Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Microorganismes – Effets des métaux lourds"
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Eshghi, Malayeri Behrouz. "Décontamination des sols contenant des métaux lourds à l'aide de plantes et de microorganismes". Nancy 1, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1995_0353_ESHGHI_MALAYERI.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDoillon, Didier. "Déterminants moléculaires de la tolérance au zinc des microorganismes eucaryotes". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10131/document.
Texto completo da fonteHeavy metal pollution leads to harmful impacts on lands and their associated communities. In order to study the diversity of the molecular determinants involved in metal tolerance by these organisms, two different strategies were employed. First, the mechanisms involved in zinc homeostasis and tolerance were studied by functional characterization of selected genes in Laccaria bicolor, an ectomycorrhizal model fungus with high economic value. Zinc homeostasis and tolerance mechanisms are mainly achieve d through the intracellular traffic of zinc mediated by transporters belonging to the ZIP (Zrt-, Irt- related Protein) and CDF (Cation Diffusion Facilitator) families. Phylogenetic analyses revealed an expansion of both CDF and ZIP gene numbers in the genome of L. bicolor, when compared to that of S. cerevisiae. Gene expression was also studied in different fungal tissues or under different zinc concentrations in the culture medium. Moreover, the functional characterization of several CDF and ZIP members was performed, as well as their subcellular localization. These data allowed us to refine the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in both zinc homeostasis and tolerance in ectomycorrhizal fungi. Finally, an innovative experimental approach of metatranscriptomics was used. The study of the soil metatranscriptome from eukaryotes allows the comparison of functions expressed in eukaryotic communities colonizing different types of soil (contaminated, formerly contaminated, or non-contaminated by heavy metals). Environmental cDNA libraries constructed from mRNA extracted directly from these soils were screened by functional complementation of yeast mutants sensitive to zinc. This study allowed the identification of new genes and new mechanisms involved in zinc resistance. The development of this approach opens new insights into both fundamental and applied research for the detection of genes of interest, whatever the organism is cultivable or not
Gaillot, Olivier. "Etude de la résistance aux métaux lourds, agents intercalants et antiseptiques chez "Staphylococcus aureus" : intérêt épidémiologique". Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P018.
Texto completo da fonteLlanos, Villarreal Jenny A. "Comportement vis-à-vis des métaux lourds de micro-organismes thermophiles isoles d'un site hydrothermal profond". Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2021.
Texto completo da fonteDa, Costa Claire. "Répοnses et adaptatiοns des cοmmunautés micrοbiennes à une cοntaminatiοn par des métaux traces à différentes échelles spatiο-tempοrelles : impact de l'antimοine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR038.
Texto completo da fonteThe sedimentary compartment results from the accumulation of suspended particles resulting from the watershed erosion. These particles are associated with microorganisms and organic and inorganic contaminants resulting from human activity. Sediments are therefore the site of multiple interactions between microorganisms and contaminants. The aim of this thesis was to study the impact of chronic exposure to trace metals (TMEs) on the diversity, composition and structure of microbial communities and/or the enrichment of the resistome. In this context, the study of a sedimentary archive (Martot pond), integrating a multi-metallic contamination varying over the time, demonstrated that microbial communities are sensitive indicators to TMEs. However, microbial dynamics are more strongly influenced by other parameters, such as the source of sediment inputs and the characteristics of the organic matter. A second part of this thesis focused on recent sediments from a roadside stormwater retention basin enriched in antimony (Sb). The high geochemical reactivity of Sb within the basin (i.e., concentration, oxidation state and ligands) was correlated with changes in the composition of total and active microbial communities, within which, numerous genes involved in resistance (i.e., arsB, acr3, arsK, antA), and oxidation processes (i.e., arsB, acr3, arsK, antA), were identified. In parallel, the study of the antimonite oxidase AnoA, involved specifically in Sb(III) oxidation, suggests a much wider taxonomic distribution than previously thought. New primer sets have been created to amplify the anoA gene across different taxonomic groups (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria) and will enable us to better assess the contribution of this enzyme to Sb oxidation in complex microbial communities
De, Angelis Fabien. "Characterization of proteins involved in RND-driven heavy metal resistance systems of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210154.
Texto completo da fonteDoctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ngonlong, Ekende Elisabeth. "Towards a better understanding of bacterial resistance to heavy metal ions: the case of the Sil and Zne systems from Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209686.
Texto completo da fonteEtienne, Mathieu. "Approches analytique et électrochimique du comportement en solution de silices mésoporeuses organiquement modifiées". Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10192.
Texto completo da fonteLehembre, Frédéric. "Réponses adaptatives des microorganismes eucaryotes du sol aux pollutions métalliques". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482109.
