Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Micro-mécaniques"
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Xu, Feng. "Propriétés thermo-mécaniques des micro-batteries". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066549.
Texto completo da fonteThe miniaturization of electronic devices brings a strong demand for miniaturized power sources. Micro-batteries fit well with this demand. The micro-battery that we studied with the active multilayer system: Ti / a-Si / LiPON / TiOS (lithiated) / Ti has been fabricated by CEA-LITEN. My work is part of the STRESSBAT research project, supported by the French National Research Agency. This project is devoted to the improvement of the electrochemical and thermo-mechanical performances of this type of micro-battery. As the global thermo-mechanical properties of micro-batteries depend on the characteristics of their individual components, my thesis is dedicated primarily to the characterization of mechanical and thermal properties of each of them. We use two techniques both based on "pump-probe" method: picosecond ultrasonics and thermo-reflectance microscopy. Specifically, picosecond ultrasonics allows us to measure the velocities of longitudinal and Rayleigh waves, and if possible, the density of the studied material. These data will help us to deduce some elastic parameters like Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Thermo-reflectance microscopy allows us to extract the thermal conductivity and diffusivity with the help of the theoretical analysis of lateral heat diffusion. The Ti current collector, LiPON electrolyte, TiOS and a-Si electrodes are studied successively by these two techniques
De, Grave Arnaud. "Conception intégrée de micro systèmes électro-mécaniques". Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPG0090.
Texto completo da fonteMicro Electro-Mechanical Systems (so called MEMS) are products revelant of new emerging technologies. The influence of technology on the development of these microproducts is prominent. An analysis based on applications and manufacturing processes (manufacturing processes that can be reduction of typical mechanical engineering processes or adaptation of microelectronics VLSI processes) leads to a MEMS caracterisation in the field of microproducts. This caracterisation of the products fundamental features authorize an observation and a description of an actual industrial developpement process. The design process appears to be sequential and requires strong manufacturing knowledge at every time. Some steps of this design process have been found to be not optimized, namely the embodiment phase. Some solutions have been proposed regarding representation modes and knowledge management of both scientific and engineering knowledge objects
Dufour, Gaëtan. "Dispositifs hyperfréquences reconfigurables par des mécanismes micro-mécaniques et micro-fluidiques : conception, réalisation, mesures". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECLI0008/document.
Texto completo da fonteAs wireless networks evolve, the frequency bands they exploit multiply. Frequency multiplexing, beamforming and tracking, networks interoperability, those mutations increase the need for agility and tunability in the RF-front end systems. In this thesis, two innovative approaches for the design of tunable RF components are studied. First, a micro-mechanical reconfiguration mechanism is developed. This approach means to control the height of an air gap within the substrate of microstrip components in order to control their electrical dimensions. Considerations for the design and fabrication of a phase-shifter and a frequency tunable patch antenna are made and a low voltage piezoelectric actuation (+/- 30 V) is chosen. The phase-shifter figure of merit reaches up to 312 °/dB which is beyond the state of the art in terms of analogic phase-shifting. Regarding the antenna, the frequency tuning potentially reaches up to 35 \% of a central frequency of 55 GHz. Unlike the classic solidstate or RF-MEMS based solutions, this reconfiguration mechanism does not impact the radiation performance of the antenna whose radiation efficiency is 94 \%. In a second approach, a micro-fluidic solution is studied. Frequency tuning capability is created in different antennas by the flow of successive liquids with different permittivities in integrated micro-channels. A large frequency tuning of 51 \% for a central frequency of 22 GHz is achieved. This study goes along with the search and characterization of several fluids with the objective of increasing both the frequency shift and the radiation performance of those antennas
Jourlin, Yves. "Codeur optique miniature de haute résolution pour (micro)systèmes électro-mécaniques". Saint-Etienne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STET4013.
Texto completo da fonteThe displacement measurement technology of diffractive interferometry has been developed in the objective of miniaturization. This work encompasses the manufacturing technologies of the grating scale and the submicron period readout grating, the design and MPW fabrication of a dedicated Opto-ASIC. The interference principle has been implemented in the form of a miniature read head prototype according to a novel device configuration after an exhaustive discussion on the fabrication and mouting tolerances has been made. The prototype is now ready for use in an electro-mechanical system. The system has been used as a high resolution characterization tool for the testin of the spatial coherence of long grating scales
Murthi, Arian. "Conception optimale de systèmes mécaniques : application aux micro-structures en silicium". Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120006.
Texto completo da fonteTran, Quoc Thang. "Propriétés mécaniques et micro-structure d'alliages industriels d'aluminium prédéformés par laminage". Grenoble INPG, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPG0136.
Texto completo da fonteIbrahim, Nidal. "Caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques des géomatériaux par technique de micro indentation". Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10048/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe technology of micro indentation is one of the techniques ofmateriaJ characterization (by using small specimens) in various fields (mechanical engineering, civil engineering, oil industry, and pharmaceutical industry). Its main advantage lies in a certain number of practical requirements as regards the solution to the problem of small specimens. The present study is devoted the characterization of the mechanical properties of geomaterials, especially rocks involved in petroleum engineering. After having presented the methodology of the indentation test for isotropic rocks, we developed a semi-analytical method based on the use of Green function to characterize transverse isotropic rocks (five elastic parameters of these rocks). The influence of the various loadings (mechanical, thermal, hydrous) on the rock mechanics properties was studied by using the technology of micro indentation and the methodology proposed for isotropic transverse were used. Moreover, we characterize the failure parameters (C and f) by a combined approach of the indentation test and a test of micro compression (MCS) carried out the indentation device. Finally, we use inverse analysis in order to identify the parameters of a Drucker Prager mode!. ln the absence of a direct solution of the problem of indentation (in plastic regime), we had recourse to a numerical modelling by a finite element code (ABAQUS) to determine the calculated curve of indentation. This determination appeared completely convincing and moreover was validated by a simulation of triaxial compression tests on the same material
Buchaillot, Lionel. "Contribution à l'introduction de concepts mécaniques dans les Micro et Nano Systèmes". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00087273.
Texto completo da fonteDans la suite de cette introduction, quelques précisions sont données sur la terminologie de notre domaine de recherche, puis un bref historique retrace le développement de la recherche sur les microsystèmes dans le monde et en France.
Outre cette introduction, ce rapport se compose principalement de trois chapitres. Le premier, consacré aux micro-actionneurs, présente une partie des travaux effectués sur des études conceptuelles exploitant le potentiel de différents modes d'actionnement : transition de phase; électrostatique et thermique.
