Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Métaux poreux"
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Campesi, Renato. "Synthèse, caractérisation et étude des propriétés thermodynamiques d'hydrogénation de nanocomposites matériaux poreux / métaux-alliages". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00461689.
Texto completo da fonteMadou, Komlanvi. "Contribution à l'étude des effets de forme des cavités en rupture ductile des métaux". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833021.
Texto completo da fonteMadou, Komlanvi. "Contribution à l'étude des effets de forme des cavités en rupture ductile des métaux". Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066245.
Texto completo da fonteDuctile fracture of materials occurs by nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids. The most classical model describing the voids growth in plastic porous materials is introduced by Gurson. This model was derived from limit-analysis of a hollow sphere subjected to conditions of homogeneous boundary strain rate. Gurson’s model was extended to spheroidal, both prolate and oblate voids by Gologanu et al. In this work, we further extend Gologanu et al’s model to general ellipsoidal voids. In a first step, the velocity field satisfying conditions of homogenous strain rate on all ellipsoids confocal with the void and the outer boundary, discovered by Leblond and Gologanu, is used in a limit-analysis of an ellipsoidal domain. A Gurson-like approximate yield function is obtained. In a second step, the preceding limit-analysis is improved: (i) For hydrostatic loadings, by performing micromechanical finite element computations in a number of significant cases; (ii) For deviatoric loadings, by directly using some general rigorous results for nonlinear composites. In a third step, the yield function proposed is validated versus a number of numerical computations of yield surfaces of hollow cells of various ellipsoidal shapes. In a fourth step, suitable evolution equations for the shape and orientation of the voids in plastic material are defined. The last step is devoted to the implementation of the Hill’s criterion in SYSTUS software and makes it possible to consider the extension of the model to plastic anisotropic materials
Thomas, Pascal. "Elaboration électrochimique, caractérisation et compréhension des mécanismes de formation des films d'oxyde d'aluminium nano-poreux organisés". Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EMSE0028.
Texto completo da fonteThe theoretical structure of highly ordered nanoporous alumina membranes is similar to a honey-comb. However, the ideal structure consisting of a regular cells network is obtained only for very specific anodizing parameters. Several models have been proposed, whereas they are not sufficient to explain entirely the formation of theses structures. In this study, we propose to complete the literature on the influence of various parameters which play a role on the structure of the highly ordered nanoporous alumina and to improve understanding of phenomena involved in the formation of these structures. In particular, we propose an original approach based on anions migration in the barrier layer which permits to explain why anodic oxidation of aluminium leads to ordered structures only for a restricted range of cell voltage which depends on the electrolyte used. Thus, this study brings a new point of view on the process of formation of highly ordered nanoporous alumina in terms of voltage
Etienne, Mathieu. "Approches analytique et électrochimique du comportement en solution de silices mésoporeuses organiquement modifiées". Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10192.
Texto completo da fonteLiu, Yu. "Elaboration et étude des propriétés mécaniques des mousses d'aluminium et des métaux poreux polymères composites". Troyes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TROY0007.
Texto completo da fonteThe objectives of this work consist to manufacture new metal porous polymeric composites (MPPC) with interpenetrated structure and to characterize their mechanical behaviors under statical and dynamic loading. Firstly, we developed a technique of infiltration under a negative pressure to manufacture the open cell aluminium foams and MPPC. The optic observations were carried out in multi-scale. The characterizations of materials were carried out under uniaxial compression. The influences of the structural parameters on the compressive behaviors were clarified by SEM observations during compression. The elastic module was compared with the analytical models. These results obtained are completely restructed between the boundaries proposed in the literature. Secondly, the behaviors of indentation were studied. The relations between the response of indentation and the size and the geometry of plunger tip were illustrated. The size and the shape of the densification zone were observed and modelled by analytical models and the finite element simulation. Finally, the behaviour of impact was studied. The influences of experimental conditions and structural parameters on the behaviors of impact were illuminated
Shen, Cheng. "Nouveau systèmes polymères pour la dépollution de l'eau : rétention des métaux et des bactéries". Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13386.
Texto completo da fonteMenard, Samuel. "Périphérie triac à base de silicum poreux". Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4022/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis PhD thesis deals with the development of a novel TRIAC periphery, exploiting the semi-insulating nature of porous silicon (PS). It is namely accessible to integrate P type PS wells through the doping profiles encountered in the TRIAC. Thus, a review of the P type PS electrical properties was achieved through dedicated samples. In this context, capacitance measurements and I-V plots were used to determine the evolution of the PS relative dielectric constant and its resistivity with the porosity. Higher the latter is, more insulating the PS is. By analyzing all the results, it was also possible to clarify the carrier transport mechanisms in the PS. Some TRIAC prototypes with a PS based junction termination were then designed, processed and studied. The stress coming from the PS formation and the PS masking were the main technological steps to solve. First solutions were proposed, nevertheless insufficient blocking performances were reached. Leakage currents higher than 10 mA were demonstrated while the bias voltage was only 100 V. The presence of fixed charges at the PS / Silicon interface and/or the geometry of the PS wells may explain these results. Finally, with the help of a macroscopic PS model, a more optimized structure was proposed
Bueno, Maïté. "Etude dynamique des processus de sorption-désorption du tributylétain sur un milieu poreux d'origine naturelle". Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU3003.
