Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Microstructure contrôlée"
Crie uma referência precisa em APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, e outros estilos
Veja os 49 melhores trabalhos (teses / dissertações) para estudos sobre o assunto "Microstructure contrôlée".
Ao lado de cada fonte na lista de referências, há um botão "Adicionar à bibliografia". Clique e geraremos automaticamente a citação bibliográfica do trabalho escolhido no estilo de citação de que você precisa: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
Você também pode baixar o texto completo da publicação científica em formato .pdf e ler o resumo do trabalho online se estiver presente nos metadados.
Veja as teses / dissertações das mais diversas áreas científicas e compile uma bibliografia correta.
Kane, Dame Assane. "Alliages réfractaires à microstructure contrôlée". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 13, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PA131009.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis was to address certain challenges concerning the mass production of tungsten nanopowders (W) and tungsten alloys (W-V-Cr and W-V), but also the study of their mechanical properties (ductility, yield strength) and their resistance to recrystallization after sintering, with a view to their use as a plasma-facing material in the ITER project. For mass production, syntheses of W nanopowders and W alloys were made from the combustion synthesis process, Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS). Batch syntheses of between 50 and 500 g of powders were carried out at two temperatures (1800K and 2500K) in order to meet all the challenges relating to the scaling of this SHS process. These powders after characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed nanometric particles and a fairly similar microstructure (before and after scaling). As a result, the study of the mechanical properties (ductility and microhardness) and the resistance to recrystallization was carried out on blocks obtained after sintering by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). These characterizations have shown that W-V binary alloys have better ductility compared to pure W and ternary alloy WV2Cr2. In fact, a ductility of almost 37.5% was obtained during the compression test at ambient temperature of the W-V8 alloy. All the samples showed good resistance to recrystallization at 1000° C. for 1 h. These results are promising for use as materials of the divertor. However, it is necessary to supplement this with other characterizations such as the study of resistance to oxidation at high temperature, the study of thermal shocks, etc
Devémy, Stéphanie. "Synthèse de céramiques PZT à microstructure contrôlée". Valenciennes, 2008. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/f24641e8-b4ba-4290-9f99-87ed13bd2567.
Texto completo da fonteThis work deals with the realization of textured PZT ceramics. The various stages of elaboration of those ceramics : grains synthesis, their casting and sintering are invastigated. The first part of the thesis consists in synthetizing PZT grains with a stoichiometric composition and a morphology allowing some texturation. Two methods of synthesis are tested: the hydrothermal synthesis and the flux growth synthesis. The hydrothermal synthesis appears to be inappropriate for the realization of grains allowing the elaboration of textured materials. Only the flux synthesis allows to realize large-sized and cubic morphology grains which can be used in a manufacturing process of textured ceramics. The second part concerns the implementation of these grains by tape-casting to induce a granular orientation by lamination. In the last part, as the densification behavior of these tape-cast sheets by natural sintering is limited, we have to use assisted methods as the SPS or the hot pressing. Dense ceramics of textured PZT are so realized. After polarization under electric field, a gain of 116 % for the piezoelectric constant is obtained
Kasperski, Anne. "Nanocomposites nanotubes de carbone - céramique à microstructure contrôlée : préparation et propriétés". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2187/.
Texto completo da fonteThe incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in a brittle and insulator ceramic matrix is expected to enhance fracture toughness and fracture strength, to improve tribological properties and also gives rise to an electrical conducting material. We aimed to produce CNT-alumina nanocomposites with homogeneous submicronic microstructure and CNT with 1, 2, 8 or 20 walls (named xCNT, x = 1, 2, 8 or 20). CNT-Al2O3 powders were prepared by two routes (in-situ synthesis and mixing) and densified by hot-pressing (HP) or spark plasma sintering (SPS). The electrical conductivities were linked to the degree of CNT dispersion. The mechanical properties were correlated to preparation routes and CNT characteristics. The CNT length determine their mechanical locking inside the matrix and the non-covalent functionalization (gum arabic), contrary to the covalent functionalization, preserves the CNT integrity which leads to large scale crack-bridging in the materials. Preparation techniques which led to the best dispersions of CNT in alumina were transposed to zirconia with 3% mol. Yttria to prepare nanocomposites with different carbon contents of 2CNT or 8CNT. The friction coefficient of steel/2NTC-zirconia couples was decreased up to 2. 5 times thanks to a lubrication by deformation of the 2CNT, and the one of alumina/8CNT-zirconia couples up to 3. 5 times through the formation of a lubricant film due to 8NTC exfoliation
Brisse, Annabelle. "Caractérisation électrochimique de matériaux céramiques à microstructure contrôlée pour Piles à Combustible SOFC fonctionnant à température réduite". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00103670.
Texto completo da fonteUne conductivité purement ionique de 9x10-3 S.cm-1 a été mesurée à 700°C sur l'électrolyte retenu de composition La9Sr1Si6O26,5. Cette céramique de structure apatite est stable chimiquement au contact du matériau de cathode conducteur mixte Nd1,95NiO4+Δ. L'étude de la réduction de l'oxygène a montré que l'étape limitante est le transfert des ions oxyde à l'interface cathode/électrolyte. Le cermet anodique Ni-apatite a été élaboré par imprégnation de la matrice poreuse d'apatite par un sel de nickel. Cette méthode permet une meilleure stabilisation du nickel dans la structure hôte. Ces travaux mettent en évidence l'intérêt d'une nouvelle cellule SOFC fonctionnant à température intermédiaire composée d'électrolyte de structure apatite.
Boulvert, Jean. "Traitements acoustiques à porosité contrôlée pour atténuation optimale". Thesis, Le Mans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LEMA1033.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis exploits some of the new possibilities offered by additive manufacturing to design and optimize treatments for sound attenuation consisting in porous materials. Additive manufacturing allows to control individually each pore of a material. The porous treatment design process is turned upside down: instead of searching through a catalogue of existing materials to solve a problem, it is possible to directly design the right material by adjusting its microstructure. This research is part of a plan to reduce aircraft engine noise but extends beyond the aeronautical field, both theoretically and in terms of possible applications. A predicting method of the acoustic behaviour of porous materials produced by additive manufacturing and taking into account the impact of manufacturing defects is first introduced. Porous materials with controlled graded properties are then studied. A method for optimizing microstructural or manufacturing parameters is developed. The ability of graded porous materials to attenuate frequencies too low to be attenuated by non-graded materials is then proven and the optimal gradient for broadband attenuation is defined. The impact of the wall thickness of the pores along with the impact of transverse propagation inside porous materials is studied. Finally, a metaporous treatment allowing broadband and sub-wavelength absorption is developed. The results of this research can be applied to create porous treatments with a high noise attenuation. The analytical and numerical models used in this research are based on the hypothesis of porous materials acoustically behaving as equivalent fluids. The results are physically analyzed and experimentally validated through impedance tube testing of specimens produced by additive manufacturing
Berthé, Vincente. "Développement de mélanges à base de polylactide à durée de vie contrôlée. Étude des relations microstructure / propriétés / mise en œuvre". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00677093.
Texto completo da fonte- l'amélioration de la résilience du polylactide (P(L)LA) par incorporation d'agents modifiants au choc ou de biopolymères à faible module d'Young tels que la poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) et le poly-butylène-succinate (PBS). De plus, deux voies de compatibilisation des mélanges ont été testées, par introduction d'agents de polycondensation ou de monomères photo-réticulants.
- l'étude de la résistance à divers vieillissements climatiques (hydrolyse, oxydation thermique et photo-vieillissement) des systèmes présentant une bonne résistance au choc.
- le contrôle de la phase de fragmentation des systèmes les plus performants via l'incorporation de catalyseurs d'oxydation.
