Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Méthylation ARN"
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Kiani, Jafar. "Hérédité épigénétique et méthylation des ARNs : rôle de la méthyltransférase Dnmt2". Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4093.
Texto completo da fonteEl, Yaagoubi Mohamed. "Régulation de l'expression de la gamma-glutamyltransférase : importance de la méthylation de l’ADN et des régions 5' non traduites de ces ARN messagers". Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10462.
Texto completo da fonteDetti, Mélanie. "Méthylation des adénosines (m6A) des ARN dans les cellules germinales et infertilité". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ6044.
Texto completo da fonteSexual differentiation is a complex mechanism where an undifferentiated gonad develops into a testis in males or an ovary in females. Chromosomal sex is at the origin of sexual determination, by activating sex-specific signaling pathways. Discovered in 1990, the Sry gene, found on the Y chromosome of males, has long been described as the regulator of all sexual differentiation. In its presence, XY embryos differentiate into males, but its absence is sufficient to induce female differentiation, “by default”. However, sex determination is far more complex, involving the expression of numerous genes, whose balanced expression levels activate the ovarian pathway and simultaneously repress the testicular pathway, or vice versa. The development of an ovary or testis relies on the presence of somatic cells as well as germ cells, the only cells capable of meiosis.Meiosis, discovered in 1883, is also a sex-determining event, as it occurs during embryonic development in females, and post-natal in males. Once again, many genes must be finely regulated for meiosis for correct initiation and progressing. Germ cells proliferate actively, then lose their pluripotency and enter meiosis in females, while they remain pluripotent and enter quiescence in males. This transition takes place by a change in the genetic program, which is not yet fully understood.The study of the various actors regulating sexual differentiation, at both somatic and germline levels, is therefore a priority for my team, which specializes in embryonic gonadal development.N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an emerging and still poorly understood mechanism of gene expression regulation. Yet it is the most common and most conserved RNA modification in eukaryotes, and its importance is underlined by various pathologies resulting from dysfunctions of this methylation. It is currently known to regulate a wide variety of processes, including metabolism, development, cell differentiation and stress response.We therefore decided to investigate the role of Wtap, an actor in the m6A methylation complex, in sex determination and meiosis. Firstly, my research showed that Wtap is well expressed in different gonadal cell types during the critical window of sexual differentiation. Secondly, using a loss-of-function mouse model for Wtap specifically in somatic cells, we were able to show that this gene is crucial for the differentiation of male and female somatic cells. Indeed, most Sertoli and granulosa cells appear to be blocked in a pre-supporting state. Finally, using a mouse model in which Wtap is inactivated in germ cells only, we also analyzed a decrease in germ cell differentiation. Germ cells are no longer fully able to induce meiosis in females, and enter quiescence in males.These results indicate that Wtap is a key player in the regulation of somatic and germ cell differentiation in both males and females
Purushothaman, Suresh K. "Le Complex Trm11p/Trm112p catalyse la formation de m2 G10 dans les ARNt de levure". Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20180.
Texto completo da fonteDarzacq, Xavier. "Etude des petits ARN guides de méthylation en 2 -O-ribose et guides de pseudouridylation : Biogénèse, fonction et organisation nucléaire des petits ARN guides". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30042.
Texto completo da fonteLetelier, Suárez Ingrid Johanna. "Identificación de genes de RNAs pequeños nucleolares C/D (C/D snoRNAs) y caracterización du su mecanismo de expresión en Arabidopsis thaliana". Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP0932.
Texto completo da fonteThe small nucleolar RNAs belong to a large family of small non-coding RNAs, found in eukaryotes and archaea, that participates in the processing and modification of other RNAs. In the model plant Arabidopsis, more than 180 C/D snoRNA genes have been identified. In spite of the large number of genes identified, information about of the regulation of C/D snoRNAs expression is still scarce. The general aim of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge about organization and expression of C/D snoRNA genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. For this, we proposed as specific aims to identify C/D snoRNA genes in the Arabidopsis genome and to characterize their expression mechanism. In this thesis we obtained a cDNA library of small RNAs, from which we identified 19 C/D snoRNAs that have rRNAs as target RNA. For a group of these genes we determined that stress treatments do not alter their expression. Furthermore, in this work we identified 23 new C/D snoRNA genes by analysis of the genomic context of C/D snoRNA genes previously identified, and we determined that these C/D snoRNAs have an unknown RNA as a target. From genes identified in the cDNA library and obtained from the snoRNA database, we selected 5 C/D snoRNA genes, snoR9-2, snoR10-2, snoR102-1, snoR108-1 and snoR201-1. These genes are localized in intergenic regions of the Arabidopsis genome, being therefore from independent expression. We detected and characterized their transcripts, by using primer extension, RT-PCR and 5’-3’ RLM-RACE. We determined that these genes are expressed as a monocistronic precursor, for snoR108-1, and as dicistronic precursors, for snoR9-2/snoR10-2 and snoR201-1/snoR102-1. These precursors show modifications such as a CAP in their 5’ end and a poli-adenilated tail in their 3’ end, suggesting that they are transcribed by the RNA polimerase II. Furthermore, we determined the transcription start site for the 3 precursors and we defined a putative promoter sequence, with the aim to identify promoter elements that could guide their expression. In the promoter of the 28 C/D pre-snoRNA analyzed we identify three associations of promoter elements: TATA/USE, TATA/SEE and TATA/GCCCR/TELO. We selected the snoR9-2/snoR10-2 promoter, as a model for the functional analysis of the elements TATA/GCCCR/TELO. For functional analysis of the elements found in the promoter of the snoR9-2/snoR10-2 precursor, we generated a C/D snoRNA reporter gene and evaluated the in vivo function of the promoter in a wt version and in 4 mutated versions, by using semi-quantitave RT-PCR. Results obtained in this thesis give us valuable information about the mechanisms involved in the expression of independent C/D snoRNA genes
Billard, Lise-Marie. "Expression des gènes codant les protéines liant l'ADN méthylé (MBD) dans les cancers du sein : implication des MBD dans la répression transcriptionnelle de gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs BRCA1 et CDX1". Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T083.
Texto completo da fonteDubuc, Karine. "Étude du réseau de projections transzonales durant la folliculogenèse et de la méthylation dans la stabilisation des ARN messagers". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69583.
Texto completo da fonteOogenesis, which occurs within the ovarian follicle, is a process closely link tofolliculogenesis. The oocyte growth mainly involves the establishment of a communication network between the gamete and surrounding somatic cells. During the early stages ofoocyte growth, the gamete accumulates mRNAs in its cytoplasm to support maturation and first cell division during transcriptional silencing until the embryonic genome activation.This period can last from days to weeks depending on the species requiring long stability from maternal mRNAs. It is known that communication between oocyte and somatic cellsand use of mRNA reserves are essential for oocyte competence acquisition to sustain fertilization and early embryogenesis. Chemical modifications known to have stabilizing role, such as methylation, have also been detected on the mRNAs. The main hypothesis is the chemical modifications of mRNA, by the addition of methyl groups, that are involved in stabilizing and managing transcripts within oocyte during transcriptional silencing. The communication network could have a role in enabling proteins transfer from cumulus cells allowing mRNA methylation. Objectives are to detectvarious chemical modifications taking place in oocyte transcriptome and to locate and characterize proteins having role of managing the chemical modifications identified on RNA. Many post-transcriptional modifications have been detected within the oocyte and results have shown that m6A and m5C are modifications with higher abundant expression. Proteins characterization involved in these post-transcriptional modifications in ovary and oocyteof mouse, swine and bovine showed methylation activity during folliculogenesis and oogenesis. More research is needed to improve understanding of mechanisms involved inoocyte competences acquisition, but the present study has contributed to the advancement of this knowledge.
