professional middle class and the social origins of progressivism : a case study of the New Education Fellowship". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1989. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10006559/.
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Long, Helen Clare. "The British domestic interior 1880 to 1914 : a study of fixed decoration in middle-class housing". Thesis, University of Brighton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278557.
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Barnett, Ashley. "Prudery and Perversion: Domination of the Sexual Body in Middle-Class Men, Women, and Disenfranchised Bodies in Victorian England". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3172.
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This research argues that with the rise of the middle-class, Victorian England saw the development of a power model in which middle-class men, middle-class women and disenfranchised bodies of children and lower-class women suffered from the demands of bodily domination. Because the bodily health of middle-class men was believed to represent national health, it was imperative that he dominate his body, particularly with regard to sexual urges. Consequently, the bodies of women with whom he sought sexual release suffered from forms of bodily domination as well. Through an analysis of journals and private writings of those living in Victorian England, magazines, books, and advisory texts published during the nineteenth century, and philosophical interpretations of Victorian sexuality by historians, an image emerges in which Victorian sexuality is categorized by the need to dominate the body.
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Braden, April. "Urban Suburb: How The Built Environment Influences Class Identity". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1605112902730577.
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McKenzie, Kirsten Elizabeth. "Gender and honour in middle-class Cape Town : the making of colonial identities, 1828-1850". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f00a5b9b-2797-4e6e-9b75-159c1985b74a.
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This study comprises an examination of the role of ideas concerning gender roles and respectability in the elaboration of a specific notion of a white colonial middle class in Cape Town, Cape Colony, in the decades before the establishment of Representative Government at the Cape. It pays particular attention to the cultural interaction of the incoming British settlers with the older Dutch society already in place in Cape Town. The insertion of British middle-class ideals of domesticity into Cape society had a decisive impact upon the public culture which would underpin the new political dispensation in the colony when a Representative Assembly was set up in 1853. The thesis argues that the new colonial political order which was enshrined in the constitution of 1853 was grounded upon a new gender order which set out distinctive roles for middle-class men and women and which allowed for the expression of a particular kind of personal and social respectability. Political developments in the Cape colony were thus inextricably tied to the elaboration of this new gendered social system. The thesis approaches the question of white colonial identity through several avenues. These include: the creation of a public sphere and changes in commercial culture; the importance of issues of the family and domestic service in structuring reform initiatives; the nature of male and female honour and its defence through defamation cases; the role of marriage in Cape colonial society; and the mediation of sexual transgressions through religious and civil authorities. Finally, the manner in which domestic ideology impacted upon political culture is approached through two case studies of political crisis during this period. The thesis thus seeks to advance South African historiography by undercutting the traditional division between studies of private and public life at the Cape in this period.
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Oropeza, Ruth Alejandra. "The Politics of Epidemic: Spain, Disease Management and Hygiene, 1803-1902". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/337269.
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Utilizing medical manuals, medical records, newspapers, and letters, the history of the management of epidemics from 1803-1902 will be explored. This thesis weaves together and explores the political history of the nineteenth century by analyzing the contribution of doctors and reformers in the management of diseases. This thesis explores the intersection between the construction of a public health system and the implementation of these practices by political actors and physicians. The history of the management of disease is analyzed from the introduction of the mass vaccination campaign, in Spain, in 1803. This thesis first analyzes the development of a public health system focused on prevention. It then challenges the system created by examining how effective these measures were against the multiple waves of cholera to hit Spain. It then addresses the important role reformers had in the late nineteenth century. It was through their efforts that doctors and reformers became explicitly linked to new ideas of citizenship and responsibility. This paper emphasizes both continuity in the importance of health care, but also the transformations in the discourse of public health responsibility. Ultimately, it centers liberalism and an emerging middle class within the discussion of a health policy.
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Morgan, Simon James. "Middle-class women, civic virtue and identity : Leeds and the West Riding of Yorkshire, c1830-c.1860". Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9798/.
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This thesis analyses women's contribution to the development of a progressive middle-class identity in the period 1830 to 1860. Using Leeds as a case study, it argues that the ideals of civic virtue, service and the 'civilising mission' lying at the heart of this identity played an important role in the lives of women as well as men. The study begins by summarising the historiographical debates over women and the middle class, and the importance of gender in the construction of the 'public sphere'. Chapter Two sets out the historical background within the town of Leeds itself, concentrating on the emergence of 'middle-class' institutions and identifying the particular groups who were the driving force behind them. The remaining chapters systematically explore the activities of middle-class women in the public life of their town, concentrating on the subjects of education, philanthropy, politics and civic culture. Chapter Three looks at the idealisation of women's social and public roles in educational literature, before considering women's relationship to educational and cultural institutions. Chapters Four and Five reconsider philanthropy as an arena in which class and gender identities were constructed and played out, and through which civic-minded women could find an outlet for reforming impulses. In particular, chapter five analyses the importance of women's committees in the creation of independent space for female initiatives, despite male attempts at containment. Chapter Six examines women's activities in local and national politics, analysing the key role of the press in the interpretation of female political activities. Chapter Seven looks at the way in which elite women were able to claim public space as part of the audience at public rituals and ceremonies, returning to the importance of press explanations of this participation through the use of chivalric metaphors which portrayed women as the guardians of civic virtue.
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Holford, Naomi. "Making classed sexualities : investigating gender, power and violence in middle-class teenagers' relationship cultures". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/43004/.
