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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Medieval military architecture"
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Bakhodir, Dedakhanov. "Formation And Development Of Military Architecture In Fergana (Antiquity, Early Middle Ages)". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, n.º 4 (11 de abril de 2021): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i4.480.
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The article reveals the problem of the development of military architecture in the territory of ancient Fergana, based on the long-term research of archaeologists of Uzbekistan. It identifies the main factors that have contributed to the improvement of this architecture. In each separately taken historical period, starting from the Bronze Age, the author defines the characteristic features of the fortification architecture of Fergana cities based on specific examples. At the same time, a comparative analysis with neighboring historical and cultural regions (Sogd and Khorezm) is performed, and the issues of the continuity of traditions and evolutionary development in this type of structure are revealed using the examples of military architecture of the early medieval period.
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Dechert, Michael S. A. "The Military Architecture of Francesco di Giorgio in Southern Italy". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 49, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 1990): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990475.
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The role of Francesco di Giorgio (1439-1501) in developing the forms of artillery fortification marking the transition from late medieval defenses to the mature bastioned forts of the 16th century is becoming clearer as additional research has enhanced our knowledge of the chronology of his interventions, the maturation of design elements, and the interlocking personal, institutional, and political factors in his work for the Aragonese Kingdom of Naples. These efforts by Francesco di Giorgio and his associates focused on Naples, Otranto, Gallipoli, Taranto, Manfredonia, Monte Sant'Angelo, Reggio Calabria, Ortona, Matera, and Brindisi. Archival sources, investigation of the sites, and surviving graphic materials contribute substantially to identifying this "school" of military architects and the evolution of design brought about by the technological challenge of gunpowder, firearms, and siege artillery.
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Tembhekar, Nalini K. "Forts in Western Vidarbha". IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 7, n.º 2 (25 de maio de 2017): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n2.p4.
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<div><p><em>Forts have played a prominent role in the military system of any Kingdom in Medieval Period. So the Bahmanis did much for military architecture as they had powerful enemies on all sides. Gawilgarh and Narnala are the significant forts of Bahmani Sultanate. These forts are regarded as the greatest and most abiding monuments and superior to European forts of the same period (Circa 1350-1500). Grawilgarh and Narnala in Berar are examples of engineering skill and architecture appropriate for mountain strong holds of good taste and lavish expenditure. Combined with elegant stone carving. The carving of the forts gate at Narnala and Gawilgarh are still in good preservation. </em></p></div><em> Balapur fort was a fair specimen of later Mughal architecture. The fort too was keeping in mind the town’s (Balapur) military responsibilities and position. Balapur hailed as an important military station during the times of the Mughals. Complex architecture used in the fort ensured its safety, as well as eased the discharge of missiles and other ammunition from within the fort rendering it one of the most impenetrable forts in vidarbha region. </em>
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Classen, Albrecht. "The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the Crusades, ed. Anthony Bale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, xvii, 281 pp." Mediaevistik 32, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2020): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.80.
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No other event in the entire Middle Ages has stirred as much excitement, interest, intrigue, fear, frustration, and religious enthusiasm as the crusades (1096–1291). Medievalists do not need to be reminded of that fact since medieval literature, the arts, music, religion, and countless chronicle accounts are filled with references and allusions to these religious-military endeavors to regain the Holy Land from Muslim control. But this volume, well edited by Anthony Bale, obviously appeals mostly to student and general readers and alerts them to the enormous impact which the crusades really had on medieval imagination and the subsequent world of writing. Other volumes might also consider medieval architecture or music in light of the crusades, but again, there is already much work published in that respect.
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García-Pulido, Luis José. "Andalusi Defensive Architecture through Martín de Ximena Jurado’s Drawings (Mid-17th Century)". Arts 12, n.º 5 (20 de setembro de 2023): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts12050205.
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The antiquarian Martín de Ximena Jurado was a pioneer in the historical cartography of the old Kingdom of Jaén (Andalusia, Spain), where he tried to represent emblematic areas with their military defences with his particular graphic language. Not surprisingly, this territory has a high concentration of medieval fortifications. The data and drawings that he made of castles, towers, and defensive enclosures show a special interest in the militarisation of sites and places. He went beyond a simple toponymic study aimed only at finding a correspondence between the ancient name and the location of a settlement based on the evidence provided by coins and inscriptions. The medieval fortifications that he mapped were not drawn in ruins as one would expect they would be in the mid-17th century, but with their most characteristic construction elements. This fact gives it great relevance, as it represents the idealised hypothesis of the state of these constructions at the time of the Castilian conquest in the decades following the Almohad debacle in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212).