Belin, Stéphane. "Implication de la biogenèse des ribosomes dans la tumorigenèse". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10309.
Texto completo da fonteRibosome biogenesis is a fundamental and extremely complex cell process. In mammals, ribosome synthesis coordinates the assembly of 80 proteins and 4 rRNA to form the two ribosomal sub-units. The maturation of the ribosome is a multi-step post-transcriptional process essential to obtain functional ribosomes. It is now well demonstrated that ribosome biogenesis and its regulation is altered during transformation process. However, if the increase of ribosome synthesis in cancer cell is well documented, there are numerous recent data suggesting that post-transcriptional steps could also be altered. In this biological context, the objectives of my Ph.D were to determine if: i) the maturation of rRNA is altered during the increase of ribosome synthesis; ii) these alterations could modify the ribosomes and alter their function and iii) these modifications directly participate to the deregulation of translation observed in cancer cells. We have explored the major steps of ribosome biogenesis as well as the structure of the cytoplasmic ribosomes and their functional capacity in different cellular models of tumor progression and/or aggressively. The results obtained show that in addition of the increase of the level of ribosome synthesis, post-transcriptional modifications are altered, particularly the level of rRNA methylation. These modifications are associated with strong defect of translation (stop codon bypass, misincorporation of amino-acid) and an increase of the IRES-dependant translation of important factors playing a crucial role in tumorigenesis. These results suggest that modifications of ribosome biogenesis could be a key step of cancer cell transformation
Mathieu, Olivier. "Implication de mécanismes épigénétiques dans la régulation de la transcription des gènes d'ARNr 5S chez Arabidopdsis thaliana". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF22436.
Texto completo da fonteOréal, Vincent. "Rôles distincts des différentes formes de méthylation de H3K4 dans deux mécanismes de répression transcriptionnelle et mise en évidence d'une nouvelle voie de surveillance moléculaire liée à l'excès d'histones libres". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22051/document.
Texto completo da fonteRelationships between histones, components of nucleosomes, and the transcription process of coding genes are both multiple and extremely complex. During my Thesis, I looked at twoof these relationships. First, we performed a study in collaboration with the Franck Holstedge and Catherine Dargemont labs. This work has allowed us to clearly define the effect of various methylation forms of the lysine 4 of the histone 3 on gene transcription. In this study we have shownthat H3K4 methylation influences the transcription of only a very limited number of genes. For these genes, a non conventional distribution profile of H3K4 methylation forms has been identified by the presence of an unusual enrichment in di- and trimethylated H3K4 in the 3’ of these genes. The principal effect of this mark is to promote transcriptional repression by at least two distinct mechanisms. The atypical enrichment of H3K4 trimethylation negatively influences gene expressionvia the production of non coding antisense RNA. For the repressive effect associated with dimethylH3K4, the quantity of antisense RNA as well as its production are not involved. We propose severalh ypotheses that link our results to the data known on this subject. In a second study performed incollaboration with the Sebastian Chavez and Akash Gunjan labs, we concentrated on the FACT complex that is involved in the assembly and disassembly of nucleosomes as RNA polymerase IImoves past. Previously, a growth defect in thermosensitive mutants of the FACT complex had been observed. In our study, we show that FACT deterioration leads to the eviction of histones that arenormally incorporated into chromatin during transcription. The accumulation of these free histones,which have a high toxic potential, induces the specific repression of CLN3 which encodes for the firstcyclin of G1 phase. For the first time, we show in this study the existence of a cell cycle molecular surveillance mechanism that is induced by an excess of free histones
Angelova, Margarita. "CG7009 and CG5220 - novel tRNA methyltransferases linking tRNA biogenesis to the regulation of the sncRNA pathways". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS224.
Texto completo da fonteSmall non-coding RNA-mediated silencing is a widespread mechanism of genetic repression. Its deregulations have been linked to severe phenotypes and pathologies. The best-characterized small RNA silencing pathways are the small interfering RNA (siRNA), the microRNA (miRNA) and the piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathways.In this PhD manuscript are characterized the molecular functions of CG7009 and CG5220: two 2’-O tRNA methyltransferases of Drosophila melanogaster which are conserved from yeast (Trm7) to human (FTSJ1). Mutations in their yeast ortholog Trm7 are linked to a severe growth defect phenotype and in their human ortholog, FTSJ1, to non-syndromic X-linked intellectual disability (NSXLID). Mutant flies have an ovarian size reduction phenotype, decreased resistance to DCV viral infection, and differential transposable element expression levels in somatic and germinal tissues. CG7009 is involved in both the miRNA Ago-2-dependent and in the siRNA pathways in the Drosophila melanogaster S2 cell line and in developing flies. CG5220, a paralog of CG7009, is involved in the miRNA Ago-2-dependent pathway in flies, similarly to CG7009. Furthermore, CG7009 and CG5220 have a role in the somatic piRNA pathway. Lack of 2’-O methylation (Nm) on tRNAPhe in CG7009 mutants triggers differential tRNA fragmentation profiles and tRNA fragments (tRFs) accumulation. tRFs are stable RNAs derived from the cleavage of mature tRNAs, that have been detected in bacteria, plants, yeast, flies and humans and linked to various functions. Recent research point to tRFs as a novel class of sncRNAs. Our results link the loss of Nm with tRFs accumulation and the regulation of the sncRNA pathways
Langlois-Charette, Frédéric. "Transcription et "silencing" des gènes ribosomiques : étude du mode de transcription et de la régulation épigénétique des gènes codant les ARN ribosomiques". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28070/28070.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteCavaillé, Jérôme. "Biosynthèse et fonction dans la méthylation de l'ARNr du petit ARN nucléolaire d'origine intronique U20 : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]". Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30082.
Texto completo da fonteSournia, Pierre. "La méthylation flavine-dépendante d’acides nucléiques : aspects évolutifs, métaboliques, biochimiques et spectroscopiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX108/document.
Texto completo da fonteEnzymes catalyzing the methylation of uridine at its carbon 5 position have appeared independently in different forms across evolution. Thymidylate synthases ThyA and the flavoprotein ThyX catalyze the de novo synthesis of dTMP, an essential DNA precursor in the three domains of life. They are encoded by heterologous genes and have drastically different structures and reaction mechanisms. On the other hand, this uridine methylation is also performed by tRNA and rRNA post-transcriptional modification enzymes.This thesis assesses the question of the evolutionary constraints that have led independently to four kinds of uridine methylation. The first part describes the identification of a metabolic pathway allowing the complementation of thymidine auxotrophy by non-natural nucleotide analogs in Escherichia coli. A synthetic biology approach, aiming to establish an alternative pathway for thymidylate biosynthesis, was also implemented and a selection strategy for thymidine auxotrophy-complementing genes, could be developed.In a second part, biochemical and spectral studies where realised on the flavin-dependent methyltransferase TrmFO, responsible for the post-transcriptional methylation of uridine at the invariant position 54 of tRNA in several microorganisms. The involvement of specific amino acid residues in substrate fixation and in stabilization of potential reaction intermediates was demonstrated. Their spectral characterization supports previously proposed reaction schemes for flavin-dependent thymidylate forming enzymes. These observations are currently being pursued by parallel approaches combining time-resolved spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, aiming to further our understanding of how flavin mediates the transfer of carbon molecules from folate to uracil rings
Vaillant, Isabelle. "Etude des régulations génétiques et épigénétiques de l'expression des gènes d'ARNr 5S chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/69/85/24/PDF/2006CLF21672.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteEl, Khoury Victoria. "Etude de modifications épigénétiques corrélées à l'expression du gène MDR1 et à la texture nucléaire dans des cellules de carcinome pulmonaire H69 sensibles et résistantes à la chimiothérapie". Reims, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REIMP203.