Texto completo da fonteMouabad, Abdelfattah. "Toxicité comportementale et physiologique (filtration, respiration) des métaux lourds (Cu, Zn, Hg, Cd et Pb) chez la moule d'eau douce Dreissena polymorpha pallas : proposition d'un protocole d'essai pour l'évaluation de la toxicité par la réponse comportementale de Dreissena". Metz, 1991. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1991/Mouabad.Abdelfattah.SMZ918.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThe study deals with the effetcts of subletal concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Hg, Cd, Pb) on the pumping behaviour and physiological functions (filtration rate, oxygen consumption) of the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha. A preliminary study, carried out to screen the letal effects, showed that the LC 50-96 h is 0,191mg/l for Cu, 0,420 mg/l for Hg and above 14 mg/l for Cd. Zn has no letal effect in a 96 h exposure. In a 24h exposure, subletal concentrations of metals induce deep changes in the pumping activity of Dreissena. Pumping flow becomes intermittence and valve closure in enhanced. The effects are concentration dependent. Metals can be classified in a decreasing order of toxicity as following : Hg, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn. In view of its good sensitivity, the behavioural response of Dreissena is proposed as a tool for the screening of toxicity in freshwaters. The detection limits set for metals are (in mg/l) : 0, 010 for Hg, 0,015 for Cu, 0,100 for Cd, 0,200 for Zn and 0,400 for Pb. In exposures of 48 h and 1 week, metals significantly reduce the filtration rate of Dreissena. Order of toxicity is the same as for behaviour. The oxygen consumption study showed that it is increased by Zn and reduced by Cu and Hg. No effect was obtained with Cd and Pb. Integration of the physiological effects was undertaken for Cd (0,005 to 0,045 mg/l) and Cu (0,004 to 0,044 mg/l) in a 4 weeks exposure. Results show that the Scope for Growth in not impaired by Cd whereas Cu reduces it. The usefulness of the studied physiological functions as criteria for the chronic toxicity testing is discussed
Ledrich, Marie-Laure. "Mise en évidence et étude comparative des protéines de transport de fer et d'autres métaux chez Ralstonia eutropha CH34 et souches dérivées". Metz, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2001/Ledrich.Marie_Laure.SMZ0132.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteRastolnia eutropha CH34, formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34, was initially isolated from a decantation tank by Houba et al. , in 1976. Studies on this strain revealed at least 11 heavy metals resistances, carryied by two megaplasmids : pMOL28 et pMOL30, which translate a bacteria adaptation system to highly polluted soils. Firstly, the czc resistance system, carried by pMOL30, is based on cadmium, zinc and cobalt efflux. Secondly, Rastolnia eutropha CH34 had developed a highly specific system for iron transport, based on siderophore affinity, because this element is weakly biodisponible in environment. These two mechanisms, the first one facultative, and the second one inducible but constitutive, seem to be associated. The knowledge of these two mechanism is very important to understand the way of heavy metal depollution processes. The main purpose of this study was to identify the proteins of czc system and the siderophore-iron receptor. Two Rastolnia eutropha CH34 derivates were used as references : Rastolnia eutropha 1153 (which overexpresses siderophores) and Rastolnia eutropha 104 which is plasmids-free). A 45kDa outer membrane protein was identified, by electrophoresis techniques. It seems to be the siderophore-iron receptor
Diard, Pascale. "Etude de la biosorption du plomb et du cuivre par des boues de stations d'épuration : mise en œuvre d'un procédé de biosorption à contre-courant". Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0061.
Texto completo da fonteBiological processes may offer a potential alternative to the numerous technologies available for the treatment metal-laden industrial effluents. These processes are based on the capacity of microorganisms to accumulate metals metabolically (bioaccumulation) or not (biosorption). In this research work, the use of microorganisms from urban wastewater sludges has been studied for lead and copper biosorption. In the first stage of this work, the capacity of the biomass to sorb protons has been studied, and the parameters of biosorption of lead and copper have been determined according to the model of Freundlich. Lead biosorption was found to induce a stoechiometric release of cations from the biomass, suggesting that ion exchange is the predominant mechanism of lead biosorption. The effect of sodium, magnesium or calcium, at various concentrations, has been studied. Mg2+ and especially Ca2+ have shown inhibition of lead biosorption, whereas Na+ has almost no effect up to 5 g Na+/l. In the second stage of th1s work, a bench-scale countercurrent biosorption system has been studied with the aims of concentrating the metals in the biosorbant and reducing metals concentration in the treated effluent while using lower amounts of biomass. The results were relatively disappointing. Countercurrent biosorption gave equivalent results as biosorption in batch. The study of lead recovery by elution with HN03 or CaCl2 solutions has been realised. CaCl2 was much less effective than HN03. Three concentrations and four S/L ratios have been tested. Desorption of lead was optimum with HN03 1 or 5 M, and a S/L ratio (g biomass/ml acid) of 1 or 2
Asmeta, Ahmed-Fayez. "Comportement hydrodynamique et ohysico-chimique des métaux lourds dans les sols". Reims, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REIMS014.
Texto completo da fonteBlaudez, Damien. "Etude des interactions entre métaux lourds et champignons ectomycorhiziens : capacités d'accumulation, mécanismes d'absorption, et influence sur la physiologie de plantes hôtes". Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10097.
Texto completo da fonteRougier, Frédéric. "Etudes des effets du zinc et du cuivre sur la fonction immune du poisson Zèbre (Brachydanio rero) (activité cytotoxique, phagocytose, résistance à Listeria monocytogènes : avantages et limites de ce modèle animal en immunotoxicologie aquatique". Limoges, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIMO0200.
Texto completo da fonteKadiene, Esther Uzoma. "Effect of heavy metal toxicity on calanoid copepods : experimental approach". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR017.
Texto completo da fonteAs a result of the growing concerns about the fate of copepod ecology in the face of increasing environmental pollutants, several studies are being carried out. This thesis focused on biotic factors that influences metal toxicity in calanoid copepods. Firstly, cadmium (Cd) toxicity between two copepods in the order; calanoida; Eurytemora affinis (Poppe 1880) from a temperate region (Seine Estuary, France) and Pseudodiaptomus annandalei (Sewell 1919) from a subtropical region (Danshuei Estuary, Taiwan), was determined based on their sex and reproductive states. Results from this investigation revealed that both copepods have different levels of sensitivity to cadmium toxicity and also, their sensitivity to cadmium was significantly dependent on their sexes and reproductive states. In addition, an investigation of cadmium toxicity in copepod life history traits were further tested using P. annandalei as a model specie. The results revealed that Cd toxicity was also dependent on the developmental stages of the copepods. In addition, Cd showed negative effect on the growth, reproduction and lifespan of the copepod. Furthermore, to understand the reason for sex-specific sensitivity to cadmium, an investigation on the bioaccumulation of Cd was carried out. Moreover, in the natural environments, copepods could bioaccumulate metals either directly from the water or indirectly from consumed diets. Before, both routes of metal uptake were tested, some preliminary test was carried out on the rate at which copepod diet (microalgae) take up metal. Microalgae accumulation of Cd was tested by exposing Pavlova lutheri to Cd under different conditions (salinity and temperature). At the end, it was observed that increased temperature and low salinity influenced the uptake of Cd in the algae. P. annandalei was then exposed to Cd in water and through their diets, using the information from the above results. This investigation revealed that P. annandalei uptake of Cd was significantly more from water than from the diets. A hypothesis was developed based on why copepod uptake of Cd from water was higher than from dietary Cd exposure. That is, metal uptake from water is a more important route in the bioaccumulation of metals than through dietary route because of oral intake. The hypothesis was demonstrated by exposing copepods to a dyed medium, and with the aid of a microscope, the dyed medium was observed to have entered inside the gut of the copepod through the mouth opening. Oral intake of water by copepod was confirmed by a bioaccumulation test. A molecular study on the transcriptomic assay and sex-specific differential expression of P. annandalei copepod exposed to Cd was carried out. The results showed that P. annandalei copepod responded to Cd toxicity in a sex-specific manner, and why female was less sensitive to Cd than male copepods were discussed. Moreover, multigenerational exposure of P. annandalei to Cd showed a possible development of adaptation, particularly in the female copepods. Although, copepods could develop adaptive mechanisms to tolerate toxic chemicals, however, an increasing concentration of metals in the aquatic environment in addition to maternal transfers of metals over several generations could increase the concentration in copepods. A long term exposure could reduce their fitness, thereby compromising copepod population structure. This study showed that mortality, life history traits and molecular responses of model species can provide important bio-indicators for environmental risk assessment
Ramirez-Reyes, Boris. "Effets de métaux lourds sur un élément d'une chaîne trophique centrée sur un crustacé isopodeTexte imprimé". Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22057.