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Parlak, Sevgi. "A TYPOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ARROW SLITS AMONG ELEMENTS OF MILITARY ARCHITECTURE IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD". Art of the Orient 6 (31 de dezembro de 2017): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/aoto201702.
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Kajzer, Leszek. "Recent excavation and survey at Zduny, Wrząca and Kliczków Mały: earthworks of the modern period". Antiquity 65, n.º 248 (setembro de 1991): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080339.
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At a time when the whole of Europe is growing ever more united, the study of cultural phenomena observable all over the continent gains in importance. One such phenomenon is the occurrence of earthworks of both prehistoric and historical date. Initially associated with tribal Europe and with that period of its history when early states began to emerge, these defensive features began to decline with progressing feudalization. Within Latin Europe they were replaced by imperial ‘pfalze’, feudal seats of the motte type, and castles. Built by rulers, ecclesiastical dignitaries and knights all over the area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to Russia, they were the most outstanding feature of the cultural landscape of medieval Europe. With the decline of the Middle Ages, changes began to affect those castles that were built on an extensive scale as well as smaller defensive features such as the keep on a mound. The picture of European defensive architecture also changed under modern cultural influences from transalpine Italy. One trend led towards ‘military architecture’ in the narrow sense of the word. Modern fortifications became the concern of specialists: engineers and practicians of the battlefield in the period termed by Michael Howard the era ‘of wars of mercenaries, merchants and professionals’ (1976). The other trend was to shape modern civilian architecture, in terms of the development unfortified palaces. The division between architectura civilis and architectura militaris became a fact.
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Bevz, Volodymyr, e Mykola Bevz. "HYPOTHETICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PLANNING STRUCTURE AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE HIGH DEFENSIVE WALL OF THE MIDTOWN OF LVIV FOR THE 13th-14th CENTURY". Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 2023, n.º 19 (2023): 153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.19.153.
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Lviv is one of the cities in Ukraine that had a highly developed system of medieval fortifications. This system of fortifications was built in the XIII-XIV centuries, modernized many times and served until the 18th century. However, today in Lviv, only small remains of the medieval fortifications of the city center have been preserved in the form of architectural objects - several fragments of the defensive wall and only one defensive tower, which was rebuilt into a tower in the 16th century. These preserved objects belong to the so-called High defensive wall. These are: a fragment of the lower part of the defensive wall on 16 Svobody Avenue, a fragment of the wall and the Povoroznyk tower (connected to the building of the City Arsenal), a fragment of the wall on the Pidvalna Street (to the Royal Arsenal is attached), a fragment of the wall and the remains of the corner Rymarska tower, the remains of the foundations of the corner Shevska tower, a preserved and superimposed fragment of the wall near the Vienna coffee house (12 Svobody avenue), the remains of the wall in the basements of the building on 9 Mickiewicz Square. The rest of the remains of the High Wall are underground in the state of archaeological objects. These unique objects of military construction are not registered as architectural monuments. Also, they are not listed as monuments of archeology. Every fragment of city defense fortifications preserved today is, as a rule, a valuable document of its era and requires careful protection and preservation. Therefore, the study of the architecture of the medieval defense complex of the Lviv city center, which was created before the appearance of firearms, is important both for the history of the city and for the history and theory of domestic military architecture. This paper presents an analysis of the first stage of the construction of the High Defense Wall around the Lviv midtown and presents a hypothesis regarding its architectural solution. Special attention is paid to the issue of the planning structure of the fortified belt. The hypothesis that initially the defensive contour of the High Wall had a rounded shape has been substantiated. The argumentation about the towerless nature of the defensive belt at the first stage of the development of its fortifications is presented. There were two gates at the first stage of the construction of fortifications, which were called Tatarska and Halytska. The architectural solution of the gates was specific. The gate was formed by two towers (semicircular in plan). The gate-entrance with drawbridge was located between two high towers. At the second stage of development, the defensive High Wall was modernized, raised and a number of defensive towers were built. At the third stage, the planning scheme of the fortified belt changes. The line of the High Wall in the eastern span acquires a rectangular character with outward-projecting towers and corner towers.
