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1

Johansson, Ulrika. "Modulation of human dendritic cell function by microbial or autologous stimuli". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270951.

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Sasaki, Yusuke. "Synthetic Constitution and Modulation of Microbial Metabolic Systems for Advanced BioChemical Generation". Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253449.

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付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(総合学術)
甲第22613号
総総博第13号
新制||総総||2(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻
(主査)教授 山口 栄一, 教授 山敷 庸亮, 教授 植田 充美, 大嶌 幸一郎
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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3

Smit, Flora [Verfasser]. "Cutaneous defense against Candida albicans: modulation of chemokine-driven anti-microbial immune responses / Flora Smit". Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172500274/34.

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4

Tran, Thi Thu Hong. "Dietary modulation to improve pig health and performance /". Uppsala : Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200891.pdf.

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5

Ganesan, Asha Purnima Veerappan. "A study of regulatory T cells and modulation of allergic immune responses by microbial agents in human asthma". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.538955.

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6

Maître, Apolline. "Modulating the vector microbiota for the control of vector-borne pathogens". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Maisons-Alfort, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENVA0005.

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Le cheptel corse, composé d'ovins, de caprins, de porcins et de bovins, est principalement élevé dans des systèmes d'élevage extensifs. Les interactions fréquentes entre le bétail, la faune sauvage et les populations humaines favorisent donc la circulation des tiques et des micro-organismes transmis par les tiques. Une forte prévalence de bactéries transmises par les tiques des familles Rickettsiaceae et Anaplasmataceae a été signalée chez les chèvres (Anaplasma ovis), les moutons (A. ovis), les bovins (Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma phagocytophilum et Ehrlichia minasensis) et les tiques (Rickettsia spp.) en Corse. Certaines de ces bactéries (par exemple, A. phagocytophilum et Rickettsia sp.) sont zoonotiques et pathogènes pour l'homme. Actuellement, il n'existe pas de mesures préventives pour le contrôle des tiques et des maladies transmises par les tiques. Le microbiome des tiques est un ensemble très complexe de micro-organismes en interaction qui ont un impact sur la physiologie des tiques et leur compétence vectorielle. Récemment, nous avons montré que les vaccins anti-microbiote des tiques peuvent produire une mortalité élevée chez celles-ci pendant leur alimentation. Les vaccins anti-microbiotiques peuvent également moduler le microbiome des tiques et peuvent donc être utilisés comme outil de contrôle de la transmission des pathogènes transmis par les tiques. Dans ce projet, nous utiliserons le séquençage de nouvelle génération des amplicons 16S pour étudier la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle du microbiome de Rhipicephalus bursa et Hyalomma marginatum, les principales tiques vectrices de pathogènes chez le bétail en Corse. En utilisant les réseaux de co-occurrence et la détection à haut débit des pathogènes, nous identifierons ensuite les bactéries clés interagissant avec les pathogènes détectés transmis par les tiques. Les bactéries clés de voûte seront utilisées pour formuler des vaccins anti-microbiotiques afin de bloquer l'acquisition et/ou la transmission des pathogènes
The Corsican livestock population, composed of sheep, goats, pigs and cattle, is mainly raised in extensive farming systems. Frequent interactions between livestock, wildlife and human populations can favor the circulation of ticks and tick-borne microorganisms. A high prevalence of tick-borne bacteria of the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae has been reported in goats (Anaplasma ovis), sheep (A. ovis), cattle (Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia minasensis) and ticks (Rickettsia spp.) in Corsica. Some of these bacteria (e.g., A. phagocytophilum and Rickettsia sp.) are zoonotic and pathogenic to humans. Currently, there are no preventive measures for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The tick microbiome is a very complex set of interacting microorganisms that impact tick physiology and vector competence. Recently, we have shown that tick microbiota vaccines can produce high mortality in ticks during feeding. Anti-microbiota vaccines can also modulate the tick microbiome and thus can be used as a tool to control the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. In this project, we will use next-generation sequencing of 16S amplicons to study the taxonomic and functional diversity of the microbiome of Rhipicephalus bursa and Hyalomma marginatum, the main pathogen-vector ticks in cattle in Corsica. Using co-occurrence networks and high-throughput pathogen detection, we will then identify keystone bacteria interacting with the detected tick-borne pathogens. The keystone bacteria will be used to formulate antimicrobial vaccines to block pathogen acquisition and/or transmission
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Smida, Hassiba. "Modulation de l'interface entre biofilms microbiens électroactifs et surface d'électrode : modifications de surface et effets de milieux". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S135/document.