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This thesis investigates gendered power relations, including violence, control and coercion, within teenage heterosexual relationships, and broader relationship cultures. It focusses on upper-middle class 14-16 year olds, whose sexualities – unlike those of working-class teenagers – are seldom seen as a social problem. It explores the interactions of romantic and sexual experiences with classed identities and social contexts, based on data generated within a large, high-performing state comprehensive in an affluent, ethnically homogenous (white) area of south-east England. The research, conducted in and outside school, used a mixed-methods approach, incorporating in-depth individual and paired interviews, and self-completion questionnaires. It draws on insights from feminist post-structural approaches to gender and sexualities, and is situated in relation to work that explores the negotiation of gender in “post-feminist” neoliberal societies. Despite (in some ways, because of) their privileged class positioning, these young people faced conflicting regulatory discourses. Heteronormative discourses, and gendered double standards, still shaped their (sexual) subjectivities. Sexuality was very public and visible, forming a claustrophobic regulatory framework restricting movements and choices, particularly girls’. But inequalities and violences were often obscured by powerful classed discourses of compulsory individuality, with young people compelled to perform an autonomous self even as they negotiated inescapably social networks of sexuality. These discourses could exacerbate inequalities, as participants denigrated others for vulnerability. A significant proportion of participants reported controlling, coercive or violent relationship experiences, but girls especially downplayed their importance. Girls shouldered the burden of emotion work, taking on responsibility for both their own and partners’ emotions. Sexual harassment and violence from peers were often regarded with resignation, and sometimes led to further victimisation from partners or peers. Policing of sexuality was bound up with classed prejudices and assumptions; participants’ performances of identity often rested on dissociation from the working class. Young middle-class people’s heterosexual subjectivities sat uneasily with educationally successful, future-oriented subjectivities; sexuality was an ever-lurking threat to becoming an educational and therefore classed success.
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Biddle-Perry, Geraldine Elizabeth. "Fashioning social aspiration : lower-middle-class rational recreational leisure participation and the evolution of popular rational recreational leisure clothing c.1880-1950". Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2010. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/6395/.
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Lara-Betancourt, Patricia. "Conflicting modernities? : arts and crafts and commercial influences in the decoration of the middle-class home 1890-1914". Thesis, Kingston University, 2008. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20276/.
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Aiming to study the nature and significance of the modern home, this thesis examines in detail two major influences affecting the furnishing and decoration of the middle class home in Britain for the period 1890 to 1914. This project considers a variety of representations of the domestic interior to identify the furnishing ideals they embodied. It focuses on the two major producers of such representations: the furnishing industry, and the design reform and Arts and Crafts movement. The commercial and art spheres they stood for approached and expressed in opposing ways the possibilities opened up by modernisation. In trying to keep up with the growing demand of the middle class, the furnishing trade applied capitalist business methods, building a market and helping to create a consumer culture centred on the home and its equipment. Critical of the perceived ills of industrialization, reformers and Arts and Crafts designers contested the commercial sphere and promoted instead an artistic approach to design, responding mainly to aesthetic and social concerns. The resulting depictions of middle-class domestic interiors represented modern furnishing ideals, albeit contradictory ones. Piecing together diverse and fragmentary historical evidence, this thesis studies in detail the large furnishing firms of the period, and the images, narrative and strategies they used to promote their goods. It also examines the design reform discourse and particularly the genre of advice literature. This project aims to unveil the hidden agendas reformers and advisers were engaged with in the pursuit of the modern home. The analysis reveals the varied ways in which advice authors portrayed the domestic interior, reflecting stylistic, aesthetic, technological and commercial concerns. The approach and analysis are interdisciplinary, and are grounded in the assumption that these representations and discourses, and the ideals they embody, are an essential account of modernity.
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Lam, Heung-wan, e 林香雲. "Social structure, gender consciousness and identity: analyzing the life history of middle class women in HongKong in the 1990s". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31215464.
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Erlank, Natasha. "Letters home : the experiences and perceptions of middle class British women at the Cape 1820-1850". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22399.
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Bibliography: pages 209-219.My thesis is concerned with the experiences and perceptions of British women living in the Cape Colony, South Africa, during the first half of the nineteenth century. My chief source materials are the letters and diaries written by different women in the period 1820-1850. The women in my thesis were members of the British middle class and proponents of its dominant ideology. This revolved around a "separation of spheres" which prescribed particular types of behaviour for men and women. This view was more of an ideal than a reality, and women in this period found ways in which to both resist and enforce its prescriptions. I am interested in the negotiation of identity that occurred when British women arrived at the Cape. In order to tap into their experiences, I examine in detail the writing of several women who lived in Cape Town, and then compare this to women's writing in different parts of the colony. What emerges is a version of South African history in which the experiences of individual women challenge assumptions about the existence of middle class and colonial homogenising discourses. Women in Cape Town, on the eastern frontier and on mission stations lived in different circumstances. The contexts in which they wrote affected the versions of themselves that they revealed in their writing. The different ways in which they wrote, and they ways in which they constructed a d represented their identities, challenge attempts to fit them into the contemporary feminine mould. While they were creating their own identifies through the medium of letters, they were also creating cultural artefacts. Their letters formed the basis of a private literate culture which both represented these women and their particular view of the Cape to the rest of the world. Women controlled what was written in their letters - their self-representations were presented to their readers in a version not mediated through their male relatives. In their own letters, they were not men's wives, they were their own women. Most of the women I discuss had a commitment to Christianity, and the promotion of Christianity. Missionary wives and evangelical women had a code of behaviour that did not always accord with middle class ideology. They measured their behaviour according to religious and moral standards. This allowed them to contravene middle class ethics if they felt these contravened their own codes of morality. Depending on circumstances, women could be called upon to behave either as middle class women or Christian women, and in these instances would conform to the identity under either ideology. I would therefore suggest that not only did English middle-class women at the Cape create their subjectivity in terms of their status as women, as middle class women and as white women, but they also constructed their subjectivity in terms of their religious beliefs - as religious women.