Le second chapitre décrit les activités de recherche effectuées dans le thème applicatif des microsystèmes pour les télécommunications. Il s'agit de travaux soutenus par de nombreux contrats de recherche nationaux ou européens. Deux composants en particulier ont été étudiés par trois doctorants. Emmanuel Quévy a étudié des résonateurs électromécaniques destinés à une application de filtrage dans la gamme intermédiaire de fréquence de la téléphonie mobile. Vincent Agache a étudié des résonateurs dont les fréquences propres se situent au voisinage du GHz. Les premières recherches effectuées à l'IEMN sur des microcommutateurs pour les signaux hyperfréquences sont également présentées
Le troisième chapitre est dédié aux résultats obtenus par Olivier Millet sur l'évolution de la raideur de microstructures soumises à un chargement cyclique. Il s'agit d'une partie de l'étude transversale des mécanismes de défaillance des microsystèmes destinée à la modélisation du phénomène de fatigue dans les microstructures.
Enfin, quelques perspectives de recherche impliquant les micro-actionneurs dans les microsystèmes seront présentées, suivies d'une conclusion
Abbes, Khemissi. "Etude des propriétés micro-mécaniques des verres fluorés à base de ZrF4". Lyon, INSA, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ISAL0073.
Texto completo da fonteLange-Chèze, Hélène. "Influence des contraintes mécaniques tangentielles sur la viabilité de trois micro-organismes". Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT051G.
Texto completo da fonteNaser, Hasan. "Développement de micro-composites architecturés en aciers inoxydables duplex : élaboration, microstructure et propriétés mécaniques". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI024/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe use of duplex stainless steel (DSS) grades for structural applications is considered as one of the most significant advances impacting the construction sector. This is because of their high mechanical properties coupled with interesting functional properties such as corrosion resistance or even the low thermal conductivity compared to carbon steels. Due to their complex microstructure and interaction between the phases, DSS have a significant potential for unique properties. A better understanding is needed to give the possibility to obtain break through properties and to provide the possibility to design tailor-made, architectured DSS for specific applications. In this work we proposed a different approach from that used until now to understand the behavior of DSS. The strategy adopted in this work was a top-down strategy in which at least two bulk metals with well known behavior and properties are mechanically alloyed by Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD). This proposed strategy served two main objectives: i) enhancing the properties by microstructure refining down to sub-micron scale ii) elaborating a material model for understanding the DSS behavior obtained by the conventional metallurgical methods. The first objective of this work was, therefore, the implementation of a methodology of manufacturing using SPD technique by co-drawing. This technique will allow obtaining an ultra-fine microstructure of 316L/430LNb composites. One of the challenges met during our study was the significant inter-diffusion during heat-treatment step necessary during processing preventing by consequence further refining. An optimization investigation was carried out to account the role of this inter-diffusion for 316L/430LNb couple. Multi-scale micro-composites have been then obtained. In this work, we showed the limitation of this process in terms of microstructure refining. A rationalization of these limits was given by studying the thermo-kinetics of both micro-composites and bulk materials. In parallel with the microstructural evaluation, the mechanical behavior of these new micr-composites was examined. In order to provide a more in-depth explanation of the plastic behavior of our composites, in situ tensile test using high energy X-ray synchrotron have been performed
Tinnes, Jean-Philippe. "Fragilisation et processus anodiques en corrosion sous contrainte : étude des paramètres micro-mécaniques influents". Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EMSE0021.
Texto completo da fonteWe study the influence of local mechanical parameters on crack propagation in Stress Corrosion Cracking, at the scale of the microstructure. Two systems are compared: the CuAl9Ni3Fe2 copper-aluminium alloy in synthetic sea water under cathodic polarization, where the crack propagation mechanism is related to strain-assisted anodic dissolution, and the 316L austenitic stainless steel in MgCl2 solution, where embrittlement mechanisms related to hydrogen effects prevail. We use micro-notched tensile specimen that allow to study isolated short cracks. These experiments are modelled by means of finite elements calculations, and further characterized by Electron Back scattered Diffraction (EBSD) in the case of the 316L alloy. In terms of the local mechanical parameters that control propagation, fundamental differences are outlined between the two systems. They are discussed from the viewpoint of the available models of Stress Corrosion Cracking
Wautier, Antoine. "Analyse micro-inertielle des instabilités mécaniques dans les milieux granulaires, application à l'érosion interne". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0289/document.
Texto completo da fonteDikes are most of the time built of compacted granular materials that are permeable and continuously subjected to internal fluid flows. In some cases, microstructure modifications resulting from internal erosion generate mechanical instability that will lead to unexpected failures in case of serious flooding. This thesis focuses on multi-scale analysis of mechanical instability in granular materials subjected to internal erosion. In this work, the mechanical behavior of such materials is simulated in three dimensions at the scale of representative elementary volumes subjected to different stress states and hydraulic gradients. Thanks to the use of the second order work criterion and micromechanical tools, the mechanical stability of these materials is tested before and after internal erosion. It is established that the micro-inertial origin of the observed instabilities is linked to force chain deconfinement and bending as well as to the development of large plastic strains resulting from force chain collapse. By preventing the development of such plastic strains, it is shown that rattlers contribute to ensure the mechanical stability of granular materials. This key finding is of a particular significance in relation with internal erosion as rattlers can be easily transported under the action of an internal fluid flow. Depending on whether they get clogged or eroded, an internal fluid flow has thus either a stabilizing or a destabilizing effect on the mechanical behavior of granular materials subjected to internal erosion
Bauër, Pierre. "Mesures mécaniques et génération de forces de réseaux d’actine branchés avec des micro-cylindres magnétiques". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066428/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe work done during this tesis concerns the mechanics and force generation processes of branched actin networks reconstructed in vitro. To study these effects, we’ve developped a new experimental setup, based on self assembly of supermaramagnetic microcylinders under a magnetic force. This allows us to obtain relations between force and growth velocity of branched actin networks, as well as linking force generation with mechanics, which are crucial to understand cell mechanics and migration
Alavoine, Axelle. "Modélisation du comportement des sédiments riches en hydrates de gaz via l'homogénéisation des propriétés micro-mécaniques". Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC1008.
