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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Mercantile value"
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Ahumada, P. "The mercantile form of value and its place in Marx's theory of the commodity". Cambridge Journal of Economics 36, n.º 4 (1 de julho de 2012): 843–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bes015.
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Kroz, M. V., e N. A. Ratinova. "Psychological features of corruption criminals". Psychology and Law 8, n.º 2 (2018): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2018080202.
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The article presents the first part of the study of psychological characteristics of persons who committed crimes of corruption. Law-abiding civil servants acted as a control group. The theoretical basis of the study was the value-normative theory of the criminal A. R. Ratinov's personality, so the main attention was paid to the analysis of the value sphere of corrupt officials. The systems of value orientations of corruption criminals and law-abiding citizens were analyzed and compared, the most and the least significant values for both groups and some individual features were determined. The results contradict the widespread traditional ideas about corrupt officials as Mercantile, self-interested people, who put material values in the first place. So, for corruption criminals the most important are the values: freedom, family, love, children, health, education, new knowledge, expanding horizons. Similar value preferences are typical for law-abiding citizens. The least significant values for corrupt officials are material security, entertainment, public recognition, experience of beauty, high demands and power.
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Marzola, Alessandra. "Pity Silenced". Critical Survey 30, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2018): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cs.2018.300303.
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While the mercantile value of mercy in The Merchant of Venice has been often highlighted, the diminished role of pity has received scant attention. This article argues that the ways in which mercy is shown to subsume and eventually incorporate pity throw light on the play’s negotiation of contentious religious and political approaches to the spectres of poverty and/or impoverishment that threaten the emerging mercantile economy. A re-reading of relevant scenes retraces the Catholic implications of the safety-net potential of pity which, unlike the Protestant worldly pity of The Sonnets, here seems bound for repression. In Portia’s final donation to the merchants of Venice even the lingering allusions to Catholicism are neutralized and put to the service of vested interests: a conflation of Christian and Jewish usury that cuts across all religious divides; such allusions are possibly reminiscent of the Monti di Pietà (Mounts of Piety) existent in Italy since 1462 to counter Jewish usury.
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NEUSS, MICHAEL J. "Blood money: Harvey'sDe motu cordis(1628) as an exercise in accounting". British Journal for the History of Science 51, n.º 2 (13 de abril de 2018): 181–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087418000250.
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AbstractWilliam Harvey's famous quantitative argument fromDe motu cordis(1628) about the circulation of blood explained how a small amount of blood could recirculate and nourish the entire body, upending the Galenic conception of the blood's motion. This paper argues that the quantitative argument drew on the calculative and rhetorical skills of merchants, including Harvey's own brothers. Modern translations ofDe motu cordisobscure the language of accountancy that Harvey himself used. Like a merchant accounting for credits and debits, intake and output, goods and moneys, Harvey treated venous and arterial blood as essentially commensurate, quantifiable and fungible. For Harvey, the circulation (and recirculation) of blood was an arithmetical necessity. The development of Harvey's circulatory model followed shifts in the epistemic value of mercantile forms of knowledge, including accounting and arithmetic, also drawing on an Aristotelian language of reciprocity and balance that Harvey shared with mercantile advisers to the royal court. This paper places Harvey's calculations in a previously underappreciated context of economic crisis, whose debates focused largely on questions of circulation.
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Pérez Fernández, José María. "Introduction: Approaches to the Paper Revolution: The Registration and Communication of Knowledge, Value and Information". Cromohs - Cyber Review of Modern Historiography 23 (24 de março de 2021): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-12572.
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Invented in China and brought to Europe by Muslim merchants across the Silk Road, the use of paper in the West took off in the Mediterranean towards the end of the Middle Ages. Overshadowed in cultural and media history by the invention of print, paper has played a fundamental role as the media infrastructure for innumerable processes involving the registration and communication of knowledge and value in communities and institutions, from religious orders, mercantile societies, to global empires.
This thematic section of Cromohs features four essays. Three essays examine particular cases of paper as a medium for the codification and exchange of knowledge, information and value, whereas the fourth outlines the state of the art on the history of the so-called paper revolution and methodological issues illustrated with relevant case studies. These essays exemplify the research conducted by the Paper in Motion workgroup within the People in Motion COST action.