Texto completo da fonteBernard, Hélène. "Bioindication des métaux lourds (Plomb, mercure, cadmium et thallium) par les basidiomycètes sauvages". Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P026.
Texto completo da fonteKadiene, Esther Uzoma. "Effect of heavy metal toxicity on calanoid copepods : experimental approach". Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R017.
Texto completo da fonteAs a result of the growing concerns about the fate of copepod ecology in the face of increasing environmental pollutants, several studies are being carried out. This thesis focused on biotic factors that influences metal toxicity in calanoid copepods. Firstly, cadmium (Cd) toxicity between two copepods in the order; calanoida; Eurytemora affinis (Poppe 1880) from a temperate region (Seine Estuary, France) and Pseudodiaptomus annandalei (Sewell 1919) from a subtropical region (Danshuei Estuary, Taiwan), was determined based on their sex and reproductive states. Results from this investigation revealed that both copepods have different levels of sensitivity to cadmium toxicity and also, their sensitivity to cadmium was significantly dependent on their sexes and reproductive states. In addition, an investigation of cadmium toxicity in copepod life history traits were further tested using P. annandalei as a model specie. The results revealed that Cd toxicity was also dependent on the developmental stages of the copepods. In addition, Cd showed negative effect on the growth, reproduction and lifespan of the copepod. Furthermore, to understand the reason for sex-specific sensitivity to cadmium, an investigation on the bioaccumulation of Cd was carried out. Moreover, in the natural environments, copepods could bioaccumulate metals either directly from the water or indirectly from consumed diets. Before, both routes of metal uptake were tested, some preliminary test was carried out on the rate at which copepod diet (microalgae) take up metal. Microalgae accumulation of Cd was tested by exposing Pavlova lutheri to Cd under different conditions (salinity and temperature). At the end, it was observed that increased temperature and low salinity influenced the uptake of Cd in the algae. P. annandalei was then exposed to Cd in water and through their diets, using the information from the above results. This investigation revealed that P. annandalei uptake of Cd was significantly more from water than from the diets. A hypothesis was developed based on why copepod uptake of Cd from water was higher than from dietary Cd exposure. That is, metal uptake from water is a more important route in the bioaccumulation of metals than through dietary route because of oral intake. The hypothesis was demonstrated by exposing copepods to a dyed medium, and with the aid of a microscope, the dyed medium was observed to have entered inside the gut of the copepod through the mouth opening. Oral intake of water by copepod was confirmed by a bioaccumulation test. A molecular study on the transcriptomic assay and sex-specific differential expression of P. annandalei copepod exposed to Cd was carried out. The results showed that P. annandalei copepod responded to Cd toxicity in a sex-specific manner, and why female was less sensitive to Cd than male copepods were discussed. Moreover, multigenerational exposure of P. annandalei to Cd showed a possible development of adaptation, particularly in the female copepods. Although, copepods could develop adaptive mechanisms to tolerate toxic chemicals, however, an increasing concentration of metals in the aquatic environment in addition to maternal transfers of metals over several generations could increase the concentration in copepods. A long term exposure could reduce their fitness, thereby compromising copepod population structure. This study showed that mortality, life history traits and molecular responses of model species can provide important bio-indicators for environmental risk assessment
Jacob, Christophe. "Etude des interactions entre métaux lourds et champignons ectomycorhiziens : mise en évidence de gènes impliqués dans la réponse au cadmium de Paxillus involutus". Nancy 1, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2001_0184_JACOB.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteIn vitro tolerance test of ectomycorrhizal isolates from heavy metal-polluted and non-contaminated soils revealed strong intra- and interspecific variations. Moreover, there was no relationship between metal tolerance of isolates and metal concentration at the collection site. Molecular mechanisms underlying the response of the fungus Paxillus involutus towards cadmium have been characterized. We combined suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA macroarrays hybridization to identify genes whose expression was modulated by cadmium. We screened arrayed cDNAs to identify cadmium-responsive genes by using differential hybridization. A cDNA encoding a superoxide dismutase was cloned from a cDNA library, the encoded protein was presumed to be localized in the peroxisomes. Complementation of a E. Coli SOD null strain indicated that the cDNA encode a functional SOD. Monitoring SOD transcript, immunoreactive polypeptide and activity suggests that the level of control is post-tanslational
M'barek, Bouazaoui. "Nouvelle synthèse totale de la nicotianamine et d'analogues non naturels". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20042.
Texto completo da fonteBarbier, Olivier. "Cadmium et fonction rénale : altération des mécanismes de transport". Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE4064.
Texto completo da fonteJiménez-Ambriz, Georgina. "Hétérogénéité environnementale et polymorphisme chez Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) : étude conjointe de la diversité génétique neutre et sélectionnée chez une espèce tolérante aux métaux lourds". Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20089.
Texto completo da fonteDas, Shagnika. "Effects of environmental factors on the eco-physiology and life traits of a macro-crustacean (shrimp) and micro-crustacean (copepod)". Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R015.