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Les piles à combustible microbiennes (PCMs) sont des dispositifs bio-électrochimiques qui utilisent des biofilms bactériens électroactifs afin de catalyser des réactions d'oxydoréduction anodique et/ou cathodique pour générer de l'énergie électrique. Afin de promouvoir le développement et la connexion des biofilms, points clé dans les performances des PCM, la surface de l'anode de graphite est fonctionnalisée par des unités pyridine. Celles-ci sont greffées de façon covalente via la réduction électrochimique de cations diazopyridinium, formés in situ à partir de précurseurs amine, en s'inspirant de la méthode d'électrogreffage des sels d'aryle diazonium. Cela permet d'obtenir une interface très robuste. En comparant la réactivité de différents dérivés aminopyridine et les propriétés des couches greffées résultantes, la réduction des cations para-diazopyridinium conduit à des films fins et compacts, bien adaptés pour favoriser l'adhésion bactérienne et le transfert d'électrons entre la surface de l'anode et les bactéries électroactives. La présence d'unités pyridine immobilisées en surface de l'anode permet un développement plus rapide du biofilm et des performances accrues de la PCM pour des biofilms jeunes. Par comparaison, une anode modifiée par des multicouches de polyphénylène puis colonisée par un biofilm bactérien se révèle moins efficace pour la catalyse de l'oxydation de l'acétate. La nature et les propriétés physicochimiques de l'électrolyte sont également un paramètre important dans le développement du biofilm bactérien. Les liquides ioniques à température ambiante présentent des propriétés uniques, notamment en termes de solvatation, et leur utilisation dans des applications biotechnologiques a récemment émergé. Toutefois, leurs effets sur les biofilms bactériens restent encore peu connus. L'ajout d'une sélection de liquides ioniques hydrophiles et hydrophobes à base de cations imidazolium ou pyridinium dans l'anolyte, même en très faible quantité, ou immobilisés à la surface de l'anode inhibe le développement du biofilm
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical devices based on electroactive bacterial biofilms which catalyze the electron transfer both at the anode and cathode to generate electrical power. To enhance the biofilms development and to improve the biofilm-electrode connection, being both key features in the performance of the MFC, the graphite anode was functionalized by pyridine units. In order to ensure a robust interface, pyridine units are grafted covalently through the electrochemical reduction of diazopyridinium cations in situ formed from aminopyridine precursors, following the well-known electrografting method for aryl diazonium salts. By comparing the reactivity of various aminopyridine derivatives and the resulting grafted layers properties, the para-diazopyridinium cations reduction results in a thin and compact layer, which is the best suited for promoting bacterial adhesion and favorable electron transfer between the anode surface and electroactive bacteria. The presence of pyridine units immobilized on the anode surface leads to a faster biofilm development together with increased MFC performances for young biofilms. In contrast, anode modified with polyphenylene multilayers and then colonized by a bacterial biofilm has been proved to be less effective for the catalysis of acetate oxidation. On the other hand, the nature of the electrolyte and the physicochemical properties are also important parameters for the bacterial biofilm development. Room temperature ionic liquids have unique properties, particularly in terms of solvation, and their use in biotechnological applications has recently emerged. However, their effects on bacterial biofilms remain little known. The addition of a selection of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ionic liquids based on imidazolium or pyridinium cations in the anolyte, even in very small quantities, or immobilized at the anode surface inhibited the biofilm development
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8

Banasaz, Mahnaz. "Intestinal cell kinetics : modulation caused by age, gender and microbial status in rats and mice : an experimental study in germfree, conventional and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or Clostridium difficile, mono-associated animals /". Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-241-8.

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9

Pham, Hoang-Nam. "Impact des métabolites secondaires de plantes sur des bactéries pathogènes de la rhizosphère : existe-t-il un lien entre la résistance sur métaux et la modulation de résistance aux antibiotiques ?" Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30153/document.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer les modifications du métabolisme secondaire des plantes contaminées aux éléments trace métalliques (ETM) et leurs conséquences sur les communautés bactériennes rhizosphériques associées incluant des bactéries présentant des phénotypes de MultiDrug Résistance (MDR). Nous nous sommes focalisés sur deux contextes de sols exposés aux métaux : la phytoremédiation de sites miniers au Vietnam et la reconversion de sols agricoles contaminés par la re-déposition atmosphérique d'activités métallurgiques en France. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence que la contamination par différents types de métaux (dont Cu et Pb principalement) a conduit à une altération de la production des métabolites secondaires des racines, tiges et feuilles de la plante hyperaccumulatrice Pteris vittata et que concernant les racines des tendances similaires dans les changements métaboliques ont pu être observés dans un autre type de contexte de pollution (Zn et Pb plus particulièrement). De même, les profils métaboliques des parties souterraines (racines et rhizomes) de Miscanthus x giganteus ont été modifiés par les concentrations en Pb, Cd et Zn des sols agricoles. Pour les deux plantes examinées des dérivés de l'acide chlorogénique ont été retrouvés en proportions augmentées dans les racines malgré des contextes de nature des sols et de pollutions métalliques très contrastés. Cependant, les dérivés de tanin catéchiques sont spécifiquement trouvés en proportions plus élevées dans les racines de P. vittata sous pression métallique. Ces polyphénols sont connus pour leur capacité à piéger les radicaux libres et leur pouvoir antioxydant et pourraient donc être impliqués dans l'adaptation de ces plantes au stress métallique en contribuant à limiter le stress oxydatif généré par les ETM. Au niveau des parties aériennes, nous n'avons étudié que le changement pour P. vittata et avons mis en évidence une proportion plus élevée de dérivés flavonoïdiques pour les plantes contaminées. Nos résultats de métagénomique nous permettent de conclure également sur un effet des ETM sur la diversité et la richesse spécifique des communautés bactériennes des sols étudiés : une forte contamination en Cu (10 fois la limite autorisée) a diminué la diversité et la richesse bactérienne, alors que pour des niveaux en ETM plus modérés incluant Cu, Pb et Zn, la diversité des communautés bactériennes rhizosphériques semble plus influencée par la plante ou la saison plutôt que par l'effet des ETM. Cet effet sur la composition bactérienne de la rhizosphère de P. vittata se traduit par un enrichissement de certains genres connus comme pathogènes opportunistes de l'homme, notamment Ralstonia, Acinetobacter, Burkholderia et Mycobacterium. En outre, le genre Cupriavidus, connu comme très résistant aux ETM est le seul genre spécifiquement associé à P. vittata qui ait été augmenté au sein de la communauté rhizosphérique pour les deux sites miniers étudiés par rapport aux sols rhizosphériques non pollués. Ce genre pourrait donc être impliqué dans le processus d'adaptation de cette plante au stress métallique. Quant aux communautés rhizosphériques de Miscanthus x giganteus, la sélection de Stenotrophomonas et Pseudomonas dans les sols agricoles contaminés a été observée. Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous avons également mis au point une méthode rapide pour tester l'impact de métabolites végétaux sur des souches pathogènes d'origine clinique et environnementale et également évaluer leur activité inhibitrice de pompes à efflux (IPE) de la famille des RND. Nos données ont ainsi permis de mettre en évidence des activités intéressantes et comparables à celle de l'inhibiteur de pompe à efflux PAßN pour des composés testés qui étaient extraits des racines de Fallopia x bohemica ou des dérivés de ces derniers
The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the modification of plant secondary metabolism production contaminated with metallic trace elements (MTE) and its consequences on the associated rhizospheric bacterial communities including bacteria presenting MultiDrug Resistant (MDR) phenotypes. We have focused on two contexts of metals exposure: the phytoremediation of mining sites in Vietnam and the reconversion of agricultural soils contaminated by the atmospheric re-deposition of metallurgical activities in France. Our results highlighted that contamination by different types of metals (mainly Cu and Pb) has led to an alteration in the production of secondary metabolites in the roots, stems and leaves of the hyper-accumulating Pteris vittata and for roots, a similar trend in the metabolic changes could be observed in another type of pollution context (Zn and Pb more particularly). Similarly, the metabolic profiles of the underground parts (roots and rhizomes) of Miscanthus x giganteus were modified by the concentrations of Pb, Cd and Zn in agricultural soils. For the two plants examined chlorogenic acid derivatives have been found in increased proportions in the roots despite soil type and pollution context were highly contrasted. However, catechic tannin derivatives are specifically found in higher proportions in the roots of P. vittata under metal pressure. These polyphenols are known for their ability to scavenge free radicals and their antioxidant properties and thus could be involved in the adaptation of these plants to metallic stress by helping to limit the oxidative stress generated by MTE. At the level of the aerial parts, we studied only the change for P. vittata and evidenced higher proportions of flavonoid derivatives for contaminated plants. Our metagenomic results allow us to conclude also on the effect of MTE on the diversity and the specific richness of the bacterial communities of the studied soils: a high contamination of Cu (10 times the allowed limit) decreased dramatically bacterial richness and diversity, while for more moderate MTE levels including Cu Pb and Zn, the diversity of rhizosphere bacterial communities was more explained by plant or season effect rather than an effect of MTE. This effect on P.vittata rhizosphere bacterial composition is reflected by an enrichment in genera known as opportunistic human pathogens, including Ralstonia, Acinetobacter, Burkholderia and Mycobacterium. In addition, Cupriavidus, known as a highly resistant genus, is the only P. vittata specifically associated genus found in increased proportions at both mining sites compared to non-contaminated rhizosphere soils. This genus could then be involved in the adaptation process of this plant with metal stress. As for the rhizospheric communities of Miscanthus x giganteus, the selection of Stenotrophomonas and Pseudomonas in agricultural soils contaminated with MTE was observed. As a part of this thesis, we have also developed a rapid method for testing the impact of plant metabolites on pathogenic strains of clinical and environmental origin and their efflux pump inhibition (EPI) activity of RND family. Our data thus showed interesting and notable EPI activities comparable to that of the efflux pump inhibitor PAßN for tested compounds issued from Fallopia x bohemica roots or for their derivatives
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Roussel, Perrine. "Entre glande mammaire et Escherichia coli : étude des intéractions qui conditionnent le déclenchement et l'issue des mammites : rôles des cellules épithéliales et modulation par l'IL-17A". Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4046.