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Marks, Patricia H. "Confronting a Mercantile Elite: Bourbon Reformers and the Merchants of Lima, 1765–1796". Americas 60, n.º 04 (abril de 2004): 519–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500070607.
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After Spain’s defeat in the Seven Years’ War (1757-1763), when the British had occupied Havana and Manila, a series of territorial, commercial, and tax reforms brought significant change to the viceroyalty of Peru. Their economic effects have been matters for debate ever since. Some historians have emphasized their positive effects. Following promulgation of the Reglamento de comercio libre of 1778, the volume and value of European manufactures exported to the Pacific coast of Spanish South America increased. Lima and its port city, Callao, remained important as commercial centers of Spanish South America. But others suggest that the viceregal capital—home to a powerful mercantile elite, the magnates of the consulado (merchant guild) of Lima—suffered a decline in its economic fortunes, as did the entire viceroyalty. Support for this point of view was widespread in late colonial Peru. In spite of the evidence for growth, a rising chorus of complaint bemoaned the increasing poverty of the viceroyalty in general and Lima in particular. How can we account for this discrepancy?
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Marks, Patricia H. "Confronting a Mercantile Elite: Bourbon Reformers and the Merchants of Lima, 1765–1796". Americas 60, n.º 4 (abril de 2004): 519–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2004.0061.
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After Spain’s defeat in the Seven Years’ War (1757-1763), when the British had occupied Havana and Manila, a series of territorial, commercial, and tax reforms brought significant change to the viceroyalty of Peru. Their economic effects have been matters for debate ever since. Some historians have emphasized their positive effects. Following promulgation of theReglamento de comercio libreof 1778, the volume and value of European manufactures exported to the Pacific coast of Spanish South America increased. Lima and its port city, Callao, remained important as commercial centers of Spanish South America. But others suggest that the viceregal capital—home to a powerful mercantile elite, the magnates of theconsulado(merchant guild) of Lima—suffered a decline in its economic fortunes, as did the entire viceroyalty. Support for this point of view was widespread in late colonial Peru. In spite of the evidence for growth, a rising chorus of complaint bemoaned the increasing poverty of the viceroyalty in general and Lima in particular. How can we account for this discrepancy?
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Gródek-Szostak, Zofia, Gabriela Malik, Danuta Kajrunajtys, Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Jakub Sikora, Maciej Kuboń, Marcin Niemiec e Joanna Kapusta-Duch. "Modeling the Dependency between Extreme Prices of Selected Agricultural Products on the Derivatives Market Using the Linkage Function". Sustainability 11, n.º 15 (1 de agosto de 2019): 4144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154144.
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The purpose of the article is to identify and estimate the dependency model for the extreme prices of agricultural products listed on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. The article presents the results of the first stage of research covering the time interval 1975–2010. The selected products are: Corn, soybean and wheat. The analysis of the dependency between extreme price values on the selected futures was based on the estimation of five models of two-dimensional extreme value copulas, namely, the Galambos copula, the Gumbel copula, the Husler–Reiss copula, the Tawn asymmetric copula and the t-EV copula. The next stage of the analysis was to test whether the structure of the dependency described with the estimated copulas is a sufficient approximation of reality, and whether it is suitable for modeling empirical data. The quality of matching the estimated copulas to empirical data of return rates of agricultural products was assessed. For this purpose, the Kendall coefficient was calculated, and the methodology of the empirical combining function was used. The conducted research allowed for the determination of the conduct for this kind of phenomena as it is crucial in the process of investing in derivatives markets. The analyzed phenomena are highly dependent on e.g., financial crises, war, or market speculation but also on drought, fires, rainfall, or even crop oversupply. The conducted analysis is of key importance in terms of balancing agricultural production on a global scale. It should be emphasized that conducting market analysis of agricultural products at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in the context of competition with the agricultural market of the European Union is of significant importance.