Texto completo da fonteGas hydrates represent an important potential energy resource, but also a risk of instability for the environment (landslides, global warming) that it is essential to control. The study of gas hydrate bearing soils, most often located on the ocean floor or in permafrost, is therefore a major challenge. The formation and dissociation of hydrates in these soils modifies the microstructure and with it the physical properties of the material. The objective of the thesis was to develop a model that could predict the behaviour of soils containing gas hydrates, initially on the scale of the conventional laboratory sample. Several multi-physical computational models applied to gas hydrate-enriched soils have already been published, but the mechanical part is still relatively underdeveloped due to the lack of experimental data and the relatively late interest shown by the mechanics' community in the subject.Based on this observation, we first focused our analysis on mechanical behaviour. The results of tests on sediments rich in methane hydrates available in the literature have been used as a basis for analyzing the effect of hydrates on the mechanical properties of a soil. In particular, the relationship between the elastic moduli of a soil and the volume fraction of hydrates was determined using an analytical homogenization calculation. However, sediments containing gas hydrate inclusions exhibit macroscopic behaviour that is far from linearly elastic. The latter is strongly related to the different physical and morphological characteristics of both matrix sediments and hydrates formed in the pore space.These observations led to the application of a numerical homogenization method based on Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). This method allows for the use of elastoplastic laws and complex geometries to define the microstructure components of the material to be homogenized. The results can therefore be used to determine a non-linear constitutive macroscopic model adapted to the type of sediment/hydrate composite to be simulated.The previous developments were then integrated into a finite element computation code first at the scale of the assumed homogeneous laboratory sample. Hydraulic couplings via pressures and conventional fluid flow models could therefore be integrated, as well as the solubility of methane in the aqueous phase and phase changes through a kinetic law. The thermodynamic aspect was also included. Mechanical behaviour could be defined either by analytical homogenization laws or by multi-scale calculations. The numerical homogenization calculation by FFT is carried out at the microstructure scale at Gauss integration points.These calculations were compared with laboratory test results for volume fractions of constant hydrates or for hydrate dissociation tests in soil samples. Finally, data from an exploration site were obtained from the literature and used to conduct a reservoir-scale calculation.Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator
Le, Dantec Ronan. "Conception et étude de micro-cavités opo-mécaniques accordables sur InP pour le démultiplexage en longueur d'onde". Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/1999ISAL0009/these.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteWith the increase of information traffic, Wavelength Division Multiplexing W. D. M. Systems appear to be very promising. We have developed tunable devices (optical filters and detectors) for those applications. Our devices are based on micromachined Fabry-Perot cavity. Active wavelength is controlled by changing the air gap cavity length with the electrostatic force. To obtain active layers compatible with the 1. 55 micrometers telecommunication wavelength range, InP based tunable devices are needed. We have developed during this work an optical experimentation set up which take into account the dimension of the devices. We have then studied several InP tunable passive Fabry-Perot filter. The results show that the filter performances are compatible with the W. D. M. Specifications : the filter selectivity is lower than 1nm and the wavelength tuning range can be as large as 100 nm
Sankaré, Simon. "Développement d'un procédé de fabrication rapide de composants mécaniques en alliages de titane par micro-rechargement laser". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13243.
Texto completo da fonteLi, Weikang. "Propriété mécaniques, electriques, et de détection des composites comportant des renforts hybrids nano/micro nanotube de carbone/microrenforts". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00997409.
Texto completo da fonteMekid, Samir. "Conception et modélisation de systèmes mécaniques de translation de haute précision : influence de la micro-dynamique de contact". Compiègne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994COMPD717.
Texto completo da fonteBernardoni, Paul. "Outils et méthodes de conception de structures mécaniques à déformations réparties et actionnement discret : applications en micro-robotique". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066373.
Texto completo da fonteHajj, Raghida. "Conception et réalisation de fonction de filtrage dans les domaines millimétriques et sub-millimétriques". Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/53dd37e5-e647-4f9c-a18f-bbc3c1dcbc9e/blobholder:0/2010LIMO4014.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteLow cost filters, for integration in satellites, were manufactured using micromachining techniques. In the first chapter, an overview of filters for space communications is presented. Different types of filters, their advantages and disadvantages have been detailed. Emphasis is then placed on the choice of technology and the interest of micro-machining. The method of synthesis of filters is also explained. Filters and resonators at 19,825 GHz and 150 GHz were then designed and made in Chapters 2 and 3 for space applications. At 19 825 GHz, the goal was to design a filter with good electromagnetic performance (including rejection) and whose dimensions are fully compatible with a receiver built by Thales Alenia Space. Around 150 GHz, using micromachining of silicon, electrically coupled planar filters have been studied. A periodic analysis of metallic structures, presenting electromagnetic band gap, has been made. The interest of these structures is to increase the quality factor of resonators. A two-pole filter based on periodic structures could thus be designed. The last chapter of this thesis is devoted to tunable devices. The sub-millimeter field has always been targeted. After a presentation of various technologies for the frequency agreement, the integration of MEMS capacitors in resonant cavities is chosen. Thus a topology with a good quality factor, easy integration and a wide frequency agreement is proposed
Zhao, Hang. "Comportement multifonctionnel des composites comportant des nano/micro renforts". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC020/document.
Texto completo da fonteDue to the outstanding mechanical electrical and thermal properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) received worldwide attentions and intensive investigations in last decades. CNTs are greatly potential in applications such as energy storage and microelectronics. The one dimensional structure, high aspect ratio and low density, promote CNTs serving as the excellent fillers in composites field. However, due to the strong interactions, CNTs are usually difficult to be dispersed and aligned in a polymer matrix. Designing the CNTs construction reasonably is an effective way to ameliorate the dispersion states of CNTs in matrix. These specific hybrid constructions allowed CNTs arrays synthesized vertically onto the substrates through catalyst chemical vapor deposition method. These CNT arrays effectively overcome the problem of CNTs aggregation and promote the interconnection among CNTs, leading to a considerable improvement of multi-functional properties of composites. Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) served as substrate make their synthesizing products-GNP-CNTs hybrids (GCHs) possess distinct merits of all-carbon composition, totally-conductive coupling structure and the low intrinsic density. These GCHs constructions provide a great improvement in the dielectric and electrical properties of composites. However, the relationship between GCHs organization and synthesizing conditions during CVD process and the influence of the addition of GCHs to internal conductive networks have not been reported in detail. These mentioned issues will be investigated and discussed in this thesis, which is divided into four chapters:The first chapter makes a general review of the structure, properties, application and synthesis of CNTs and GNP substrates, and the main procedures of fabricating composites and surface functionalization of CNTs. Moreover, a short introduction of the development of micro-nano hybrids applied to the functional composites is made. Most importantly, the developing electrical states and (di) electrical characteristics of composites with ever-increasing conducting filler loading are reviewed in detail at the last part.The second chapter discusses firstly the synthesis process through the CCVD approach and the relationship between CVD parameters and the corresponding construction of GCHs, where the temperature, gas composition and reaction time were controlled. The constructions CNT arrays are dependent on the synthesis conditions. Furthermore, the results obtained from analysis can provide a structural foundation for the huge application potential of GCHs constructions. The third chapter introduces the poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based nanocomposites containing GCH particles, the dielectric properties of which are improved more greatly than the ternary composites loading equivalent mixture of GNPs and CNTs. The composites achieved by dispersing GCH particles into matrix using the mechanical melt-mixing process, showing a strongly reduced percolation threshold (5.53 vol %) and the relatively high thermal stability. Their improved dielectric properties can be attributed to the formed microcapacitor networks and the change of crystalline formation of matrix, caused by well-designed CNT arrays constructions. The fourth chapter investigates the advanced GCHs/ polydimethylsilicone (PDMS) composites with high piezo-resistive performance at wide temperature range. The synthesized GCHs can be well dispersed in the matrix through the mechanical blending process. The flexible composite shows an ultra-low percolation threshold (0.64 vol%) and high piezo-resistive sensitivity (gauge factor ~103 and pressure sensitivity ~ 0.6 kPa-1). Particularly, the much improvements of electrical properties achieved in GCHs/PDMS composites compared with composites filled with equivalent CNT, GNP or mixture of CNTs/GNPs. Slight motions of finger can be detected and distinguished accurately using the composites film as typical wearable sensor
Kabas, Abdel-Basset. "Etude des caractéristiques physico-chimiques et mécaniques des résines époxydes (DGEBA - 3DCM) polymérisées par voie thermique traditionnelle ou micro-ondes". Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10281.