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E.V., Kilimnik. "THE INTERNATIONAL FORM IN THE WORLD OF THE WORLD OF THE WEST EUROPE AND FORTIFICATION ART OF THE CRUSADERS IN THE MIDDLE EAST OF THE XIth AND XIIIth CENTURY". Global problems of modernity 1, n.º 7 (31 de julho de 2020): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2713-2048-2020-1-7-4-16.
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The main purpose of the study is to conduct architectural and historical analysis of the formation of medieval feudal castles as a phenomenon of chivalrous culture of Europe and the Middle East. The task of the study is to analyze the general and special in the evolution of forms in the castle architecture of Western Europe and the Jerusalem medieval kingdom. Creation of architectural and historical typology of castle forms that existed in the regions of medieval Western Europe and the Levant. In the course of the analysis of the formation of Middle Eastern castle complexes of the 12th - 13th century. found that on the one hand they were traditionally based on cultural and construction practices, Introduced to the regions of the Levant by European knights ‒ tower-donjon type of castle, which arose during the conquest in the areas of Israel, Palestine and Syria, on the other ‒ somewhat different from the architectural traditions of Western Europe, local technologies for processing stone quads, the construction of walls that have a boot, the use of cement solution, the creation of a tower-shaped building at the towers-don having a significant amount. Applied in the Middle East construction innovations with the active use of Romano-Byzantine traditions, getting to the territory of Western Europe, developed a chivalrous culture of castle building. As a result of cultural and historical analysis of European and Middle Eastern castle forms of the 12th and 13th century. it was determined that a better system of protection ‒ small wall niches, vaulted system of overlaps ‒ was introduced into the European fortification art by returning crusader knights. Thanks to the acquired building experience, the Crusaders in Western Europe were introduced to a new type of castle, the castel, which was borrowed from the old Roman-Byzantine military architecture during the conquest of the Levant. Based on the study of European castle forms, it was revealed that the new composition of the castle was introduced by knights-pilgrims from the middle east to the lands of Western and Central Europe, where it got its development, thanks to the French masters-fortifiers who formed this classic castle type in the 13th - 15th centuries.
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Mamiev, Mikhail E. "The Model of the World in the Architecture of the Nuzal Temple". Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, n.º 4 (25 de dezembro de 2022): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2022-4-75-83.
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The article is devoted to the identification of a three-level Indo-Iranian model of the world in the architecture of the Nuzal temple. This corresponds to the theory of three functions formulated by J. Dumisil for Indo-European and, already, Indo-Iranian society and confirmed by researchers in the most important spheres of Scythian-Alan culture. Unfortunately, the semantics of the Alanian religious architecture remains unexplored, so the article attempts to consider it on the example of the medieval Nuzal Church – a reference temple that has great historical significance and carries architectural and semantic features of the widest range of monuments of the Alanian religious tradition. The architecture of the monument is considered from the point of view of religious symbolism, which is the basis of church architecture. The complex symbolism of the Orthodox church involves a comprehensive consideration of its constituent elements. In our case, we are talking about the architectural appearance, fresco painting and funerary character of the Nuzal church. As a result of the conducted research, following the social structure of society, mythology, traditional worship, choreography, heraldry, the concept of ternarity manifested itself in religious architecture. The architecture of the temple contains the idea of a three–level universe, a World Mountain – with divine, human and chthonic spheres that correspond to three social functions – religious (judicial), military and productive. The tribe of Tsarazonta, which owned the Nuzal cemetery, was in the paradigm of this three-functional system. The conclusions drawn seem to be quite justified, since the historical immutability of the idea of an ideal social structure reproducing the three-part structure of the universe traditionally had the character of a worldview axiom for the Scythian-Alanian culture.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Medieval military architecture"
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Galbán, Malagón Carlos J. "Arquitectura militar y aspectos constructivos de las fortalezas bajomedievales. Origen, función, contexto y evolución de las fortalezas de Altamira, Vimianzo y Cira". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31959.