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Winstead, Jack L., Milorad M. Novicevic, John H. Humphreys e Ifeoluwa Tobi Popoola. "When the moral tail wags the entrepreneurial dog: the historic case of Trumpet Records". Journal of Management History 22, n.º 1 (11 de janeiro de 2016): 2–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-03-2015-0018.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the congruencies and incongruences between the moral and entrepreneurial accountabilities of Lillian McMurry to provide insights for entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. Ms McMurry was the entrepreneurial force behind the founding of Trumpet Records, a unique, Mississippi Delta Blues record label in the 1950s. Design/methodology/approach – The examination of this historical case study is grounded in the theoretical examination of the tensions between Lillian McMurry’s felt moral and entrepreneurial accountabilities. Using an analytical archival historical method, a narrative explanation of how these tensions influenced the success and, ultimately, the failure of Trumpet Records are developed. Findings – The accounting records highlighted a number of issues hampering the commercial profitability of Trumpet Records. Moreover, the archival and documentary sources examined also proved revealing as to conflicts between Ms McMurry’s personal character and mercantile determination as an entrepreneur. Research limitations/implications – The approach of using analytically structured historical narrative as a research strategy is but one method of explaining the tensions between the moral and entrepreneurial accountabilities of Lillian McMurry. Practical implications – The proponents of virtue ethics suggest that this Aristotelian personal character perspective is more fundamental than traditional, act-oriented consequentialist teleological and deontological ethical decision-making approaches. A perspective of moral accountability exceeding the norm of the obstructionist stance is required to maintain a sound balance between entrepreneurial accountability and moral accountability. Originality/value – This paper adopts a mercantile perspective, using the accounting and related business records of Trumpet Records, to examine the leadership characteristics of Lillian McMurry. Practical lessons learned for entrepreneurs facing the moral dilemma of competing accountabilities and advance questions to spur future research in this area are drawn.
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Payne, Richard E. "The Silk Road and the Iranian political economy in late antiquity: Iran, the Silk Road, and the problem of aristocratic empire". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 81, n.º 2 (junho de 2018): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x18000459.
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AbstractThe Iranian Empire emerged in the third century in the interstices of the Silk Road that increasingly linked the markets of the Mediterranean and the Near East with South, Central, and East Asia. The ensuing four centuries of Iranian rule corresponded with the heyday of trans-Eurasian trade, as the demand of moneyed imperial elites across the continent for one another's high-value commodities stimulated the development of long-distance networks. Despite its position at the nexus of trans-continental and trans-oceanic commerce, accounts of Iran in late antiquity relegate trade to a marginal role in its political economy. The present article seeks to foreground the contribution of trans-continental mercantile networks to the formation of Iran and to argue that its development depended as much on the political economies of its western and eastern neighbours as on internal Near Eastern factors.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Mercantile value"
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Walts, Dawn Simmons. "Time's reckoning time, value and the mercantile class in late medieval English literature /". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1185814575.
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Ahumada, Pablo Emiliano. "The Theoretical Relevance Of An Updated Marxian Theory Of Commodity In Economics". Master's thesis, Lincoln University. Commerce Division, 2007. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20080319.150942/.
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How does material production become socially recognised in capitalism? This is a
fundamental question to be addressed in capitalist production, since material production takes
place privately and independently in a global and atomistic system. This thesis shows that the
question is tackled by Marx in the first three chapters of Capital. The process of social
recognition of material production is that of the realisation of work carried out privately and
independently as part of the social labour. For Marx this occurs through the private and
independent work becoming objective social labour as the substance of the value of
commodities, and through the latter finding its necessary developed mercantile expression in
the price form of commodities. Therefore, private and independent work becomes social
labour through the recognition of its product as equivalent to a certain amount of money.
The thesis argues that Marxs answer is powerfully insightful but flawed because it did not
succeed in fully characterising the historical specificity of commodity. Commodity is not
merely the differentiated unity of use value and value but of use value and mercantile use
value, and of labour value and mercantile value. The former dialectic is immediate and
distinguishes between the utility of commodity as a direct means of consumption or
production and that as a means of exchange, fully determining the behaviour of the private
and independent commodity producer. The latter dialectic is objective and distinguishes
between commodity as the embodiment of the social labour necessary to reproduce it and as the embodiment of command over social labour, enabling the adjustment of the productive
structure. Both dialectics are mediated by the mercantile form of value, which allows the
indirect expression of labour value as the gravitational force of the system. The theory of
commodity offered in this thesis, unlike that of Marx, consistently hinges on the atomistic
private and independent commodity producer.