Texto completo da fonteThe present thesis constitutes two major sections, the first deals with macro crustaceans, mud shrimp Austinogebia edulis and the second with micro crustaceans, the copepod Eurytemora affinis. The objectives were to 1. Explore the role of A. edulis as an ecological engineer, 2. Effects of Cadmium (Cd) on oxidative enzymes and morphology in A. edulis, 3. To assess the spatial and temporal variation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the natural habitat of A. edulis, 4. To explore the effect of combined heavy metals to E. affinis and to depict the effect of sediment in re-suspension to E. affinis by following a multigenerational approach. For the first objective, we highlight the significant differences between burrow walls and burrow lumen. The burrow wall of A. edulis showed low permeability and increased sheer strength. Statistically, a significant difference was noticed in the comparison between the sediment composition of the burrow wall and the background. The burrow wall consisted of a 24 times higher organic matter content than one individual of mud shrimp. Thus, they transform the sediment characteristics as an ecological engineer, which is expected to have a significant ecological impact on the ecosystem. Furthermore, on exposure to Cd the antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, and GPx) activities decreased with increasing Cd concentration and extended exposure time in these organs of A. edulis. Significant damage of the hepatopancreas of A. edulis was noticed at higher concentrations of Cd, showing damages like the disappearance of epithelial cell boundaries, detachment of cells from the basal lamina, cellular swelling, necrosis, etc. In conclusion, Cd caused oxidative damage by reducing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and by damaging the tissue structure in major organs of A. edulis. For the measured POPs, the spatial distribution showed that the proximity to sources was the most important determining factor for the distribution of these contaminants showing greater concentrations in samples collected near the industrial parks. The analyzed PAH ratios determined an existence of both pyrolytic and petrogenic inputs. PCBs Aroclor 1016 and 1260 were the main sources near the industrial zone, with DDT inputs showing recent addition to the area. The overall study reflected a borderline risk to the benthic organisms. For E. affinis, the acute toxicity LC 50% (96h) for the exposure of Lead (Pb) was found to be 431.99 µg/l for males showing lower sensitivity than females with 394.27 µg/l. The total population became lowest in the 2nd generation (F1) for all the exposure treatments and also the mortality increased in this generation. The bioaccumulation of metals in the copepod E. affinis was also higher in this generation; thereby fecundity and survival appeared to be linked to the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and concluding that the sensitivity or fitness of E. affinis was directly connected to the trace metal accumulation. The percentage of males was less in the sediment treatment than the heavy metal and control. This observation can slightly indicate the different ways of copepod sensitivity to heavy metals and sediment in re-suspension when exposed for multiple generations
Das, Shagnika. "Effects of environmental factors on the eco-physiology and life traits of a macro-crustacean (shrimp) and micro-crustacean (copepod)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR015.
Texto completo da fonteThe present thesis constitutes two major sections, the first deals with macro crustaceans, mud shrimp Austinogebia edulis and the second with micro crustaceans, the copepod Eurytemora affinis. The objectives were to 1. Explore the role of A. edulis as an ecological engineer, 2. Effects of Cadmium (Cd) on oxidative enzymes and morphology in A. edulis, 3. To assess the spatial and temporal variation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the natural habitat of A. edulis, 4. To explore the effect of combined heavy metals to E. affinis and to depict the effect of sediment in re-suspension to E. affinis by following a multigenerational approach. For the first objective, we highlight the significant differences between burrow walls and burrow lumen. The burrow wall of A. edulis showed low permeability and increased sheer strength. Statistically, a significant difference was noticed in the comparison between the sediment composition of the burrow wall and the background. The burrow wall consisted of a 24 times higher organic matter content than one individual of mud shrimp. Thus, they transform the sediment characteristics as an ecological engineer, which is expected to have a significant ecological impact on the ecosystem. Furthermore, on exposure to Cd the antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, and GPx) activities decreased with increasing Cd concentration and extended exposure time in these organs of A. edulis. Significant damage of the hepatopancreas of A. edulis was noticed at higher concentrations of Cd, showing damages like the disappearance of epithelial cell boundaries, detachment of cells from the basal lamina, cellular swelling, necrosis, etc. In conclusion, Cd caused oxidative damage by reducing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and by damaging the tissue structure in major organs of A. edulis. For the measured POPs, the spatial distribution showed that the proximity to sources was the most important determining factor for the distribution of these contaminants showing greater concentrations in samples collected near the industrial parks. The analyzed PAH ratios determined an existence of both pyrolytic and petrogenic inputs. PCBs Aroclor 1016 and 1260 were the main sources near the industrial zone, with DDT inputs showing recent addition to the area. The overall study reflected a borderline risk to the benthic organisms. For E. affinis, the acute toxicity LC 50% (96h) for the exposure of Lead (Pb) was found to be 431.99 µg/l for males showing lower sensitivity than females with 394.27 µg/l. The total population became lowest in the 2nd generation (F1) for all the exposure treatments and also the mortality increased in this generation. The bioaccumulation of metals in the copepod E. affinis was also higher in this generation; thereby fecundity and survival appeared to be linked to the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and concluding that the sensitivity or fitness of E. affinis was directly connected to the trace metal accumulation. The percentage of males was less in the sediment treatment than the heavy metal and control. This observation can slightly indicate the different ways of copepod sensitivity to heavy metals and sediment in re-suspension when exposed for multiple generations
Melchior, Frédéric. "Obtention et production d'anticorps monoclonaux pour la détéction directe d'alcaligenes eutrophus CH34". Metz, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1998/Melchior.Frederic.SMZ9844.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteJalali, Jihen. "Contribution à la gestion environnementale des zones de stockage des phosphogypses en Tunisie : traitement par association bioaugmentation / phytoextraction". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4104.
Texto completo da fonteThe present work aims at solving the environmental problem raised by phosphogypsum (PG), thanks to a potentially invasive and cheap approach which relies on the use of living organisms (plants and microorganisms). Two objectives are pursued: i) extracting contaminants from PG to reduce the environmental risk and ii) valuing rare earths. The phytoextraction method associated with bioaugmentation are applied to Cd and Sr (environmental objective) and Ce, La, Nd and Y (economic objective). As a first step, an assessment of the environmental impact of all PG depository sites in Tunisia is carried out, with the physico-chemical analysis of soils adjoining PG deposits, as well as the bacterial and plant communities which naturally colonize sites. Among the present plant species, The Zygophylum album accumulates the most metal trace elements (MTE). As a second step, the isolated bacteria from on-site samples are evaluated for their ability to tolerate the studied MTE, their ability to mobilize MTE through the production of siderophores, including pyoverdine, and to stimulate the plants growth through the production of indole acetic acid (AIA) and degradation of the ACC deaminase. The most successful bacteria are associated with commercial plants (Trifolium pratense and Helianthus annus) which are grown on a PG-Compost mixture. Both plants mainly accumulated Sr and to a lesser extent Ce, La and Nd. The coupling of Bacteria-plant help stimulate plant growth and increase the bioavailability of the studied MTE, except for Cd
Colandini, Valérie. "Effets des structures réservoirs à revêtement poreux sur les eaux pluviales, qualité des eaux et devenir des métaux lourds". Pau, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PAUU3002.