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El análisis de las fortalezas medievales debe tener en cuenta los diferentes aspectos que componen tanto las características físicas como simbólicas de una fortificación en su contexto histórico y territorial. No obstante, no siempre es posible hallar ejemplos que sinteticen en su historia y materialidad las tendencias generales de un territorio. En este caso se ciñe el trabajo a tres fortificaciones significativas dentro de la Baja Edad Media gallega pero analizando previamente todos aquellos aspectos pertinentes que condicionaron su historia constructiva.
Así, se ubica el estudio en sus coordenadas historiográficas. Destacan a nivel metodológico los problemas existentes para conceptualizar el propio objeto de estudio a partir de las fuentes disponibles, sean de carácter arqueológico, territorial o escrito. Posteriormente, se procede a trazar una síntesis y análisis evolutivo del gran sistema de fortificaciones de la mitra compostelana desde su aparición hasta su decadencia, como principal elemento que condicionó la configuración de otros sistemas de fortalezas, dentro de los dominios de la sede, y estableció los diversos marcos de relación entre los diversos grupos sociales y la propia mitra. De tal manera, se procede a trazar la estructura política y territorial del señorío de la Casa de Moscoso, desglosando las diferentes fortalezas que lo compusieron haciendo hincapié en la descripción del entorno clientelar de los titulares de la casa y en los cambios suscitados en ella con la obtención del título del Condado de Altamira.
Se finaliza la investigación con el análisis arqueológico, histórico y territorial de tres fortalezas que por sus características resultan paradigmáticas tanto de la influencia del sistema castral del arzobispado en la configuración de zonas de interés señorial como del establecimiento consciente por parte de la nobleza de fortificaciones a pesar de otras opciones posibles de control territorial. Tales ejemplos se analizan desde una perspectiva diacrónica de cara a explicar las causas de su desaparición o conservación.The analysis of medieval fortresses implies different aspects related to the physical and symbolic characteristics of every fortification in his historical and territorial context. Nevertheless it is not always possible to find out examples demonstrating the general tendencies of a territory in its history and materiality. The present research deals with three relevant fortifications from the Galician Late Middle Ages considering a previous approach to all pertinent aspects that determine its building history. Therefore this study is located in its historiography context. The methodological difficulties appear related to the main object of study and its conceptualization coming from the different sources available, despite its archaeological, territorial or written nature. The evolution of the system of fortifications of the Archbishopric of Santiago, from its origins to its disappearance, is analysed as a first determining element for the configuration of other system in the dominions of the see, imposing different types of frameworks for the relations between social groups. In this way, we describe the political and territorial structure of the lordship of the Household of Moscoso, extracting the different fortresses that were part of it, pointing out the description of its affinity and the changes derived from the procurance and entitlement of County of Altamira. This research concludes with the archaeological, historical and territorial study of three fortifications, epitomes of the influence of the fortification system of the archbishopric in the configuration of areas of baronial interest as well as the conscious and planned establishment of fortifications despite other possible options of mastership. Such examples are being analysed from a diacronical perspective in order to explain the causes of its disappearance or preservation.
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Morelle, Nicolas. "L'évolution de l'architecture militaire du Deccan (Inde) dans les forts de Firozabad, Torgal, Naldurg et Bellary". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0575/document.
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Une étude architecturale à travers quatre monographies des forts du Deccan (Inde), Naldurg, Torgal, Firozabad et Bellary dans le contexte des échanges interculturels (Orient-Occident) au sein de la culture technique de la guerre (fortification, artillerie, rôle des défenses, gestion de l’eau) dans la société médiévale et moderne indienne.Finalement, cette thèse cherche à définir les spécificités de l’architecture militaire du Deccan du 14ème au 18ème siècle, comme l’aboutissement technique de la défense médiévale et moderne en IndeArchitectural studies of four forts of Deccan (India): Naldurg, Torgal, Firozabad and Bellary in the context of intercultural exchange (between East-West) in the technical culture of war (fortification, artillery, defenses role, water management) in the medieval and modern Indian society.Finally, this study seek to define specificities of the military architecture of Deccan from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century, as the technical outcome of medieval and modern defense in India
Livros sobre o assunto "Medieval military architecture"
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Șlapac, Mariana. Cetatea Albă: Studiu de arhitectură militară medievală. Chișinău: Editura ARC, 1998.
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Gondoin, Stéphane W. The twilight of medieval castles. Paris: Histoire & Collections, 2009.