The thesis shows that commodity production is the organisation of societys labour for its
material reproduction, just as in any previous mode of production. The discovery of the
generic aspect of commodity production breaks the false immediate link between production
and supply, and that between the labour theory of value and both the supply-side-determined
theory of price and the single-factor theory of production. The thesis also shows that the
mercantile form of value is what allows societys labour to become an objective and
autonomous materially abstract substance regulating the adjustment of the productive system
under the form of material signals. This is the specific aspect of a global mode of production
comprised of free and independent individuals. The mercantile form of value is thus Adam
Smiths invisible hand.
Finally, the thesis analyses some implications of the framework with regard to the analysis of
monetary phenomena, capital accumulation and sustainable development, and reviews the
most popular Marxian topic in Economics: the transformation of values into prices of
production.
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Ahumada, P. E. "The theoretical relevance of an updated Marxian theory of commodity in economics". Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/365.
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How does material production become socially recognised in capitalism? This is a fundamental question to be addressed in capitalist production, since material production takes place privately and independently in a global and atomistic system. This thesis shows that the question is tackled by Marx in the first three chapters of Capital. The process of social recognition of material production is that of the realisation of work carried out privately and independently as part of the social labour. For Marx this occurs through the private and independent work becoming objective social labour as the substance of the value of commodities, and through the latter finding its necessary developed mercantile expression in the price form of commodities. Therefore, private and independent work becomes social labour through the recognition of its product as equivalent to a certain amount of money. The thesis argues that Marx's answer is powerfully insightful but flawed because it did not succeed in fully characterising the historical specificity of commodity. Commodity is not merely the differentiated unity of use value and value but of use value and mercantile use value, and of labour value and mercantile value. The former dialectic is immediate and distinguishes between the utility of commodity as a direct means of consumption or production and that as a means of exchange, fully determining the behaviour of the private and independent commodity producer. The latter dialectic is objective and distinguishes between commodity as the embodiment of the social labour necessary to reproduce it and as the embodiment of command over social labour, enabling the adjustment of the productive structure. Both dialectics are mediated by the mercantile form of value, which allows the indirect expression of labour value as the gravitational force of the system. The theory of commodity offered in this thesis, unlike that of Marx, consistently hinges on the atomistic private and independent commodity producer. The thesis shows that commodity production is the organisation of society's labour for its material reproduction, just as in any previous mode of production. The discovery of the generic aspect of commodity production breaks the false immediate link between production and supply, and that between the labour theory of value and both the supply-side-determined theory of price and the single-factor theory of production. The thesis also shows that the mercantile form of value is what allows society's labour to become an objective and autonomous materially abstract substance regulating the adjustment of the productive system under the form of material signals. This is the specific aspect of a global mode of production comprised of free and independent individuals. The mercantile form of value is thus Adam Smith's invisible hand. Finally, the thesis analyses some implications of the framework with regard to the analysis of monetary phenomena, capital accumulation and sustainable development, and reviews the most popular Marxian topic in Economics: the transformation of values into prices of production.
Livros sobre o assunto "Mercantile value"
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Messina, Silvia A. Conca. Cotone e imprese: Commerci, credito e tecnologie nell'età dei mercanti-industriali : Valle Olona, 1815-1860. Venezia: Marsilio, 2004.
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Lange, Jürgen. Economía rural tradicional en un valle vasco: Sobre el desarrollo de estructuras mercantiles en Zeberio en el siglo XVIII. Bilbao: Ediciones Beitia, 1996.
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Guatemala. Ley del impuesto sobre la renta y su reglamento: Ley del impuesto al valor agregado y su reglamento ; Ley del impuesto a las empresas mercantiles y agropecuarias ; Ley del impuesto sobre productos financieros. Ciudad de Guatemala: Tuncho Granados, 1999.