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L’intensification des pratiques d’élevage s’est accompagnée de l’émergence de pathologies de production, notamment des mammites. Il s’agit d’une inflammation de la glande mammaire, d’origine bactérienne dans la majeure partie des cas. Les mammites constituent à elles seules la première source de pertes financières des cheptels bovins laitiers en France et dans le monde. Néanmoins aucun traitement prophylactique ne permet à ce jour une action préventive à long terme. Parmi les agents étiologiques majeurs des mammites, Escherichia coli (E. coli) tient son importance du fait de sa prévalence et de son impact sur les rendements et la qualité du lait. La part des facteurs de l’hôte dans la capacité à éliminer le pathogène causal est relativement avérée, tandis que le lien entre caractéristiques bactériennes et sévérité de l’infection est plus délicat à établir. Cette étude s’attache donc à déterminer si les interactions entre E. coli et la glande mammaire, en particulier les cellules épithéliales mammaires (CEM) et les neutrophiles, peuvent expliquer des degrés de sévérité variables. L’influence du lait sur ces interactions a également été investiguée
Along with agricultural intensification of animal production, some pathologies have emerge, especially mastitis. This disease corresponds to an inflammation of the udder, and is generally provoked by bacterial infection. Mastitis on their own constitute the main source of financial impairments within dairy herds in France and worldwide. So far, there is no treatment able to prevent mastitis over time. Among major mastitis pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) is of great importance, because of its prevalence and its impacts on milk yield and quality. The mastitis severity has proven to be linked to host factors, but the implication of bacterial characteristics remains unknown. Thus, this study aimed at deciphering whether interactions between E. coli and the mammary gland, especially the mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and neutrophils, may explain a variability in mastitis severity. Influence of milk on these interactions was also investigated
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Jaffri, Sarah. "Characterization of the photosynthetic apparatus of Chlorella BI sp., an Antarctica mat alga under varying trophic growth states". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1304348068.

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12

Chou, Chung Jen James. "Design and screening of potential peptide modulator through the studies of iron-dependent regulator functions /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8504.

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Fomenky, Bridget. "Modulation of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota by two direct fed microbials and their efficacy as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoter use in calf management operations". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34456.