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Fish, Cynthia S. "Images and reality of fatherhood : a case study of Montreal's Protestant middle class, 1870-1914". Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39271.
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This dissertation examines the images and reality of fatherhood, between 1870 and 1914, using a case study of Montreal's middle class, and specifically the English speaking, Protestant community. An examination of reform literature, custody decisions, and fiction suggest that providing for his family's material needs was a father's first duty. Fatherhood was also invested with authority and power. Yet, the sentimental family ideal entrusted the mother with the emotional elements of child-rearing. Many fathers appear to have created nurturing relationships with their children, despite the emotionally restrictive social images, and society's emphasis on the importance of motherhood.
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Duff, Sarah Emily. "Head, heart, and hand : the Huguenot Seminary and College and the construction of middle class Afrikaner femininity, 1873-1910". Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/533.
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Laurence-Allen, Antonia. "Class, consumption and currency : commercial photography in mid-Victorian Scotland". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3469.
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This thesis examines a thirty year span in the history of Scottish photography, focusing on the rise of the commercial studio from 1851 to assess how images were produced and consumed by the middle class in the mid-Victorian period. Using extensive archival material and a range of theoretical approaches, the research explores how photography was displayed, circulated, exploited and discussed in Scotland during its nascent years as a commodity. In doing so, it is unlike previous studies on Scottish photography that have not attended to the history of the medium as it is seen through exhibitions or the national journals, but instead have concentrated on explicating how an individual photographer or singular set of images are evidence of excellence in the field. While this thesis pays close attention to individual projects and studios, it does so to illuminate how photography functioned as a material object that equally shaped and was shaped by ideological constructs peculiar to mid-Victorian life in Scotland. It does not highlight particular photographers or works in order to elevate their standing in the history of photography but, rather, to show how they can be used as examples of a class phenomenon and provide an analytical frame for elucidating the cultural impact of commercial photography. Therefore, while the first two chapters provide a panoramic view of how photography was introduced to the Scottish middle class and how commercial photographers initially visualized Scotland, the second section is comprised of three ‘case studies' that show how the subject of the city, the landscape and the portrait were turned into objects of cultural consumption. This allows for a re-appraisal of photographs produced in Scotland during this era to suggest the impact of photography's products and processes was as vital as its visual content.
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Wemp, Brian A. (Brian Alan). "The Paris Commune and the French right : the reaction of the bourgeoisie". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23857.
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The historiographic struggle over the representation of the Paris Commune, as begun by the daily press in 1871 and continued in the works of many subsequent scholars, is in fact part of a larger ideological battle. This thesis argues that in order to understand the significance of the Commune, it is necessary to return to contemporary writings. It studies the bourgeois reaction to the Paris Commune using as source material diaries, correspondence and monographs of upper class observers of the Commune. Through these writings, the Commune is seen as a socialist threat to bourgeois stability, and a sign of the disintegration of the ideals of the French Revolution.
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Enefalk, Hanna. "En patriotisk drömvärld : Patriotic Dreamlands: Music, Nationalism and Gender in the Long Nineteenth Century". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of History, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9267.
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The subject of this thesis is Scandinavian nationalism from the late 18th century to ca 1920. The focus lies on that particular aspect of nationalism that was at the same time the most mundane and the most enigmatic: the ever-present depicting of the nation in words, pictures and music, which in effect created a parallel universe, a patriotic dreamland. This creation was highly gendered, and the media in which it flourished most abundantly was the patriotic song. The study therefore uses song texts as its primary source material and builds upon the theoretical foundations laid by, e.g., Joan Scott and Michael Billig.
Geographically, the investigation centers on Sweden, using Norway and Swedish-speaking Finland as objects of comparison. The main producers of the lyrics and their intended target groups are identified, and an in-depth analysis of a large corpus of songs is made.
The main conclusion is that the patriotic songs, in spite of spreading to an ever increasing proportion of the population, were not an expression of the ‘voice of the people’ or even that of the bourgeoisie as a whole. The texts were chiefly written by male academics, and from their formative years during the Napoleonic wars the songs preserved an obsession with a warlike unmarried manhood. Only in the last decades of the period were civilian virtues and national womanhood slightly more emphasized. It is suggested that the songs, apart from being an expression of what Billig has termed ‘banal nationalism,’ also functioned as a bastion of a ‘banal androcentrism.’
The thesis shows that the patriotic dreamland of the patriotic songs was designed in a way that promoted the interests of its producers and reproducers. The seemingly semi-autonomous quality of the discourse is also discussed, employing meme theory as used by, e.g., Daniel Dennett.