Texto completo da fonteCabrolier, Pierre. "Caractérisation des propriétés structurales et mécaniques des composantes pariétales du bois à l'échelle du tissu". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0067.
Texto completo da fonteWoods are a highly complex combination of multi-scale heterogeneities. Macroscopic properties of wood depend on all smaller scales of heterogeneity: growth rings, cells, as well as organization and concentration of cell wall chemical compounds. While the effect of the crystalline elements (microfibrils) of the solid phase on the macroscopic properties has been studied, one of the challenges is to estimate the determinism of the cell-wall molecular arrangements on the cells' properties inside a tissue. In this context, the present study is developed along two lines: (i) The collection of information on cell wall organization across the diversity of cells, and (ii) the characterization of micro-mechanical properties at the tissue level, with the consideration of smaller scales of heterogeneity. Most sub-cell wall descriptions were performed using a confocal Raman micro-spectrometer, and tools of analysis that were developed in this study. For example, obtained results have highlighted the cell wall of a living cell (thyllose), the cell wall formation in poplar fibers close to the cambial region, the impact of environmental stimuli on sub-cell wall organization, or else the continuous variation of the spatial organization of crystalline compounds in wall of different mature cells. The mechanical characterization was realized in the longitudinal direction on small samples (thickness below 100µm). The understanding of complex phenomena involved in the mechanical behavior was approached through a study on the variation of structural and mechanical properties within a ring. The different parts of the stress-strain curve have been discussed, and a simplified homogenization model has help to highlighted the determinism of sub-cell wall organization on the mechanical properties of cells at the tissue level
Belhenini, Soufyane. "Etude de structures de composants micro-électroniques innovants (3D) : caractérisation, modélisation et fiabilité des démonstrateurs 3D sous sollicitations mécaniques et thermomécaniques". Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4029/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work establishes a contribution in an important European project mentioned 3DICE (3D Integration of Chips using Embedding technologies). The mechanical and thermomechanical reliability of 3D microelectronic components are studied by employing standardized tests and numerical modeling. The board level drop test and thermal cycling reliability tests are selected for this study. Failures analysis has been used to complete the experimental study. The mechanical properties of elements constituting the microelectronic components were characterized using DMA, tensile test and nanoindentation. Bibliographical researches have been done in order to complete the materials properties data. Numerical simulations using submodeling technique were carried out using a transient dynamic model to simulate the drop test and a thermomechanical model for the thermal cycling test. Numerical results were employing in the design optimization of 3D components and the life prediction using a fatigue model
Liao, Jiunn-Der. "Modifications physico-chimiques et mécaniques du polyéthylène et du polypropylène par implantation ionique, plasma micro-ondes,bombardement d'électrons et irradiation gamma". Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG4202.
Texto completo da fonteChomat, Dimitri. "Élaboration et mise en forme de composites micro-fibrillaires par fibrillation in-situ : optimisation de la microstructure et des propriétés mécaniques résultantes". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10127.
Texto completo da fonteElaboration of microfibrillar composites based on immiscible polymer blends was performed by means of in-situ fibrillation. First, a polypropylene / polyamide 6 blend (PP/PA6) was used as a reference in order to develop an extrusion - drawing process. Upon variation of rheological parameters, it appeared that fibrillation requests a viscosity ratio less than 4 and an elastic ratio less than 1. Experiences about influence of processing temperature demonstrated that the injection step must be proceed at a temperature lower than the melting temperature of the dispersed phase in order to preserve the morphology. In a second part, this study dealt with the incorporation of organically modified montmorillonite with the aim of compatibilizing PP/PA6 blends. Several ways of nanoclay addition have been tested. Among them, nanoclay pre-dispersion in the PP matrix lead to the migration of clay platelets from PP to PP/PA6 interface during the in-situ fibrillation process. Hence, fibrils refinement was observed, inducing an improvement of impact resistance. Finally, one last part was dedicated to the development of a poly(lactic acid) / polyamide 11 bio-based micro-fibrillar composite. Whereas a partially fibrillar morphology was formed upon drawing, injection of the composite involved fibrils destruction due to overheating and subsequent relaxation
Tiba, Idriss. "Effets des interfaces cristallines sur les champs mécaniques en plasticité cristalline et conséquences sur le glissement dans des micro-piliers bi-cristallins". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0174.
Texto completo da fonteIn order to better understand the role of grain boundaries in polycrystals deformation, the study of the mechanical behavior of bicrystals becomes necessary. In this study, an innovative experimental approach based on the fabrication of bicrystalline micropillars is investigated with a micromechanical analysis of crystal plasticity behavior. The theoretical approach is based on the static Field Dislocation Mechanics (FDM) theory in which the dislocations stored in the grain boundary are described by a continuous distribution of interfacial dislocations. This model provides explicit analytical expressions of the stress and lattice rotation fields in the case of an infinite bicrystal with planar boundary. The contribution of the different incompatibility sources are emphasized due to elastic and plastic anisotropies related to the different crystal orientations. Finite element simulations were also performed to validate this approach in a zone close to the grain boundary and far from the micropillar free surfaces. The experimental results are based on compression tests conducted at room temperature on Ni bicrystalline micropillars. The micropillars are machined on a Focused Ion Beam (FIB). First, the study is focused on the prediction of the resolved shear stresses on the possible slip systems in the bicrystal using the continuum model. The crystal volume fraction and the grain boundary inclination angle effects were also taken into account in the analysis. The predictions of the continuum-based approach developed in this thesis are in full agreement with the experimentally identified active slip systems. Concerning the onset of plasticity and the associated slip systems in each crystal, the developed model is more relevant than the Schmid law. The compression tests are followed by microstructural EBSD measurements to quantify lattice rotations in each grain during the deformation which were also computed using the micromechanical model developed in the present thesis
Rabbia, Laurent. "Nouvelle filière technologique pour micro-commutateurs parallèles capacitifs micro-ondes sur membrane diélectrique". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011430.
Texto completo da fonteCharfeddine, Ilhem. "Prévision de la morphologie de mélanges de polyoléfines par un modèle micro-rhéologique : Application à des propriétés d'usage". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSES019.