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L’usage des produits microbiens administrés directement (aussi appelés probiotiques) gagne de l’intérêt comme alternative à l’utilisation des antibiotiques comme promoteurs de croissance dans les élevages. Cependant, très peu d’informations existent quant à l’influence des probiotiques sur la modulation du microbiote gastrointestinal et la réponse immunitaire innée chez le veau laitier. Les objectifs de cette thèse visaient à (1) Étudier l’effet de Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 ou de Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1- 1079 sur les constituants sanguins, biochimiques / chimiques du sang. (2) Déterminer les mécanismes potentiels d’une réponse immunitaire renforcée de Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 et de Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079. (3) Déterminer comment Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 ou Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079 modulent la composition de la communauté microbienne GIT de veau par séquençage de nouvelle génération de la région V3-V4 du gène ARNr 16S. (4) Comparer l'efficacité de ces deux DFM avec la tetracycline-néomycine, un promoteur de croissance antibiotique. Quatre traitements ont été distribués aléatoirement à 48 veaux âgés de 2 à 7 jours (n=12). TÉMOIN : lactoremplaceur (LR) suivi d’une moulée de démarrage (MD); SCB) TÉMOIN + Saccharomyces cereviseae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 [7,5 × 108 unités formatrices de colonie (CFU)/L de LR + 3 × 109 CFU/kg de MD]; LA) TÉMOIN + Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 (2,5 × 108 CFU/L de LR + 1 × 109 CFU/kg de MD); ATB) TÉMOIN + traitement antibiotique composé de chlortétracycline (528 mg/L de LR + 55 mg/kg de MD) et de néomycine (357 mg/L de LR). Les animaux ont été élevés selon les procédures d’élevage conventionnelles pendant les 96 jours de la période expérimentale. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés de la veine jugulaire à différents moments pendant les périodes de pré-sevrage (jours 1 à 42), de sevrage (jours 43 à 53) et de post-sevrage (jours 54 à 96). Aux jours 33 et 96 dans chacun des groupes, 4 veaux ont été euthanasiés afin de prélever des échantillons de tissus et de digesta. Des SCB viables ont été retrouvées tout au long du tractus gastrointestinal, ainsi que dans les fèces des veaux en périodes pré- et post-sevrage. Autour du sevrage, les fèces du groupe SCB contenaient une population de lactobacilli plus importante que celles du groupe TÉMOIN. Au cours de la période pré-sevrage, la distribution des lactobacilli évoluait graduellement à travers les sections du tube digestif (colon > contenu iléal > rumen > muqueuse iléale). À l’exception du rumen, tous les autres compartiments présentaient une population de lactobacilli réduite en post- vs. en pré-sevrage. Comparativement aux groupes TÉMOIN et LA, la profondeur et la largeur des cryptes du colon des groupes SCB et ATB étaient réduites. Toujours comparativement aux groupes TÉMOIN et LA, le nombre de cellules caliciformes contenant des mucines neutres tendait à augmenter pour les groupes SCB et ATB, alors que le nombre de mucines acides augmentaient. Globalement, les traitements n’ont pas affecté les performances des animaux. Pendant le sevrage, une amélioration de la stimulation oxydative et de la phagocytose, ainsi qu’une augmentation des concentrations des protéines de la phase aiguë, ont été observées chez les groupes SCB et LA. L’ajout de probiotiques à la diète du veau a eu moins d’impact sur la diversité bactérienne mais a tout de même modifié significativement l’abondance des différentes populations microbiennes, et ce plus particulièrement dans l’iléon. L’ajout de SCB ou de LA a réduit l’abondance de certains genres bactériens pathogènes, tels que Streptococcus et Tyzzerella_4, alors que cela a augmenté l’abondance de bactéries potentiellement bénéfiques pour l’hôte tel que celles appartenant au genre Fibrobacter. Par ailleurs, d’autres bactéries bénéfiques tel que Rumminococcaceae UCG 005 et Olsenella étaient aussi plus abondantes, mais seulement pour le traitement SCB. Les bactéries pathogènes Peptoclostridium et Ruminococcus_2 étaient respectivement moins abondantes lorsque les traitements SCB et LA étaient ajoutés à la ration. Les analyses de prédiction fonctionnelle ont montré qu’en plus des effets observés sur les voies métaboliques locales impliquées dans le cycle cellulaire, la sécrétion biliaire et les voies de signalisation de l’AMPc et du proteasome, l’ajout des deux formes de probiotiques a également affecté d’importantes voies impliquées au sein d’autres tissus comme la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes ou le fonctionnement des synapses dopaminergiques. Cette étude suggère que les probiotiques, et plus particulièrement SCB, devraient être davantage considérés comme modulateur de la santé gastro-intestinale du veau laitier. Aussi, la supplémentation en SCB, en améliorant la réponse immunitaire innée, permettrait de stimuler le système immunitaire du veau avant l’infection, le préparant ainsi à mieux affronter les périodes plus sensibles comme celle du sevrage. Le SCB et le LA ont modifié la composition en bactéries du GIT. Dans l’ensemble, cette étude a montré une démonstration remarquable de l’importance du DFM sur le microbiote de la TI. Cependant, il faut mieux comprendre les molécules et les mécanismes qui déterminent le rôle du microbiote, puis exploiter ces connaissances pour améliorer la santé et augmenter la production animale
L’usage des produits microbiens administrés directement (aussi appelés probiotiques) gagne de l’intérêt comme alternative à l’utilisation des antibiotiques comme promoteurs de croissance dans les élevages. Cependant, très peu d’informations existent quant à l’influence des probiotiques sur la modulation du microbiote gastrointestinal et la réponse immunitaire innée chez le veau laitier. Les objectifs de cette thèse visaient à (1) Étudier l’effet de Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 ou de Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1- 1079 sur les constituants sanguins, biochimiques / chimiques du sang. (2) Déterminer les mécanismes potentiels d’une réponse immunitaire renforcée de Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 et de Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079. (3) Déterminer comment Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 ou Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079 modulent la composition de la communauté microbienne GIT de veau par séquençage de nouvelle génération de la région V3-V4 du gène ARNr 16S. (4) Comparer l'efficacité de ces deux DFM avec la tetracycline-néomycine, un promoteur de croissance antibiotique. Quatre traitements ont été distribués aléatoirement à 48 veaux âgés de 2 à 7 jours (n=12). TÉMOIN : lactoremplaceur (LR) suivi d’une moulée de démarrage (MD); SCB) TÉMOIN + Saccharomyces cereviseae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 [7,5 × 108 unités formatrices de colonie (CFU)/L de LR + 3 × 109 CFU/kg de MD]; LA) TÉMOIN + Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 (2,5 × 108 CFU/L de LR + 1 × 109 CFU/kg de MD); ATB) TÉMOIN + traitement antibiotique composé de chlortétracycline (528 mg/L de LR + 55 mg/kg de MD) et de néomycine (357 mg/L de LR). Les animaux ont été élevés selon les procédures d’élevage conventionnelles pendant les 96 jours de la période expérimentale. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés de la veine jugulaire à différents moments pendant les périodes de pré-sevrage (jours 1 à 42), de sevrage (jours 43 à 53) et de post-sevrage (jours 54 à 96). Aux jours 33 et 96 dans chacun des groupes, 4 veaux ont été euthanasiés afin de prélever des échantillons de tissus et de digesta. Des SCB viables ont été retrouvées tout au long du tractus gastrointestinal, ainsi que dans les fèces des veaux en périodes pré- et post-sevrage. Autour du sevrage, les fèces du groupe SCB contenaient une population de lactobacilli plus importante que celles du groupe TÉMOIN. Au cours de la période pré-sevrage, la distribution des lactobacilli évoluait graduellement à travers les sections du tube digestif (colon > contenu iléal > rumen > muqueuse iléale). À l’exception du rumen, tous les autres compartiments présentaient une population de lactobacilli réduite en post- vs. en pré-sevrage. Comparativement aux groupes TÉMOIN et LA, la profondeur et la largeur des cryptes du colon des groupes SCB et ATB étaient réduites. Toujours comparativement aux groupes TÉMOIN et LA, le nombre de cellules caliciformes contenant des mucines neutres tendait à augmenter pour les groupes SCB et ATB, alors que le nombre de mucines acides augmentaient. Globalement, les traitements n’ont pas affecté les performances des animaux. Pendant le sevrage, une amélioration de la stimulation oxydative et de la phagocytose, ainsi qu’une augmentation des concentrations des protéines de la phase aiguë, ont été observées chez les groupes SCB et LA. L’ajout de probiotiques à la diète du veau a eu moins d’impact sur la diversité bactérienne mais a tout de même modifié significativement l’abondance des différentes populations microbiennes, et ce plus particulièrement dans l’iléon. L’ajout de SCB ou de LA a réduit l’abondance de certains genres bactériens pathogènes, tels que Streptococcus et Tyzzerella_4, alors que cela a augmenté l’abondance de bactéries potentiellement bénéfiques pour l’hôte tel que celles appartenant au genre Fibrobacter. Par ailleurs, d’autres bactéries bénéfiques tel que Rumminococcaceae UCG 005 et Olsenella étaient aussi plus abondantes, mais seulement pour le traitement SCB. Les bactéries pathogènes Peptoclostridium et Ruminococcus_2 étaient respectivement moins abondantes lorsque les traitements SCB et LA étaient ajoutés à la ration. Les analyses de prédiction fonctionnelle ont montré qu’en plus des effets observés sur les voies métaboliques locales impliquées dans le cycle cellulaire, la sécrétion biliaire et les voies de signalisation de l’AMPc et du proteasome, l’ajout des deux formes de probiotiques a également affecté d’importantes voies impliquées au sein d’autres tissus comme la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes ou le fonctionnement des synapses dopaminergiques. Cette étude suggère que les probiotiques, et plus particulièrement SCB, devraient être davantage considérés comme modulateur de la santé gastro-intestinale du veau laitier. Aussi, la supplémentation en SCB, en améliorant la réponse immunitaire innée, permettrait de stimuler le système immunitaire du veau avant l’infection, le préparant ainsi à mieux affronter les périodes plus sensibles comme celle du sevrage. Le SCB et le LA ont modifié la composition en bactéries du GIT. Dans l’ensemble, cette étude a montré une démonstration remarquable de l’importance du DFM sur le microbiote de la TI. Cependant, il faut mieux comprendre les molécules et les mécanismes qui déterminent le rôle du microbiote, puis exploiter ces connaissances pour améliorer la santé et augmenter la production animale.
There is interest in the use of direct-fed microbials (DFM) as substitutes for antibiotic growth promoters in farm animal production. However, little information exists on the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 (LA) and Saccharomyces cereviseae boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SCB) on the modulation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota and innate immune responses in dairy calves. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were to (1) investigate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079 on blood cellular and biochemical/chemical constituents; (2) determine the potential mechanisms of enhanced immune response by Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079; (3) determine how Lactobacillus acidophilus BT 1386 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1-1079 modulate calf GIT microbial community composition by next-generation sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and (4) compare the efficacy of these two DFM with tetracycline-neomycin, an antibiotic growth promoter. Forty eight calves (2 to 7 days old) were randomly allocated to four treatments: 1) Control (CTRL) fed milk replacer (MR) and starter feed (SF); 2) CTRL supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCMI-1079 (SCB; 7.5 × 108 (CFU)/L MR + 3 × 109 CFU/kg SF); 3) CTRL supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus BT1386 (LA; 2.5 × 108 CFU/L MR + 1 × 109 CFU/kg SF); and 4) CTRL supplemented with antibiotics (ATB) chlortetracycline and neomycin (528 and 357 mg/L MR, respectively), and chlortetracycline (55 mg/kg SF). Animals were raised for 96 days following standard management procedures. Growth parameters (body weight and feed intake) of calves were recorded weekly. Four calves per treatment were euthanized on day 33 (pre-weaning) and an additional four calves per treatment on day 96 (post-weaning) to sample rumen and ileum tissues for real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and colon for histomorphology. The ileum, colon and rumen were also analyzed for viability. Furthermore, samples of digesta (colon, ileum and rumen) and mucosa (colon and ileum) for bacterial characterization by sequencing the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. Weekly feces samples were collected for viability analysis. Blood samples were also collected for isolation of neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells for oxidative burst and phagocytosis analyses by flow cytometry. Serum measurements of acute phase proteins were done by ELISA. Viable SCB were recovered throughout the GIT and in the feces pre- and post-weaning. The feces of SCB-treated calves showed a greater lactobacilli population compared with CTRL (P < 0.01) around weaning. In the pre-weaning period, the distribution of lactobacilli population differed along the digestive tract (colon > ileum content > rumen > ileum mucosa; P < 0.001). The lactobacilli population were significantly reduced in all compartments (P = 0.02) post-weaning compared to pre-weaning, except in the rumen. Crypts depth and width of the colon decreased (P < 0.01) whereas number of goblet cells containing neutral mucins tended to increase (P = 0.058) while acidic mucins increased (P < 0.05) in SCB- and ATB-treated calves compared with CTRL and v LA-treated calves. Overall, growth performances were not affected by treatment. There was improvement of both oxidative burst and phagocytosis by SCB and LA during weaning in calves. Similarly, the concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive proteins and serum amyloid A proteins) were increased by SCB and LA during weaning. The DFM had less impact on the bacteria diversity but had significant impact on the abundance of the bacteria community with most changes associated to treatments occurring in the ileum. SCB and LA reduced some pathogenic bacteria genera such as Streptococcus, Tyzzerella_4 and increased some potential beneficial bacteria such as fibrobacter. Meanwhile, Rumminococcaceae UCG 005 and Olsenella, also beneficial, were increased only by SCB treatment. The potential pathogenic bacterium, Peptoclostridium, was reduced by SCB only while LA reduced Ruminococcus_2. The functional prediction analyses indicated that besides affecting local pathways such as cell cycle, bile secretion, proteasome or cAMP signaling pathway, both DFM might also affect important pathways in other tissues such as thyroid hormone synthesis or Dopaminergic synapse in the brain. Our results suggest that SCB is a modulator of gastrointestinal health and could prime the immune system prior to infection leading to an enhanced innate immune response in calves especially during periods of stress (e.g., weaning). Consequently, SCB might have the potential to strengthen calf immune system in the critical periods of disease susceptibility. Both SCB and LA changed the bacteria composition of the GIT. Overall, this study showed a remarkable demonstration of the importance of DFM on the GIT microbiota. However, what is needed is a complete and better understanding of the molecules and mechanisms driving the roles played by the microbiota and then to exploit this knowledge to improve health and increase animal production.
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14