Berthé, Vincent. "Développement de mélanges à base de polylactide à durée de vie contrôlée : étude des relations microstructure / propriétés / mise en œuvre". Paris, ENMP, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00677093.
Texto completo da fonteThis study is a part of a global research program aiming at developing innovative bio-composites based on biodegradable matrix (poly-lactide, poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) and poly-butylen-succinate (PBS)) with controlled mechanical properties and life times in different weathering conditions. Besides, the blend end of life fragmentation are also studied. Different aspects of this global research program are developed in this study: - impact resistance improvement of poly-lactide P(L)LA through the incorporation of impact modifiers and/or low Young modulus polymers (PCL and PBS). Besides, for polyesters blends, two compatibilization techniques have been used. - the incorporation of polycondensation agents and photo-crosslinkings under gamma rays. - study of weathering resistance (hydrolysis, thermal oxidation and photo-ageing) of systems having the best impact properties/end-of-life fragmentation control of the best systems using oxidation catalysts
Henry, Quentin. "Apport de l’expérimentation aux petites échelles spatiales et temporelles sur l’étude du comportement mécanique des céramiques à microstructure contrôlée soumises à des sollicitations dynamiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENSAM, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENAME052.
Texto completo da fonteCeramics stand out as materials of choice for lightening mechanical armor structures, thanks to their high compressive strength, while being lighter than conventionally used metals. Some micromechanical models suggest that the apparent increase in mechanical properties of brittle materials under dynamic loading results from the interaction between loading velocity and crack propagation velocity in a heterogeneous structure. However, no textit{in situ} experimental evidence has yet validated this hypothesis. An empirical approach has been proposed to verify this hypothesis and show the influence of ceramic microstructure on the sensitivity of their mechanical response to strain rate. This experimental approach must take account of all dynamic effects, particularly those linked to rapid crack propagation. The method envisaged for this thesis will put into perspective the effect of microstructure on the fragmentation process of ceramics at different strain rates.To control the microstructure, pores were introduced into an alumina matrix with precise control over their quantity, size and morphology. It was observed that mechanical properties decreased with increasing pore size. At constant density, large pores are particularly critical in terms of mechanical properties. An increase in strain rate leads to an increase in apparent mechanical properties. This sensitivity is even more pronounced in porous ceramics. The competition between rapid crack propagation and loading rates described in micromechanical models is reflected in the decrease in fragment size, which is more pronounced in porous ceramics. The introduction of pores leads to an increase in the density of critical defects, favoring the initiation of more cracks under dynamic loading. The analysis carried out under synchrotron source at ESRF enabled us to accurately track the fracture kinetics of the ceramics, as well as the response of the structure under dynamic loading. The results obtained, in particular the crack propagation velocity and the different fracture paths, provide valuable references for validating numerical approaches to modeling the fracture of brittle materials. This rapid crack propagation generates inertia effects, estimated by a direct numerical approach. The results underline the importance of using such a method to estimate fracture energy, otherwise dynamic effects could be greatly overestimated, compromising structural integrity
Lavielle, Nicolas. "Fabrication de nanofibres et nanoparticules de biopolyesters pour la libération contrôlée d'un composé modèle". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063059.
Texto completo da fonteBaradel, Nathalie. "Synthèse de macromolécules à microstructures contrôlées : régulation des séquences de monomètres dans les copolymérisations radicalaires en chaîne". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAF028/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn this work, chain-growth controlled radical polymerization techniques were used to develop new strategies to regulate polymer sequences. For that, two different approaches were studied. The first approach was developed by our team over past years and consists in adding reactive functional monomers at precise locations during a chain-growth polymerization. This method relies on the differences in reactivity between the functional monomer (acceptor N-substituted maleimides, in small quantity) and the comonomer (donor styrene, excess) which will form the backbone of the polymer chain. Deficient monomer was inserted rapidly in the chain backbone. By this way, multifonctionalized macromolecules were creating such as dendronized polymers or glycopolymers.The second approach consists in controlling monomer sequence by successive monoinsertions of comonomers. Successive and ordered monomer additions occur in starved conditions by use of non-homopolymerizable monomers. Two different concepts were studied. In the first, the monoinsertion is regulated only by the non-polymerizable nature of the monomer and CRP deactivation while, in the second, the monoinsertion is also regulated by the use of an additional comonomer that do not homopolymerize
Juste, Enrique. "Elaboration de réacteurs catalytiques membranaires à microstructures et architectures contrôlées". Limoges, 2008. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/0decb987-3264-4264-8bb3-b83c1092abe9/blobholder:0/2008LIMO4045.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteSince twenty years, syngas (H2+CO) production from natural gas, has been presented an increasing interest as source of energy and chemical feedstock. Catalytic Membrane Reactors (CMR) are economical attractive processes for natural gas reforming to syngas. The CMR studied consisted of a mixed ionic and electronic conductor dense layer (La(1-x)SrxFe(1-y)GayO3-d) which can separate oxygen from air and transport it, a porous support to ensure the mechanical strength of the reactor and a catalytic layer improving methane reforming. Firstly, a material with a good dimensional stability was chosen and shaped by tape casting. Secondly, the influence of the microstructure of the membrane and the architecture of multilayer reactors on semipermeability properties was studied. Finally, a multilayer dense membrane was elaborated in order to improve performances of the CMR in industrial working conditions
Tocino, Florent. "Contrôle microstructural des réactions rédox à l'interface solide/solution lors de la dissolution d'oxydes mixtes à base d'uranium (IV)". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS247/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn the field of the use of actinides mixed oxides as potential fuels for the Gen(III) and Gen(IV) nuclear reactors, solid solutions with general formula U1-xThxO2, U1-xCexO2-y, U0.75Nd0.25O1.875, U0.75Gd0.25O1.875 and Th0.75Nd0.25O1.875 were prepared by thermal conversion of oxalate precursors. Dense pellets exhibiting various physico-chemical and microstructural properties (in terms of composition, homogeneity, densification rate, …) were prepared through sintering then submitted to dissolution tests.The multiparametric study of the dissolution, performed in nitric, sulfuric and hydrochloric media clearly underlined the important effect of the chemical composition on the chemical durability of the samples. Indeed, several parameters (including partial order related to proton activity, apparent activation energy) confirmed the significant modification of the preponderant dissolution mechanism for uranium-enriched samples. Moreover, the role of various nitrogen-based species was evidenced at the solid/solution interface.The evolving of solid/solution interfaces (reactive surface area, composition) during dissolution was monitored by the means of operando ESEM experiments. Preferential dissolution zones (triple junctions, grain boundaries, inter- and intra-granular porosities) were clearly observed for uranium-depleted samples. They induce a significant increase of the reactive surface area even for short progress of the reaction. On the contrary, the dissolution appeared more homogenous for uranium-enriched samples due to the existence of a preponderant mechanism associated to the oxidation of the uranium(IV) at the interface
Saquet, Olivier. "Caractérisation des aciers par bruit Barkhausen (interaction microstructure cristalline/microstructure magnétique) : optimisation de la mise en œuvre pour un développement industriel : Application au contrôle des traitements superficiels". Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0100.