Texto completo da fonte@Multidrug resistance often results from the expression of P-gp, an efflux pump encoded by the MDR1 gene. However molecular mechanisms that regulate MDR1 gene remain poorly understood. This study examined the consequences of epigenetic modifications on nuclear phenotype and MDR1 gene expression in lung carcinoma cell lines sensitive (H69WT) and resistant to chemotherapy (H69VP). H69VP resistant cells overexpressing MDR1 gene display nuclear texture alterations, as compared with H69WT sensitive cells, underlining a more uniform distribution of chromatin. Treatment with trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, induces a progressive and transient chromatin decondensation in sensitive and resistant cells respectively. These modifications seem to reflect variations of H3 acetylation levels on the MDR1 promoter. TSA up-regulates MDR1 gene expression in H69WT cells and down-regulates its expression in H69VP cells through a transcription mechanism without affecting MDR1 mRNA stability and independently of MDR1 promoter methylation and PCAF recruitment to the MDR1 inverted CCAAT box. Translation inhibition reduces these modulations without suppressing them, suggesting that TSA modifies the expression and DNA binding of transcription factors implicated in the regulation of MDR1 gene. These findings indicate that HDAC inhibitors may represent potential anticancer drugs in multidrug resistant tumors
Vaillant, Isabelle. "Etude des régulations génétiques et épigénétiques de l'expression des gènes d'ARNr 5S chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00698524.
Texto completo da fonteLaforêts, Florian. "Étude de la régulation de l’activité de la fibrillarine : rôles des modifications post-traductionnelles". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1087/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe ribosome is responsible for the translation of mRNA into proteins. Within the ribosome, rRNAs play a crucial role in translation, and their post-transcriptional modifications regulate the ribosome’s translational activity and impact on gene expression. The human ribosome contains 106 2’-O-methylations added by fibrillarin (FBL). FBL functions through a box C/D snoRNP complex consisting of Nop56, Nop58 and 15.5kDa along with a box C/D small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). The regulation of FBL ad the C/D box snoRNP complexe are unknown. This work exploitated strtuctural data on FBL and the methylation complex to build a model allowing the extrapolation of structure-function relationships. The impact of FBL acetylation was also investigated. 5-FU is a uracile analog, and its cytotoxicity depends mostly on its alteration of RNA metabolism. As such, 5-FU inhibits rRNA maturation and alters the localization of nucleolar factors such as FBL. 5-FU induced a novel FBL acetylation at position K292, decreased FBL interaction with the methylation complex proteins, and induced a large scale inhibition of its interactions. This discovered a new role of the deacetylase and the acetyltransferase CBP on snoRNP integrity. Moreover, this work suggests that these enzyme participate in the 5-FU-induced alteration of snoRNP. s. This work supports the involvement of post-translational modifications in the regulation of the rRNA C/D box snoRNP 2’-O-methylation complex
Gillot-Chafia, Sandra. "Impact de la composition du ribosome sur la fidélité de la traduction". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS168.
Texto completo da fonteRibosomes are composed of proteins and RNAs. During these last years, the concept of « specialized ribosome » has been revived. This concept is based on the principle that ribosomes are heterogeneous in protein composition and rRNA chemical modifications. These different ribosomes populations would present different translational specificities. During my thesis, I was interested in a particular rRNA chemical modification, ribose 2’-O-methylation, its variability and its role in translational fidelity and regulation.To make this study, a HeLa cell-line in which fibrillarin (the methyltransferase responsible for 2’-O-methylations) synthesis is inhibited by a shRNA (small hairpin RNA) stably integrated in the genome. The study of impact of fibrillarin decrease on 2’-O-methylations enabled us to show that rRNA methylation decrease is global but varies with the position. So, some positions are more sensitive than others positions to fibrillarin decrease.First I studied rRNA methylation decrease effects on global translation, by ribosome profiling. This method is based on high-throughput sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments. By this way I revealed 43 candidate genes that are differentially translated in rRNA hypomethylated condition. From this list I searched functional and/or molecular elements common to several candidate genes. Then I showed that readthrough and frameshifting rates increase when rRNA is hypomethylated. So rRNA methylation decrease leads to translational fidelity decrease.Previous studies have shown that IRES-dependant initiation is impacted by rRNA methylation decrease. Then I performed a global study of translation initiation by adapting ribosome profiling method to identify initiating ribosomes specifically. Therefore I revealed that 66 initiation sites are impacted by rRNA methylation decrease.We localized the most impacted methylated positions on the 3D ribosome structure. It enabled us to group modifications by region. We focused our interest on one group of methylations conserved between yeast and human and localized around the peptide exit tunnel. I deleted snoRNAs responsible for these methylations in S. cerevisiae. Then I analysed if the loss of these methylations impacts the cell growth and the antibiotics sensitivity. I also make measures of readthrough and frameshifting. My results show that the targeted deletion of three out of four snoRNAs involved in the methylations around the peptide exit tunnel has no effect on translational fidelity.During this study in yeast, I revealed an unprecedented effect of ASC1 gene deletion on stop codons readthrough. Asc1p is a scaffold protein associated with the ribosome, whose absence causes a decrease of codon stop readthrough. Currently molecular mechanisms implicated remain unknown.During my thesis, I showed with global and specific approaches that rRNA methylation decrease leads to specific variations of protein expression together with specific decrease of translational fidelity. Molecular mechanisms are still actively investigated
Yi, Jia. "The Role of Convergent Transcription in Regulating Alternative Splicing : Targeted Epigenetic Modification via Repurposed CRISPR/Cas9 System and Its Impact on Alternative Splicing Modulation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS382.
Texto completo da fonteAlternative splicing of precursor RNA is a co-transcriptional process that affects the vast majority of human genes and contributes to protein diversity. Dysregulation of such process is implicated in various diseases, including tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms regulating these processes were still to be characterized. In this study, we showed that perturbations of alternative splicing correlated with dysregulations of convergent transcription and DNA methylation. Convergent transcription could be generated between pairs of neighboring genes in opposite orientation, or between intragenic enhancers and their host gene. CENPO and ADCY3 was identified as a convergent transcription gene pair. We found, in a tumor progression model of breast cancer, that the splicing change of the ADCY3 variant exon22 correlated with an increase of its transcription that went against that of CENPO. By using targeted transcription repression system CRISPRi, we demonstrated that downregulating the transcription of CENPO could not reverse the alternative splicing alteration of ADCY3 in cancer cells (DCIS). An active intragenic enhancer was identified in the intron16 of CD44, at the downstream of its alternative exons. By using targeted transcription activation system CRISPRa, we showed that upregulating the transcription of CD44 could not alter the alternative splicing of CD44 in DCIS cells. These results suggest that convergent transcription modulation through changes of promoter activity does not alter the alternative splicing of ADCY3 and CD44 in DCIS cells. However, through replacing the intragenic enhancer by an inducible promoter, we found that intragenic transcription activation increased the inclusion level of several alternative exons of CD44 in HCT116 cells. This result suggested that local convergent transcription could have a direct impact on the alternative splicing of CD44. Furthermore, by using targeted DNA methylation system CRISPR/dCas9-DNMT3b, we showed that DNA methylation at variant exons could directly modify CD44 alternative splicing. This thesis work also explored the limitation and feasibility of studying alternative splicing with repurposed CRISPR systems
Galvanin, Adeline. "Use of high-throughput sequencing for the characterization of extracellular RNA and to study the dynamics of bacterial RNA modification". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0095/document.