Texto completo da fonteFor a long time, the control of the development of polymer blend morphology during processing has received attention because of its great impact on the mechanical, barrier or electrical properties. Polymer blend morphologies can be divided into two groups, dispersed and co-continuous, and they depend on the composition, the rheological behavior of components, the mixing conditions and the interfacial tension.In this study, a predictive model of the type of morphology has been proposed on the basis of topological representations of co-continuous or dispersed phases using a scenario for the morphology development in blends of polyolefin.Relevant parameters of the model were measured. The interfacial tension was measured by rheological methods using the Palierne model, Gramespacher and Meissner approach and ab-initio calculation. The shear rate in the extruder was determined using the Ludovic software. Rheological studies were conducted in oscillatory shear flow. The predictions were compared with experimental results of various polyethylene and polypropylene blends at different compositions, prepared by twin-screw extrusion. Blends were carefully examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), using staining agent to enhance electron density contrast. The characteristic dimensions and interfacial areas as a function of the composition were calculated.The experimental results on the various blends show a good correlation between the interfacial areas, the melt elasticity measured at low frequency and the model prediction. The comparison shows also that Rayleigh disturbances dominate the breakup mechanism.This model was completed by predictive models of mechanical properties: modulus and impact resistance. The mechanical properties calculated by the models were compared to the measurements of tensile and Charpy impact tests. Finally, the effect of the interparticle distance on the impact resistance was also investigated to understand the brittle-tough transition
Guirardel, Matthieu. "Conception, réalisation et caractérisation de biocapteurs micromécaniques résonants en silicium avec actionnement piézoélectrique intégré : détection de l'absorption de nanoparticules d'or". Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30159.
Texto completo da fonteLeulmi-Pichot, Selma. "Destruction de cellules cancéreuses par vibrations magnéto-mécaniques de micro/nano particules magnétiques : Elaboration des particules par approche top-down, biofonctionnalisation et tests in-vitro". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY063/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn the coming years, the treatment of serious diseases (cancer, brain diseases, etc.) could benefit more intensely from advances in materials science and nanotechnology. From the medical point of view, it is well known that cancer cells tend to develop resistance to chemotherapy, and the side effects encountered seriously limit the effectiveness of treatments. For these reasons, the search for alternative therapies that target cancer cells without affecting healthy tissues is currently one of the most active areas of research on cancer. In this context, magnetic nanoparticles are receiving an increasing interest in a variety of applications ranging from biomedical diagnostic to targeted treatments. Indeed, due to their remote actuation by external magnetic fields, the magnetic particles have the ability to locally perform actuations on targeted biological species.This thesis describes an approach based on interfacing cancer cells with bio-functionalized magnetic particles. When these particles are bound to the cancer cells, applying an external alternating magnetic field induces the particles oscillations, which then transmits a mechanical stress to the cancer cells.For this application, specific magnetic particles were prepared. Unlike conventional magnetic particles made by chemical routes ("bottom-up"), the particles studied in this thesis have been specially designed by techniques used in micro / nanoelectronics ("top-down"). Thus, two types of magnetic particles were compared; synthetic antiferromagnetic particles (SAF) consisting of magnetic multilayer stacks and microparticles consisting of a single magnetic layer with a magnetic vortex configuration.Once these particles released in a solution, the self-polarization phenomenon that contributes to the agglomeration / dispersion of these particles by magnetostatic interactions were compared for both types of particles as well as the mechanical torques that they can exert on cancer cells when subjected to an external magnetic field.Although SAF particles generate higher torques, finding biocompatible materials that may replace the constituents of the magnetic stack remains difficult, while vortex-particles would be easier to make in magnetic iron oxides.By exploiting the properties of NiFe magnetic vortices, we have developed an approach for the targeted destruction of the human renal carcinoma cells. The tests launched in vitro show that the magneto-mechanical stimulus creates two dramatic effects: a significant decrease in the rate of alive cancer cells, and the initiation of the apoptosis (programmed cell death). These results were achieved by applying low field values (~ 100 Oe i.e.10mT) at low frequencies (~ 20 Hz). Studies for the quantification of cell death by flow cytometry were conducted. The results already obtained even at the stage of "proof of Concept" are very encouraging for new perspectives of cancer therapies
Jeanne, Edgard. "Réalisation et caractérisations électromécaniques de transducteurs ultrasonores capacitifs micro-usines". Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4041.
Texto completo da fonteCapacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (cMUTs) based on MEMS technology may ?t the complexity and the miniaturization required by ultrasound probes evolution. The objective of this thesis work is to realize a technological test vehicle which can be easily and directly integrated in a 9Fr catheter probe. This document focuses on a surface micromachining process in order to realize a 450nm thick suspended membrane over a 200nm gap. The process lies on a LPCVD low stress silicon nitride membrane and an oxide sacri?cial layer. The electromechanical characterization of the membrane is performed through laser Doppler vibrometry and optical pro?lometry in order to determine the collapse voltage and the natural frequency of the membranes. Material’s mechanical properties being fundamental in any MEMS prediction behavior, dedicated mechanical test structures were characterized in order to extract silicon nitride mechanical properties. In an integration and a ?ip-chip scheme, a through wafer interconnect technology is proposed. Finally, this document ends on the investigation of PECVD silicon nitride and parylene C as a passivation layer
Laffosse, Jean-Michel. "Contribution à l'étude du transport convectif dans le segment vertébral scoliotique : mécanobiologie, micro-architecture et perméabilité des plateaux vertébraux". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/328/.
Texto completo da fonteThe vertebral end-plate (VEP) is a zone of exchanges between vascular network and disc (IVD) through convective transport that maintain IVD homeostasia. Physiological maturation and pathological remodelling of VEP might be initiated by mechanical stimuli and transport phenomena. This work contributed to the analysis of disc degeneration in pathology of spine and in particular in scoliosis. First, an epiphysiodesis in porcine animal model allowed quantifying the role of asymetric compressive stresses on convective properties of VEP. The macroscopic permeability decreased in zones of maximum strain. These modifications were associated with local modifications of subchondral micro-architecture. Then, we confirmed interactions between spine deformation, convective parameters and end-plate micro-architecture in a porcine animal model of global scoliosis. The mechanobiological modifications, alteration of permeability and remodelling of subchondral network, were mainly detected in the summit zones and in the concavity of the curvature
Combriat, Thomas. "Etude d'une assemblée de bulles microfluidiques excitées par une onde ultrasonore : transmission acoustique et phénomène de streaming". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY052/document.
Texto completo da fonteBecause of the important compressibility of gas bubbles in water, inducing a very low resonance frequency, one can find interest in studying bubbles from an acoustic and a fluid mechanics point of view. Using microfluidics techniques in order to produce assemblies of acoustically driven bi-dimensional bubbles, we are studying their influence on both acoustic waves and the surrounding fluid.Bubbles being sub-wavelength resonators, we show that a micro-bubbles assembly interacts with acoustical waves which wavelengths that are substantially bigger than the bubbles size. Developing a way to extract bubbles contribution to the acoustic signal, we show that their resonance frequency follows a law slightly different from the one Minnaert had found for spherical bubbles. The impact of this medium on the acoustical wave has been studied and we show that a decrease in the acoustical transmission happens in a range of frequencies above the resonance. This decrease can be adjusted in amplitude and in frequency making our system an easily tunable metameterial.Because of the strong response of bubbles induced by acoustical waves, the bubbles surface oscillates with a great amplitude in the surrounding fluid. This oscillation, working together with a coupling present between the bubbles, can drive a strong steady streaming in the fluid. Systems of several bubbles are studied, and a theory is proposed in order to predict the flow they induce. The interaction between the streaming phenomenon and an external flow is also presented, showing that exclusion zones can be present under certain circumstances in these systems. These exclusion zones can be useful in micro-fluidics in order to trap particles or chemicals
Bergaud, Christian. "Micro et nanosystèmes mécaniques : problématiques afférentes à la réduction en taille et aux interfaces pour des applications dans le domaine de la chimie et de la biologie". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011363.