Texto completo da fonteAThe Barkhausen noise is a promising technique for Non Destructive Evaluation, but its industrial development is limited, because the application to real case is delicate and the exploitation of the results sometimes difficult. The aim of this work is to propose an approach for the interpretation of the measurements in order to improve the reliability of the technique. In a first part, a critical study of the existing apparatus brought us to develop a constant magnetization speed excitation, which is essential for the exploitation of the peak shaped signal as a representation of the magnetisation process. Problems due to the industrial application are raised: the experimental parameters are studied in order to obtain an identical magnetic information in the case of industrial application as in the case of laboratory measurement. Then, for the explanation of the RMS Barkhausen signal as a function of the microstructural state of steel, we applied an approach based on the knowledge of the magnetic microstructure and of its reorganisation under an applied field. So, the elementary Barkhausen events are known in term of size and number, and it is possible to give a relationship between the measured signals and the metallurgical states of steel. This analysis is applied to four typical states of steel (ferrite, pearlite, martensite and tempered martensite) and then, to the following of microstructural evolutions (decomposition of martensite by tempering and evolution of the ratio ferrite/pearlite). Lastly, the preceding interpretations are used to explain the Barkhausen signals from superficially treated samples in order to show the capability of the technique to measure the treated depth in the case of induction hardening, ion nitrogen hardening and case hardening. Finally, a model of the phenomenon and of its propagation is introduced to link a magnetic perturbation m the material and its detection by a probe as an electric pulse. The use of this electric representation for the elementary event allow us to obtain a propagation law for the phenomenon, to link it with parameters representative of the material, and to explicit the measurement by an encircling coil
Feuilly, Nicolas. "Etude de l'influence de la microstructure sur la diffusion ultrasonore en vue de l'amélioration du contrôle non-destructif des matériaux polycristallins". Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22107.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteWithin the framework of its nuclear power plants, EDF uses ultrasonic inspections to make sure of the lack of defects. The structure of polycristalline materials produces the scattering of the ultrasonic wave, which can result in a significant attenuation of the signal and the appearance of structural noise in some cases. Industrial inspections on various components demonstrated the importance of these physical phenomena, which decrease the performances of the ultrasonic inspections. This thesis aims therefore at highlighting the scattering phenomena, at correlating attenuation and structural noise to microstructural characteristics of materials, and at modelling the mechanisms involved [. . . ]
Sassine, Sami. "Transport électronique contrôlé par micro-ondes dans des microstructures asymétriques : effet ratchet mésoscopique". Toulouse, INSA, 2007. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000203/.
Texto completo da fonteIn this thesis we present the study of directed electron transport, induced by linear-polarized microwave radiations, in artificial asymmetric microstructures based on semiconductors. The samples used are high mobility two-dimensional electron gases based on AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions. Lattices of semicircular-shaped antidots were fabricated on these samples in order to control the transport properties. We clearly observed directed transport phenomenon which results in the appearance of a dc-voltage (2–20 mV) in the asymmetric antidot lattice under irradiation with microwaves of frequency 33–75 GHz. We demonstrated that it is possible to change the direction of the transport by changing the direction of the linear polarization. Moreover, the effect depends linearly on the microwave power; it disappears at liquid nitrogen temperature when the electron mean free path becomes comparable to the distance between antidots. Finally, it is suppressed by the application of a relatively low magnetic field (0. 2 T). The measurements in lattices of circular (symmetric) antidots demonstrated the absence of this “ratchet” effect in this case. The qualitative and quantitative comparisons to recent theoretical predictions show a good agreement between theory and experiment. This experimental investigation offers perspectives for industrial applications: the structures studied in this thesis can be used to fabricate new micro-scale current generators and new electromagnetic radiation detectors sensitive to polarization and having a linear response to the microwave power
Leborgne, Jean-Marie. "Appareil de mesure locale du pouvoir thermoélectrique : application au contrôle du vieillissement thermique des aciers inoxydables austénoferritiques moulés des réacteurs à eau pressurisée". Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0134.
Texto completo da fonteAt first, we designed an apparatus for local thermopower (TEP) measurement which can be applied to bulk metallic specimens. We gave thermoelectrical and thermomechanical analysis of our experimental measurement conditions and we showed it is necessary to make some corrections on the initial data acquisitions for an accurate TEP determination. Particularly, we used a thermal computer simulation. Secondly, we considered the thermal aging of cast duplex stainless steels used in the primary loop of pressurized water reactors. Because of service temperatures, the ferritic phase of these alloys presents a microstructural evolution which produces a hardening phenomenon and a structural embrittlement (spinodal decomposition and precipitation of intermetallic phase particles). We first used an apparatus for TEP measurement at 20°C which requires small specimens. We verified that TEP is correlated with the parameters describing the evolution of the spinodal decomposition and with the mechanical properties of these steels. Then we established a relation giving the TEP from the ferrite content and from the thermal aging conditions. Using our local TEP measurement apparatus, we showed that an appropriate statistical treatment allowed us to obtain the same results with a suitable accuracy and reproducibility. This work shows the possibility of a non-destructive testing of the thermal aging of the duplex stainless steels and could conduce to the realization of a portable apparatus which could be used on components of the primary loop themselves
Ruggeri, Etienne. "Synthèse et propriétés en solution de copolymères hydrosolubles faiblement chargés : contrôle de la microstructure et de l'hydrophobie". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066389.
Texto completo da fonteBellenger, Fabien. "Etude et contrôle de la corrosion feuilletante des alliages d'aluminium 2024 et 7449 par bruit électrochimique et émission acoustique : analyse microstructurale et caractérisation de l'endommagement". Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0066/these.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThis work deals with the study and the characterization of the enfoliation corrosion of various laminated aluminium alloys (2024 and 7449) and the elaboration of a monitoring tool for this mode of degradation on structures. The degradation is characterized by acoustic emission and various electrochemical techniques, particularly electrochemical impedance and electrochemical noise measurements. Results are discussed in relation with the microstructure studied by electron microscopy (SEM, TEM=. Spectral density analysis of acoustic emission signals allows the detection, the monitoring and the characterization of enfoliation corrosion. The successive stages are observed on each tested material. 2024T3 alloy suffers a degradation largely related with stresses effects due to corrosion products. On contrary, 7449T6 alloy mainly suffers an intergranular electrochemical dissolution. The behaviour of the 7449T6 alloy is intermediate between both previous exposed. Electrochemical results confirm and complete those obtained by acoustic emission. Differences of comportment between the three studied materials are due to the more or less important competition between the electrochemical dissolution and the development of stresses of the corrosion products. These differences are interpreted considering the particular microstructural characteristics of each material (distribution of the intergranular precipitates, strength of the galvanic coupling between phases, influence of the local stresses)
Vives, Solange. "Contrôle de la microstructure et des propriétés de transport d'alliages incommensurables de siliciure de manganèse pour la thermoélectricité". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0227/document.
Texto completo da fonteGenerating electricity from waste heat by means of thermoelectric generators may represent a very interestingopportunity to significantly reduce the impact of road transportation. In this context, HigherManganese Silicide (HMS) based alloys are studied as p-type semiconductors to achieve a sustainablescale-up of this technology. Through a strategy coupling metallurgy and solid state chemistry, thiswork revisits the knowledge on HMS and reveals the relationship between the phases, the microstructureand the manufacturing process. This systematic study has lead to the establishment of designguidance to maximize the performance and thus, to a new synthesis route. In addition, the productionof grain oriented and highly pure HMS materials evidences the isotropy of the transport properties ofHMS. Finally, this study suggests a relationship between grain boundary texture and segregation indoped-HMS, opening new directions for enhancing thermoelectric properties
Hallavant, Kylian. "Etude de la mobilité moléculaire de polyesters biosourcés à structures chimiques contrôlées". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR041.