Texto completo da fonteDelorme, Thierry. "Tolérance aux métaux lourds des bactéries de sédiments fluviatiles : acclimatation au zinc d'une souche d'Alcaligenes piechaudii". Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10134.
Texto completo da fonteVounki, Brenda. "Adsorbants à base de phosphates pour l'abattement des métaux lourds en phase gazeuse". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023EMAC0015.
Texto completo da fonteEnvironmental standards for emissions of pollutants into the air are becoming increasingly restrictive, with new emission thresholds that must complied with. It is therefore necessary to develop and/or improve current techniques to remove heavy metals. This thesis aims to develop a calcium phosphate sorbent with controlled properties to remove heavy metals from the gas phase at high temperature (> 240°C). Although the process from getting the removal of heavy metals at low temperature (< 240°C), the one for high temperature conditions are still scarce. Initially, various syntheses of calcium phosphates were carried out to identify the influence of operating conditions on the physico-chemical and thermal properties. The liquid/solid ratio and the stirring speed proved to be the most influential parameters to control the final properties of the product. A hydroxyapatite with a specific surface area of between 90 and 100 m2/g was obtained. Based on the results obtained, the hydroxyapatite chosen for the laboratory-scale fixed-bed cadmium or lead adsorption tests was the one with the best characteristics in terms of thermal, physical, and chemical stability. Nevertheless, this manuscript mostly covered the work on cadmium adsorption. A second hydroxyapatite was also used for the adsorption tests. The adsorption tests were carried out by varying parameters such as the gas flow rate (1-3 L/h), the temperature (700-1000 °C), the contact time, the initial concentration of the pollutant and the height of the adsorbent powder bed (0.5-1.5 cm). The results demonstrated the ability of these sorbents to capture heavy metals under thermal stress (T > 700°C). Experimental data on cadmium adsorption were modelled using a mathematical approach based on the kinetics of adsorption processes and mass transfer phenomena. The model was used to predict the dynamic of cadmium adsorption on hydroxyapatite using breakthrough curves describing the cadmium concentration profile as a function of time. This work has shown that the synthesised hydroxyapatites have interesting surface, flow, thermal and thermomechanical properties, showing their possible application at high temperatures at industrial scale in a waste incineration unit
Etien, N'Dah. "Contribution à l'étude des effets d'un polluant métallique (le Cadmium) sur la physiologie respiratoire des communautés mino et meiobenthiques de microcosmes sédimentaires expérimentaux". Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10537.
Texto completo da fonteGrelle, Claire. "Impact des métaux lourds sur les peuplements de macroinvertébrés de la faune du sol : influence du cadmium et du plomb sur différents aspects de la physiologie de deux modèles biologiques : Lithobius forficatus (myriapode chilopode) et Eisenia fetida (annelide oligochete)". Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-293.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMediouni, Chamseddine. "Analyse des voies de détoxification des métaux lourds chez les plantes et lien avec les réponses cellulaire et moléculaire après traitement aux agents génotoxiques". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6213.
Texto completo da fonteThis work presents the response of plants [tomato, Arabidopsis thaliana Col0 and A. Thaliana cad2 mutant, defective in the glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis pathway] to heavy metal excess. At the physiological level, the treatment with cadmium or copper induce plant growth inhibition, more pronounced at high copper concentration. Differences in heavy metal toxicity could be linked to variation of heavy metal tolerance mechanisms like phytochelatine chelation. At the biochemical level, the two heavy metals induce oxidative stress. In response to ROS accumulation, there is an increase of antioxydative enzyme activity in the leaves of wild type plants, whereas, the lack of GSH biosynthesis leads to the lack of antioxydative response in the cad2 mutant. At the molecular level, cadmium and copper induce, essentially via ROS accumulation, DNA double strand break (DSBs) in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana Col0 and of the mutant cad2 and cell death in the leaves and the roots of both plant types, characterized by an induction of specific gene expression. On the other hand, a high induction of cell death is related to a great accumulation of DSBs and the lack of repair gene induction. This suggests that cells are directed towards cell death rather than to DNA repair if DNA damages are to much accentuated
Pianelli, Katia. "Recherche des déterminants moléculaires de la tolérance aux métaux lourds dans la plante hyperaccumulatrice Thlaspi caerulescens : Analyse du rôle de la nicotianamine dans la tolérance au nickel". Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20203.
Texto completo da fonteRossi, Nadège. "Ecologie des communautés planctoniques méditerranéennes et étude des métaux lourds (Cuivre, Plomb, Cadmium) dans différents compartiments de deux écosystèmes côtiers (Toulon, France)". Toulon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439972/fr/.
Texto completo da fonteEcological studies of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton are of major interest because these organisms constitute the food web basis. In coastal ecosystems, plankton communities are subjected to anthropogenic inputs which could influence their ecology. The framework of this study is plankton ecology and measurments of metal concentrations in different compartments of coastal ecosystems. An annual study (sampling twice a month) and a diel cycle were made in two neighbouring ecosystems differently affected by anthropogenic inputs, Little Bay and Large Bay of Toulon (France, north-west Mediterranean Sea), considering bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. During the annual cycle, copper, lead and cadmium concentrations were measured in seawater, suspended particulate matter, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Results showed that plankton ecology was principally influenced by meteorological conditions, both bays showing a different functioning because of their geomorphology. Plankton density was higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay, whereas diversity was higher in Large Bay than in Little Bay. Concerning metals, the in situ study showed metal concentrations higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay whatever the compartment studied. Some biological factors as density, taxonomic composition and the place where organisms live, showed an influence on the metal composition of plankton communities. Bacteria and phytoplankton showed great capacities to concentrate metals, in particular for copper and lead. In contrast, zooplankton constituted a break in the metal bioaccumulation along the food web. Finally, the important role of the suspended particulate matter as a metal trap was confirmed, showing the importance of working on pure plankton samples to have a good estimation of metal concentrations in the different plankton compartments
Spennato, Richard. "Silices modifiées pour l'élimination des métaux lourds (Ag+,Cd2+,Pb2+ et Hg2+) : thiolates métalliques à fonction silatrane". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30124.