Pacheco, Alan Roberto. "Environmental modulation of microbial ecosystems". Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/42638.

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Natural microbiota are essential to the health of living systems - from the human gut to coral reefs. Although advances in DNA sequencing have allowed us to catalogue many of the different organisms that make up these microbial communities, significant challenges remain in understanding the complex networks of interspecies metabolic interactions they exhibit. These interactions are crucial to community stability and function, and are highly context-dependent: the availability of different nutrients can determine whether a set of microbes will interact cooperatively or competitively, which can drastically change a community’s structure. Disentangling the environmental factors that determine these behaviors will not only fundamentally enhance our knowledge of their ecological properties, but will also bring us closer to the rational engineering of synthetic microbiomes with novel functions. Here, I integrate modeling and experimental approaches to quantify the dependence of microbial communities on environmental composition. I then show how this relationship can be leveraged to facilitate the design of synthetic consortia. The first chapter of this dissertation is a review article that introduces a framework for cataloguing interaction mechanisms, which enables quantitative comparisons and predictive models of these complex phenomena. The second chapter is a computational study that explores one such attribute – metabolic cost – in high detail. It demonstrates how a large variety of molecules can be secreted without imposing a fitness cost on microbial organisms, allowing for the emergence of beneficial interspecies interactions. The third chapter is an experimental study that determines how the number of unique environmental nutrients affects microbial community growth and taxonomic diversity. The integration of stoichiometric and consumer resource models enabled the discovery of basic ecological principles that govern this environment-phenotype relationship. The fourth chapter applies these principles to the design of engineered communities via a search algorithm that identifies environmental compositions that yield specific ecosystem properties. This dissertation then concludes with extensions of the modeling methods used throughout this work to additional model systems. Future work could further quantify how microbial community phenotypes depend on each of the individual factors explored in this thesis, while also leveraging emerging knowledge on interaction mechanisms to design synthetic consortia.
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15

Schretter, Catherine Elizabeth. "Microbial Modulation of Host Locomotion". Thesis, 2019. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/11154/1/Catherine%20Schretter%20Thesis_8%2022.pdf.

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Coordinated locomotor behavior is critical for the survival and propagation of an individual and is modulated by internal and external sensory inputs. The microbiota regulates host metabolism, which is closely intertwined with motor behavior. However, little is known regarding influences by the gut microbiome on host locomotion, or the pathways involved. The work presented in this thesis examines microbial regulation of locomotor behavior from both bacterial and host perspectives. Removal of the microbiota results in hyperactivity in female D. melanogaster, which is reversible through colonization with specific bacteria or administration of bacterial-derived products, including xylose isomerase (Xi) from Lactobacillus brevis. We found that Xi modulates host speed via sugar metabolism and octopamine signaling in flies. Additionally, aspects of microbial regulation of host locomotion appear to be conserved in mice. This work suggests that microbial modulation of host physiology extends beyond local intestinal effects to locomotor behavior through alterations in energy-related pathways.
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16

Donato, Kevin. "Microbial-host Interactions and Modulation of Epithelial Barrier Function: Pathogens to Probiotics". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/26168.