Texto completo da fonteAnsanay-Alex, Salomé. "Mise au point d'un nouvel échantillonneur intégratif à base de solide naturel poreux". Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01016693.
Texto completo da fonteColandini, Valérie. "Effets des structures réservoirs à revêtement poreux sur les eaux pluviales, qualité des eaux et devenir des métaux lourds". Pau, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PAUU3002.
Texto completo da fonteRagon, Florence. "Solides hybrides poreux cristallisés à base de métaux de transition tétravalents : synthèse exploratoire, cristallisation et préparation à grande échelle". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0018.
Texto completo da fonteMetal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous hybrid solids that present very interesting properties due to their tunable structure, composition and porosity. These phases are currently attracting a great of attention in diverse potential applications (storage, separation, biomedicine, catalysis. . . ). This thesis is devoted to the study of MOFs synthesized from polycarboxylates and tetravalent metals (Zr, Ti). These high oxidation state metals may lead to MOFs with chemical and thermal stabilities usually higher than MOFs build up from di- and tri-valent cations. During this work, two approaches were undertaken. The first was exploratory and covers the synthesis and characterizations of a series of isoreticular solids named MIL-140(Zr) (MIL stands for « Matériaux de l’Institut Lavoisier »). Furthermore, new titanium phases with a carboxyphenolate linker were studied. In a second approach, synthesis conditions compatible with the gram scale-up of a serie of functionalized microporous MOFs with UiO-66(Zr) type was realized in parallel with the in situ study of the crystallization by synchrotron X-ray diffraction
Assavapanumat, Sunpet. "Design de Matériaux Poreux pour des Applications Électrochimiques". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0092.
Texto completo da fonteThe development of porous materials has been one of the most fascinating research topics in the frame of a wide variety of applications ranging from chemical analysis to separation and catalysis. Among the huge amount of different porous materials, nanoporous metals are one of the most interesting candidates because of their outstanding properties such as a high surface area, a large pore volume and a high accessibility for guest molecules which have to diffuse into the internal matrix where catalytically active sites are located. In order to synthesize such materials, a templating approach, including hard and soft templating is typically used to generate uniform porous structures, depending on the shape of the templates. In the present dissertation thesis, the elaboration of various porous metal electrodes via a soft templating approach and their potential applications in the field of enantioselective analysis, synthesis and separation are discussed. Several chiral imprinted metals such as platinum and nickel with a significantly increased internal electroactive surface area are studied. Subsequently, these chiral imprinted mesoporous metals can be used to improve the electrochemical performance with respect to several tasks, including electrochemical synthesis of chiral compounds, chiral separation and actuation, which are important for pharmaceutical applications. The first part of the present work is devoted to the elaboration of chiral imprinted metals for asymmetric synthesis. The prepared electrode surfaces show a surprisingly high selectivity in terms of chiral synthesis when they are combined with the concept of pulsed electrochemistry. The second part of the manuscript is dedicated to their use for the separation of racemic mixtures with the opportunity to fine-tune the separation efficiency by applying a potential to the metal matrix in order to adjust the electrostatic interactions between the chiral compounds and the designer surfaces. Under the most suitable conditions, complete baseline separation of both enantiomers can be observed. The third part of this thesis deals with chiral detection, for which a hybrid film of chiral imprinted Pt and polypyrrole is used as a selective actuator under bipolar electrochemical conditions. The synergistic properties of both materials, wireless actuation and chiral recognition, have been successfully combined for wireless chiral analysis. Apart from the design and application of chiral mesoporous metal films, the last chapter is dedicted to the elaboration of hierarchically structured metals containing macro- and mesoporous features, obtained by using simultaneously hard and soft templating approaches for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution in basic media. Multiporous nickel nanosheets were prepared via a two-step electrodeposition process in the presence of silica beads and surfactant as templates to control the macro- and mesoporous structure, respectively. The resulting synergistic effect of combined macroporous and mesoporous cavities allows fine tuning structural properties, electrocatalytic performance and stability for water splitting applications. In conclusion, our findings open interesting perspectives for development of new porous materials, which are of potential interest for various applications, such as chiral analysis, asymmetric synthesis, chemical separation, as well as energy conversion and storage
Ben, Ghozi-Bouvrande Justine. "Les liquides poreux : un nouveau concept pour la séparation chimique". Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2022. http://theses.enscm.fr/ENSCM_2022_BENGHOZI-BOUVRANDE.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteOrganic volatile compounds are an important environmental stake. As liquid-liquid extraction is using huge quantities of organic solvents, finding an alternative process is the focus of many scientific research. Silica based porous liquids are made up with ionic functions grafted on silica nanoparticles. Thanks to their substantial versatility and low volatility, this type of porous liquid is considered in this thesis as a promising candidate to substitute organic phases of liquid-liquid extraction. After a state of the art describing the different types of porous liquids, this thesis describes the synthesis of the selected type I porous liquid and its complete characterization. Effect of several synthesis parameters on structure and porosity was also studied. In order to evaluate the possibility to use such porous liquid to extract metals, their permeability to gas and liquids was studied with small angles neutrons scattering. Thanks to an original in situ experiment coupling neutron scattering and contrast matching gas sorption, it was shown that porosity is not fully accessible to gas when the solid nanospheres are grafted to become liquid. However, a contrast matching study showed that both solid nanospheres and porous liquids are permeable to aqueous solutions. Preliminary extraction tests showed that thanks to this permeability, these materials are able to extract cations such as lead, lanthanum or uranium with interesting proportions. Different extraction mechanisms as sorption, precipitation or chelation on functional groups were obtained. This work shows that extraction of metal species by porous liquid is possible and opens many perspectives for optimization
Wattanakit, Chularat. "Élaboration et application de matériaux poreux : études théoriques et expérimentales". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00912339.