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Knights, Mark. The ‘Highest Roade to Happiness’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748267.003.0009.
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Knights explores the writings of the later seventeenth-century merchant James Boevey, which digested his own experiences, apparently for the benefit of himself, his family circle and friends, though possibly with an eye to publication. In thirty manuscript volumes, Boevey set out an ‘Active Philosophy’, developed in the light of his manifold difficulties—extended litigation, imprisonment, associated commercial losses, brushes with death and a far from easy family life. He saw happiness as an art, and as something to be achieved. In that context suffering was something from which lessons could be learned, but he did not employ an orthodox Christian framework for this view: he does not seem to have been a Weberian merchant motivated by protestant ethics but instead endorsed a more speculative set of beliefs which nevertheless helped to advance mercantile values.
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Calidad de vida en la zona metropolitana del Valle de México. Hacia la justicia socioespacial. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iiec.9786073046916e.2021.
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La calidad de vida es una condición de bienestar general" de las personas y las sociedades que se expresa en la satisfacción de necesidades objetivas y subjetivas, da manera multidimensional, multifactorial y multiescalar, en un espacio-tiempo determinados. En este libro se ofrecen varios trabajos sobre la calidad de vida en la gran Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México considerando varios enfoques teóricos, filosóficos, de derechos, mercantiles, multilaterales, alternativos o de países y ciudades específicas, entre otros. Entre los modelos analíticos se aplican los de prospectiva, los marcos Jurídicos de derechos, así como una medición cuantitativa objetiva a partir de indicadores censales de las dimensiones da personas, viviendas y entorno urbano, en las escalas territoriales de manzana, colonia y delegación municipio. También se analizan los contrastes entre la percepción de los habitantes respecto a su bienestar objetivo. Entre loe estudios de caso relacionados con la calidad de vida de la población da la metrópoli se encuentran: edades avanzadas, vivienda y valor de suelo. grandes centros comerciales, comercio informal, desastres naturales y su localización espacial, así como las finanzas públicas metropolitana. A partir del análisis georreferenciado del bienestar se confirma un modelo territorial desigual que obliga al diseño e Instrumentación de políticas públicas dirigidas al cumplimiento de la justicia socioespacial. entendida como objetivo central del desarrollo y una vía que garantiza el cumplimiento de los derechos de la población.
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Mercantile value"
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Gillen, Katherine. "Chaste Treasure and National Identity in the Rape of Lucrece and Cymbeline". In Chaste Value. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417716.003.0007.
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This chapter addresses chastity’s role in English (and British) national identity, arguing that Shakespeare’s Rape of Lucrece and Cymbeline question the Roman myth’s application in early capitalist England. In particular, both works employ chastity-as-treasure tropes tointerrogate the ways in which commercial models disrupt national ideologies that align Elizabeth I’s virgin body with the integrity of the state. The Rape of Lucrece exposes the ways in which mercantile treasure discourse invites sexual violence, compromising a woman who metonymically symbolises the state. In Cymbeline, Shakespeare reconfigures the Lucretia myth so as to articulate a revised mode of chaste national thinking suited to a nation headed by a male monarch and aspiring to become an imperial mercantile power. By transforming Innogen’s jewellery into currency that circulates in her name, Shakespeare infuses Britain’s expanding mercantile sphere—and its imperial projects—with chaste, white legitimacy while removing the physical female body from its once central place in the national imaginary.
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Gillen, Katherine. "Introduction: Chastity and the Question of Value". In Chaste Value. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417716.003.0001.
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The introduction demonstrates that chastity discourse resonates strongly with commercial discourses about currency, commodities, and value. It mines mercantile tracts, conduct books, and writings about life in commercial London to show how early moderns interpreted rapidly shifting evaluations of currency, commodities, and selfhood. Readings of several primary texts elucidate the significance of chastity within English national discourse and establishe linkages between the epistemological questions surrounding chastity and those concerning commerce. The introduction also addresses the material conditions of the theatre, as the theatre’s commercial investments and embodied, often cross-dressed modes of representation heighten its concern with questions of value, commoditisation, and economic subjectivity. This opening chapter lays the groundwork for Chaste Value’s central claim that the public theatre engages with economic chastity discourse as a means of working through questions of personal value in early capitalist England.