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Enefalk, Hanna. "En patriotisk drömvärld : Musik, nationalism och genus under det långa 1800-talet". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9267.
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The subject of this thesis is Scandinavian nationalism from the late 18th century to ca 1920. The focus lies on that particular aspect of nationalism that was at the same time the most mundane and the most enigmatic: the ever-present depicting of the nation in words, pictures and music, which in effect created a parallel universe, a patriotic dreamland. This creation was highly gendered, and the media in which it flourished most abundantly was the patriotic song. The study therefore uses song texts as its primary source material and builds upon the theoretical foundations laid by, e.g., Joan Scott and Michael Billig. Geographically, the investigation centers on Sweden, using Norway and Swedish-speaking Finland as objects of comparison. The main producers of the lyrics and their intended target groups are identified, and an in-depth analysis of a large corpus of songs is made. The main conclusion is that the patriotic songs, in spite of spreading to an ever increasing proportion of the population, were not an expression of the ‘voice of the people’ or even that of the bourgeoisie as a whole. The texts were chiefly written by male academics, and from their formative years during the Napoleonic wars the songs preserved an obsession with a warlike unmarried manhood. Only in the last decades of the period were civilian virtues and national womanhood slightly more emphasized. It is suggested that the songs, apart from being an expression of what Billig has termed ‘banal nationalism,’ also functioned as a bastion of a ‘banal androcentrism.’ The thesis shows that the patriotic dreamland of the patriotic songs was designed in a way that promoted the interests of its producers and reproducers. The seemingly semi-autonomous quality of the discourse is also discussed, employing meme theory as used by, e.g., Daniel Dennett.
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Harris, Tony School of History UNSW. "Basket weavers and true believers : the middle class left and the ALP Leichhardt Municipality c. 1970-1990". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of History, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19325.
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In the two decades between 1970 and 1990, hundreds of people passed through the ALP branches of Leichhardt Municipality. These were predominantly members of what this thesis calls a 'middle class Left', employed in professions and para-professions like teaching or the public service and motivated, to one degree or another, by the social movements and politics of the late 1960's and early 1970's. This is a social history incorporating the life histories of a selection of these people. It is set against the backdrop of conflicts with incumbent, conservative, working class-based political machines and the political climate of the times. The thesis is in four parts. Part I, the introduction, establishes the point of view of the writer as it shapes what is also a 'participant history'. In this context, and that of the oral history interviews, the introduction addresses the relationship between memory and history. Parts II and III are the body of the thesis and each is lead by a 'photo-essay', recognising the complimentary importance of a visual narrative. Part II sets out the broad political topography of the 1970's and early 1980's. Chapter one describes the middle-classing of the ALP in Leichhardt Municipality, set against a review of the principal literature. It then moves through chapters two to four to examine the three loci of middle-classing: Annandale, Balmain and Glebe. Part III moves on into the 1980's when the middle class Left 'takes power'. It examines, in chapter five, the emerging, sharp, divisions among the Left on Leichhardt Council and in the contests for federal and state parliamentary seats. Chapter six examines the deepening of these divisions in the mid to late 1980's, concluding with the climactic struggle over the Mort Bay public housing project. Chapter seven looks at the diaspora of the Labor Left in Leichhardt at the end of the 1980's as the branch membership declined and many sought out political alternatives to the ALP. Part IV brings the thesis to its conclusion, focussing on the complexities and ambiguities of the middle class Left and drawing out the main socio-political themes of the two decades.
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Vowles, Michael. "The middle class define their world : some features of the sociology of an early twentieth century Staffordshire town; Tamworth 1900-1914". Thesis, Keele University, 1988. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277137.
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May, Heather. "Middle-class morality and blackwashed beauties Francis Leon and the rise of the prima donna in the post-war minstrel show /". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3264313.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Theatre and Drama, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-05, Section: A, page: 1735. Adviser: Ronald H. Wainscott. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 12, 2008)."
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Wegwert, Joseph Charles. "Democracy Without Dialogue: A Civic Curriculum of “The Middle Class Promise” for Citizens of the Corporation". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1219155784.
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Miller, Deborah L. 1960. ""The big ladies' hotel" : gender, residence, and middle-class Montreal : a contextual analysis of the Royal Victoria College, 1899-1931". Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20937.
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This thesis analyses the architecture of the Royal Victoria College (Bruce Price, 1896--1899), a purpose-built women's residential college of McGill University, Montreal, and its first extension (Percy Nobbs, 1930--193 1), as material evidence of the rhetorical construction and negotiation of gender. A contextual analysis of the original RVC reveals the gender significance of the building's relationship to its affiliate institution (McGill), to an urban geography (Phillips Square), and to a commercial typology (the railway hotel), while a spatial analysis examines the significance of its women occupants as 'architects', and of changes to the building over time. The thesis concludes that the building served as an important site in turn-of-the-century gender negotiations---one that helped to contest "separate spheres" rhetoric and that stands as evidence of women's active participation in the shaping of spatial relations and social identities.
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Miller, Jonson William. "Citizen Soldiers and Professional Engineers: The Antebellum Engineering Culture of the Virginia Military Institute". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29135.