Texto completo da fonteComparative study of heavy metal complexation reactions by thiolates in solution and grafted on silica was investigated. This study emphases the utilisation of modified silica in the removal of toxic cation traces in water. Thiolate ligands (propanethiol, aminoethanethiol and mercaptoacetamide) were grafted on silica or used as silatranyl derivatives for study in solution. Reaction in solution yield oligomeric metal thiolates, this result points out that the silatranyl group is bulky enough to restrict the complex nuclearity. Ligands showing interesting complexing properties, the cleanup of metallic solutions by supported molecular traps have been undertaken. The uptake study according to time shows that time to reach equilibrium of complexation is of some minutes with propanethiol trap (S) at several hours with aminothiols (NS) and mercaptoacetamide (NOS) traps. .
Dappe, Vincent. "Impact de la pollution de l'air en milieu industriel sur l'accumulation et le transfert foliaire des métaux dans les végétaux". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10174/document.
Texto completo da fonteIndustrial activities such as production and recycling of ferrous and non-ferrous metals can emit in the atmosphere large quantities of metal(loid)s-rich particles (As, Cd, Fe, Pb, Sb, Zn …) which may have an impact on the environment and human health. Especially when these industries are located near urban areas, particles can contaminate soils and plants when they fallout, thus inducing a health risk for the population. Contamination of vegetables by metals is a topic of concern for public authorities and the scientific community. Studying the accumulation and transfer of metal(loid)s in food webs is therefore of major importance to assess health risks. The plant contamination by the soil-plant transfer has led to numerous studies and the contamination of vegetables by foliar pathway can't be ignored, as shown by recent work. The study of accumulation and transfer of metals (metalloids) has been carried out in situ and under controlled conditions for various consumable plants with different morphological characteristics (lettuce, ryegrass and cabbage). The accumulation and transfer of metals and their phytotoxicity, characterized by microscopy and spectrometric techniques (SEM-EDX, Raman, EXAFS/XANES, LA-ICP-MS, EPR…) and biological tests (photosynthetic activity, genotoxicity, gene expression), have been discussed in terms of metals concentration, metals location and speciation on/into leaves and exposure time
Jacquillet, Grégory. "Effets d'une intoxication au cadmium sur la fonction rénale du rat de la naissance à l'âge adulte". Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4043.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this study was to go further in the understanding of the mechanisms of the renal cadmium toxicity. Cadmium is one of the heavy metals which represents a risk for public health and even if it is well known that kidney is a target for this metal, some points remain unclear considering the apparition of renal damages during cadmium chronic exposure. Using in vivo experiments and after a chronic cadmium contamination, we have shown that a renal failure occurred in adult rats as well as in offspring. It was characterised by a dramatic decrease of the glomerular filtration rate with an increase of the fractional excretions of the main ions a few days after the exposure was stopped. In situ, using immunofluorescent microscopy, we have shown that the functional renal failure was associated with morphological damages characterized by the disruption of the intercellular tight junctions. In adult rats, we have also demonstrated that the delayed effect due to the chronic cadmium contamination was related to the increase of the apoptotic cell death in the whole kidney. During this work, we have shown that every cadmium exposure represents a danger for the kidney. This metal can accumulate in the tissue inducing a long term nephrotoxicity that can induce a renal failure at each stage of aging even after the animals are kept out the contamination source
Rorat, Agnieszka. "Assessment of the vermicomposting process applied to sewage sludge by monitoring of the compost quality and immune responses of three earthworm species : Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrei and Dendrobaena veneta". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10165.
Texto completo da fonteVermicomposting is a relatively new eco-biotechnology using earthworms as natural bioreactors in the process of decomposition of organic matter. Eisenia andrei, Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta are detrivorous organisms that enhance the decomposition of complex organic compounds and influence circulation of organic matter. This eco-technique is a non-expensive method of biodegradation of organic wastes, inter alia sewage sludge. Due to the high content of various pollutants, including heavy metals, chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms, sewage sludge cannot be directly used in agriculture. The quality of the product can be assessed using agronomic parameters, while immune and defense parameters can be measured as stress biomarkers. Aims of this work were: 1) to determine the influence of earthworms on the quality of the product obtained in vermicomposting process, 2) to investigate the molecular and immunological mechanisms occurring in earthworms during vermicomposting of municipal sewage sludge, 3) to develop the combined composting – vermicomposting process. Earthworms were segragated into three separate groups basing on DNA barcoding and selected fluorophores were tested as non-invasively retrieved biomarkers allowing distinction between morphologically similar composting earthworm species. Riboflavin, coelomocytes (amoebocytes/eleocytes) composition and particular gene expression levels were selected as biomarkers of stress useful in biomonitoring of the vermicomposting process. Applied technique has led to assess the possibilities of valorization of sewage sludge
Anzivino-Viricel, Lucie. "Evaluation des expositions et des effets sur la santé des salariés de deux centres de stockage des ordures ménagères". Chambéry, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CHAMS028.
Texto completo da fonteHealth risks related with landfiling municipal solid wastes are largely unknown. In the aim of obtaining more data, a multidisciplinary approach has been developed by the Health and Waste Network and applied to two sites. This original approach consists in : -a chemical and microbiological metrology of sourcves emissions ; -a metrology of selected pollutants and microorganism analysis in the ambiant air at several workplaces, as well as in immediate periphery and close to the first dwellings ;-a survey of health parameters of workers compared to non exposed employees in other commercial or industrial activities. In fact, concentrations of pollutants are low, with the exception of total dusts, manganese and microorganisms. The volatile organic compounds (VOC) are present on the alveola in exploitation, because of the traffic of diesel trucks. The same observation was done for PAHs, which are closed to the urban environement levels. High total dusts levels have been measured (but the levels of alveola were low). Manganese was the more representative metal. Concentrations of microorganisms were high (100 at 1000 times what one recovers in classic environment), with the presence of pollution picks, and characteristic monmorphic bacteria and fungi (Aspergillus and Penicillium). Respiratory symptoms and cutaneous irritation were more often observed among waste landfills workers than among non exposed workers, but no perturbation of the lung function was detected among them. The Stroop test shows a low effect on cognitive functioning in the exposed group. This study brings several elements of knowledge on the ambient air pollution in municipal household waste landfill, and their possible effects on health. It would be necessary to continue the investigations particularly on the sanitary effect of the microbiological pollution
@Exposure and health effects evaluation of workers of two municipal waste landfill
Godet, Jean-Philippe. "Intérêt des isopodes terrestres dans l’évaluation de la qualité des sols : recherche de paramètres indicateurs de la pollution par des éléments traces métalliques et contribution à la mise au point d’un outil écotoxicologique de terrain". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10160/document.