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Frost, Diane. "Early Work and Recruitment". In Work and Community Among West African Migrant Workers since the Nineteenth Century, 31–47. Liverpool University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780853235231.003.0004.
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‘Early Work and Recruitment’ is the first chapter in the section titled ‘Sailors and Workers’ and explores the Kru’s earliest experience as workers on European ships. Included in this chapter is a discussion on the slave trade era and the Kru’s role within it, and an assessment of the value of the Kru in the mercantile industry and the ways in which they were recruited.
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Saint-Amand, Pierre. "Introduction". In The Pursuit of Laziness, traduzido por Jennifer Curtiss Gage. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691149271.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter illustrates individual instances maintaining their distance from the eighteenth century's prevailing trends. In contrast, at the threshold of industrialization, there is a series of characters set against the grain of utility and functionality, repeatedly contesting the universality of labor and activity. The chapter reconstitutes an other discourse of laziness, a contradictory and oppositional vision that defies what Michel Foucault might call the techno-disciplinary model of mercantile society. Through a number of portraits of homo otiosus, mined from the underside of the laborious eighteenth century, various figures of idleness as a positive value will come to light: the journalist of Marivaux's youthful writings and his philosopher bum, Rousseau as a writer belatedly proclaiming laziness in his final years, and Diderot's famous parasite, Rameau's Nephew.
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Zahedieh, Nuala. "Credit, Risk and Reputation in Late Seventeenth-Century Colonial Trade". In Merchant Organization and Maritime Trade in the North Atlantic, 1660-1815. Liverpool University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780968128855.003.0003.
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This essay considers the purpose and value of credit - in the sense of character esteem and regard - in the early modern economic system. Particular focus is given to the role of credit, and the nature of risk in colonial trade. The essay seeks to prove that integrity amongst merchants was essential due to the necessity of promise and trust - promises to provide and deliver goods, promises to pay, these were necessary pacts that minimised the risk of colonial trade. It also examines the way colonial merchants confined their business to small circles of correspondents rather than large trade networks. The conclusion asserts that mercantile trade system was shaped by credit, building from the evidence raised by examining trade documents concerning London and the West Indies.
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Mäenpää, Sari. "Combining Business and Pleasure? Cotton Brokers in the Liverpool Business Community in the Late Nineteenth Century". In Trade, Migration and Urban Networks in Port Cities, c. 1640-1940, 149–67. Liverpool University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973893489.003.0009.
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This final chapter examines the role of cotton brokers in the port of Liverpool in the late-Nineteenth century. It uses data compiled by the Mercantile Liverpool Project, census material from trade directories, and social documents such as biographies and obituaries to reconstruct the activities of the Liverpool cotton broker community between 1850 and 1901. It explores the attitudes toward the value of cotton trading as a vocation in Liverpool and provides a case study of cotton broker Samuel Smith, and Robert Rankin of ‘Rankin, Gilmour and Co’. It offers an analysis of cotton broking statistics; British in-migration to the port of Liverpool in pursuit of employment; and the overall business success of cotton broking in Liverpool, to determine that cotton broking was an unstable venture that lacked social prestige, and that successful cotton brokers often had safety nets in other trade ventures out of necessity.
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Scott, Jonathan. "An Empire of Customers". In How the Old World Ended, 267–82. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300243598.003.0016.
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This chapter explains how the growth of the colonial export sector distinguished the mercantile activity of Britain from that of other European powers from the middle of the eighteenth century. It was in the mid-eighteenth century that the value of British exports entered an unprecedented period of expansion. One factor facilitating this was a relative abundance of raw materials and of energy. Thus one reason the Industrial Revolution occurred in Britain had to do with access by British merchants and manufacturers to coal, iron, tin, flax, wood, and wool as well as sugar, tobacco, and eventually cotton. But the other and more decisive factor concerned the size and growth of the markets, especially imperial markets, for British exports. As the most dynamic such market North America is the focus of the chapter. But in relation to the development of the economy as a whole, this should not be prematurely abstracted from its broader relationship to the empire.