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The founders and officers of the Virginia Military Institute, one of the few American engineering schools in the antebellum period, embedded a particular engineering culture into the curriculum and discipline of the school. This occurred, in some cases, as a consequence of struggles by the elite of western Virginia to gain a greater share of political power in the commonwealth and by the officers of VMI for authority within the field of higher education. In other cases, the engineering culture was crafted as a deliberate strategy within the above struggles. Among the features embedded was the key feature of requiring the subordination of one’s own local and individual interests and identities (class, regional, denominational, etc.) to the service of the commonwealth and nation. This particular articulation of service meant the performance of “practical” and “useful” work of internal improvements for the development and defense of the commonwealth and the nation. The students learned and were to employ an engineering knowledge derived from fundamental physical and mathematical principles, as opposed to a craft knowledge learned on the job. To carry out such work and to even develop the capacity to subordinate their own interests, the cadets were disciplined into certain necessary traits, including moral character, industriousness, selfrestraint, self-discipline, and subordination to authority. To be an engineer was to be a particular kind of man. The above traits were predicated upon the engineers being white men, who, in a new “imagined fraternity” of equal white men, were innately independent, in contrast to white women and blacks, who were innately dependent. Having acquired a mathematically-intensive engineering education and the character necessary to perform engineering work, the graduates of VMI who became engineers were to enter their field as middle-class professionals who could claim an objective knowledge and a disinterested service to the commonwealth and nation, rather than to just their own career aspirations.Ph. D.
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Perkiss, Abigail Lynn. "Racing the City: Intentional Integration and the Pursuit of Racial Justice in Post-World War II America". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/89429.
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HistoryPh.D.
My dissertation, Racing the City: Intentional Integration and the Pursuit of Racial Justice in Post-WWII America, examines the creation, experience, and meaning of intentionally integrated residential space in the latter half of the twentieth century. Entering into the growing historiographical conversations on post-war American cities and the northern civil rights movement, I argue that with a strong commitment to maintaining residential cohesion and a heightened sense of racial justice in the wake of the Second World War, liberal integrationists around the country embarked on grassroots campaigns seeking to translate the ideals of racial equality into a blueprint for genuine interracial living. Through innovative real estate efforts, creative marketing techniques, and religious activism, pioneering community groups worked to intentionally integrate their neighborhoods, to serve as a model for sustainable urbanity and racial justice in the United States. My research, centered on the northwest Philadelphia neighborhood of West Mount Airy, chronicles a liberal community effort that confronted formal legal and governmental policies and deeply entrenched cultural understandings; through this integration project, activists sought to redefine post-war urban space in terms of racial inclusion. In crafting such a narrative, I challenge much of the scholarship on the northern struggle for racial justice, which paints a uniform picture of a divisive and violent racial urban environment. At the same time, my dissertation explores how hard it was for urban integrationists to build interracial communities. I portray a neighborhood struggling with the deeper meanings of integrated space, with identity politics and larger institutional, structural, and cultural forces, and with internal resistance to change. In that sense, I speak to the larger debates over post-WWII urban space; my research, here, implies a cultural explanation complementing the political and economic narratives of white flight and urban crisis that scholars have crafted over the last two decades. This is at once the story of a group of people seeking to challenge the seeming inevitability of segregation by creating an economically stable, racially integrated community predicated upon an idealized vision of American democracy, and it is the story of the fraying of that ideal.
Temple University--Theses
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Turner, Michael J. "The making of a middle class liberalism in Manchester, c.1815-32 : a study of politics and the press". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:77cd7bf3-0dec-4922-a73a-d71a8c9ec853.
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This thesis attempts to make a useful contribution to our picture of the development of early nineteenth-century provincial liberalism. It investigates various political, social and economic aspects of liberalism in Manchester and draws attention to the ideas and activities of a small and identifiable group of respectable reformers who were active in the town in the first half of the nineteenth century and who had a significant impact on local affairs. Much has been written about Victorian Manchester and about Manchester politics in the era of Chartism, the Anti-Corn Law League and the so-called 'Manchester School'. This thesis seeks to elucidate and explain some of the less explored developments which were antecedent to and shaped these later events and movements. The main avenue of inquiry is provided by the public careers of a 'small but determined band' of reformers (as they were called by one of their number, Richard Potter), men who involved themselves in numerous political campaigns and who also pioneered a new kind of political journalism in the provinces. Archibald Prentice and John Edward Taylor in particular made the newspaper a vital organ in the formation and direction of liberal opinion. These men represented prominent features of Mancunian liberalism in the years before parliamentary reform and incorporation, and the main concern of the thesis is to illustrate these features by investigating the principles and campaigns of this reformist vanguard. Attention is paid to the band's political and theological precepts and motivations, to the examples and encouragement provided by earlier Manchester reformers, to the key role of the local reformist press in the work of enlightenment and mobilisation, to the liberals' battles with Manchester's mainly Tory-Anglican ruling party on certain local government issues, to the band's involvement in campaigns and discussions relating to important social questions such as education, health and welfare, poverty and labour relations, to the band's participation in commercial campaigns and the movement against the corn laws, and to their views and activities on the central question of parliamentary reform. The most important primary sources for this study are to be found in Manchester. The newspapers are invaluable; there are also substantial collections of contemporary pamphlets and miscellaneous ephemera which provide essential information as well as the material necessary for an appreciation of the wider Manchester setting. Members of the band have left certain materials - correspondence, scrapbooks, lectures, books and pamphlets, reminiscences and personal records - which are of importance when used alongside their letters, articles and editorials in the local newspapers.