Texto completo da fonteSoil pollution by metals traces elements (MTE) is a worldwide concern in industrialized countries. For biomonitoring, it is necessary to develop indicator tools to evaluate the quality of terrestrial medias. The aim of this thesis was to research in Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Isopoda), indicator parameters of soil contamination by MTE, and especially of litter, to contribute to the development of ecotoxicological field tool to assess soil quality and terrestrial ecosystems. First, studies performed in situ, have concerned characterisation of woodlouse populations from ligneous habitats (abundance, age structure, reproduction, biometrical parameters, bioaccumulation) with the regard to physicochemical parameters of soil (pH, CaCO3 and MO contents, ratio C/N, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations). Secondly, studies ex situ were also performed in controlled conditions in laboratory. Parameters have concerned growth rate, bioaccumulation, behavioural avoidance or population dynamics in P. scaber exposed to field litter contaminated by Cd, Pb and Zn. Field studies didn’t show any difference between woodlouse populations from contaminated sites or not. Actually, although MTE body burdens in woodlice from massively contaminated sites were high, it seemed that field populations were physiologically adapted to contaminants. In other hand, laboratory investigations were shown the interest of the use of P. scaber in ecotoxicity tests to assess litter quality. These studies have notably shown the sensitivity of growth rate and behavioural avoidance of P. scaber as endpoints in ecotoxicity tests
Phuong, Tran Thi Mai. "Bioaccumulations des métaux lourds dans la baie de Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4058/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe study on the potential bioaccumulation of mollusks as bioindicator is an important effort that contributes to the findings of method in monitoring pollution in an environment of tropical regions. This thesis reports the results of our investigation of heavy metals in mollusks and sediment samples collected from four coastal sites of different environmentally background in Nha Trang bay and adjacent areas, Khanh Hoa province, Viet Nam during 2 years from 2012 to 2013. The study used suitable analyzing methods update to find the bioaccumulation capacity of trace metals in marine ecosystems, evaluation of the bioavailability of potentially toxic substances on human health risks and available for predicting the environmental fat and effects of pollutions. Results from this study demonstrated that the 5 metals As, Cr, Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations of sediments were acceptable or moderate biological effects. These studied mollusk species including Laternula anatine, Glauconome virens, Katelysia hiantina and Geloina coaxans have high potential factors in term of metal BSAF in their tissues. They have served as good bioindicator organisms, in which K.hiantina might be the best indicator of metal pollution as it is high presence, abundance and wide geographical distribution in the study area
Douchiche-Kort, Olfa. "Implication de la paroi de l’hypocotyle de lin (Linum usitatissimun) dans la réponse au cadmium. Rôle des pectines dans la restructuration des parois". Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES042.
Texto completo da fonteThe major goal of this study was to investigate the role of pectins in response to the stress of heavy metal, cadmium (Cd), and in the reorientation of the growth of flax hypocotyl. We observed the effect of Cd on pectic distribution in primary and secondary cell wall. We studied also the effect of Cd on the synthesis of different cell wall compounds and pectin reticulation in the wall. Modifications in the presence of Cd suggest an adaptation phenomenon at cellular and tissular level when plants are submitted to environnemental stress and/or a modification of the metabolism of the hypocotyl/plant to reorient its growth. Studies concerning the effect of heavy metals on flax are recent, limited and incomplete. Our study, more detailed on the effect of Cd on cell wall structure and pectic metabolism is, on our knowledge, the first one
Autret, Armelle. "Réponses de la communauté périphytique aux métaux-traces : impacts génétiques et fonctionnels". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES057.
Texto completo da fonteHuman activities have increased the contamination in aquatic ecosystems, especially in urban areas, with diffuse and chronic mixtures of micro-pollutants at low concentrations. Linking urban pollution to biological effects depends on the knowledge of biological-mechanisms of different aquatic indicators of stream ecological health. In contrast to single-species endpoints, the microbial community provides a good level of biological organization to evaluate the toxic impacts on living organisms with different levels of sensitivity. As the basis of aquatic systems, river biofilms allow assessing the possibility of toxic effects on the food-web of micro-pollutants currently affecting aquatic systems, such as early-warning indicators. A multidisciplinary approach has been applied to study at different level of response to bacterial periphytic communities to trace-metal exposure. The metallic adaptation of bacterial communities relies on the assumption: tolerant components of the community, such as species, genotypes or phenotypes, will replace sensitive components during metallic exposure. This adaptive response was appraised in one hand by the metallic-tolerance level and on the other hand by the research of the functional and genetic modification of the bacterial community. Then, the bacterial diversity was characterized by high-throughput sequencing and the occurrence and expression of specific genes involved in trace-metal tolerance were research within these communities. The functional diversity has been observed by the MicroResp™ approach, in order to study the community level physiological profile. A measure of the metallic bioaccumulation has been carried out, to distinguish the mechanism of resistance of the biofilm. The study was assessed on metallic-exposed periphytic communities in a microcosm approach, as mono- or bi-metallic exposure to cadmium and/or zinc and to silver and/or copper. For both exposures, the bacterial response was reform according to the metal and the type of exposure (mono- or bimetallic). The composition and/or the structure of the bacterial periphytic community were influenced, without altered the metallic-tolerance level measured for the most exposed-communities. Metallic exposure generated a genetic and functional adaptation of the bacterial component, which is dependent on the metal and its pressure of selection on the periphyton. These results allow establishing a genetic fingerprint of the metallic contamination, which can be used for characterization of the future periphytic biomarker
Remon, Esteban. "Tolérance et accumulation des métaux lourds par la végétation spontanée des friches métallurgiques : vers de nouvelles méthodes de bio-dépollution". Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00362527.