Texto completo da fonteThe decline of fossil resources and the raise of collective awareness about the impact of plastic waste on the environment impose to look for possible alternatives to petroleum-based polymers with reduced carbon footprint and environmental risks. For this reason, bio-sourced and/or biodegradable polyesters have attracted much attention from both academic researchers and industrials. This thesis focuses on the thermal characterization of co-polyesters based on hydroxy-fatty acids, which are extracted from tomato-peel agro-wastes, and poly (alkylene trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) (PCHs), which are biodegradable and potentially biobased materials with interesting barrier properties. This thesis shows that both systems have high crystallization rates and form complex microstructures involving several polymorphs with a high density of small spherulites. The microstructure depends on the processing conditions (cooling rate from the melt, crystallization temperature) and on the chemical nature of the material (crosslinking density for the hydroxy-fatty acids, and alkyl chain length within the main structure of the repeating unit for the PCHs). Crosslinking reduces the mobility of the macromolecular chains and inhibits crystallization, whereas the alkyl chain length induces an odd-even effect with consequences on the melting and crystallization temperatures, on the coupling between the amorphous and crystalline phases, on the fragility index and on the glass-forming ability
Mondet, Mathieu. "Élaboration de composites base magnésium pour des applications d’allègement de structures et de protection balistique dans le secteur des transports". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0043/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe present PhD thesis falls within a structure lightweighting issue in the transport field for civil and military applications. Today, the metallic structural parts in transports are mainly composed of aluminum alloys and steels. With an inferior density and a similar specific mechanical strength to these metals, the AZ91 alloy appears to be a promising alternative. Despite its precipitation strengthening, its relative low mechanical properties limit its current use as engineering material. An improvement could be reached via microstructure refinement and ceramic particle strengthening. Powder metallurgy, involving Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), will be used as an effective way to improve the AZ91 properties using these two approaches. AZ91 alloys were produced by SPS and reinforced by SiC particles. Their mechanical properties were optimized by microstructure control. This control was carried out by adjusting the SPS processing parameters to optimize the alloy densification, its grain size and its precipitate content. The mechanical properties of the materials were evaluated via hardness testing, compression tests in quasi-static and dynamic conditions as well as quasi-static tensile tests. The tensile tests were carried out after an up-scaling of the production process from Ø30 mm cylindrical pieces to Ø80 mm pieces. In addition to the tensile tests, the up-scaling step allowed to study the repeatability of the process conditions. While the mechanical optimization of the SPS processed materials was paid on their compressive properties, their tensile properties gave information on their cohesion and ductility. In order to highlight the mechanical improvement got by microstructure refinement and particle strengthening, the SPS processed materials were compared with cast AZ91 alloys
Lucas, Iris. "Dynamique et contrôle d'un marché financier avec une approche système multi-agents". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH39/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis suggests reflection in studying financial markets through complex systems prism.First, an original mathematic description for describing agents' decision-making process in case of problems affecting by both individual and collective behavior is introduced. The proposed method is particularly applicable when studied system is characterized by non-linear, path dependent and self-organizing interactions. An application to financial markets is proposed by designing a multi¬agent system based on the proposed formalization.In this application, we propose to implement a computational agent-based financial market in which the system is described in both a microscopie and macroscopic levels are proposed. The agents' decision-making process is based on fuzzy logic rules and the price dynamic is purely deten-ninistic according to the basis matching rules of a central order book as in NYSE-Euronext-Paris. We show that, while putting most parameters under evolutionary control, the computational agent- based system is able to replicate several stylized facts of financial time series (distributions of stocks returns showing a heavy tau l with positive excess kurtosis and volatility clustering phenomenon).Thereafter, with numerical simulations we propose to study three system's properties: self-organization, resilience and robustness. First a method is introduced to quantify the degree of selforganization which ernerges in the system and shows that the capacity of self-organization is maximized when the agents' behaviors are heterogeneous. Secondly, we propose to study the system's response when market shock is simulated. in both cases, numerical results are presentedI and analyzed, showing how the global market behavior emerges from specific individual behavior interactions.Our results notably show that the emergence of collective herding behavior when market shock occurs leads to a temporary disruption on the system self-organization. Finaily, numerical simulations highlight that our artificial financial market can be able to absorb strong mono-shock but be lead to the rupture by low but repeated perturbations
Provino, Laurent. "Génération et amplification contrôlées de très larges bandes spectrales dans les fibres optiques conventionnelles et microstructurées". Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA2042.
Texto completo da fonteThis PhD thesis manuscript is organized in two parts. The first, theoretical, part deals with fibre optical parametric amplification in conventional and highly non linear fibres. New amplifier schemes aimed at increasing the transmission rates of wavelength-division-multiplexed systems are proposed and characterized. Flat gain spectra over very large bandwidths are obtained using two pumps in a single fibre, or a single pump in a multi-section, dispersion-tailored fibre arrangement. The second part studies air-silica microstructured fibres. An efficient modelling tool based on the vectorial Galerkin method is developed in order to study their novel guiding and dispersion properties. Supercontinuum generation in these fibres is also demonstrated, both in the nanosecond and femtosecond pulse pumping regimes, and explained through analytical and numerical calculations. Finally, polarisation mode dispersion and vectorial modulational instability in the microstructured fibre are studied
Forens, Pierre-Antoine. "Tuning polybutadiene microstructure using multi-metallic initiation systems by anionic polymerization". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0312.
Texto completo da fonteThe goal of this research work is to find original ways to obtained polybutadiene with defined microstructure by developing multimetallic initiation systems. The aim of the first experimental chapter was to obtain polybutadiene with a 50% vinyl content in a controlled way in apolar media. This objective was achieved by using a bimetallic system based on potassium alkoxide and alkyllithium. The goal of the last experimental chapter was to prospect multimetallic initiation systems allowing obtention of polybutadiene without using lithium derivatives. The use of dialkylmagnesium in association with potassium alkoxide was found relevant to produce polybutadiene with a 50% vinyl content, while the association of dialkylmagnesium and barium alkoxide allows the synthesis of polybutadiene with a high 1,4-trans content (up to 65%)
Deshayes, Pascal. "Conséquences du refroidissement accéléré doux après laminage contrôlé sur la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques d'aciers à 0,1% de carbone". Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10029.
Texto completo da fonteBriez, Louise. "Relations microstructure-propriétés à haute température dans les alliages d'aluminium pour application aéronautique". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM045/document.
Texto completo da fonteAluminum alloys possess low weight and cost and have a high strength which makes them one of the most used materials in aircraft industry. Their operating temperature is included in the range of – 55 to + 85~°C. Nevertheless, the literature data are lacking for aluminum alloys exposed at temperature significantly higher than 85~°C.The aim of this study is to characterize the microstructural and mechanical properties evolution of aluminum alloys as a function of the time, temperature and load after different times of exposure at temperatures above 85 °C.2024 T3 and T8 and 5086 H111 alumnium alloys were artificially aged at different temperatures in the range of 85 to 250~°C for different durations, comparable to service time, varying from 1 to 10~000~h. Then, the mechanical properties were investigated in regard of the microstructural evolutions.Finally, a microstrure/properties map was obtained in a wide range of temperatures and for short and long durations of aging. Non destructive tests were also carried out in order to detect parts exposed in temperature and assess to their remanent properties
Guilbaud, Fabien. "Contrôle optimal dans des carnets d'ordres limites". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778458.
Texto completo da fonteAbdallahoui, Youcef. "Évaluation des contraintes résiduelles dans les assemblages soudés par méthode ultrasonore : prise en compte de la microstructure". Compiègne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997COMPA002.