Texto completo da fonteFor less than a decade, high-throughput sequencing became a very powerful, sensitive and precise technique for the study of ribonucleic acids. During my PhD thesis, I used this technology for in-depth characterization of the extracellular RNA (exRNA) content of human plasma. exRNA in plasma exists either in a “soluble state” as a component of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes or encapsulated into extracellular vesicles (EV) of diverse origins (exosomes, microvesicles, …). In this project, I demonstrated that whole human plasma contains mostly micro RNA and the fragment of RNA hY4, as well as degraded ribosomal RNA. Moreover, using a rigorous strategy via size exclusion chromatography or consecutive proteinase K/RNase A treatments, highly purified EVs can be obtained. miRNAs and RNA hY4 fragments were not present in majority of samples, demonstrating a huge difference between soluble exRNA and exRNA from purified EVs. The RNA content of these EVs mainly reflects RNA composition of human microbiota. In addition, I also performed a comparative analysis of commercially available “exosome-enrichment” kits which are supposed to purify human exosomes by precipitation. Their RNA composition was found to be almost identical to human plasma, showing strong uncontrolled contamination by soluble RNPs. Based on this study, we were able to propose a protocol for studies in exRNA in the field of liquid biopsies with clinical sample in order to discover new diagnostic biomarkers. Apart from the characterization of RNA, high-throughput sequencing can be used for detection and quantification of RNA post-transcriptional modifications. During my PhD thesis I applied deep sequencing for analysis of transfer RNA (tRNA) 2’-O-methylations in model bacteria (E. coli) using RiboMethSeq. Under several stress conditions, such as starvation and non-lethal antibiotics concentrations, some 2’-O-methylated nucleotides show an adaptive response. While over than half of Gm18 show a global increase under all investigated stress conditions, ribomethylated residues at position 34 show an opposite effect for some antibiotic treatments (chloramphenicol and streptomycin). Each of these dynamic profiles can be linked to cell regulation in response to stress. Change at the tRNA wobble base (position 34) could be a way to regulate translation by modifying the codon usage. Concerning Gm18, its role in the escape from the human innate immune system during host invasion is currently elucidated
Paul, Arnaud. "Rôle de la protéine Bcd1p/BCD1 dans les étapes précoces de la biogenèse des snoRNP à boîtes C/D eucaryotes". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0148.
Texto completo da fonteRibosome biogenesis is especially dependent on the action of small RNA/proteins complexes called small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs). They are divided into two main families: the so-called box C/D snoRNPs and box H/ACA snoRNPs. Each category performs specific enzymatic processes, 2’-O-methylation and pseudouridylation, respectively, and induces target-specific chemical modification on rRNAs. Few snoRNPs are also essential for pre-rRNA processing. The box C/D snoRNPs are formed by the association of a box C/D snoRNA with a set of four invariant proteins: Snu13p/SNU13, Nop1p/Fibrillarine, Nop56p/NOP56 and Nop58p/NOP58 (yeast/Human). Biogenesis of these RNPs relies on the action of several proteins complexes which constitute a dedicated assembly machinery. Rsa1p/NUFIP, Hit1p/ZNHIT3, and components of the R2TP complex are the best characterized protein actors of this machinery. Additional protein factors probably participate in box C/D snoRNP biogenesis; Bcd1p/ZNHIT6 (Box C/D snoRNA protein 1) is such a candidate as it is essential for the in vivo stability of box C/D snoRNAs, and it was found associated with proteins involved in this machinery in yeast and Human. However, the mechanism governing the recruitment of this protein towards the biogenesis of box C/D snoRNP, and the step of the assembly process relying on the presence of Bcd1p are still unknown. In S. cerevisiae and Human, in vivo and in vitro tools allowed us to improve the understanding of the functions of Bcd1p/ZNHIT6 in box C/D snoRNP assembly. Bcd1p is an assembly factor that is recruited co-transcriptionally on box C/D snoRNA loci, and is required for the recruitment of assembly complexes on nascent snoRNAs. Bcd1p is important for Nop58p association with the assembly factor Rsa1p, which suggests that its primary function is to recruit Nop58p to nascent pre-snoRNPs. This work evidenced important information on the essential role of Bcd1p in C/D snoRNP biogenesis and function
Meunier, Léa. "Analyse de signatures transcriptomiques et épigénétiques des carcinomes hépatocellulaires". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7082.
Texto completo da fonteElucidating deregulated transcriptional and epigenetic processes in cancers is fundamental to better understand the biological pathways involved and to propose a therapy adapted to the molecular phenotype of each tumor. Classical unsupervised classification approaches define, for each tumor type, the main molecular groups. However, these methods, applied to complex tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the 3rd cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide, define groups that remain relatively heterogeneous and only imperfectly reflect the diversity of biological mechanisms at work in these tumors. During my PhD, I developed a, innovative strategy involving independent component analysis (ICA) to extract signatures of precise biological processes in large transcriptomic and epigenetic tumor data sets. This new approach allowed me to identify groups of co-regulated genes associated with specific phenotypes or molecular alterations. Similarly, independent component analysis of the methylomes of 738 HCC revealed 13 stable epigenetic signatures preferentially active in specific tumors and CpG sites. These signatures include signatures previously associated with ageing and cancer, but also new hyper- and hypomethylation signatures related to specific driver events and molecular subgroups. The work presented in this thesis sheds light on the diversity of molecular processes remodeling liver cancer transcriptomes and methylomes, improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in hepatic carcinogenesis and provides a statistical framework to unravel the signatures of these processes
Brazane, Mira. "Functions of the ribose methyltransferase FTSJ1 in regulation of gene expression and neural development". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS294.
Texto completo da fonteRNAs of all the domains of life carry chemical modifications. Extensive studies over the last decades linked the loss of RNA modification enzymes to several pathologies, notably, ones related to the nervous system. During my PhD, I contributed to the understanding of the functions of FTSJ1, a Trm7 family enzyme responsible for tRNA ribose methylation of two nucleotides of the anticodon loop including the Wobble (34th) position. FTSJ1 loss of function causes intellectual disability, however, the mechanisms underlying this condition remain elusive. My colleagues previously identified the orthologs of FTSJ1 in Drosophila as regulators of RNA interference pathways. During my PhD, I contributed to the characterization of a new FTSJ1 pathological variant, and to the study of transcriptomes of patient derived lymphocytes. I also identified morphological defects associated with the loss of FTSJ1 in cultured human immature neurons. Similarly, the Drosophila model lacking the orthologs of FTSJ1 exhibits similar morphological defects in the neuromuscular junctions. Cognitive assessments exhibited drastically reduced long-term memory in all mutant combinations. Given the primary function of tRNAs in translation, I lastly conducted a transcriptome wide profiling of ribosome footprints on patient derived cell lines, together with an RNAseq analysis. A gene ontology analysis revealed a number of deregulated genes at the translational level, primarily involved in vocal and imitative learning. Overall, these results show a substantial regulation of brain morphogenesis genes attributed to FTSJ1, as well as morphological defects altering cultured neural cells, but also in the Drosophila model lacking FTSJ1. As a perspective, exploitation of new ribosome profiling datasets, with an emphasis on codon specific signatures on translation efficiency by tRNA substrates of FTSJ1 could lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying FTSJ1 related intellectual disability
Hebras, Jade. "Caractérisation moléculaire du petit ARN nucléolaire SNORD115 : un rôle dans la régulation de l'expression et de la fonction du récepteur à la sérotonine 5-HT2C ?" Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30209.