Texto completo da fonteVansimaeys, Caroline. "Comportement à long terme de dépôts de sédiments de curage : approche mécanistique du transfert de métaux en milieu poreux non saturé". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10025/document.
Texto completo da fonteCanal dredging generates high volumes of sediments which are often heavily contaminated with metals, especially in industrialized zones. Dredged sediments are usually deposited on land for long or temporary periods, and may impact surrounding environments. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of metal mobilisation during the ageing of sediment deposits. Sediment ageing was simulated in laboratory under controlled conditions with two protocols of wetting-drying : le first one simulated a sediment disposal in drained conditions and the second one hydromorphic conditions. The solubilisation of metals and their speciation in solid phase were followed over time. The distribution of metals was determined by selective dissolution. Sediment deposit on land leads to a fast transfer of Cd, Cu, As and Zn into the organic matter pool and these associations are stable with time excepted for Cd. The transfer of Cd, Cu, As and Pb into the oxyhydroxydes pool takes place later on following the disposal of sediment, excepted for the Zn-oxyhydroxides association, which is rapid but not stable with time. The acido-soluble pool becomes rapidly predominant for Zn, Cd and Pb after the sediment disposal and persists over time. Deposit conditions have no impact during the first time of the deposit. But, with time, hydromorphic conditions lead to a transfer of higher quantities of Cd, Cu and Zn into draining water and into exchangeable positions than the deposit in drained conditions
Gontier, Sylvie. "Synthèse de matériaux mésoporeux et leurs applications dans certaines réactions d'oxydation douce". Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10119.
Texto completo da fonteGhoul, Mouloud. "Structures composites "silice/poly(éthylèneimine)" modifiées : élaboration, caractérisation et application à la dépollution métallique dans les eaux". Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/5bd9a289-a7fd-4e28-8dc1-369314894461.
Texto completo da fonteFèvre, Angélique. "Le silicium poreux pour les périphéries TRIAC". Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4028/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe integration of porous silicon to TRIACs process is studied. The aim of this material is to optimize current structures dedicated to electrical insulation of those components namely the periphery. The use of porous silicon as junction termination could allow the increase of the number of die per wafer. Porous silicon is integrated to TRIAC peripheries by electrochemical etching in low doped n type silicon (30−40 Ω.cm). Hole injection from a p+/n junction is studied to determine the performance of the reaction as part of an industrial microelectronic process. The reaction parameters are studied in those conditions. A double layer consisting in a macroporous layer fully filled with mesoporous silicon and surmounted by a nucleation layer, is obtained. Porous silicon formation is limited to TRIAC peripheries. Voltage withstand of a p/n junction with porous silicon termination shows values ten times higher than the same structure without this insulator. Nevertheless, prospects of improvement are suggested because those results are insufficient
Cauvel, Anne. "Catalyseurs pour procédés propres : étude de la fonctionnalisation de solides poreux par greffage de centres actifs". Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20137.
Texto completo da fonteMazilu, Irina. "Nanoparticules métalliques déposées sur des matériaux poreux multifonctionnels pour des applications catalytiques". Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2268.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of the Ph.D. thesis is the development of new catalytic systems based on non-noble metal nanoparticles (Cu and/or Co MNPs) hosted in functional mesostructured hosts. To this aim, various supports are prepared by doping SBA-15 with Al, Ga and Fe heteroatoms using the two-step pH-adjustment method or by coating the SBA-15 surface with Al, Ga and Fe oxides using the melt infiltration approach. Likewise, hybrid organic-silica SBA-15 supports are obtained by partial extraction of the Pluronic P123 surfactant. The characterization and catalytic results show that the functionalization of SBA-15 supports with heteroatoms or with polyether groups originating from the native surfactant represents new strategic lines to achieve an enhanced control on the local environments of hosted MNPs and to engineer both the metal-support interaction and nanoparticle size, ultimately to fine tuning the performances of Cu and/or Co-based nanocatalysts in terms of activity and chemoselectivity for the liquid-phase hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes, such as cinnamaldehyde. Furthermore, SBA-15 materials containing Fe species in isolated and/or highly dispersed states are evaluated for the Fenton-type peroxidation of Reactive Red 120 azo dye, exhibiting excellent catalytic properties for the dye degradation
Gay, Guillaume. "Application du froid artificiel au traitement des boues et des sols pollués par des métaux lourds : théorie et expériences à petite échelle sur des milieux modèles". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENPC0016.
Texto completo da fonteBoulet-Des, Grousilliers Hélène. "Site, interaction et réactivité de métaux carbonyles dans le volume poreux des zéolithes faujasites : étude par réflexion diffuse infrarouge et diffusion Raman". Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10063.
Texto completo da fonteHébrard-Labit, Céline. "Influence du compartiment bactérien sur le transfert du zinc en milieu poreux non saturé : expériences et modélisation". Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0119.