Texto completo da fonteMorcrette, Mélissa. "Micro et nanoparticules pour des applications biotechnologiques : fabrication de nanoparticules par copolymère dibloc pour l’imagerie médicale ; destruction de cellules cancéreuses par vibrations magnéto-mécaniques de microparticules magnétiques". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY052/document.
Texto completo da fonteMagnetic nanoparticles are now used in a wide range of applications such as diagnostic, therapeutics or more recently theranostics. The numerous and diverse fabrication processes allow the fabrication of a wide range of nanoparticles in terms of size, shape, material and magnetic properties. An ideal fabrication process would allow the simple and cheap fabrication of a great quantity of monodisperse nanoparticles. In this objective, the first part of this work will be focused on a new and original fabrication process based on the combination of a “top-down” and “bottom-up” approach. The idea relies on the special auto organization properties of a diblock copolymer: one of the two phases has the ability to self organize into vertical cylinders in the matrix of the other polymer, provided that the annealing conditions are favourable. The selective etching of the cylinders leads to a mask of holes in a polymer matrix. Then, the deposit of a magnetic material and the etching of the polymer matrix leads to the formation of a hexagonal network of nanoparticles attached to the substrate. If the substrate is composed of a sacrificial layer, the nanoparticles can be released in a solution. The structural and magnetic properties of theses nanoparticles fabricated via a PS-PMMA template will be studied. Their characterization will show that the process is still to be optimized but allows already to obtain monodisperse superparamagnetic nanoparticles.A second part focuses on another biomedical applications of magnetic particles: the cancer treatment. A new technique, which is an alternative to the existing methods such as hyperthermia or drug delivery, was first proposed by the Argonne National Laboratory (2010) and taken over at Spintec (2011). The idea is to reactivate the apoptosis (programmed cell death) of cancer cells via the magneto mechanical vibrations of magnetic microparticles attached to their membranes. It was proved that weak external magnetic fields (30mT at 20Hz) applied on permalloy disks in a vortex configuration lead to a significant increase of the apoptotic rate of cancer cells. In the objective of making this method possible for clinical applications, biocompatible magnetite microparticles were fabricated via the same fabrication process than the permalloy disks (optic lithography). Their structural and magnetic properties are compared, as well as their behavior in a suspension and their lethal effect on cancer cells via the application of an external magnetic field. For now, the permalloy microdisks provide better results than the magnetite particles. Some parameters of the experimental set up have to be optimized for the magnetite particles, such as the amplitude of the applied magnetic field. However, the first effects observed with the magnetite particles are quite promising
Gholami, Mohammad Sadegh. "Development of innovative passive polyurethane foam with higher absorption and/or insulation performance". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10532.
Texto completo da fonteAbstract : Highly porous polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used in different industries to dissipate the energy of sound and vibration waves. Propagation of acoustic waves in such poroelastic materials is explained based on a set of physical parameters known as the Biot's parameters (for isotropic materials these are comprised of 5 non-acoustical parameters and 4 mechanical parameters). These macroscopic properties are inherently dependent on the microstructure properties of the foam. Hence, a clear understanding of correlations between the internal structure of PU foams and their Biot's parameters and the contribution of each parameter, either microscopic or macroscopic, to classical vibro-acoustic indicators is of utmost interest at the early stage of design and optimization of such poroelastic materials. In consequence, a micro macro model that correlates microstructure properties to macroscopic Biot's parameters is needed. Recently, a model that correlates the microstructure properties of highly porous PU foams to their non-acoustical properties was presented by~\citet{Doutres2011,Doutres2013}. In this study, micro-structure properties (strut length, strut thickness, and open pore content) are first characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Then, a numerical study is performed to elucidate the effect of open pore content (known as reticulation rate), cell size, and relative density on the mechanical properties of polyurethane foam. Based on this study, an existing analytical model~\cite{Gong2005} that correlates fully reticulated unit cell microstructure properties of PU foams to its mechanical properties is corrected and updated to account for these important parameters. Combined with Doutres’ model, the proposed extension lead to a full micro-macro model for predicting the acoustic performance of PU foams from its microstructure. Using this model, the contribution of the unit cell parameters and effect of their variability on classical vibro-acoustic indicators (absorption and transmission loss) is investigated using a global sensitivity analysis method (FAST). The FAST method is used to identify the impact of microstructure role on, first, the Biot-Allard parameters and, second, on vibro-acoustical indicators of poroelastic polyurethane foams. Based on this sensitivity analysis study, the developed micro-macro model, is used to design both optimum homogeneous foam and functionally graded foams (properties optimally varnish along the thickness of the foam) targeting specific in absorption and/or transmission loss problems. This study opens thus a new door to design innovative PU foams with modified micro-structure and improved vibro-acoustical performance.
Yahiaoui, Achref. "Etude de composants MEMS RF à Nanogaps pour les systèmes de communications sans fil reconfigurables". Limoges, 2014. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/976dd912-c811-4343-8b27-cf9102fb02e2/blobholder:0/2014LIMO4015.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteIn recent years, the emergence of new standards for wireless communication has introduced new challenges in the physical design of transmitters and receivers. A low energy consumption, high linearity and bandwidth, are among the most important that each component must satisfy in order to achieve high performance wireless systems requirements. At the system level, the trend adoptedin the field of wireless devices is the multi-band design, multi-mode, with greater functionnality. And, while moving towards ever more efficient architectures, smaller, lighter and less expensive. RF MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) technology allows the creation of devices and circuits that can meet these requirements mentioned above. The basic idea of MEMS RF is use mobile miniaturized structures to design high performance resonators, variable capacitorsor varactors, inductors, and switches. Fields of application include mobile terminals, base stations, antennas, electronic scanning, multi-purpose radar, testing instruments and high precision satellite payloads. For all these applications, the RF MEMS switches using electrostatic actuation have been given special attention. RF MEMS switches have superior performance in terms of loss, linearity, power consumption and cut-off frequency compared to semiconductors, such as PIN diodes or switches FET (Field-Effect-Transistor). However, these devices suffer from a number of problems associated with the actuation voltage which remains high and has to be applied in a permanent manner, besides, the failure mechanisms including creep and integration, in the case of switching networks. It is on these aspects that carries the thesis presented in this manuscript, in the perspective of developing such components and improve their performance
Ameur, Djilali. "Modélisation analytique et simulation numérique par la méthode de Monte-Carlo d'un écoulement de gaz dans des micro-canaux". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066102.