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Kamani, Solinda. "Neglected architectural decoration from the late antique Mediterranean city : public porticoes, small baths, shops/workshops, and 'middle class' houses". Thesis, University of Kent, 2014. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/47906/.
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This thesis examines the neglected architectural decoration from the late antique Mediterranean city (ca. 300-650 A.D.). It aims to address the omission in scholarly literature of any discussion about the decoration of non-monumental secular buildings, namely porticoes flanking streets, agorai, macella and ornamental plazas, small public baths, shops/workshops and ‘middle class’ houses. The decoration of non-monumental secular buildings has been overlooked at the expense of more lofty buildings and remains thus far one of the least known aspects of the late antique city. Considering that public porticoes and their associated structures (shops and workshops), along with small public baths and ‘middle class’ houses were crucial elements and accounted for the large part of any urban built environment starting from the Hellenistic period, the examination of their architectural decoration in this thesis represents the first attempt to redress this imbalance. Drawing upon an array of archaeological evidence, written sources, and depictions this thesis attempts to reconstruct how public porticoes, small public baths, shops/workshops, and ‘middle class’ houses might have looked on a daily basis. The geographical area entailed in this study presents more challenges than when focusing on a single site or province. Such a cross-regional approach of the topic allows to consider the decoration of public these structures as both as part of the history of individual cities and as part of Mediterranean-wide trends, guiding as such toward a more reliable visualisation of the late antique built environment. The picture conveyed in the Mediterranean cities is inevitably not the same. It is argued that as much as they shared similarities on the decoration of these structures, so did they also vary. The topic of this thesis is broad and definite answers cannot be given, nevertheless, it is hoped that a preliminary synthesis can be offered as a basis for future work.
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Wright, David. "The study of idiocy : the professional middle class and the evolution of social policy on the mentally retarded in England, 1848 to 1914". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22403.
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The professional study of idiocy began within the discipline of medico-psychology and was taken up, later, by professionals in the fields of education, social work, and philanthropy. When medical research seemed to confirm the hereditary origin of mental ability, and as studies began to assert that a great deal of social problems were due to 'weakness of mind', men and women from these professions concerned themselves with the prevention of idiocy, primarily by segregation. As social commentators in late-Victorian England became increasingly concerned about the nation's apparent decline in economic and military competitiveness, these professionals and commentators began to stridently campaign for the detention of idiots in permanent colonies. This process continued during the Edwardian period when many professionals slowly gravitated to the eugenic-led campaign for control of the feeble-minded, a campaign which culminated in the Mental Deficiency Act of 1913.
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Curran, Michele M. "Torn Identity: Workingwomen and Their Struggle Between Gender and Class, 1932-1950". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1302505278.
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Haslum, Rolf. "Idrott, borgerlig folkfostran och frihet : Torsten Tegnér som opinionsbildare 1930-1960". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-974.
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The aim is to illustrate the opinion former Torsten Tegnér’s view of sport, culture and society, the nature of the influence he exerted primarily through his own professional magazine, Idrottsbladet, a liberal-conservative sports journalist’s attitude in confrontation with other social attitudes and some questions of principle and debates that were topical during the period within Swedish sport. Five thematic chapters demonstrate how Tegnér reacted to developments within sport that were due to social changes. Above all, the research demonstrates that the values he wished to communicate principally dealt with a healthy soul in a healthy body for the benefit and happiness of both the individual and society. Secondly, he wished to convey the culture of the middle classes. In the background, the concept of freedom was a constant overarching ideology. His reactions to the developments can be seen in the light of his passion for sport as beneficial, his family’s combination of liberalism and respect for traditions and their expectations of him, his understanding of democracy and a touch of post-Romanticism. His passion for freedom led to his political involvement against Nazism and Communism in particular. Tegnér’s means of influencing are viewed from a power perspective. As a well-qualified intellectual, by means of a significant symbolic capital, with Idrottsbladet’s position and as ‘a one-man civic educator’, he was one of those who, in the opinion of the philosopher Antonio Gramsci, were particularly important in a social power game. It is particularly interesting that his circle of readers seems to have overwhelmingly consisted of working-class youngsters.
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Acosta, González M. Lourdes. "La aparición de una nueva sociedad en la obra de Benito Pérez Galdós". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399647.
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Ciertamente la sociedad del siglo XIX siempre me había interesado al igual que la novela realista de la época, por ello el autor elegido para esta investigación es Benito Pérez Galdós, novelista indiscutible que ha sabido retratar ampliamente, no sólo la sociedad de su tiempo, sino también la clase media en particular, su forma de ser, de pensar y de comportarse; sobre todo sus aspiraciones más inmediatas centradas básicamente en subir de posición social anhelando, en la medida de sus posibilidades, el aburguesamiento, como es el caso de Don Benigno Cordero, uno de los protagonistas principales desarrollado en la Segunda Serie de Episodios Nacionales; poniendo también de relieve los grupos con los que se codeaba o interrelacionaba. Resulta muy revelador comprobar como a medida que Galdós se adentra en el siglo va describiendo a una clase media perfectamente acomodada en la naciente sociedad clasista de la que ella es su principal artífice.