Texto completo da fonteThis work aims to sum up the potentiality of ultrasonic method in wave velocity measurement to characterize skin-deep residual stress in welded assembly. Our approach has been experimented on steel sheets of three different thickness : 8, 20 and 30 mm, welded end to end with X or V chamfer in the came or orthogonal lamination direction. We emphasized on three main aspects :. The achievement of probe stands to produce longitudinal subsurface waves and Rayleigh waves. • The measurement of depth penetration of these waves. • Calibration : measurement of different acoustoelastic ratios. • determination of the suited wave type to measure deep-skin residual stress. We also studied the microstructure impact and relieved thermal treatment. To validate our approach we have compared our measurements with the incremental hole drilling method results and X- ray diffraction. Our work allows us to determine the best type of wave to measure the deep-skin stress. Indeed, the longitudinal subsurface wave is six times more accurate than Rayleigh waves. Depth penetration is frequency dependent. Microstructure impact is very important, we have evaluated its influence to 10 % in heat-affected zone (HAZ) area and 20 % in melted area. We have also evaluated the texture influence to 10 %, however we could free from it if lamination direction is known
Carreau, Vincent. "Contrôle microstructural du cuivre aux dimensions nanométriques : application à la maîtrise de la résistivité des interconnexions en microélectronique". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0117.
Texto completo da fonteLn integrated circuits, interconnects have a role more and more important since the number components is increasing. When dimensions are of the oroer of tens of nanometres, metal resistivity increases and interconnects reliability decreases. These two phenomenons are partly due to metal microstructure in nano-scale lines. This study deals with the copper microstructure in interconnects. For that, microstructure evolution was studied in thin films, narrow lines and in the Damascene architecture. Relevant microstructure evolution parameters were identified, quantified and understand in these geometries, such as dimensions, pinning forces and grain boundary mobility evolution. Solutions are proposed to optimize microstructure
Carreau, Vincent. "Contrôle microstructural du cuivre aux dimensions nanométriques : Application à la maîtrise de la résistivité des interconnexions en microélectronique". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547628.
Texto completo da fonteGautier-Picard, Charlotte. "Etude du revêtement de chrome dopé au carbone sur pièces mécaniques : Contrôle de la microstructure, des textures et des contraintes : Optimisation du procédé de pulvérisation cathodique magnétron". Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO0021.
Texto completo da fonteVelard, Corentin. "Influence de paramètres microstructuraux sur les propriétés de corrosion d'un alliage de magnésium biorésorbable hyperdéformé". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALI037.
Texto completo da fonteMagnesium alloys are promising candidates for bioresorbable implant applications. In this context, understanding the link between microstructure and corrosion/degradation mechanisms of magnesium alloys is an important issue. The objective of this work was to study the influence of the microstructure on the degradation of a biocompatible Mg-2%Ca alloy. For this purpose, two hyper-deformation processes (Friction Stir Processing and to a lesser extent Equal Channel Angular Pressing) were used to modify the microstructural parameters. These two processes proved to be particularly effective in reducing the grain size (micron-sized grains could be produced), modifying the spatial distribution and size of the second phases present in the alloy and developing specific crystallographic textures. Finally, despite these important microstructural variations, the impact on the degradation rate remains quite limited. The analysis of the electrochemical behaviour helped to decorrelate the influence of these microstructural parameters on the degradation rate; some of them compensating each other. If grain refinement seems to improve the corrosion resistance, due to a coverage of corrosion products probably more coherent with the metal, the role of the second phases appears more complex: the spatial dispersion of the second phase particles has little effect on the electrochemical behaviour whereas the refinement of these particles seems to significantly influence the layer of corrosion products. Finally, as observed on pure Mg and other Mg alloys, crystallographic texture also plays a significant role in corrosion resistance. This work has hence contributed to the improvement of the understanding of the influence of the microstructure on the electrochemical behavior of a magnesium-calcium alloy
Bui, Thi Minh Tu. "Contribution à la modélisation du bruit barkhausen en relation avec la microstructure des matériaux ferromagnétiques". Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1867.
Texto completo da fonteThe Barkhausen noise is a magnetic noise, effected by the microstructure as well as the mechanical condition of the material, generated when the material is under a magnetic field. This phenomenon is mainly due to the movement of the 180° Bloch wall. The modeling of the noise is carried out for a homogeneous volume at microscopic and mésoscopic scales. The resulting noise is called local noise. The material can be divided into many superimposed layers whose microstructures are homogeneous. The total noise is the sum of those local noises, giving that they are partly or wholly absorbed by the material before arriving at the surface, where they will be measured by the sensor. Depending on the microstructure and the arrangement of the layers in the material, different forms of the total noise can be obtained
Caruso, Matteo. "Thermomechanical processing of eutectoid steels: strategies to improve the microstructure of the hot rolled strips". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209371.
Texto completo da fonteexcellent strength levels and wear resistance. These properties arise from the unique morphology of lamellar pearlite which can be considered
as a self-laminated nanoscale composite. However, a spheroidization annealing step is nowadays necessary to improve the cold forming properties before further cold rolling steps.
This thesis is aimed at improving the tensile ductility of the hot rolled products of eutectoid composition in order to eliminate the intermediate
annealing step. Two strategies are proposed.
The first is to transpose the concept of controlled rolling developed for HSLA to
eutectoid steels. Through a strict adjustment of the austenite processing and of the cooling strategy, it is possible to improve the ductility
of the final lamellar microstructure. The way the processing parameters influence the hot deformation of austenite, the eutectoid transformation and of the subsequent spheroidization annealing is deeply
investigated. It is found that refinement and pancaking of austenite
is beneficial as it reduces the pearlite block size improving the total
tensile elongation. Accelerated cooling is of paramount importance to
achieve fine Interlamellar spacing (ILS), which lead to high strength
levels and accelerate spheroidization during subsequent annealing.
The second approach involves intercritical or warm deformation. Warm processing of eutectoid steels is first explored by torsion testing
and then up-scaled to a pilot rolling-line. The interactions between thermomechanical parameters, rolling forces generated and microstructural
evolution are carefully scrutinized. During concurrent hot deformation, spheroidization of cementite takes place almost instantaneously
in both torsion and rolling. The restoration processes occurring in the ferrite matrix depends on the strain path and the strain rates. Low strain rates (0,1 s−1) and simple shear promotes the formation of a recrystallized-like HABs network of about 3μm in size.