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The epithelial cell layer that lines the intestine creates a barrier, largely mediated by the tight junction (TJ) apparatus, which serves as a first line of protection from the contents in the lumen containing an enormous number of microbes. Cellular microbiology, the study of microbial-host interactions, is used to describe mechanisms that play a role in the way epithelial cells regulate barrier properties in the context of bacterial colonization. The research in this thesis had three aims: (1) to characterize the effects of candidate pathogenic bacteria on the epithelial barrier, (2) to determine if a beneficial microbe (a probiotic bacterium) could ameliorate the deleterious effects of a pathogenic infection on this barrier, and (3) to extend the investigation of probiotic mechanisms in the context of pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated barrier dysfunction. In the first part of this thesis, two undercharacterized bacterial species purported to cause diarrheal illness, Escherichia albertii and Hafnia alvei, were employed in a polarized epithelial infection model with outcome measures including transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), macromolecular permeability, TJ protein immunofluorescence staining, and immunoblotting. A well characterized pathogen, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), serotype O157:H7, was used as a positive control to demonstrate deleterious effects on TJs. All of the bacteria tested decreased TER, but the effects on TJs and TJ protein expression were specific to the bacterial strain tested and the epithelial model cell line used. The second component of this thesis investigated how probiotics confer beneficial effects on epithelial barrier function. A probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), was employed to effectively block EHEC O157:H7 adherence to epithelial cells and prevent the ability of the pathogen to induce characteristic attaching-effacing lesions on epithelial cell surfaces. LGG ameliorated the pathogenic effects on barrier function normally induced by EHEC O157:H7, including prevention of decreased TER, increased permeability to a dextran probe, and rearrangement of tight junction architecture. The third section elucidated the role of LGG in the prevention of barrier disruption due to pro-inflammatory cytokine stimuli (IFN-γ and TNF-α). Using a polarized epithelial (Caco-2bbe) cell model, LGG treatment largely prevented cytokine-induced decreases in TER and TJ disruption. Furthermore, LGG suppressed the secretion of the chemokines interleukin-8 (CXCL-8) and eotaxin-1 (CCL-11), and the activation of NF-κB. Preliminary experimentation demonstrated a role for mitogen-activated protein kinases, with pharmacologic inhibition of extracellular signal related kinase (ERK-1/2) abolishing the protective effects of LGG. Taken together, the findings presented in this thesis demonstrate how cellular microbiology models can be used to study host-microbial interactions, giving insight as to how the intestinal epithelium regulates barrier function; characterizing enteropathogenic candidates, and the diversity in responses to these bacteria that is dependent on both the bacterial strain and the epithelial cell line tested; and elucidating the mechanisms of probiotic action to reduce the deleterious effects of infection and inflammation.
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17

MENNINI, MAURIZIO. "Intestinal Microbiota in IgE-mediated Cow’s Milk Allergy: microbial dysbiosis and possible modulation through probiotics". Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1364221.

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Objectives and study: The aim of the study was to evaluate gut microbiota (GM) in infants with cow milk allergy (CMA) compared to food-sensitized and healthy infants. Furthermore, we investigated colonization, persistence and possible effects of a probiotic mixture (B. breve M-16V (BB), B. longum subsp. longum BB536 (BL) and B. longum subsp. infantis M-63 (BI)) in the GM of allergic infants. Methods: We enrolled a total of 40 infants aged 10 to 15 months: 14 CMA patients (Group1); 12 positive IgE and negative food challenge patients (Group2); 14 healthy infants (Group3). For each patient, a stool sample was collected at enrolment (T 0 ). Group1 received probiotic twice per day (3.5×109 UFC/dose) for 30 days. Stool samples, collected at T 1 (7 days from probiotic intake), T2 (30 days from probiotic intake) and T 3 (after 60 day from probiotic discontinuation), were analysed by real-time PCR. The GM profile of groups was characterized by 16S rRNA targeted metagenomics. Data were analysed by QIIME and IBM SPSS Statistic software. Results: At baseline, BB and BL were present in the GM in the three Groups without significant differences. At T 0 , BI median concentration value was 0 in all the three groups, while after probiotics administration, RT-PCR analysis revealed a significant increase, from 0 to 6.4 x 10 1 molecules/l at T 1 (p=0.003) and 1.6 x 10 2 molecules/l at T 2 (p=0.005) with a decreased to 4.56 x 10 1 molecules/l at T 3. From basal microbiota comparison, we demonstrated that allergic patients clustered in Beta- diversity analysis (PERMANOVA test (p=0.019)) and showed a peculiar phylogenetic relatedness. At phylum level, Verrucomicrobia were higher in healthy group and gradually decreased from Group2 to Group1 (pFDR<0.05). Firmicutes resulted more abundant in Group2 and lower in Group3, while Group1 showed an intermediate level (pFDR<0.05). At genus level, Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Prevotella and Streptococcus resulted associated to allergy, with a significant increase (p<0.05) in Group1 and less in Group2 compared to Group3. Klebsiella showed a higher abundance in Group1 but not in Group2 compared to Group3. Parabacteroides and Granulicatella were instead more abundant in Group3. During probiotic intake, there was an increase of Verrucomicrobia with a peak of abundance at T 2. Proteobacteria showed a gradually increase during probiotic intake and this increment was maintained also at T 3 . On the contrary, Actinobacteria decreased during the time-course, even if there was an increase form point T 1 to point T 2 . At genus level, probiotic intake determined an increase of Akkermansia, Prevotella and Ruminococcus. Actinomyces, Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Sutterella resulted instead diminished after probiotic intervention. Blautia increased during all the period of probiotic intake, until T 2 point, while at T 3 it started to decrease and showed a level of abundances lower than T 0 . Conclusion: GM of CMA infants is different from that of sensitized and healthy infants and BI can colonize and persist in CMA GM. Probiotic administration provoked an increase of anti-inflammatory and a decrease of pro-inflammatory bacteria. In conclusions, early infancy is a window during which gut microbiota may shape food allergy outcomes in childhood and probiotics could be a rational way to modulate it.
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18