La temática sigue vigente debido al tratamiento de la misma, es decir a la metodología empleada, ya que se utiliza el discurso literario al mismo nivel que el discurso de la historia oficial, por lo tanto las fuentes literarias, en este caso la narrativa galdosiana —las novelas de la Primera Época, los Episodios Nacionales y las Novelas Españolas Contemporáneas— son tan importantes como las fuentes propias de la historia que, por otro lado, no tratamos de reemplazar sino de complementar. A través de las fuentes literarias, de la obra de Benito Pérez Galdós, intentamos recoger “lo no dicho”, todo aquello no contemplado por el discurso oficial de la historia, dedicada, mayormente, hasta hace muy poco, a la historia política y social de los grandes hechos de los grandes hombres y, como no, de las grandes guerras. A esta visión de la historia, Pérez Galdós contribuye con la idea de que también es necesario conocer “… los sentimientos de ese joven oscuro …” interesándose vivamente por la cotidianeidad del día a día, reflexión refrendada posteriormente por Unamuno a partir de su concepción de la intra-historia , y mucho más reciente por Josep Fontana al considerar la necesidad del historiador de analizar los acontecimientos de la vida pública, ocupándose con el mismo entusiasmo de la vida diaria de todos los hombres y mujeres, sin excepción, y no 4 sólo de la de aquellos estudiados por “la historia «respetable»”
En este trabajo se ha ponderado la línea de investigación abierta por historiadores de la envergadura de C. Seco Serrano, Jover Zamora, Tuñón de Lara, J. Fontana y Antoni Jutglar que, recogida por la tradición historiográfica, justifican la actualidad del tema, de la sociedad decimonónica y de la utilización de la literatura como fuente histórica al considerar la producción literaria y en este caso la obra de Benito Pérez Galdós un archivo inapreciable para el investigador, porque permite establecer una aproximación adecuada y llegar a un conocimiento más exhaustivo de esta clase. Es más se ha tratado de demostrar si a partir de fuentes tan diferenciadas, la literatura y la historia se llega a las mismas conclusiones.
A principios de siglo tuvieron lugar trascendentales cambios estructurales, que propiciarán la aparición de este nuevo grupo social, en virtud del paso del Antiguo Régimen a la sociedad clasista, cuya característica vendrá determinada por la movilidad de clases. De entrada, dos acontecimientos de primer orden contribuirán a que esto sea así, la guerra de la Independencia y la obra legisladora de las Cortes de Cádiz, cuya máxima será el establecimiento de la Constitución de Cádiz de 1812 con la intención de establecer una sociedad más justa.
Metodológicamente, para explicar las conductas humanas, interpelamos a la historia intelectual, desarrollada por los historiadores anglosajones, y a la historia de las mentalidades, aplicada por la escuela de los anales en Francia, sin olvidar el bagaje de la historia social, cuyos precursores
más cercanos fueron Pierre Vilar, Josep Fontana y Manuel Tuñón de Lara. El estudio de estas disciplinas completa la historia tradicional porque incluye la vida privada. Pretenden, a partir de la interdisciplinariedad, llegar a una “aproximación totalizadora”, puesto que se valen de diversas especialidades para elaborar sus trabajos; incorporando a la literatura como una más. Para el análisis de la vida cotidiana, la literatura, las novelas y los Episodios Nacionales son un testimonio inestimable de la sociedad de la época. Pues, ficción y realidad no tienen por qué ser lenguajes contradictorios, sino complementarios como afirma René Jara.
La investigación realizada me ha llevado a probar el valor de la literatura como fuente histórica y el estudio de la obra de Benito Pérez Galdós ha contribuido a aportar una visión más esclarecedora de la sociedad decimonónica, donde la aparición de un nuevo grupo social, la clase media, objetivo fundamental de este análisis, está ampliamente representado.
Obviamente, la nueva estructura social posibilita libertad de acceso para ejercer cualquier profesión, según convenga y en función de las capacidades de cada uno, igualmente contempla derechos inalienables como la educación y el sufragio universal indirecto. Todo ello coadyuvará a que se produzca un cambio de mentalidad donde la premisa de que el trabajo dignifica es incontestable, así como la idea de movilidad de clases, de status social y de lugar o ciudad. La libertad de movimiento es inherente al actual sistema social proyectado por las Cortes Generales y Extraordinarias de Cádiz.
En contra de la España reaccionaria, el dramaturgo recrea negativamente la restitución de Fernando VII al Trono de España debido a lo que supone el retorno al sistema anterior, la invalidación del conjunto de las actuaciones llevadas a cabo por las Cortes de Cádiz. El Monarca anula una España para emerger junto a la otra.
Galdós determina la línea divisoria o el despegue de la clase media del pueblo llano mediante la creación ficticia de sus personajes, Gabriel Araceli —inspirado en un personaje real, en un grumete superviviente de la batalla de Trafalgar apellidado Galán— y de Salvador Monsalud —afrancesado por necesidad, que a la edad de veintiún años se incorporó al servicio del Rey José. Monsalud pasa por un proceso similar al héroe humano de la Primera Serie de Episodios Nacionales, puesto que desde que se enroló en la Guardia del Rey José en 1813 hasta convertirse en el caballero ilustrado que es en 1834 ejerce diversas ocupaciones. A pesar de sus orígenes poco afortunados asistiremos a la liberación del personaje propuesta por el autor y a la del propio país, ya que a través de la regeneración personal de Salvador, Galdós propone la regeneración de España.