Texto completo da fonteMost of the numerous models developed in the recent years to simulate the fate of chemicals in porous media only rely on hydrodynamic and physico-chemical processes. Although biological mechanisms have been clearly identified to modify metallic ions transport properties, microorganism / metal interactions have hardly ever been related to transfer hydraulics and chemistry. The aim of the present work was to assess the influence bacteria/metal interaction mechanisms can have on metal fate in unsaturated medium. We have investigated the role of a bacterium strain, Pseudomonas putida, in zinc transfer through a non saturated sandy medium, as a function of pH (4 to 7) and metal concentration (2 to 20 mg Zn/L). Our experimental approach was based on batch and column experiments, both with and without biofilm. Zinc retention has been found to be more important in the presence of bacteria cells. Microflora influence, clearly identified in the tested conditions, increased with cell number and pH, to reach a maximum at pH 6. Under acidic conditions, the retention was subject to a linear isotherm whereas at pH 7 a good agreement was found with a Freundlich type equation. Zinc is retained at pH 4 and 5 by reversible processes while irreversible physico-chemical retention mechanisms (precipitation) seemed to be involved at pH 6 and 7, and to predominate on biosorption at neutrality. In sterile medium as well as in colonized one, cation transport was correctly described by coupling a two-region model (mobile/immobile) with a first order kinetic linear retention and a consumption term
El, Osta Racha. "De nouveaux solides hybrides poreux : synthèse, caractérisation, mécanismes de formation et séparation en phase liquide". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0028.
Texto completo da fonteDuring the last decade, research on the synthesis of MOF (Metal-Organic Framework) porous materials has been the subject of many studies due to potential applications of the materials. These crystalline compounds present three-dimensional atomic structures constructed from inorganic motifs linked by organic ligands (polycarboxylic acid) forming cavities with different geometries (cages, tunnels, etc. . . ) with sizes up to 30-40 Å and characterized by high specific surface areas (500-4000 m2. G-1). The prospect of new applications in the area of separation, recovery and purification of organic molecules in liquid phase using a porous inorganic-organic hybrid was a challenge to be addressed in the context of this thesis. The innovative and very promising properties of MIL-53 (Fe) led to a new method for the separation of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the three isomers of xylene) by HPLC chromatography. In addition, the solvothermal synthesis, crystal structure resolution and physicochemical characterizations of various lightweight solids based on alkali metals (lithium and sodium) and polycarboxylic acids have been reported, as well as the study of the mechanisms of formation of some MOFs by in situ X-ray diffraction (synchrotron radiation). Using a new kinetic model it has proved possible to distinguish the two main steps of the phenomenon of crystallization: nucleation and growth
Monchiet, Vincent. "Contributions à la modélisation micromécanique de l'endommagement et de la fatigue des métaux ductiles". Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Monchiet.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteCe constat a conduit, dans la seconde partie de l'étude, à de nouveaux développements concernant l'endommagement ductile des métaux. Un premier développement a consisté à étendre les critères macroscopiques de plasticité des milieux poreux, par la prise en compte simultanée de l'anisotropie plastique des métaux et de la forme des cavités. Les résultats obtenus sont validés en les comparant, soit aux résultats connus dans des cas particuliers, soit à des solutions numériques élaborées lors de l'étude. Un autre volet important de cette seconde partie de la thèse a porté sur la proposition de nouvelles améliorations des critères macroscopiques de plasticité des milieux poreux en considérant, dans l'approche classique par analyse limite, des champs de vitesse plus riches que ceux utilisés jusqu'à présent. Ces champs d'essai sont inspirés de la solution du problème d'inclusion inhomogène d'Eshelby. On démontre d'abord que le critère résultant de la considération de ces champs améliore notablement celui de Gurson; plus exactement, la surface de charge obtenue coïncide remarquablement avec la borne non linéaire d'Hashin-Shtrikman à faibles taux de triaxialité, et avec le critère de Gurson à forts taux de triaxialité. Ces résultats tout à fait nouveaux sont confirmés dans le cas plus général d'une cavité sphéroïdale, ce qui prolonge les résultats existants, améliorés ici de manière significative dans le cas des fissures en forme de monnaie
Colin, Jérôme. "Instabilités de surface de solides contraints". Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2318.
Texto completo da fonteBarthelet, Karin Marika. "Synthèse et caractérisation de matériaux hybrides poreux à base d'éléments de transition pour la séparation des gaz de l'air". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002VERS017V.
Texto completo da fonteThis sutdy is part of a project on the research of new materials for gas production or air separation, and pursues a double aim : modify know compounds in order to make them efficient for industrial applications and synthesize new solids which would possess a stable porous framework containing extra-framework cations. Such properties will limit the range of our study. Since the discovery of zeolites, first kind of adapted solids for gas separation, research efforts have been diversified in order to obtain compounds with new topologies and various compositions having better performances. They resulted in the emergence of new families of materials built up from inorganic and later hybrid frameworks. The bibliographic chapter describes thiss evolution, points out the advantages and drawbacks of each category and finishes by few examples of industrials applications. The second chapter is devoted to the results of ionic exchange on known compounds the purpose of which is to get useful solids. The success of theses experiments depends on the nature of the starting material (two phosphates, one based on nickel and one on vanadium, and one vanadium diphosphonate). For two of them, cationic exchange is possible. Nevertheless, accessible porosity is reached only in one case and even then, the specific surface remains insufficient for the application of interest. Works concerning the second axe of research are described in the two following chapters. They are limited to hybrid compounds based on transition metals, that simultaneously allow to avoid the presence of organic templates which are difficult to eliminate, and to modulate the pore size. With diphosphonic acids, the principal purpose is to prepare bimetallic porous compounds combining porosity and interesting magnetic properties. Several monometallic phases could also appear such as those based on zinc which are the more attractive ones because of their zeotypic framework. With carboxylic acids, structures are often three-dimensional and potenttially porous However, the lack of extra-framework alkaline cations makes these solids inefficient in air separation
Xenos, Sokratis. "Porous materials : constitutive modeling and computational issues". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAX040.