Texto completo da fonteThe nucleolus of mammalian cells contains hundreds of box C/D small nucleolar RNAs (SNORDs). Majority of them, guide sequence-specific 2'-O ribose methylations into ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Some of them facilitate RNA folding and cleavages of ribosomal RNA precursors or guide ribose methylations into spliceosomal small nuclear RNA U6. Recent studies propose that some SNORD could target other transcripts, possibly messenger RNA as suggested by the brain-specific SNORD115. SNORD115 is processed from tandemly repeated genes embedded in the imprinted SNURF-SNRPN domain. Defects in gene expression at this domain are causally linked to rare disease: the Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS). Excitingly, SNORD115 displays an extensive region of complementary to a brain-specific mRNA encoding the serotonin receptor 5-HT2C. SNORD115 could influence 5-HT2C signaling by fine-tuning alternative splicing or A to I RNA editing of 5-HT2C pre-mRNA. Reduced 5-HT2C receptor activity could contribute to impaired emotional response and/or compulsive overeating that characterized the syndrome. My work was to test this hypothesis using a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated SNORD115 knockout mouse model. My results show that loss of SNORD115 expression, in vivo, does not alter the post-transcriptional regulation of 5-HT2C pre-mRNA processing. Others results from the team do not reveal any defects in anxio-depressive phenotypes and eating behaviour. Our study questions the regulatory roles of SNORD115 in brain functions and behavioural disturbance associated with PWS. On other hand, I have studied ribose methylation sites in rRNA from mouse tissues. This work was included in emerging field of the specialized ribosome hypothesis which suggests heterogeneity in ribosomes may impact activity of ribosomes. Our results show significant changes at few discrete set of sites, especially in rRNA from developing tissues. Also, rRNA from developing tissues is globally less methylated than rRNA from adult tissues. We focus on LSU-Gm4593 site because this position is specifically methylated only during development and hardly ever detected in adult tissues. Methylation at LSU-G4593 is guided by SNORD78. We propose that the expression levels of SNORD78 during development appeared to be regulated by alternative splicing of the host-gene and to correlate with the methylation level of its target site at LSU-G4593. We've used a human cell line (HEK293T) inactivated for the SNORD78 gene in order to understand the functionally role of the corresponding ribose methylation. Our work did not demonstrate any overt cellular phenotypes, even though translation fidelity and the precise function of LSU-Gm4593 remains unknown
Auriol, Émilie. "Spécificité des protéines à domaine de liaison sur l’ADN méthyle (MBD) pour un locus cible : fixation du represseur MBD2 sur la région constitutivement méthylée de l’ilot de CpG des gènes BRCA1 et NBR2". Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10134.
Texto completo da fonteThe methyl binding domain proteins (MBD) are key molecules in the interpretation of DNA methylation signals leading to gene silencing. We investigated their binding specificity at the constitutively methylated region of a CpG island containing the bidirectional promoter of the breast cancer predisposition gene, BRCA1, and the Near BRCA1 2 (NBR2) gene. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and RNA interference strategies indicated that MBD2 is specifically associated with the methylated region, while MeCP2 and MBD1 were not detected at this locus. Furthermore, MBD2 represses the expression of the NBR2 gene. Our data indicate that MBD2 has specific targets and that its presence at these targets is indispensable for gene repression. Methylation patterns are altered in tumours, leading to misexpression of genes. Also, specific binding of MBD proteins and reexpression of targeted genes by RNAi approaches could be of great interest for cancer therapy
Gribling-Burrer, Anne-Sophie. "Etude du mécanisme d'hyperméthylation de la coiffe des ARNm de sélénoprotéines et impact sur leur traduction". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ051/document.
Texto completo da fonteSelenoprotein synthesis requires co-translational recoding of in-frame UGA codons. In mammals, this process is governed by the recruitment of dedicated factors on a hairpin structure, called SECIS, in the 3’UTR of selenoprotein mRNAs. During my PhD, we showed that several selenoprotein mRNAs bear a hypermethylated m32,2,7G cap and undergo a similar 5’ end maturation pathway than non-coding RNAs. This cap biogenesis mechanism involves the enzyme Trimethyl-guanosine synthase, m32,2,7G capped selenoprotein mRNAs are not efficiently recognized by the canonical translation initiation factor eIF4E but are translated in vivo. Furthermore, our results suggest the existence of an atypical mechanism of translation initiation for selenoprotein mRNAs. This process involves structural RNA determinants, the 3’UTR region and a GTPase that remains to be identified
Quignard, Etienne. "Etude par résonance magnétique nucléaire d'oligodéoxynucléotides modifiés : méthylation de l'adénine et mésappariements". Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P602.
Texto completo da fonteBornaque, Florine. "Rôle de l'épitranscriptome dans la physiopathologie de la cellule β pancréatique". Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDBSL/2021/2021LILUS059.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThe prevalence of diabetes in the world continues to increase, with an estimate of 700 million patients by 2045. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the development of the disease has become a major public health issue to prevent the progression of diabetes in the world.Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia (> 1.26 g / L) caused by insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and loss of function and / or mass of pancreatic β cells. These cells, present in the islets of Langerhans, are involved in the regulation of carbohydrate homeostasis by secreting insulin, a hypoglycemic hormone that acts on various tissues sensitive to insulin, such as the liver, muscle or adipose tissue. The pathophysiological dysfunction of β cells, following numerous cellular stresses (oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, etc.), is at the origin of the development of T2D.In addition to genetic factors, obesity induced by a diet rich in fats and sugars, physical inactivity and aging are considered to be major environmental risk factors for the development of T2DM. These factors modify the environment of the cells and cause chemical modifications of DNA (methylation of cytosines) or histones (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination), called epigenetic modifications, thus modulating the expression of many genes and altering, in particular, the identity or function of pancreatic β cells.Other aspects of the regulation of gene expression are little studied in the context of type 2 diabetes. Indeed, RNAs can also be subjected to chemical changes sensitive to environmental signals, such as DNA. These epitranscriptomic modifications correspond to the chemical and reversible modifications of RNA, the most common is m6A methylation, at position N6 of adenosine. The methyl group is added by a protein complex composed in particular of methyltransferases METTL3 and METTL14 and can be removed by demethylases ALKBH5 or FTO. These modifications can be recognized by cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins, which will affect the translation, splicing, stability, structure or localization of RNAs.This modification is involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, its role in T2D is still poorly understood, although it has recently been shown that m6A methylation may be altered in the pancreatic islet and affect insulin secretion.Thus, in this thesis work, we hypothesized that the environment, through variations in glycemia or free fatty acid concentrations in the blood, could induce changes in the m6A methylation of RNAs and lead to pancreatic β cell dysfunction during T2D.The results obtained during this thesis show a significant decrease in m6A methylation in the presence of a high concentration of glucose, both in mice and in islets obtained from human donors, associated with altered expression levels of m6A demethylases. Palmitate induces the opposite effect with an increase in m6A methylation and a reduction in the expression of demethylases. In addition, the use of siRNA and/or specific inhibitors demonstrates that these enzymes modulate the expression of genes involved in the identity of pancreatic β cells and insulin secretion stimulated by glucose.These results, combined with data from the literature, suggest that changes in glucose concentration regulate m6A methylation, which plays a key role in controlling gene expression for the identity and function of pancreatic β cells. Thus, our results highlight new mechanisms potentially involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and may therefore contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of this disease
Pagès, Michel. "Structure de l'ADN satellite I du veau : méthylation et organisation de la chromatine". Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20005.