Texto completo da fontePeinke, Isabel. "Étude à micro-échelle du test de pénétration du cône dans la neige". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30159.
Texto completo da fontePrecise knowledge of the snowpack stratigraphy is crucial for different applications such as avalanche forecasting, predicting the water runoff, or estimating the Earth energy budget. The cone penetration test, which consists of recording the force required to make a cone penetrate the material of interest, is widely used to measure in situ snow profiles. The ramsonde developed in the 1930's was continuously improved into highly-resolved digital snow penetrometers. In particular, the SnowMicroPenetrometer measures the snow penetration resistance at constant speed with a vertical resolution of four microns. The force fluctuations measured at such a resolution contain information about the snow microstructure, which is essential to complete the knowledge of the mean hardness of each snow layer. Nevertheless, the link between the measured hardness profile and the snow microstructure is not yet fully understood. Indeed, existing inversion models neglect obvious interactions between the cone tip and the snow, such as the formation of a compaction zone, and have only been evaluated through empirical relations to macroscopic properties. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the interaction between the cone and the snow at a microscopic scale using X-ray tomography in order to better invert the hardness profiles into microstructural properties. In this work, we analyze cone penetration tests of a few centimeters and thus the measured profiles contain a non negligible transient part due to the progressive formation of a compaction zone. In order to explicitly account for this process in the inversion model, we successfully developed a non-homogeneous Poisson shot noise model which considers a depth dependency of the rupture occurrence rate. We used this model to characterize snow sintering with cone penetration tests under controlled cold-lab conditions. According to the model, the vertical heterogeneity of hardness profiles was due to variations of the rupture occurrence rate, while the time evolution of the macroscopic force was controlled by bond strengthening. This partition is consistent with the expected sintering processes and provides an indirect validation of the proposed model. The second part of the thesis consists of cold-lab experiments combining cone penetration tests and X-ray tomography. High resolution three dimensional images of the snow sample before and after the cone test were measured. On these images, a novel tracking algorithm was applied to determine granular displacements induced by the test. We precisely quantified the size of the compaction zone and its relation to the snow characteristics. Furthermore, we showed that the observed vertical displacements challenge the use of standard cavity expansion models as inversion models. Finally, we linked the microstructural properties obtained from tomography, such as the bond size or the number of failed bonds, to properties derived from hardness profiles. We showed that the properties estimated from cone penetration tests are proxies of the snow microstructure, but remain too conceptual to expect a straightforward relation. In the future, these studies should make it possible to derive in an objective way the stratigraphy of the snowpack from a simple and fast field measurement
Veillard, Damien. "Etude et analyse des signaux d une centrale inertielle MEMS : application à la reconstruction du mouvement d un convoi ferroviaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT311.
Texto completo da fonteThe precise location of a train on the rail network is vital information for traffic management and passenger safety. The European Train Control System (ETCS) features a single-axis accelerometer which measures the longitudinal acceleration of the train. This sensor is one of many sensors onboard providing a precise odometry. However, its measurement is corrupted by the projection of the gravity on the sensitive axis as a function of the inclination of the track. The purpose of this work is to increase the value of this sensor by developing a solution based on a complete inertial system in order to provide a reliable longitudinal acceleration. For this, a state estimator was developed based on an extended Kalman filter and the consideration of constraints on the state vector. The use of updating equation of the Kalman gain forces the state estimation to evolve in a constrained space. In addition, the observation vector has been increased with the information provided by a velocity estimator and a train attitude estimator. The velocity estimator uses a frequency analysis of the accelerometer measurements and the attitude estimator operates the frequency complementarity of gyro and accelerometer measurements, to estimate the roll and pitch angles. This information is then merged with the measurements of the IMU. Finally, experiments were carried out in Turkey on a train and the estimator's performance was validated by comparing the results with data from a high-performance inertial navigation system
Ibrahim, Marcelle. "Étude du comportement mécanique d’UO2 implanté en helium par micro-diffraction des rayons X et modélisation par éléments finis". Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1140/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn order to study the mechanical behavior of nuclear fuel during direct long term storage, UO2 polycrystals were implanted with Helium ions at a thin surface layer (1 µm approximately), which leads to stress and strain fields in the layer. Strains were measured, at the grains scale, by X-ray micro-diffraction, using synchrotron radiation (ESRF). Image analysis methods were developed for an automatic analysis of the large number of diffraction patterns. Applying statistical tools to Laue patterns allows an automatic detection of low quality images, and enhances the measurement precision. At low layer thickness, the mechanical interaction between grains can be neglected. At higher thickness, experimental results showed a higher mechanical interaction near grain boundaries that can be modeled using finite elements method. Geostatistical tools were used to quantify these interactions. The swelling and the elastic constants in the implanted layer can be estimated through the measured strains on a large number of grains with different orientations. This work allows the determination of the swelling of nuclear fuel in irradiation conditions, as well as the modification of its elastic properties
Alameddine, Ranime. "Nanostructuration bio-chimique de substrats mous pour l'étude de l'adhésion et de la mécanique cellulaire". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4086/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn the past decade, more and more types of cells have been shown to be capable of probing the mechanics of their environment by application of forces. The stiffness of the environment strongly influences a host of cellular parameters including cell adhesion and mechanics. In separate studies, the spatial distribution of ligands, modulated by chemical patterning of a target surface, has been shown to strongly influence cell adhesion and mechanics. However, the cross-talk between the two phenomena has not been much explored, partly because patterned functionalization of soft substrates is an engineering challenge. To address this issue, we have developed a simple and technique named "reverse contact printing" for fabrication of nanometric protein patches on PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) elastomer. My PhD work consisted of deciphering the molecular mechanisms that underlie this technique. We realized that the rate of transfer crucially depended on the molecular groups on the protein and on the nature of the PDMS surface. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) force measurements to measure PDMS elasticity as well as protein-substrate interactions to understand the molecular mechanism governing the transfer. We have identified that a successful reverse transfer is facilitated by the grafting of appropriate chemical groups on the protein, and depends on the PDMS surface treatment and elasticity. We also studied adhesion and mechanics of T lymphocytes on PDMS. We found that surprisingly T lymphocytes spread more on softer than on harder PDMS. In on-going pilot experiments, cells on patterned soft PDMS seem to exhibit different behavior as compared to cells on patterned glass
Ayad, Mohammad. "Homogenization-based, higher-gradient dynamical response of micro-structured media". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0062.