Texto completo da fonteThis work is concerned with the development, calibration, and numerical implementation of a novel fully explicit isotropic, rate-independent, elasto-plastic model for porous metallic materials. The microstructure is assumed to consist of a random, with uniform probability, distribution of randomly oriented spheroidal voids of the same shape. The proposed model is based on earlier homogenization estimates that use a Linear Comparison Composite (LCC) theory. The resulting expressions exhibit the simplicity of the well known Gurson model and, thus, its numerical implementation in a finite element code is straightforward. To assess the accuracy of the analytical model, we carry out detailed finite-strain, three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations ofrepresentative volume elements (RVEs) with the corresponding microstructures. Properparameter calibration of the model leads to fairly accurate agreement of the analytical predictions with the corresponding FE average stresses and porosity evolution. We show, both analytically and numerically, that the initial aspect ratio of the voids has a significant effect on the homogenized effective response of the porous material leading to extremely soft responses for flat oblate voids (e.g., aspect ratio less than 0.5) especially at high stress triaxialities.Next, we examine the computational issues related to the numerical implementation of rate-independent constitutive models that lead to softening behavior. It is shown analytically that elastic-plastic models based on ``local'' continuum formulations that do not incorporate a characteristic length scale may lead to loss of ellipticity of the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) and mesh-dependent numerical solutions. To remedy the associated numerical problems, we propose an implicit non-local version of the porous model developed in this work which is based on the introductionof a non-local porosity variable determined from the solution of an additional PDE. We show both analytically and numerically that the regularized version of the model allows for preservation of the elliptic properties of the governing equations yielding mesh-independent, converged solutions in the post-bifurcation regime. The bifurcation point (i.e., strain-to-localization) is found to be highly dependent on the micro-void's shape, with very flat voids (e.g., aspect ratio less than 0.3) leading to lower localization strains. The material length introduced by the non-local formulation is found tohave minimal effect on the predicted bifurcation point, only affecting the post-bifurcation gradient of the macroscopic stress-strain curve and the size of the highly strained zone in the structure.In the last part of this study, both the local and the non-local versions of the model are efficiently implemented in a commercial finite element code (ABAQUS). The models are used for the numerical solution of boundary value problems (BVPs) related to forming and ductile fracture processes under both quasi-static and dynamic conditions. In particular, the industrially relevant problems of Hole expansion (HET) and Charpy impact (CVN) test, the cup-and-cone fracture phenomenon as well as ductile fracture of a specimen with complex geometry and comparison with corresponding experimentalresults are analyzed in detail. Numerical predictions in all cases indicate that ductility is an increasing function of the void shape parameter and materials comprising flat oblate voids of low aspect ratio exhibit early macroscopic crack initiation and propagation compared to materials with spherical/almost spherical voids. Finally, the model's capability to reproduce experimental results with sufficient accuracy suggests that it can be utilized to provide predictions with only a small amount of parameters that may be calibrated from either micromechanics calculations or experimental data
Canivet, Valérie. "Détermination de l'influence d'une contamination sur les biocénoses d'invertébrés benthiques et interstitiels présents dans la zone saturée d'un milieu aquatique poreux : étude en laboratoire et en rivières artificielles". Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10171.
Texto completo da fonteVolkringer, Christophe. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux carboxylates de type metal organic framewok (MOF) à base d'aluminium, de gallium et d'indium". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS0024.
Texto completo da fonteMetal Organic Framework (MOF) is a new class of hybrid materials with generally an important porosity and low density. This work concern the synthesis with aluminium, gallium and indium based of MOF-type carboxylates. The use of these metals, and particularly aluminium, is very rarely reported for MOFs elaboration. In the aluminium case, it is a surprise because this strategical metal is light and low cost. During this PhD, more than twenty MOFs were synthesized and fully characterized by NMR, X-ray diffraction and infrared. Some of them show very interesting properties (high surface area, acidic properties, new crystal chemistry) and present a real industrial interest. In order to understand the formation of MOFs under hydrothermal conditions, we analysed with ex situ techniques and in situ NMR, the synthesis of aluminium trimesates. New species were characterized, and we proposed mechanisms for the formation of three aluminium based compounds
Guiné, Véronique. "Approche expérimentale et théorique de la réactivité de surface et de la mobilité des colloïdes bactériens en milieu poreux : impact sur le tranfert accéléré de métaux lourds et intérêt pour la bio-dépollution des sols". Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0059.