Plane strain compression and high strain rates (10 s−1) leads to the formation of a typical recovered dislocation substructure (LABs) of 1μm in size. During annealing, no recrystallization occurs and the LABs substructure remains stable. This substructure influences drammatically the mechanical properties: the strength is very high and the work-hardening behavior is poor due to high recovery rate in the region close to the LABs. However, due to the presence of spheroidized
cementite particles the ductility of warm rolled eutectoid steels is higher than that of ultra fine grained low carbon steels.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Jusselin, Paul. "Some aspects of the central role of financial market microstructure : Volatility dynamics, optimal trading and market design". Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX025.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is made of three parts. In the first one, we study the connections between the dynamics of the market at the microscopic and macroscopic scales, with a focus on the properties of the volatility. In the second part we deal with optimal control for point processes. Finally in the third part we study two questions of market design.We begin this thesis with studying the links between the no-arbitrage principle and the (ir)regularity of volatility. Using a microscopic to macroscopic approach, we show that we can connect those two notions through the market impact of metaorders. We model the market order flow using linear Hawkes processes and show that the no-arbitrage principle together with the existence of a non-trivial market impact imply that the volatility process has to be rough, more precisely a rough Heston model. Then we study a class of microscopic models where order flows are driven by quadratic Hawkes processes. The objective is to extend the rough Heston model building continuous models that reproduce the feedback of price trends on volatility: the so-called Zumbach effect. We show that using appropriate scaling procedures the microscopic models converge towards price dynamics where volatility is rough and that reproduce the Zumbach effect. Finally we use one of those models, the quadratic rough Heston model, to solve the longstanding problem of joint calibration of SPX and VIX options smiles.Motivated by the extensive use of point processes in the first part of our work we focus in the second part on stochastic control for point processes. Our aim is to provide theoretical guarantees for applications in finance. We begin with considering a general stochastic control problem driven by Hawkes processes. We prove the existence of a solution and more importantly provide a method to implement the optimal control in practice. Then we study the scaling limits of solutions to stochastic control problems in the framework of population modeling. More precisely we consider a sequence of models for the dynamics of a discrete population converging to a model with continuous population. For each model we consider a stochastic control problem. We prove that the sequence of optimal controls associated to the discrete models converges towards the optimal control associated to the continuous model. This result relies on the continuity of the solution to a backward stochastic differential equation with respect to the driving martingale and terminal value.In the last part we address two questions of market design. We are first interested in designing a liquid electronic market of derivatives. We focus on options and propose a two steps method that can be easily applied in practice. The first step is to select the listed options. For this we use a quantization algorithm enabling us to pick the options capturing most of market demand. The second step is to design a make-take fees policy for market makers to incentivize them to set attractive quotes. We formalize this issue as a principal agent problem that we explicitly solve. Finally we look for the optimal auction duration that should be used on a market organized in sequential auctions, the case of auctions with 0 second duration corresponding to the continuous double auctions situation. To do so, we use an agent based model where market takers are competing. We consider that the optimal auction duration is the one leading to the best quality of price formation process. After proving existence of a Nash equilibrium for the competition between market takers we apply our results on stocks market data. We find that for most of the stocks, the optimal auction duration lies between 2 and 10 minutes
Mondière, Aurélien. "Contrôle des propriétés mécaniques de l’acier Ferrium® M54® par la maîtrise de sa microstructure au cours du traitement thermique dans l’optique d’applications aéronautiques". Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0006/document.
Texto completo da fonteFerrium® M54® steel presents an optimized composition, based on 40 years of research and development on secondary hardening steels. This alloy exhibits an excellent Rm/KIC/KISCC balance that allows considering its use in landing gears applications of wide-body aircrafts in the future. However, initial mechanical tests performed by the end-user have shown variability in mechanical properties depending on the applied heat treatment. The main goal of this work is to describe the microstructural evolutions of the alloy M54® during heat treatment and their impact on the resulting mechanical properties with a specific focus on the effect of the cryogenic treatment.The different austenitizing and tempering conditions investigated have shown a stability of the tempering precipitation and mechanical properties. This precipitation has been characterized at different scales and compared with other grades of the same family. On the other hand, depending on cryogenic treatment conditions, a significant variation of the mechanical properties and in particular of the yield strength is observed without any modification in the precipitation distribution and volume fraction or size. Austenite content is critical for the yield strength and is very sensitive to the cryogenic treatment conditions: time and temperature before cryogenic treatment and temperature of cryogenic treatment. An improved heat treatment to obtain reduced and constant austenite content is proposed
Sarète, Jean. "Etude de la fatigue d'un acier à bas carbone : Caracterisation de la microstructure et de l' endommagement : correlation avec le bruit barkhausen, les paramètres magnétiques et mécaniques : - Influence des contraintes internes". Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0044.
Texto completo da fonteThe purpose of this work is to study the possibilities of using Barkhausen noise to evaluate, in a nondestructive manner, the damage of a low carbon steel used in nuclear power plants during oligo cyclic mechanical fatigue. To this end, an instrument has been developed for automatic in-situ magnetic characterization. All along the life of the material, variations of different parameters have been correlated: mechanical (maximum stress reached during a cycle, stiffness. . . ), magnetic (hysteresis cycle) and micro magnetic (Barkhausen noise. . . ). At the same time, the changes in the microstructural state of the material have been studied, by observing the surface and the bulk of the material via optical and electron microscopy. We noticed the rapid formation of dislocation cells, and simultaneously the apparition on the surface of marked slip bands, in which the initiation of micro cracks is easier. Damage appeared slightly after the midlife of the sample. AU the measured parameters show sensitivity to the beginning and end of the life of the material, but only the analysis of the Barkhausen noise allows to detect the damage phase. To complete this work, a method of magneto-mechanical characterization has been put in place, in order to have a wider knowledge of the influence of internal stresses. The evolution of the internal stresses measured at zero load after straining to different points in a fatigue cycle has been more thoroughly studied, as has the influence of these stresses on the micro magnetic measurements. The latter appear sensitive not only to the sign and value of the internal stresses but to their distribution within the material. Through these different approaches, the sensitivity to damage of Barkhausen noise is attributable to a detection of the evolution of internal stresses, especially after micro cracking of the material
Oliveira, Anicio Costa Isadora Maria. "Relations entre la microstructure, les propriétés mécaniques et électromagnétiques de fils d'acier au carbone traités thermomécaniquement". Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R047.
Texto completo da fontePearlite is a common constituent of a large variety of high strength steel grades typically used in many structural engineering applications, which demand a good combination of high strength and ductility. With the increasing requirements for product quality and in-service reliability, the non-destructive inspection of materials enables the evaluation of their properties including electromagnetic methods, such as eddy current testing (ECT). However, the influence of microstructural parameters on the physical properties indirectly measured by an electromagnetic sensor has not yet been completely elucidated. The objective of the present work is thereby to understand the relations between microstructure, mechanical properties, and electromagnetic behavior of carbon steel wires submitted to different thermomechanical treatments. It aims also at improving the knowledge of the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these steels. The effect of microstructure and plastic deformation on the electromagnetic responses of different steels with various tensile strengths was investigated through resistivity down to 2 K and magnetic measurements, as well as by ECT. In addition, magnetic domains could be imaged by magnetic force microscopy despite the complex microstructures. The electromagnetic responses changed according to the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability variations of each material, which were mainly related to changes in the volume fraction, distribution, and morphology of the cementite phase within the α-ferrite matrix. The increase of carbon concentration enhances the localization of electrons at the atomic sites, assisting the covalent character of interatomic bonds and thereby reducing the conductivity of steels. Besides, the α-Fe3C interfaces that act as a physical barrier for dislocation slip in ferrite, affecting as well the main free-path for conductive electrons and magnetic domain walls displacements within the material. Conductivity and permeability increased in the order of martensite, sorbite, pearlite, proeutectoid ferrite-pearlite, spheroidite, and ferrite microstructures. Also, the electrical and magnetic behavior of fully pearlitic steels was observed to depend on the deformation resulted from the cold-drawing and in-service application where fatigue may occur. Low-cycle fatigue experiments have pointed out that the resistance can be managed by relevant thermo-mechanical treatments. The potentiality of ECT was highlighted as a characterization tool of the microstructural state and mechanical properties of steel wires during manufacturing processes or in-service environment. Finally, this technique has been shown to be useful for monitoring cyclic elastic deformation and plastic accommodation of pearlitic steels responding to fatigue-loading conditions
Oliveira, Anicio Costa Isadora Maria. "Relations entre la microstructure, les propriétés mécaniques et électromagnétiques de fils d'acier au carbone traités thermomécaniquement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR047.