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Gordon, Robert B. "Community, Culture, and Industrial Ecology". In A Landscape Transformed. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128185.003.0013.
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The people who settied northwestern Connecticut created an agricultural surplus that allowed them to undertake industrial ventures within a few years of their arrival. Their knowledge of the mechanical arts, coupled with the region’s natural resources, gave them opportunities to make material goods needed by their neighbors. Successive generations continued industrial use of the region’s natural resources over the next two centuries, each making its own choices about how to structure its enterprise within the framework of values and beliefs held separately by individuals and in common within the community. Each had to respond to changes in markets and the advent of new products and techniques. These opportunities, and the participants’ choices about how to use them, combined to create the region’s industrial ecology. Like the rest of the New England hill country, northwestern Connecticut had two abundant, renewable natural resources: streams with steep gradients and reliable flow for waterpower, and forest that covered the large areas that were too steep or too thinly mantled with soil for decent pasture. Millwrights could easily build waterpower systems on the streams, and farmers could manage the forest for continuous production of fuel wood, since it regrew trees to useful size within about twenty years. Unlike other highlands, however, northwestern Connecticut had a unique mineral resource: iron ore beds unmatched elsewhere in New England. Everyone in the newly settled lands and on the frontiers expanding into Vermont and New York in the early eighteenth century needed iron products. As described in chapter 3, individuals throughout the Salisbury district, aided by family members or fluid partnerships, built bloomery forges that they operated as components of their cropping, husbandry, or mercantile enterprises. Nearly every family in Kent and the other new towns had a partner in one of the forges. Individuals lacking metallurgical skills or access to any capital dug ore or cut wood. Others developed their skills as colliers or millwrights. Negotiated exchanges of labor and services among these artisans promoted interdependence within the community. As the colonists in southern New England increasingly mechanized their grain, timber, and cloth production in the mid—eighteenth century, they brought a new opportunity to the ironmakers of the Salisbury disno trict. By making standard parts for grain mills, sawmills, fulling mills, and oil mills that they could distribute widely, Salisbury ironmakers added value to the bar iron they made and enlarged the scope of their market.
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Pinelli, Paola. "La compravendita di libri nella contabilità dei mercanti fiorentini". In Printing R-Evolution and Society 1450-1500. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-332-8/017.
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The account-books of Florentine merchants are full of purchases and sales of books. In particular, the ledgers of the company of Francesco and Bernardo of Niccolò Cambini offer, for the second half of the 15th century, numerous records. Unfortunately, the conciseness of the accounting does not allow us to know all the characteristics of these books; however, the registrations always indicate the monetary value, thus enabling us to reconstruct the average selling price for various types of books. In this paper, we aim to compare this information with the price series of two goods – wheat and wine – that constituted the basis of the diet for the majority of the population, to better understand what the purchase of a book meant for the society of the period and to perceive more clearly its value.
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Shoemaker, Nancy. "This Hell upon Earth". In Pursuing Respect in the Cannibal Isles, 161–85. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501740343.003.0007.
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This chapter details Salem merchant John B. Williams's frustrated efforts to live up to the legacy of Salem's mercantile culture. Though money was what Williams wanted from Fiji, he valued money not for its purchasing power but as a symbol of his success in business. He hoped that a fortune reaped in Fiji would command respect by demonstrating his superior commercial acumen to the people of Salem, a city renowned for having produced some of the nation's earliest millionaires. The speculations at the heart of American commercial expansion could generate extraordinary returns one day and ruin a person the next. Even if failure was endemic, Williams anguished over the cause of his. He was trapped between two competing cultural values. He believed that self-made wealth would earn him others' esteem, but to exhibit blatant self-interest was despicable. Although Williams never achieved his objective in Fiji, his actions bore consequences for others. More than any other American, Williams influenced the islands' history. Whereas David Whippy sought foremost to protect the foreign enclave at Levuka, Williams belonged to a vast, global economy in which his self-interest constituted one tentacle.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Mercantile value"
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"Mercantile Value Reduction: Accounting for Stigma on Contaminated Land in Germany". In 16th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2009. ERES, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2009_353.
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