Gracias a la metodología adoptada —que sustancialmente permite conectar la historia y la literatura y lo que es más importante elaborar un exhaustivo fondo documental que nos acerca en mejores condiciones a este nuevo grupo— se ha demostrado el valor del discurso literario como fuente histórica, contribuyendo a aportar una visión más dilucidadora de la sociedad del siglo XIX y sobre todo de la clase media, objeto de este estudio.
Pérez Galdós mantiene lo afirmado por las fuentes tradicionales por medio del comportamiento desarrollado por los personajes de sus novelas. Aquellos que fueron creciendo gradualmente avanzan socialmente y los que se quedan anclados en el pasado se arruinan o tienden a la decadencia. El autor alienta a la regeneración de sus personajes y por extensión a la regeneración de España a través de una renovación basada en la educación y en el progreso.Nineteenth century society has always interested me greatly, as has the realist novel of the period, which accounts for my choice of the writer, Benito Pérez Galdós, as the object of study in this thesis. This undisputed giant of literature was an expert in portraying not only the society of his day but more specifically the middle classes, their way of being, thinking and behaving. But above all, Galdós captures their most immediate aspirations focused primarily on their embourgeoisement, on their scaling of the social ladder, as far as this lay within their possibilities, as typified by the case of Don Benigno Cordero, one of the main characters to appear in the Segunda Serie de Episodios Nacionales. He also expertly brings to life the groups with whom the middle classes rubbed shoulders and forged relations. It is especially telling to see how, as the century unfolds, Galdós describes a middle class perfectly at ease in this emerging class-conscious society of which it is the principal architect. This thesis attaches considerable weight to the line of research opened up by historians of the importance of C. Seco Serrano, Jover Zamora, Tuñón de Lara, J. Fontana and Antoni Jutglar who, following in the steps of a rich historical tradition, justify the relevance of the overall theme, of nineteenth century society and of the use of literature as a historical source, by considering literary production and, in this case, the work of Benito Pérez Galdós as an invaluable archive for the researcher, since it provides an excellent approximation to and an exhaustive understanding of the middle classes. Moreover, the study serves to demonstrate that although we may start from such different sources, as are those provided by literature and history, we nevertheless reach the same conclusions. The research reported herein has enabled me to test the value of literature as a historical source and the study of the work of Benito Pérez Galdós has helped me to offer a more illuminating vision of nineteenth-century society, where the emergence of a new social group, that of the middle class, and the main point of focus of this analysis, is widely represented.
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Whang, Mikyoung. "Nelly Don’s 1916 pink gingham apron frock: an illustration of the middle-class American housewife’s shifting role from producer to consumer". Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8621.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Apparel, Textiles, and Interior Design
Sherry Haar
Nell Donnelly created a stylish, practical, affordable pink gingham apron frock in 1916, selling out her first order of 216 dresses the first morning at $1 apiece at Peck’s Dry Goods Company in Kansas City. This study investigates the forces behind the success of her dress, and finds that during the early 20th century, woman’s role became modernized, shifting from that of producer to consumer, and that clothing—in particular, the housedress—was a visible reflection of this shift. Specific attributes contributed to the success of the apron frock in design and social perspective. First, her housedress incorporated current design elements including kimono sleeves, empire waistline, waist yoke, asymmetrical front closure, and ruffle trimmings sensibly. Socially, mass advertising and mass media articles promoted fashion consciousness in women to look as pretty as those in the ad or article. As a result, integrating trendy design elements into an affordable housedress along with the growing demand for a stylish, yet practical housedress guaranteed the success of Nelly Don’s pink gingham apron frock. As such, the availability and value of the apron frock provide a vivid illustration of woman’s shifting role: its popularity as an alternative to old-fashioned Mother Hubbard housedresses demonstrates both women’s new consumer awareness as well as their growing involvement in the public sphere.
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Karsono, Sony. "Indonesia's New Order, 1966-1998: Its Social and Intellectual Origins". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1367606667.
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Yazdanpanah, Soheyla. "Att upprätthålla livet : Om lågavlönade ensamstående mödrars försörjning i Sverige". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7762.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This dissertation is about the experiences of low-paid single mothers in sustaining their families in Sweden in the early 2000. The investigation builds upon interviews with twenty low-paid single mothers living and working in Stockholm. Ten of the women are Swedish-born and the other ten are Iranian-born but have been residing in Sweden for several years. A majority of the Swedish-born women belong to the working class, while most of the Iranian-born mothers are from a middle class background. This study is based on an extended definition of sustenance that encompasses support for livelihood and meeting the family needs that conform to socially accepted norms. Sustenance requires incomes to cover expenses and care work. The informants sustain their families mostly from wage work. However, they also seek allowances from the social security system to buy goods and services that they combine with care work to sustain the family. The care work for younger children demands much time and physical work, while caring for older children requires more mental and emotional work. Sustenance for these mothers implies fulfilling all these demands and also to ensure that the children’s’ needs are met. Several factors influence the mothers’ sustenance. Low wages and the single responsibility for children means less money and more time devoted to care work. Few fathers take significant responsibility for their children’s sustenance. The mothers get support from their social networks, often from other women and from the welfare system. Ethnic background negatively affects sustenance for the Iranian-born mothers mostly in the form of reduced cultural and social capital. Children are the highest priority among all the families. However, the priorities may differ among the families and are connected to the mothers’ class, ethnic background and their access to cultural capital.