Texto completo da fonteThis work aims to contribute to the definition of bio-physicochemical conditions involved in the process of bio-colloidal transport of metals in soils. The surface reactivity of two bacteria, Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 and Escherichia coli DH5α, with Cd and Zn, was studied by acid-base titrations, sorption isotherms, spectroscopie and microscopie analyses, allowing the identification of various reactive sites (including a "sulphur" site) in metal bio-sorption. The physicochemical factors such as cellular concentration, ionic strength and nature of ions in the soil solution control bacterial mobility in laboratory columns, whereas pH and fluid velocity play a secondary role. The application of these results to metal transfer and soil de-pollution experiments showed that bacteria can bio-lixiviate metals by modifying their speciation and th us control their transfer, allowing the de-pollution of soils contaminated with Zn and/or Cd
Lamrous, Omar. "Contribution à l'étude des matériaux par spectro-imagerie RMN : limites et influence des gradients de champ". Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30226.
Texto completo da fonteYacou, Christelle. "Développement de membranes céramiques multifonctionnelles à porosité hiérarchique pour le traitement et la séparation de gaz". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20106.
Texto completo da fonteThis study deals with the development of a new design of multifunctional ceramic membranes with a hierarchical porosity for gas and vapour treatment or separation at low or high temperature and potential applications in the energy and environment sectors. The hierarchical porosity enables a simplification of the preparation process compared to that of conventional asymmetric ceramic membranes, by decreasing the number of required intermediate layers. Such separative layers with additional unconnected porosity and higher permeability can be thicker, thus limiting the impact of possible surface defects. Finally, incorporation and controlled location of an active solid phase, such as metal noble nanoparticles (NPs), can provide the membrane multifunctionality. An innovative sol-gel route has been developed, involving a multi-scale porogen approach combining the formation of the NPs by a microwave-assisted polyol reduction process. SiO2 or SiO2-TiO2 based membrane materials were successfully prepared exhibiting isolated macropores, mesopores, an interconnected microporosity and containing highly-dispersed Pt or Rh NPs. Structural and textural investigations were performed using X-ray spectroscopy and scattering techniques, transmission electron microscopy, and adsorption-desorption of nitrogen. Nanoindentation measurements were also carried out in order to estimate the contribution of the different types of porosity to the mechanical behaviour of the hierarchical layers. The membrane performances were studied by permeation and gas separation measurements. The catalytic properties were evaluated using two model reactions, propene oxidation and propane steam reforming
Ezzeddine, Zeinab. "Divalent heavy metals adsorption on various porous materials : removal efficiency and application". Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2315/document.
Texto completo da fonteAccess to sustainable and clean drinking water is a main concern as the Earth's human population continues its steady growth. Unfortunately, many of the available water resources are becoming increasingly polluted as a result of the direct discharge of industrial effluents. Heavy metals pollution, in particular, is an environmental problem of global interest due to their high toxicity, even at very low concentrations, and persistence in nature. Many methods are available for metal ions removal including adsorption which is attracting a lot of attention recently. Zeolites are well known for having very high exchange capacities. On the other hand, many researchers are studying the removal of heavy metals by modified mesoporous materials or carbonaceous adsorbents. In this thesis, the adsorption efficiencies of several materials for heavy metal removal in aqueous phase were investigated and compared to those of the faujasite NaX zeolite. Mesoporous silica SBA-15, SBA-16, KIT-6 were synthesized and modified with EDTA. Moreover, CMK-3 carbon was nano-casted from SBA-15 then the physic-chemical properties of these materials were characterized by different techniques. The effects of several experimental conditions on adsorption such as pH, contact time, temperature, metal ions concentration and the presence of competitors were studied in batch experiments. Then the efficiency of all these materials was also studied in a dynamic fixed bed reactor. Based on the obtained results, it could be said that all these materials are good candidates for divalent heavy metals removal from waste water even at low concentration. However, CMK-3 material has a high sorption capacity even in presence of competitor species
Coudron, Loïc. "Etude des procédés de gravure électrochimique du silicium pour l'intégration monolithique de composants passifs sur silicium poreux et la réalisation de chemins d'interconnexion". Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4028/document.