Texto completo da fonteBourguet, Pierre. "Etude des voies de silencing transciptionnel indépendantes de la méthylation ADN chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC091/document.
Texto completo da fonteTranscriptional gene silencing hinders deleterious transcription of some genes and transposable elements. Silencing is maintained by numerous chromatin modifications such as DNA methylation and repressive histone marks. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of silencing, we conducted a forward genetic screen using a transgene reporter system targeted by transcriptional gene silencing in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We isolated a first type of mutants with diminished maintenance of silencing and a second category that displayed deficient release of transgene silencing upon heat stress. We then combined molecular, cytological and genomic methods to characterize the defects associated with these mutations.First, we show that the Mediator subunit MED14 and the TFIIH complex subunit UVH6 are required for heat-stress-induced release of silencing. We further show that MED14, but not UVH6, promotes transcriptional activation of transposable elements in mutant contexts where silencing is defective. Importantly, MED14 is only required when DNA methylation is not affected, suggesting that MED14 has a specialized function to promote transcription of heterochromatin. Furthermore, we show that MED14 promote DNA methylation at targets regulated by RNA-directed DNA methylation.Characterizing mutants from the first category, we unveil the contribution of the MAIN and MAIL1 proteins into transcriptional gene silencing, and show that they likely act through a pathway independent of known silencing factors. Interestingly, MAIN and MAIL1 bear a protein domain that is shared with transposable elements, and that has been captured by transposable elements and genes throughout the evolutionary history of flower plants.Additionally, we confirm the involvement of the DNA polymerase epsilon in transcriptional gene silencing by isolating a new mutation of the POL2A gene among mutants of the first category. We characterize the effects of the pol2a mutation on several heterochromatin properties, and show that the pol2a mutant retains high levels of heterochromatin marks despite having highly disorganized heterochromatin. We actually detect a strong elevation of DNA methylation in the pol2a mutant and explore different hypothesis to explain this unusual phenotype. We show that increased expression of the CMT3 chromomethylase is a likely cause, but that additional molecular mechanisms are probably involved. Further exploration suggests that constitutive replicative stress occurring in pol2a mutants could be an additional cause of DNA hypermethylation.To summarize, this work provide putative causes for DNA hypermethylation and silencing defects in a situation of replicative deficiency. Further investigation will be required to identify the molecular components involved in the mechanism. Our data further suggest that MED14 has a function dedicated to heterochromatin transcription that could promote DNA methylation maintenance
Sarazin, Alexis. "Analyse bioinformatique du contrôle des éléments transposables par les siARN chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112258/document.
Texto completo da fonteMany mechanisms control and limit the proliferation of transposable elements (TEs) which could otherwise threaten the structural and functional integrity of the genome. In plants RNA interference (RNAi) plays an important role in this control through small RNAs that guide the expression regulation of endogenous or exogenous sequences by two types of mechanisms. The first such mechanism, shared by many eukaryotic organisms, acts at the post-transcriptionnal level to inhibit the activity of mRNA. A second type of regulation allows the transcriptional control of TEs activity through a mechanism called RNA directed DNA methylation (RdDM) which involves 24nt long siRNA ("short-interfering RNA") that guide DNA methylation specifically on TEs sequences. Furthermore, siRNAs are also involved in the progressive restoration of DNA methylation after a loss induced by mutation of the DDM1 gene (Decrease in DNA Methylation 1). The aim of this thesis is to take advantage of high-throughput sequencing technologies to characterize these TEs controls mechanisms by siRNA in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana .At first, I developed methods and bioinformatics tools to effectively manage data produced by high-throughput sequencing of small RNA libraries. These tools, combined in a pipeline, are designed to allow the study the accumulation of siRNA corresponding to TE sequences or TE families as well as their global or detailed visualization.These tools were applied to characterize, in a wild type background, the association between siRNA and TEs in order to define factors that may explain the observed differences in siRNA abundance . These analyses were performed by taking into account both DNA methylation states and genomic context. It provides a static view of siRNA control of TEs and their impact on nearby genes. Then, analysis of small RNA libraries from mutants of the RNAi pathway was performed to better characterize the impact of DNA methylation loss on siRNA populations and to define the mechanisms involved in the production of 21nt siRNA induced in the ddm1 mutant. These comparative analyses of the TE control after loss of DNA methylation allow us to highlight the production of 24nt siRNA independently of the classical RdDM pathway and to propose a model explaining the production of 21nt siRNA in the ddm1 mutant. At last, I tried to clarify the involvement of siRNA in the restoration of DNA methylation. Changes in DNA methylation induced by ddm1 mutation were characterized as well as their transgenerational stability in an epiRIL population. The stability of DNA hypomethylation has been studied in relation to high-throughput sequencing of small RNAs data from WT, ddm1 and 4 epiRIL lines. It provides a temporal view of the TE control by siRNA. The results highlight the important role of small RNAs in the control of transposable elements in order to preserve structural and functional integrity of the genome through a variety of mechanisms depending on TE sequences. This work opens the way to the analysis of the siRNA control on TEs based on approaches that combine TEs in networks based on their shared siRNA sequences. It would allow to study "siRNA-connections" between TEs in order to explore, for example, the action in trans of siRNA in the restoration of DNA methylation defect
Bender-Osmani, Ambre. "Méthylation de l'ADN et identité cellulaire : fonctions de la méthylation de l'ADN dans les lignages gamétiques et hématopoïétiques chez la souris". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ102.
Texto completo da fonteThe methylation of DNA is a well-known epigenetic mark. It consists in adding a methyl group to a cytosine producing the 5-methylcytosine (5mC). This is catalysed by the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family: DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Little is known about the changes in DNA methylation that follow lineage decisions in the embryo and how these contribute, establish or maintain cellular identities. We are addressing these questions using as a model the specification of mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) and mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the mouse embryo. We generate the first genome-wide maps of 5mC during their development. These maps highlight two waves of DNA methylation in PGCs. The first one takes place between E9,5 and E13,5, where the genome demethylates while the second one corresponds to a remethylation phase only in male PGCs between E14,5 and E17,5. Nevertheless, some regions, notably the transposable elements, are resistant to this demethylation wave. We demonstrate the implication of DNMT1 and UHRF2 in maintaining the 5mC on these regions using transgenic mice presenting specific deletion in PGCs. In HSCs, the 5mC maps highlight two wave of DNA methylation. The first one correlates with the first appearance of the HSCs in early embryos while the second one corresponds to their migration to the bone marrow and seems to act as a definitive lock for their hematopoietic identity. Using transgenic mice presenting specific deletions in HSCs, we prove the implication of DNMT3A and DNMT3B in hematopoietic stem cells, with a major role in locking HSC identity of DNMT3B during the first wave and a DNMT3A during the second one respectively
Duffié, Rachel. "Epigenetic inheritance from the oocyte". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066077.
Texto completo da fonteDNA methylation is essential for mammalian development. Genomic imprinting regulates parent-of-origin phenotypes through differential gametic inheritance of DNA methylation at imprinting control regions, ICRs, which is maintained in the progeny ubiquitously and lifelong. During my PhD, I focused on DNA methylation inherited from the oocyte using the mouse model. I found that DNMT3L is required for global oocyte methylation. I also provide evidence for new forms of imprinting, demonstrating that maternal imprints can be maintained in a tissue-specific manner or very transiently during development. The Cdh15 gene is subject to tissue-specific imprinting: maternal-specific methylation is maintained in the hypothalamus where it leads to paternal expression of an alternative transcript. I also identified a regulatory RNA at the Gpr1/Zdbf2 locus under the control of a transient maternal imprint. Its brief monoallelic expression in the periimplantation embryo is associated with establishment of permanent methylation marks in cis and subsequent lifelong paternal expression of neighboring Zdbf2. These findings provide new perspectives about the permanency and regulation of genomic imprinting in mammals
Lambert, Simon. "Analyse des profils de méthylation de l'ADN des spermatozoïdes de taureaux péri-pubères". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27612.