Texto completo da fontePearlite is a common constituent of a large variety of high strength steel grades typically used in many structural engineering applications, which demand a good combination of high strength and ductility. With the increasing requirements for product quality and in-service reliability, the non-destructive inspection of materials enables the evaluation of their properties including electromagnetic methods, such as eddy current testing (ECT). However, the influence of microstructural parameters on the physical properties indirectly measured by an electromagnetic sensor has not yet been completely elucidated. The objective of the present work is thereby to understand the relations between microstructure, mechanical properties, and electromagnetic behavior of carbon steel wires submitted to different thermomechanical treatments. It aims also at improving the knowledge of the physical and mechanical metallurgy of these steels. The effect of microstructure and plastic deformation on the electromagnetic responses of different steels with various tensile strengths was investigated through resistivity down to 2 K and magnetic measurements, as well as by ECT. In addition, magnetic domains could be imaged by magnetic force microscopy despite the complex microstructures. The electromagnetic responses changed according to the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability variations of each material, which were mainly related to changes in the volume fraction, distribution, and morphology of the cementite phase within the α-ferrite matrix. The increase of carbon concentration enhances the localization of electrons at the atomic sites, assisting the covalent character of interatomic bonds and thereby reducing the conductivity of steels. Besides, the α-Fe3C interfaces that act as a physical barrier for dislocation slip in ferrite, affecting as well the main free-path for conductive electrons and magnetic domain walls displacements within the material. Conductivity and permeability increased in the order of martensite, sorbite, pearlite, proeutectoid ferrite-pearlite, spheroidite, and ferrite microstructures. Also, the electrical and magnetic behavior of fully pearlitic steels was observed to depend on the deformation resulted from the cold-drawing and in-service application where fatigue may occur. Low-cycle fatigue experiments have pointed out that the resistance can be managed by relevant thermo-mechanical treatments. The potentiality of ECT was highlighted as a characterization tool of the microstructural state and mechanical properties of steel wires during manufacturing processes or in-service environment. Finally, this technique has been shown to be useful for monitoring cyclic elastic deformation and plastic accommodation of pearlitic steels responding to fatigue-loading conditions
Hoblos, Jazzar. "Évaluation des contraintes résiduelles par méthode ultrasonore avec prise en compte des effets de la microstructure : application au cas du soudage". Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-318.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteSouai, Nadia. "Contrôle du maclage thermique et de la taille de grains par traitements thermomécaniques dans deux superalliages base de Ni". Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0077.
Texto completo da fonteThis work has investigated the microstructure evolution of nickel-base superalloys during thermomechanical processing emphasis being placed on grain size and annealing twining. The aim is to assess the possibility of optimizing the properties of these materials through grain boundary engineering principle. We studied grades belonging to precipitation-hardened superalloys: the alloy PER®72 processed by ingot casting and, less thoroughly, the alloy N19 processed through powder metallurgy. Two deformation modes have been tested: torsion and compression. We pointed out that annealing twinning is promoted by high velocity grain boundary migration, which can be induced by (1) the grain boundary curvature that decreases when grain size increases (2) dislocation density gradients that are produced by low deformation steps applied at high strain rates and can sustain high velocity grain boundary migration even when grain size increases. The driving force related to curvature depends also on grain size distributions, which have been identified as an important microstructure parameter. When grain boundaries migrate as a result of the driving force related to dislocation density gradients they can pass the primary precipitates despite the zener drag these precipitates exert on grain boundaries in the two-phase microstructures: those that have not undergone any supersolvus heat treatment. The dynamic recrystallization occurrence or nonoccurrence during deformation steps has also an important impact on microstructure evolution during subsequent sub- or supersolvus heat treatments
Souai, Nadia. "Contrôle du maclage thermique et de la taille de grains par traitements thermomécaniques dans deux superalliages base de Ni". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00682084.
Texto completo da fonteInfante, Acevedo José Arturo. "Méthodes et modèles numériques appliqués aux risques du marché et à l'évaluation financière". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937131.
Texto completo da fonteFernandez, Tapia Joaquin. "Modeling, optimization and estimation for the on-line control of trading algorithms in limit-order markets". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066354/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis PhD thesis focuses on the quantitative analysis of mathematical problems arising in the field of optimal algorithmic trading. Concretely, we propose a scientific approach in order to optimize processes related to the capture and provision of liquidity in electronic markets. Because of the strongly industry-focused character of this work, not only we are interested in giving rigorous mathematical results but also to understand this research project in the context of the different stages that come into play during the practical implementation of the tools developed throughout the following chapters (e.g. model interpretation, parameter estimation, programming etc.).From a scientific standpoint the core of our work focuses on two techniques taken from the world of optimization and probability; these are, stochastic control and stochastic approximation. In particular, we provide original academic results for the problem of high frequency market making and the problem of portfolio liquidation by using limit orders; both by using a backward optimization approach. We also propose a forward optimization framework to solve the market making problem; the latter approach being quite innovative for optimal trading, as it opens the door for machine learning techniques.From a practical angle, this PhD thesis seeks to create a bridge between academic research and practitioners. Our mathematical findings are constantly put in perspective in terms of their practical implementation. Hence, we focus a large part of our work on studying the different factors that are of paramount importance to understand when transforming our quantitative techniques into industrial value: understanding the underlying market microstructure, empirical stylized facts, data processing, discussion about the models, limitations of our scientific framework etc
Gupta, Bhaawan. "Advanced electromagnetic non-destructive testing on creep degraded high chromium ferritic steels : Characterization, Modelling and physical interpretation". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI074.
Texto completo da fonteUnder constant high temperatures and pressure, the material undergoes mechanical creep degradation which leads to microstructural changes. These microstructural changes if not monitored on time, can lead to some serious fatal accidents such as in power plants. To investigate these microstructural changes, the material has to be shaped in a certain specific shape and size to have the imaging analysis using Scanning electron microscopy, Electron backscatter diffract ion etc. which are destructive in nature and involve high equipment cost. In order to overcome this issue, this thesis work, incorporates three different non-destructive techniques, to study the evolution of magnetic signatures with respect to the level of rupture they are exposed to. It is legitimate to assume that all the microstructural changes that occur in the material can be reflected in the corresponding magnetic signatures measured. The material that has been studied here is high chromium creep degraded steel which is used in the thermal power plant. The magnetic signatures are evaluated in terms of microstructural information to draw the conclusions. Some magnetic parameters from the curves, such as coercivity, magnetic reversibility are derived which show strong correlations with the microstructure. Similarly, techniques based on Hysteresis curves, and magnetic Barkhausen Noise are also implemented. To further quantify the results obtained from the magnetic signatures of the materials, a model has been developed to derive model parameters in order to physically interpret the microstructural changes. The modelling technique will help in overcoming the issue of lack of standards in NDT, irrespective of the experimental set-up involved. The parameters are compared to reveal sensitivity based on the technique. Finally, conclusion has been drawn to check which parameters are correlated to microstructure for a particular NDT technique used
Glanowski, Thomas. "Compréhension et modélisation des mécanismes élémentaires d’endommagement en fatigue d’élastomères renforcés au noir de carbone". Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENTA0009.
Texto completo da fonteThe fatigue properties of carbon black filled elastomers are strongly related to the inclusions’ population, induced by complex recipes and the successive stages of the manufacturing process (mixing, injection and curing). The improvement of these properties involves at first an ability to describe the statistical features of these inclusions’ population in terms of nature, size, geometry, orientation and spatial distribution. Then, a detailed understanding of the damage mechanisms is required in order to define the mechanical criticality of inclusions according to their characteristics under cyclic loading. This study presents at first the tools developed, based on a detailed analysis of X-ray micro-tomography data. The obtained results on the inclusion’s populations and the damage induced allow highlighting the potential of these tools and their current limits for the studied materials. Atypical inclusions, unknown in the litterature, has been discovered. The cavitation mechanism appears to be the most critical regarding fatigue because it leads to micro-cracks that propagate in the matrix. A comparison of the criticality of the inclusions’ parameters regarding a cavitation criterion is carried out with a parametric study using finite elements simulations. Finally, thermographic measurements at the inclusions’s scale show the additional investiguations needed for a better understanding of the damage mechanisms at this scale
Spaeth, Valérie. "Traitement hydrofuge dans la masse par l'incorporation de silicone (polymère à base de silicium)". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209960.