Texto completo da fonteThose thesis works deal with the evaluation and the development of porous silicon technological step in order to answer some of the monolithic integration challenges bring by the “more than Moore” problematic in microelectronics industry: on one hand, the integration on silicon of passive RF devices, on the other hand, realization by electrochemical etching of through silicon via. In a first time, several mixed porous silicon / silicon substrat are realized. Copper inductors, realized on 200 µm thick and 60% porosity mesoporous layer, show a quality factor superior to 55% to the one obtained on massive silicon. Industrialization perspectives are on the line via a CIFRE PhD convention. In a second time, several electrochemical etching process are evaluated. Among them, high aspect ratio macropore array etching, although poorly localizable, allows many perspectives: copper via and high density capacitor
Tran, Chau Cam Hoang. "Conception d'oxydes fonctionnels de métaux de transition présentant des méso- ou des nanostructures pour le stockage électrochimique de l'énergie". Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4045/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis is to improve the electrochemical performance of C/MnO2 asymmetric devices by elaborating manganese oxides exhibiting nano- or mesostructures. Two preparation methods are proposed. A mesoporous material is obtained through the reaction of soft template CTAP with various A alkenes. The effect of CTAP-A colloidal solution on MnO2 texture and microstructure has been studied by establishing the relationship between aggregates dimension and pore diameter. Asymmetric devices performances can be optimized this way. Attempts to employ AAO as hard template for developing a performant MnO2 electrode were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, a MnO2 microelectrode containing the oxide on nickel nanowires electrodeposited on AAO provided excellent electrochemical performances, comparable with current microsupercapacitor electrodes. Asymmetric device energy retention with increasing power is good due to the excellent MnO2/nickel nanowires connection. This thesis offers insights on the MnO2 formation and proposes promising microelectrodes for microsupercapacitors
Ciotonea, Carmen. "Synthèse et caractérisation de catalyseurs monométalliques et bimétalliques à base de métaux de transition pour les réactions d'hydrogénation chimiosélective". Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2264/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe development of efficient transition metal based catalysts for the chemoselective hydrogenation reaction of cinnamaldehyde is studied. The active phases, studied in this work, are among the transition metals (Ni, Co and Cu), supported on porous ordered materials. This study can be divided in two different sections, according to the support nature. The first part concerns the dispersion of transition metals on SBA-15 type silica support. In the first chapter is presented the transition metal dispersion (Ni, Co and Cu) using IWI-MD (Incipient Wetness Impregnation –Mild Drying) method. Studies performed, to optimize active phase dispersion, are: (i) influence of support texture, (ii) influence of drying temperature, (iii) influence of drying time, (iv) influence of metal loading. In the second chapter, Ni, Co and Cu catalytic materials are prepared using deposition precipitation method. In the third chapter is described the transition metal dispersion using melt infiltration method (MI), optimized to ensure a complete infiltration of metallic precursors in the support porosity before oxide phase formation. The second section of the Ph.D. is related to the dispersion of transition metal over ordered mesoporous alumina (AMO) supports. Catalytic materials, based on Ni and Cu over AMO (obtained by EISA process - Evaporation Induced by Self-Assembly), are produced. Parameters studied are: effect of support texture, effect of preparation route (IWI-MD, MI and TS)
Sacristán, López-Mingo Carlos Javier. "Etude des propriétés acoustiques et comportement à l'impact de matériaux poreux de type mousses métalliques homogènes et inhomogènes". Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS035/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work is concerned with the theoretical and experimental study of the acoustical properties of macroscopically homogenous and inhomogeneous porous media as well as their mechanical response to impacts. The model of Johnson - Champoux - Allard appeared adapted for the acoustical modeling. This model, associated with a recently developed approach involving the concept of parallel transfer matrices has lead to a new approach of macroscopically inhomogeneous porous materials based on “mixtures of materials”. Furthermore, a parametric study of the absorption coefficient as a function of porosity and frequency has been proposed. The maximums of absorption as well as the envelop of the absorption curves have been studied as functions of porosity. First, a theoretical material with independent parameters has been studied. Real materials with nonindependent parameters were then investigated with the help of a model relating their properties to the porosity. Finally, a comparison between the acoustical and mechanical properties has been initiated in view of determining an objective criterion that will allow to propose a trade off between the two fields
Pastushenko, Anton. "Silicon-based nanomaterials obtained by electrochemical etching of metallurgical substrates". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI048.
Texto completo da fonteSilicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth crust after oxygen. Its use in metallurgy, building and electronic industry requires a huge fabrication level. Depending on the contamination level allowed, the price of this material varies in the orders of magnitude. This thesis focuses on the use of dirtiest metallurgical grade silicon and iron disilicide substrates for hydrogen storage and photoluminescence applications. The initial substrates were subjected to electrochemical etching in hydrofluoric acid-containing solutions. Anodization of metallurgical grade silicon substrate produces nanostructured porous silicon with somewhat shifted parameters (comparing with electronic grade porous silicon with the same resistivity), as it was studied in this thesis in details. It was shown, that metallurgical grade porous silicon can be applied as hydrogen storage material. Hydrogen generation is studied here based on the influences of some technically critical parameters: porosity, alkali concentration, volume and temperature. Electrochemical treatment of metallurgical grade iron disilicide substrates produces luminescent iron fluorosilicate hexahydrate, covering the residual nanostructured iron disilicide/silicon. Here, the influence of anodization parameters on photoluminescent properties is studied. Also, etching mechanism is proposed as for the new material never anodized
Defforge, Thomas. "Optimisation de la gravure de macropores ordonnés dans le silicium et de leur remplissage de cuivre par voie électrochimique : application aux via traversants conducteurs". Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR4033/document.
Texto completo da fonteThese thesis works deal with the achievement of Through Silicon Via (TSV) essential technological issue for microelectronic device 3D integration. For this purpose, we opted for a “full-electrochemical” way of TSV production because of lower fabrication costs as compared to dry etching and deposition techniques. Indeed, ordered through silicon macropores were carried out by silicon anodization in hydrofluoric acid-containing solution and then filled by copper electrochemical deposition. The main objective is to determine if the macroporous silicon arrays can be a viable alternative as Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE).The etching parameters of through silicon macropore arrays were studied both in low-doped n- and p-type silicon. The electrolyte composition as well as the density of the initiation sites was optimized to enable the growth of high aspect ratio, high density through silicon ordered macropores. After silicon anodization, through via were filled with copper. By optimizing the copper deposition parameters (bath composition and applied potential), the resistance per via was measured equal to 32 mΩ (i.e. 1.06 times higher than the theoretical copper bulk resistivity)
Fernandes, Auguste. "Insertion de complexes organiques de lanthanides dans des matrices minérales poreuses". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30210.