Texto completo da fonteDelpu, Yannick. "Méthylation de l'ADN et expression des microARNs dans la carcinogénèse pancréatique". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2128/.
Texto completo da fontePancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in Western countries. This cancer involves changes in DNA methylation patterns and overexpression of enzymes responsible for its implementation : the DNA methyltransferases. However, the exact role of these proteins in carcinogenesis remains to be proven. We first aimed to determine the changing in the DNA methylation pattern through the study of the expression of a specific microRNA : miR- 148a. We confirmed the repression of miR- 148a by DNA hypermethylation in several cell lines derived from pancreatic cancer as well as in human tumor samples, and we shown the usefulness of this mark in the differential diagnosis between pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. We also evaluated the therapeutic potential of miR- 148a gene transfer in vitro and in vivo. We observed no significant changes in the behavior of cells / tumors overexpressing miR- 148a. This indicates that its repression is a minor alteration accompanying carcinogenesis rather than a crucial phenomenon of tumor development. Finally, we extended our study to determine whether the single overexpression of DNA methyltransferases can transform normal pancreatic cells. We observed that the stable overexpression of these proteins significantly affects the behavior of cells in vitro, their methylation patterns and gene expression. These results strongly suggest that DNA methylation facilitates carcinogenesis, but is not sufficient to trigger the formation of tumors. This work contributes to a better understanding of pancreatic carcinogenesis, the role of DNA methylation and open new horizons for the potential oncogenic role of DNA methylation
Squali, Houssaini Iraqi Fatima-Zahra. "Rôle de la méthylation des séquences GATC dans le fonctionnement de l'origine de réplication d'E. Coli (ori C. ) : (réplication in vitro de plasmides ori C.)". Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA07F107.
Texto completo da fonteCeccaldi, Alexandre. "Conception d'un criblage d'inhibiteurs des méthyltransférases d'ADN : vers de nouveaux modulateurs épigénétiques". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066250.
Texto completo da fonteMartin, Valérie. "La méthylation de l'ADN : facteur épigénétique contrôlant la transcription du gène pS2 (TFFI) dans les cancers du sein". Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10315.
Texto completo da fonteGhabreau, Lina. "Poly(ADP-ribose)polymérase-1 (PARP-1) et méthylation de l'ADN, nouveaux partenaires des récepteurs hormonaux dans la carcinogenèse de l'endomètre". Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10067.
Texto completo da fonteBonfils, Sandrine Gisèle Olga. "Set1, la méthylation de l'histone H3 et les coupures double brin d'ADN programmées lors de la méiose chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22075.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMeiosis is one of the two modes of division present in the cellular cycle of eukaryotes, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a specific and highly regulated process, which leads to the formation of four haploid spores or gametes, issued of a diploid cell. Prophase is the first step of meiosis, during which, after a single round of replication, the homologous chromosomes pair and recombine. The events of genetic recombination are initiated by the formation of double-stand breaks (DSB), generated by Spo11, an endonuclease. Distribution of the DSB is not homogeneous throughout the whole genome. The sites of DSB formation are preferentially localised in intergenics regions. The DSB are concentrated in highly recombinogenic regions, called hot spot, as opposed to regions refractory to recombination, called cold spot. Various studies show that the chromatin structure and post-traductional modifications of histone tails have an impact on the catalytic activity of Spo11. The Set1 protein is a histone methyltransferase, required to catalyze the methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4). The methylation of H3K4 is associated with transcriptional activity and chromatin structure at telomeres and the ribosomic gene locus in vegetative growth conditions. In meiosis, inactivation of the SET1 gene leads to a delay of meiotic replication, of the induction of middle meiotic genes, and to a defect in DSB formation at some hot spots. We have proposed a possible function for the methylation of H3K4 by Set1 in the targeting and/or activation of Spo11. Throughout a certain number of approaches, such as pulse field electrophoresis and the analysis of DSB formation sites by Chip-chip, we observed that the loss of SET1 does not affect distribution of DSB on the whole genome. We could show that in a set1 mutant, new hot spots appear. Consequently, it is important to define the role of the methylation of H3K4 during meiosis, by studying the impact of a mutation of lysine 4 in H3 and a mutation of glycine 951 of Set1 on DSB formation and by following the rate of H3K4 methylation by Chip-chip
Yaman-Deveci, Ruken. "Implication des méthyltransférases de l'ADN dans l'établissement des méthylations symétrique (CpG) et asymétrique (non-CpG) dans la lignée germinale mâle chez la souris". Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4005.
Texto completo da fonteDNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification in mammals. It is present primarily on CpG dinucleotides and controlled by the DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt(s)). Methylation patterns are very stable through the generations. However, two periods involve significant alterations of these profiles, the earliest period of embryonic development and gametogenesis. Although the establishment of new methylation profiles is of great biological importance, the mechanisms involved in this process are largely unknown. To attempt to answer this question I firstly investigated the role of de novo Dnmt, Dnmt3a, during spermatogenesis. I showed that methylation of repeated elements and retrotransposons was not greatly perturbed by the absence of this enzyme while, in contrast, the pattern of methylation of imprinted genes was completely disrupted. This analysis also suggests that entry into meiosis of the mutant germ cells depends partly on the Dnmt3a protein as this process is slower in a Dnmt3a mutant background. The second question I investigated was the nature of the molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance through the generations of the methylation patterns of cytosines included in non-CpG sites. By using an experimental model system where such non-CpG methylation events are both stable and accurately transmitted from generation to generation, we have shown that methylation of non-CpG sites depends on CpG methylation, since in absence of the Dnmt1 protein, non-CpG methylation patterns are diminished
Gros, Christina. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux inhibiteurs de la méthylation de l'ADN dans les cancers". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2316/.
Texto completo da fonteOne of the main epigenetic mark is DNA methylation. The enzymes responsible for those marks are DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), for which two types of inhibitors exist: nucleosidic analogues and non-nucleosidic inhibitors. The first category has demonstrated its efficiency in clinical trials and two drugs are commercialized for treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. However, these compounds are not specific and chemically instable, which leads to development of selective non-nucleosidic inhibitors. To our knowledge, in this category, only the SGI-1027 and the 3-chloro-3-nitroflavanones are interesting. First, we extended the structure-activity relationship of flavanones on an enzymatic assay and then studied their ability to reactivate an epigenetic reporter system in a leukemia cell line. Finally, we assessed the methylation status of some tumor suppressor genes promoters which will be used as cellular demethylation markers to monitor inhibitors effects. Since we wanted to investigate the selectivity and the mechanism of action of these compounds, we developed a new miniaturized scintillation by proximity assay. This test allowed us to study the flavanones and several other molecules. Thanks to collaborations, we have identified a new molecule, twice as potent as SGI-1027, and we were able to come up with an original mechanism of action
Habib, Mohammed. "Nucléosides modifiés dans les cellules tumorales : étude immunochimique de la méthylation de l'ADN". Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T180.
Texto completo da fonteIssa, Elissar. "La méthylation de l'ADN dans les tissus mammaires normaux et le risque de cancer du sein controlatéral". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29819.