Texto completo da fonteA discrete dynamic approach (DDM) is developed in the context of beam mechanics to calculate the dispersion characteristics of periodic structures. Subsequently, based on this dynamical beam formulation, we calculate the dispersion characteristics of one-dimensional and two-dimensional periodic media. A sufficiently high order development of the forces and moments of the structural elements is necessary to accurately describe the propagation modes of higher order. These results show that the calculations of the dispersion characteristics of structural systems can be approached with good accuracy by the dynamics of the discrete elements. Besides, non-classical behaviors can be captured not only by higher order expansion but also by higher gradient formulations. To that scope, we develop a higher gradient dynamic homogenization method with micro-inertia effects. Using this formulation, we compute the macroscopic constitutive parameters up to the second gradient, using two distinct approaches, namely Hamilton’s principle and a total internal energy formulation. We analyze the sensitivity of the second gradient constitutive terms on the inner material and geometric parameters for the case of composite materials made of a periodic, layered microstructure. Moreover, we show that the formulations based on the total internal energy taking into account higher order gradient terms give the best description of wave propagation through the composite. We analyze the higher order and micro-inertia contributions on the mechanical behavior of composite structures by calculating the effective static and dynamic properties of composite beams using a higher order dynamic homogenization method. We compute the effective longitudinal static response with higher order gradient, by quantifying the relative difference compared to the classical formulation of Cauchy type, which is based on the first gradient of displacement. We then analyze the propagation properties of longitudinal waves in terms of the natural frequency of composite structural elements, taking into account the contribution of micro-inertia. The internal length plays a crucial role in the contributions of micro-inertia, which is particularly significant for low internal length values, therefore for a wide range of materials used in structural engineering. The developed method shows an important size effect for the higher gradients, and to remove these effects correction terms have been incorporated which are related to the quadratic moment of inertia. We analyze in this context the influence of the correction terms on the static and dynamic behavior of composites with a central inclusion
Leang, Marguerite. "Pénétration d'un solvant dans un gel poreux en consolidation : application à la restauration des oeuvres d'art". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS469/document.
Texto completo da fonteArt painting restoration aims to restore the readability of a painting and to preserve its integrity. Most of the techniques consist of depositing solvents on the surface of the painting to dissolve the varnish layer. However, the sublayers can be damaged by the penetration of the solvent, possibly resulting in swelling or cracking processes. Due to the physical and chemical complexity of the pictorial layer, we propose to study solvent penetration in model nano porous media obtained by controlled drying of aqueous silica nanoparticles dispersions. Drying and the consolidation process of these colloidal dispersions are studied until drying cracks appear. Neutron reflectivity and small angle neutron scattering provide structural information on particles near the interface between the dispersion and the air and in the bulk, respectively, during drying. The experimental study of drying cracks, associated to a poroelastic model, inform on mechanical properties of consolidated model systems and of the painting “Jeanne d'Arc en prison” (1824) by the French painter Louis Crignier (1790-1824). Characterization of the porous media obtained after consolidation is carried out with neutron imaging to determine the permeability and the porosities of the porous media. Finally, we present the dynamics of imbibition of sessile solvent drops on several porous media with different pore sizes. Our experimental set-up provides a precise and a direct quantification of the different flows outside and through the porous media. Mechanical properties are performed before and after solvent imbibition, by micro-indentation testing
Cochereau, Thibaud. "Structure et Mécanique du pli vocal humain : caractérisation et modélisation multi-échelles". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI018/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe human vocal fold owns exceptional vibratory properties. It is capable of withstanding large deformations, for different types of loading, in a repeated and reversible manner. These particular vibro-mechanical properties are closely linked to its microstructure: a multi-layer complex structure composed of highly heterogeneous protein fibre networks. However, it is still difficult today to describe precisely the implication of the microstructural specificities of the fold in its biomechanical behaviour.In order to clarify this link and to move towards a better understanding of the behaviour of the vocal tissue, this study proposes to approach the problem under three complementary approaches, combining microstructural characterization, mechanical characterization and numerical modelling. First, the microstructure of the fold was studied emph{ex vivo} using an original technique based on X-ray tomography. The use of synchrotron tomography in phase retrieval mode has revealed the structure of the tissue at different scales. In particular, high-resolution 3D images of the fibrous structure of the upper and muscular layers of the tissue were acquired. These images gave rise to a quantitative 3D analysis of the fibrous arrangement, allowing the determination of descriptors of orientation and 3D geometry of the fibers.In a second step, the mechanical behaviour of the fabric under different loading conditions was studied. A protocol has been proposed to characterize the same sample in tension, compression and shear. These tests have complemented existing knowledge on fold biomechanics, and constitute important reference data for the construction and validation of digital models.Finally, based on the data acquired experimentally, a micro-mechanical model was developed. This model has the specificity to take into account the 3D arrangement of the tissue through an idealized but relevant representation of its fibrous microstructure. The macroscopic responses predicted for different loading conditionds could be compared to the experiment for validation. At the microscopic scale, the kinematics of the fibres during the loading could be simulated. The micromechanisms that occur during the deformation of the fibrous network could thus be identified, opening new perspectives in the understanding of the multi-scale properties of the tissue
Muller, Marie. "Evaluation ultrasonore de l'os cortical par des méthodes d'acoustique linéaire et non linéaire. Application à l'évaluation du micro endommagement osseux". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00123909.
Texto completo da fonteLa première partie compare plusieurs techniques d'évaluation ultrasonore de l'os cortical par transmission axiale. Les propriétés ultrasonores mesurées à différentes fréquences au radius in vitro sont comparées à celles mesurées par tomographie quantitative (pQCT) ainsi qu'aux propriétés mécaniques des échantillons. Il en ressort que si les paramètres ultrasonores sont indiscutablement capables de prédire les propriétés mécaniques, leur apport sur les paramètres pQCT (actuellement mesurés en clinique) n'est envisageable que dans le cas d'une approche multi-fréquences et multi-paramètres.
La seconde partie porte sur l'étude du micro endommagement, impliqué dans la fragilisation de l'os. Nous avons fait appel à des paramètres ultrasonores nonlinéaires, qui ont fait leurs preuves dans d'autre domaines pour la mesure de l'endommagement des matériaux. Nous avons montré, en utilisant la technique de Spectroscopie Nonlinéaire Ultrasonore en Résonance, la sensibilité du paramètre ultrasonore nonlinéaire a l'endommagement progressivement accumulé dans l'os in vitro. Une relation exponentielle entre le paramètre ultrasonore nonlinéaire et l'âge des donneurs a été mise en évidence. Ceci a permis de montrer le potentiel de l'acoustique non linéaire pour la détection du micro endommagement osseux, même si des efforts doivent encore être fournis pour l'application in vivo de la méthode.
De façon plus générale, il ressort de ces travaux que le potentiel des ultrasons pour l'évaluation de la qualité osseuse réside probablement dans une approche multi-fréquences, multi-paramètres.
Soulimane, Sofiane. "Conception et modélisation d'un micro-actionneur à base d'élastomère diélectrique". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00546239.
Texto completo da fonteBureau, Jean-Baptiste. "Conception, réalisation de micro-capteurs de force à bases de jauges piézorésistives pour la caractérisation mécanique d'assemblages cellulaires en milieu liquide". Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/92c36fc4-7891-4dfc-8289-638a275c22be.
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