Texto completo da fontePour répondre à cet objectif, l'étude des populations végétales naturelles de trois crassiers métallurgiques de la région Rhône-Alpes a été réalisée. Malgré de fortes teneurs en métaux lourds, les relevés réalisés ont permis de répertorier un peu plus de 200 espèces de plantes supérieures appartenant à une cinquantaine de familles botaniques. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation d'une méthode chimique normalisée a montré que la fraction métallique “phytodisponible” était importante. Par opposition, l'analyse des concentrations foliaires n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence une accumulation métallique supérieure à celle retrouvée dans une plante référence. Par conséquent, le risque de transfert des polluants métalliques apparaît limité. L'analyse des relevés phytosociologique a cependant révélé que le substrat influence l'organisation de groupements végétaux inédits, qui pourraient être utiles pour désigner la végétation la plus adaptée pour un programme de phytoremédiation. Au sein de ces groupements, une espèce abondante, Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. a montré de bonnes capacités de tolérance vis-à-vis de différents métaux lourds, en particulier pour le cadmium. Il s'est avéré que la tolérance de cette espèce est un caratère constitutif pour le Cd et le Ni et un caractère adaptatif pour le Cu. Cette bonne tolérance constitutive pourrait être une caractéristique des plantes pionnières et résistantes à la sécheresse. Chez cette espèce, les mécanismes de résistance au cadmium semblent impliquer une activation du système anti-oxydant racinaire et une limitation de la translocation.
La suite possible de ce travail pourrait consister à orienter les recherches vers les mécanismes complémentaires de la résistance aux métaux lourds chez P. arenaria et notamment en ce qui concerne les phénomènes de chélation intracellulaire. D'autre part, il serait intéressant de procéder aux premiers tests de recolonisation en conditions réelles.
Courbot, Mikaël. "Réponses moléculaires du champignon ectomycorhizien Paxillus involutus aux métaux et effet de la symbiose sur la croissance et la survie de Betula pendula cultivé en sol pollué". Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN10175.
Texto completo da fonteMolecular mechanisms underlying the response of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Paxillus involutus towards heavy metals have been studied. The availability of a P. Involutus cDNA library has allowed the use of a cDNA macroarray hybridization, with 2040 cDNAs, to identify genes whose expression was modulated by cadmium (4 % of these clones were up or down regulated by Cd). Three cDNAs (from the cDNA library) coding for a superoxide dismutase (SOD), a metallothionein (MT) and a thioredoxin (TRX) have been characterized. The SOD and the MT functions have been demontrated respectively using a SOD-deleted bacteria and a MT-deleted yeast. The study of the SOD revealed a probable peroxysomal localization and mainly a regulation at the post-translational level. The expression study of MT and TRX has been performed using 3 metals: Cd, Cu et Zn and indicated an induction by only Cd and Cu. We have also measured the synthesis of non-protein thiols in P. Involutus subjected to a Cd stress and demonstrated the overproduction of glutathion, the absence of phytochelatins and the presence of a unidentified component which could be a MT. We have also studied the impact of various P. Involutus strains on different aspects of his host tree (birch) physiology grown on polluted soil. We have confirmed the filter function of P. Involutus, but we also observed a weak survival rate of introduced fungal strains against indigenous strains
Lucia, Magali. "Analyse de la contamination polymétallique des oiseaux aquatiques : Etude expérimentale de la bioaccumulation du cadmium, réponses adaptatives et effets toxiques associés". Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3039.
Texto completo da fonteThroughout their life, birds evolve in environments where anthropogenic pressures could be at the origin of numerous pollutions. The current study aimed, among all these potential contaminations, to assess and understand toxic effects of metals on aquatic birds at environmental and experimental scales. To address these issues, bird populations situated on wetlands of the Southwest Atlantic coast of France have been sampled. The implementation of this field study was in relation with the longstanding contamination of water and sediment reported on the Gironde estuary. This sampling enabled to determine the main metals accumulated by inhabiting or transient species of this impacted ecosystem. This work also aimed to identify factors involved in variation of observed levels between species. In parallel, studies have been performed to assess cadmium bioaccumulation and associated toxic effects in two species of aquatic birds. This experimental work enabled the comparison of interspecific responses related to cadmium exposure. Thus, kinetic of contamination led on Anas platyrhynchos and Cairina moschata demonstrated marked discrepancies between species for metal accumulation and implementation of detoxification process such as metallothioneins. A complementary study was also performed to assess cadmium impairment on lipid metabolism of birds. This metabolism providing essential energetic reserves during migration or reproduction was affected by the metal at different levels. Cadmium triggered both modifications of fatty acids synthesis in liver and changes in lipids transfer and storage in peripheral tissues
Ramdine, Gaëlle. "Contaminations organique et inorganique du sédiment des mangroves côtières de Guadeloupe : biodisponibilité et effets induits sur l'huître de palétuvier (Crassostrea rhizophorae)". Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0279.
Texto completo da fonteMangroves are hotspots of primary production which act as buffers between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. They shelter a unique ecosystem, characterised by high biodiversity Ievets. In Guadeloupe island (Lesser Antilles), human activities are concentrated in coastal areas and impact all near shore ecosystems, including mangroves. The thesis seeks to assess the level of organic and inorganic contaminations in three coastal mangroves (Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin, Rivière Salée and Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin) strongly influenced by human activities. To assess metallic long-terrn accumulation and hydrocarbon bioavailability in the mangroves, concentrations of several heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in mangove oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Guilding 1828) soft tissues and in the fine surface sediment fraction «63um). Effects of hydrocarbon bioaccumulation in oysters gills and digestive glands were assessed using: i) biomarkers of oxidative stress (catalase assay and TBARS deterrnination), and ii) biomarkers of genotoxicity in a cornet assay. The results validate the use of these biornarkers to monitor genotoxic environmental exposures and investigate pollution-mediated health effects in C. Rhizophorae. A biomonitoring study based on the transplantation of caged oysters was also realised
Dai, Jun. "Effets de la localisation et de la spéciation des métaux lourds sur leur impact biologique dans des sols pollués du Nord de la France". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066080.
Texto completo da fonteAsanthi, Hewa Bandulage. "Etude des assemblages ichtyologiques et accumulation de métaux dans des écosystèmes lagunaires au Sri Lanka". Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON13506.
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