Chang, Kuang-min. "Microbially-induced periodontal breakdown in the rat role of matrix-degrading enzymes and modulation by tetracyclines /". 1992. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZAtqAAAAMAAJ.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1992.
eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 220-292).
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19

Ribeiro, Ricardo Manuel Esteves. "Innovative pathways underlying the etiology and the therapeutics via modulation of the gut microbiota". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/84748.

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Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentado à Faculdade de Farmácia
Uma vez que não existe cura definitiva para doença de Parkinson, a busca de alternativas terapêuticas e outros alvos terapêuticos sobressai como uma necessidade urgente na sociedade moderna.Estudos recentes, evidenciam uma íntima e complexa via de comunicação bidirecional entre o cérebro e o trato gastro-intestinal envolvendo o microbiota: o eixo cérebro-intestino-microbiota. Esta rede de comunicação entre o cérebro e o intestino pode ser o fator determinante na progressão de doenças neurodegenerativas, nomeadamente a doença de Parkinson. Tem sido demonstrado em vários trabalhos que alterações no microbiota intestinal desencadeia uma série de mecanismos celulares que levam a um processo inflamatório exagerado que, por sua vez, debilita a integridade do epitélio intestinal. Este desequilíbrio na permeabilidade do epitélio intestinal exacerba a resposta inflamatória a qual se propaga para o sistema nervoso entérico, contribuindo para a formação de agregados de α-sinucleína. Dada a ligação entre o sistema nervoso entérico e o sistema nervoso central, através do nervo vago, a inflamação e os agregados de α-sinucleína propagam-se até ao sistema nervoso central, onde ocorre deposição de agregados de α-sinucleína nos neurónios da substantia nigra. Contudo terapias alternativas à base de precursores de compostos fosfolipídicos, probióticos, prébióticos e simbióticos relavam um efeito neuroprotetor e anti-inflamatório, podendo assim representar uma nova abordagem a terapêutica da doença de Parkinson. Neste trabalho discute-se criticamente estas novas vias subjacentes à etiologia e à intervenção terapêutica na doença de Parkinson.
Since there is no definitive cure for Parkinson's disease, the search for therapeutic alternatives and other therapeutic targets stands out as an urgent need in modern society.Recent studies show an intimate and complex bi-directional communication pathway between the brain and the gut involving the microbiota: the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This communication network may be the determining factor in the progression of certain neurodegenerative diseases, namely Parkinson's disease. It has been shown by several studies that changes in the intestinal microbiota triggers a series of cellular mechanisms that lead to an exaggerated inflammatory process that weakens the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. This imbalance in the permeability of the intestinal epithelium exacerbates the inflammatory response which spreads to the enteric nervous system, contributing to the formation of α-synuclein aggregates. Due to the connection between the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system through the vagus nerve, inflammation and α-synuclein aggregates spread to the central nervous system, where occurs deposition of α-synuclein in the neurons of the substantia nigra. However, alternative therapies based on phospholipidic membrane precursors, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics relied on a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect and could therefore represent a new approach to the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Here we critically address these novel and innovative pathways underlying both PD etiology and therapeutic intervention.
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20

Redelman, Carly Virginia. "Antibiotic Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Stimulates Expression of mgtE, a Virulence Modulator". 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2887.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative opportunistic pathogen with the capacity to cause serious disease by forming biofilms, most notably in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that adhere to a solid surface, undergo global regulatory changes, secrete exopolysaccharides, and are innately antibiotic resistant. Virulence modulation is an important tool utilized by P. aeruginosa to propagate infection and biofilm formation in the CF airway. Many different virulence modulatory pathways and proteins have been identified including the protein, MgtE. MgtE has recently been discovered and has been implicated in virulence modulation, as an isogeneic mutation of mgtE leads to increased cytotoxicity. To further elucidate the role of MgtE in P. aerugionsa infections, transcriptional and translational regulation of this protein following antibiotic treatment has been explored. I have demonstrated that mgtE is transcriptionally upregulated following antibiotic treatment of most of the twelve antibiotics tested utilizing RT-PCR and QRT-PCR. A novel model system was employed, which utilizes cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial (CFBE) cells homozygous for the ΔF508 mutation for these studies. This model system allows P. aeruginosa biofilms to form on CFBE cells modeling the P. aeruginosa in the CF airway. Translational effects of antibiotic treatment on MgtE have been attempted via Western blotting and cytotoxicity assays. Furthermore, to explore the possibility that mgtE is interacting with a known regulatory pathway, a transposon-mutant library was utilized and the regulatory proteins, AlgR and NarX, among others have been identified as possibly interacting with MgtE. Lastly, an MgtE homologue from Staphylococcus aureus was utilized to further demonstrate the virulence modulatory effects of MgtE by demonstrating the expression of the homologue results in decreased cytotoxicity, exactly like expression of the native P. aeruginosa MgtE. This research explores a newly discovered protein that impacts cytotoxicity and biofilm formation and provides valuable information about P. aeruginosa virulence.
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