Texto completo da fonteDurin, Bertrand. "Transfert et transport colloïdal de polluants métalliquesApplications en assainissement routier". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00104567.
Texto completo da fonteNguyen, Trong Giang. "Modélisation du comportement rhéologique d'alliages à l'état semi-solide". Grenoble INPG, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPG0122.
Texto completo da fonteFaure, Benjamin. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux catalyseurs hétérogènes pour la dépollution de l'air". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3493/.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this thesis is to synthesize and optimize new heterogeneous catalysts for air pollution control. These catalysts are nanomaterials produced from a sol / gel process developed at room temperature and in aqueous solution. By adjusting some key parameters of the synthesis, it is possible to control crystalline structure, morphology, size, porosity, and dispersion of the submicron particles in the solution. Sol viscosity is easily adjustable and these dispersions can be deposited on different types of substrates, which represents a significant advantage for the shaping of materials known as "functional". This study focuses on two major families of materials: mesoporous aluminas and mixed transition metal oxides. Initially, we synthesized gamma alumina based catalysts with tunable porosity, by combining the use of nonionic surfactants (triblock copolymers) with the addition of metal nitrates in a nanoparticle boehmite sol (AlOOH). The removal of the surfactant during the heat treatment required for the conversion of the boehmite to gamma alumina, keeps a highly porous network. The pore distribution is strongly dependent on the concentration and type of used metal nitrate, it is possible to tune the volume of the porous material from 0. 3 to 2. 6 cm3/g and the average pore size from 5 to 40 nm. In addition, all these materials have a very large specific surface area, ranging from 300 to 500 m2/g. Transition aluminas have high thermal stability, however, beyond a limit temperature (< 900°C) the crystal structure of these metastable aluminas progressively evolves to alpha alumina (corundum) which is the thermodynamically stable form. This transformation is accompanied by a drastic decrease of porosity and specific surface area (< 1 m²/g). We have shown that the addition of lanthanum nitrate can greatly stabilize transition alumina at high temperature. Indeed they can maintain a high porosity even after calcination at 1200°C (Sp = 70 m2/g and Vp = 0. 6 cm3/g). This stabilization can be explained by the combination of two effects, the adsorption of the copolymer on the acicular boehmite particles prevents their rearrangement during drying and helps maintain a porous network after calcination, and the inhibition of the sintering through the formation of thermally stable species between surface active sites (highly electrophilic site) and the lanthanum atoms. The second part of this study focuses on the preparation of mixed-oxide spinel catalysts for oxidation at low temperature (< 50°C) of carbon monoxide (CO) and propane (C3H8). These materials have been prepared by two different synthetic routes: the precipitation of metal hydroxides in dilute medium and precipitation of mixed oxalates. In the case of the precipitation of hydroxides, to synthesize materials having a wide range of specific surface area and porosity, various parameters have been studied (pH, addition of surfactants, oxidizing agent) leading to preparation of oxides whose pores are much higher than those reported in the literature (Sp = 240 m2/g and Vp = 1. 7 cm3/g). The second synthetic route used involves two steps, the precipitation of mixed oxalates followed by thermal decomposition under reduced oxygen partial pressure (4%). The precise control of the decomposition reaction, strongly exothermic, allows for high surface area materials. Systems giving the best conversion rates at low temperature are compositions rich in cobalt. Among them, some catalysts are capable to oxidize propane from 80°C, this exceptional performance is well above the best catalysts reported in the literature even those containing precious metals
Garcia, Justine. "Évaluations numériques de nouveaux implants de hanche avec matériau novateur (métal poreux)". Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2014. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/1277/1/GARCIA_Justine.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteHe, Siyuan. "Mousses métalliques et métal poreux polymère composite (MPPC) : élaboration et comportement mécanique". Troyes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TROY0011.
Texto completo da fonteAmong the various types of existing foams, we investigate the aluminium foam prepared with infiltration technique. In order to improve their mechanical behavior and especially their energy absorption capacity under impact, we introduced various polymers into the pores to engender a new composite Bi-material: Metal Porous Polymer Composite (MPPC). The principal goal of this study consists of the preparation of aluminium foam and composites (MPPC) and the exploitation upon their mechanical properties under load compressive and impact. For this aim and based on a bibliographical study, we designed and installed necessary equipment to prepare the materials. In order to predict and control the porosity of the aluminium foam, a simplified and idealized physical model was established. In consequence, the mechanical behavior of materials was studied with static compression tests. For obtain necessary information to choose the appropriate foam or composite in the real occasion, the influence of the structural parameters on the mechanical response was investigated. Moreover, a numerical simplified model was proposed to establish the relation between the structure of cellule and the elastic module. In the last part, the dynamic properties of foam and composite were studied under point impact. In the same way, we studied the influence of the structural parameters and the conditions of tests on the responses of materials under impact
Maréchal, François. "Transferts thermiques dans les verres industriels : Application au moulage sur métal poreux". Paris 13, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA132050.
Texto completo da fonteWitte, Daniel Ulrich. "Une nouvelle génération d'électrode poreuse percolée pulsée : E3P multi-étagée". Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT052G.
Texto completo da fonteSoufyani, Mohammed. "Aérogels et matériaux SiO2-oxyde d'un métal de transition obtenus par la voie sol-gel". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20295.
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