Texto completo da fonteINTRODUCTION: Women with breast cancer (BC) have an increased risk of developing a contralateral breast cancer (CBC). This risk is 3 to 5 times higher than the risk of developing primary breast cancer by women in the general population. The methylation of DNA is known to be involved in the development of cancer, and changes in methylation profile in breast tumor cells have already been observed. OBJECTIVE: Our aims are to identify changes in global DNA methylation as well as the differentially methylated sites that are associated with an increased risk of developing CBC. METHODS: This is a case-control study (1:1) nested in a cohort of 1242 women. Cases (n = 20) were diagnosed with CBC during follow-up but not Controls (n = 20). Cases were matched to controls for CSC risk factors such as year of surgery, age, family history of BC, and the treatment. The DNA was extracted from normal breast tissue (to minimize field effect) more than 1 cm from the paraffin-embedded tumor and the methylation was measured by Illumina Infinium 450K. RESULTS: Global DNA hypomethylation was associated with a decreased risk of CBC with an odd ratios and a confidence interval at 95% = 0.714 (0.227-2.251), but this association was not significant. In addition, non-significant hypomethylation in 3'UTR and intergenic regions was observed in cases compared with controls. We have also found hypermethylation of the ELOVL6, DACT2, LHX2, GABRA5 and OSBP2 genes that may be associated with the risk of developing CBC. CONCLUSION: Global DNA hypomethylation from adjacent normal tissues may be predictive of the risk of CBC. In addition, hypermethylation of specific genes such as CCDC108, ELOVL6, DACT2, LHX2, GABRA5 and OSBP2 in normal breast tissues may therefore be useful as a clinical biomarker of CBC if our results were validated in a larger cohort.
Caillet, Nina. "Rôle de la méthylation de l'ADN et des microARN dans les lymphomes T anaplasiques à grandes cellules ALK positifs". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30139.
Texto completo da fonteAnaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) is the most common pediatric T lymphoma. Mostly CD4(+), in about 80% of cases ALCL expresses the oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK. Using a high-throughput sequencing of human NPM-ALK(+) ALCL treated with decitabine, or transfected with siRNA against ALK, I have shown that NPM-ALK, STAT3, and methyltransferase DNA 1 (DNMT1), induce hypermethylation of the MIR125 genes. In vitro, inhibition of topoisomerase II activity by doxorubicin inhibits the fixation of DNMT1 at the MIR125B gene promoter. Using microRNA-biotinyled purification we identified BAK1 mRNA as target of miR125b. In primary ALCL, miR125b and the pro-apoptotic protein BAK1 were correlated with relapse risk after chemotherapy. Moreover, I developed cellular NPM-ALK(+) ALCLmodels by transduced human CD4 lymphocytes (CD4/NPM-ALK(+)). Integrative analysis of methylome and transcriptome showed that CD4/NPM-ALK(+) and primary NPM-ALK(+) ALCLhave similar profile, close to thymic precursors but different to normal CD4 lymphocytes. Preliminary miRNome analysis also suggests that CD4/NPM-ALK (+) are different from normal CD4 cells. In addition, we observed a expression decrease by DNA methylation of transcription factors essential to the differentiation of T precursors. An increase of expression of pluripotency transcription factors is also observed. Coherent way, we noted a correlation between the hypomethylation of the EPAS1 gene promoter and the overexpression of the HIF2a protein which affects the differentiation and survival of hematopoietic precursors. We have highlighted the therapeutic potential of HIF2a antagonists as potential treatments. Altogether, our findings suggest that NPM-ALK through DNA methylation i) represses expression of microRNA implicated in chemotherapy resistanceand ii) could restore progenitor-like features in mature peripheral T-cells in keeping with a thymic progenitor-like pattern
Hammam, Elie. "DNA methylation in P. falciparum : a novel epigenetic target for new antimalarial discoveries". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS141.
Texto completo da fonteDNA cytosine methylation (5mC) is a very well established epigenetic mark in higher eukaryotes controlling gene expression and playing a key role in a wide range of biological processes such as genomic imprinting and X chromosme inactivation. Recently, DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC) has gained a lot of attention in the epigenetics field and has been validated as a separate mark from 5mC having different functions and impact on gene expression. In the human protozoan malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the presence of DNA 5mC has long been a subject of controversy in the litterature. During the course of this Ph.D we revisited this topic using state-of-the-art technologies including hydroxymetylated DNA immunoprecipitation coupled to sequencing and oxidative bisulfite/bisulfite sequencing (oxBS/BS-seq) to investigate the presence of DNA cytosine methylation in this human pathogen. We showed for the first time that the most abundant DNA modification in P. falciparum is not 5mC but a novel type of cytosine modification we call here 5hmC-like modification. This modification is enriched in the gene body of actively transcribed genes. In P. falciparum, only one of the three canonical DNA methyltransferase type of genes have been detected. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to generate mutant parasites lacking the predicted cytosine DNA methyltransferase gene Pf.DNMT2. We show that the enzyme is not essential for parasite proliferation and is not required for DNMT activity in parasite nuclear extracts. This points to the existence of noncanonical DNMTs gene(s) in this pathogen. Importantly, parasites lacking DNMT2 showed an 8-10 fold increase in their sexual commitment rate when compared to wild-type 3D7 parasites. Linking Pf.DNMT2 to the control of malaria sexual commitment is an unprecedented finding. Although DNMT2 has been shown to methylate tRNA in other organism and in P. falciparum, it remains unclear how this function contributes to the activation of gametocyte development. Finally, we show that a new generation of human DNA methyltransferase inhibitors is highly efficient in killing multidrug resistant parasite and significantly reduces DNMT activity in P. falciparum nuclear extracts. Taken together, our data validate the existence of atypical DNA methylation pathways in P. falciparum that can be targeted for the development of novel antimalarial drugs
Keita, Mamadou. "Analyse globale des altérations abberantes de la méthylation de l'ADN dans le cancer de l'ovaire". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30150/30150.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteOvarian cancer accounts for 4% of all cancers in women and is the leading cause of death among Gynecologic tumours in the western countries. The epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), which represents 90% of all ovarian tumors. Despite advances in medical and surgical treatment, long term survival rate remains disappointing due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease. The treatment uses cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy combining derivatives of platinum and taxanes with a response rate of over 80%. However, the most part of the patients have a recurrence by the emergence of resistance to these conventional drugs. The molecular basis of the initiation and progression of ovarian cancer are still unknown. During cancer, hypermethylation of gene promoter CpG islands often leads to inactivation of some tumor suppressor genes. At the same time, CpG islands hypomethylation is also associated to reactivation of proto-oncogenes and pro-metastatiques genes. The microarray technology has been successfully used in cancer research, including studies on mechanisms and biomarkers linked to ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance. In this study, we have evaluated the aberrant DNA methylation profile in tumour grades of serous type EOC compared to normal ovarian tissue, and primary cells culture prior to and post chemotherapy (CT) treatment from 2 EOC patients. Our results showed that hypermethylation is an early event in carcinogenesis with down-regulation of genes having a protective role. While massive hypomethylation is associated with advanced serous EOC with upregulation of genes involved in cell invasion and metastasis. From these studies, we identified RUNX1 and RUNX2 as hypomethylated genes in post-chemotherapy primary cells culture. Sebsequent functional analyses pointed to RUNX1 and RUNX2 association with EOC cell proliferation (including cell cycle control for RUNX1), migration and invasion. However, RUNX1 and RUNX2 display overlapping functions in EOC dissemination, these nevertheless employ distinct molecular mechanisms, specific for each gene. Our data are indicative of strong oncogenic potential of both transcription factors in EOC progression.
Luciani, Judith. "L'hétérochromatine et sa relation à la pathologie humaine". Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20673.
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