Texto completo da fonteLes traitements utilisés à l’heure actuelle sont des traitements de surface qui se dégradent au cours du temps. L'agent hydrophobe, présent en surface, est soumis à des conditions très rudes telles que des rayonnements ultraviolets, de grandes variations de température, de l'abrasion .qui réduisent l’efficacité et la durabilité des traitements. La plupart des traitements aujourd'hui disponibles, fournisse une barrière efficace au passage de l’eau à court terme, mais doivent donc être réappliqués régulièrement.
Le projet de recherche, présenté ici, traite de la mise en place d'un traitement de masse de matériaux cimentaires utilisés dans la protection de structures (joints, crépi .). Ce traitement devrait offrir une protection à long terme, mais ne devrait pas modifier de manière significative les propriétés mécaniques des matériaux.
Les avantages d'un traitement de masse sont évidents. Seule une petite partie de l'agent hydrophobe est exposée et dégradée par les conditions climatiques et l'abrasion de surface ne porte pas atteinte à l'intégrité du traitement.
Une étude fondamentale a été menée afin d'étudier l'influence de l'incorporation d´agents à base de silicium sur les processus d'hydratation des ciments Portland et de comprendre leur mode d'action. Deux agents (alpha,omega dihydroxypolydimethylsiloxane et n-octyltriethoxysilane) et deux ciments Portland (ordinaire et blanc CEM I 42,5N) ont été choisis et étudiés. Trois modes d´introduction (liquides purs, émulsions et granules) ont été mis en œuvre et comparés.
Le but est de déterminer les meilleures conditions pour obtenir un traitement efficace et durable tout en préservant les propriétés mécaniques. Les résultats d'absorption d'eau par capillarité et de perméabilité à la vapeur d’eau sont prometteurs et les essais mécaniques sur mortiers n’ont pas montré de diminutions significatives des résistances mécaniques.
La microstructure et la progression de l'hydratation des matrices cimentaires adjuvantées et de référence, ont été caractérisées par calorimétrie à conduction, par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage couplée à la thermogravimétrie, par spectroscopie infra-rouge, par diffraction des rayons X, par porosimétrie au mercure, et par microscopie électronique à balayage.
La durabilité des matériaux adjuvantés a été étudiée afin de montrer la pertinence des traitements ainsi que l'évaluation de la progression de l'hydratation. Les performances hydrofuges ainsi que l’évolution de la microstructure, à l’issue des différents vieillissements artificiels et naturels, ont été déterminées.
Les mortiers mis en œuvre ont été soumis à des vieillissements artificiels simulant des conditions proches de celles rencontrées en pratique (tels que des cycles rayonnements UV, pluie, sel, gel/dégel…). Une amélioration de la durabilité des mortiers adjuvantés a été observée. Les résultats sont très encourageants et confirment l'intérêt d’un tel traitement dans la masse.
/Protection of cement-based materials means above all, moisture protection because water is primarily responsible for inducing damaging physical and chemical processes in building materials. In most cases, water repellents are applied either directly during the construction or insulation process; or as a post-treatment of the exposed surfaces in order to protect the buildings from further decay. A new way is to develop a bulk treatment for cement-based materials which should provide a long term protection without modifying the mechanical properties of the cementitious materials.
The advantages of a bulk treatment are obvious i.e. only a small part of the hydrophobic agent is exposed and degraded by the UV. In addition, surface abrasion does not affect the integrity of the treatment.
A fundamental study was initiated to investigate the influence of the incorporation of two active silicon-based agents (already used as post-building treatments) on the hydration processes of Portland cements and to understand the involved mechanisms of interaction.
Two agents (alpha,omega dihydroxypolydimethylsiloxane and n-octyltriethoxysilane) and two Portland cements (Ordinary and White Portland Cement CEM I 42,5N) were chosen and studied. Three incorporation modes (pure liquids, water emulsions and granules) were investigated. The effects of the three modes were compared.
The aim was to determine the best conditions for an efficient and sustainable treatment preserving the mechanical properties of the materials.
The results of capillary water penetration and water vapor permeability are promising and are not accompanied by a significant decrease of the mechanical performances
The microstructure and progression of hydration of admixtured cement pastes were characterized by conduction calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermo-gravimetry, infra-red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and scanning electron microscopy.
In addition, the durability of water-repellent additives and of the admixtured cement was studied in order to show the relevance of the treatments as well as the assessment of the progression of hydration and the type of products that were developed.
Mortar specimens were submitted to artificial ageing cycles such as freeze-thaw cycles, ultraviolet cycles and rain-sun cycles.
The general trend is an improvement of the durability of admixtured mortars.
The results are very encouraging and confirm the interest of the bulk mortar treatment.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bourlet, Clément. "Développement de la fabrication additive par procédé arc-fil pour les aciers : caractérisation microstructurale et mécanique des dépôts en nuances ER100 et 316L pour la validation des propriétés d'emploi de pièces industrielles". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0058.
Texto completo da fonteWire-arc additive manufacturing is a new process using a common weldingrobotic cell to build large parts layer by layer. It allows building rough single pieces orsmall series parts with a low cost and a short delay. First developments were done ontitanium and aluminum parts for aeronautic and space applications, but more industriessuch as maritime, oil and gas, railway…are now interested into it. In this work, amethodology is proposed to define suitable process parameters and deposit’s strategies,with the final control of the elaborated parts. Developments are done on both highstrength steel ER100 and austenitic stainless steel 316LSi. The results of theexperimental characterisation enable to show the relations between the manufacturingconditions, the dimensions, the microstructure and the mechanicals properties of theparts, and finally lead to guidelines to evolve the wire-arc additive manufacturingtowards industrialisation
Ben, Hafsia Khaoula. "Identification des micro-mécanismes de déformation du PET amorphe et semi-cristallin in situ au cours d’un essai mécanique". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0081/document.
Texto completo da fonteAccording to their formulations and forming processes and thanks to the complexity of their induced microstructure, thermoplastic polymers show a wide range of thermomechanical properties. However, the identification of the evolution of the microstructure of these materials during their use remains difficult. To better understand the microstructural changes occurring during thermomechanical loadings, various in situ and non-destructive techniques of characterization have been used. In this context, a Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) amorphous and semi-crystalline was studied in order to highlight the effect of the microstructure on the macroscopic properties of the material. This way, different coupling systems combining several experimental characterization techniques have been implemented such as Raman spectroscopy and X-rays diffraction/scattering coupled to the VidéoTraction™ system or Raman spectroscopy coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the characterization of the deformation micro-mechanisms and the thermal behavior of the material respectively. Monitoring specific vibrational bands thoroughly identified allowed the establishment of a new robust criterion which enables to accurately measure the crystallinity ratio of the material and the identification of the characteristic temperatures of its morphology (Tg, Tc, Tcc, Tm). In addition, a relaxational characterization system by coupling dynamic dielectric spectroscopy to a tensile test has been used in order to highlight the effect of molecular mobility on the elasto-visco-plastic deformation of PET. From a mechanical point of view, the main deformation micro-mechanisms have been studied in real time during a tensile test at different temperatures and constant true strain rates: macromolecular orientation, volume damage, development of mesophase and strain induced crystallization were observed and quantified in situ using the coupled characterization technics presented previously at Petra III (Hambourg) and Elettra (Trieste) synchrotrons. In parallel, a study of the molecular mobility (a determining parameter for the predominance of one deformation micromechanism to another) was conducted via relaxational analysis performed during the deformation of the material. In addition to in situ experiments, post mortem analysis by the previously mentioned technics and by X radiography, scanning electron microscopy and X tomography were performed to assess the influence of the mechanical relaxation of the polymer