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Gondoin, Stéphane W. The twilight of medieval castles. Paris: Histoire & Collections, 2009.
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Șlapac, Mariana. Belgorod-Dnestrovskai︠a︡ krepostʹ: Issledovanie srednevekovogo oboronnogo zodchestva. [Chișinău]: Izd-vo "ARC", 2001.
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Allios, Dominique. Architecture des châteaux forts. Rennes: Éditions Ouest-France, 2014.
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Gheorghiu, Teodor Octavian. Arhitectura medievală de apărare din România. București: Editura Tehnică, 1985.
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Gesret, Stéphane. Les remparts de Dinan. Guingamp: Editions de la Plomée, 1998.
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Mora-Figueroa, Luis de. Glosario de arquitectura defensiva medieval. [Cádiz]: Universidad de Cádiz, 1994.
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Mora-Figueroa, Luis de. Glosario de arquitectura defensiva medieval. 3a ed. [Madrid]: Ministerio de Defensa, 2006.
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Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture, ed. Srednjovjekovni grad Golubac. Beograd: Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture, 2012.
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Randla, Anneli. "The Mendicant Orders and their Architecture in Scotland 1". In Mendicants, Military Orders, and Regionalism in Medieval Europe, 243–74. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315249148-17.
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"The Characteristics of Armenian Military Architecture". In Medieval Fortifications in Cilicia, 117–38. BRILL, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004417410_006.
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"The Militarization of Taste in Medieval Bilād al-Shām". In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria, 84–105. BRILL, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047417460_012.
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"Medieval Cave Fortifications of the Upper Orontes Valley (a preliminary report)". In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria, 251–68. BRILL, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047417460_022.
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Shotten-Hallel, Vardit, Jean Mesqui e Uzi ‘Ad. "Three Main Towers of Medieval Caesarea:". In The Art of Siege Warfare and Military Architecture from the Classical World to the Middle Ages, 189–212. Oxbow Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13nb9q8.26.
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SAUNDERS, ANDREW. "Arnold Joseph Taylor 1911–2002". In Proceedings of the British Academy, 138 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows, V. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263938.003.0017.
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Arnold Taylor, or Joe as he was known to some, was a medieval scholar, archaeologist, and architectural historian, who spent his working career in the public service within the Ancient Monuments Inspectorate. An international expert on castles and, in particular, the authority on the North Wales castles of Edward I, he was not restricted in his interests in medieval buildings as a whole. Nor did Taylor study castles solely as monuments to medieval military architecture. He was fascinated by their construction, who designed and built them, where the materials and craftsmen came from, and how this side of the work was organised. As such, Taylor combined study of the standing remains with intensive documentary research. There were two other main strands to his professional life: his wider career in the Ancient Monuments Inspectorate, first in the Office of Works and ultimately in the Department of the Environment; and his service to the Society of Antiquaries of London.
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Sheehan, James J. "Restoration Politics, 1815-1830". In German History 1770-1866, 391–450. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198221203.003.0008.
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Abstract N 1815 Heinrich Olivier, just returned from military service with the Free Corps, painted a picture celebrating the Holy Alliance formed by Austria, Russia, and Prussia. In the foreground of the painting stand the Emperors Francis and Alexander and King Frederick William, their hands joined in an expression of solidarity, which was meant to recall their common victory over Napoleon and to affirm their common stand against further upheavals. The sovereigns are dressed in the cumbersome ceremonial armour of the late Middle Ages, crusaders’ crosses adorn their cloaks, a heavy Gothic altar-piece stands behind them. Here Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant came together in an enterprise whose symbols evoked the Christian heritage they shared. Olivier’s Holy Alliance is not a very good painting, but it does exemplify the medieval idiom through which some people in restoration Europe tried to express their distaste for revolutionary change. Architecture and design, the settings of novels and the background of paintings, the subject-matter of historical monu¬ ments and the focus of scholarly research all reflected this fascination for the Middle Ages. To be sure, medievalism was sometimes merely a temporary refuge, an escape from contempor¬ary cares into the apparently more cohesive and peaceful world of chivalry and cathedrals. The fake castle built by William IX of Hesse-Kassel was supposed to provide an ambience in which such escapism might flourish, as was Franzenburg, constructed by the Emperor Francis outside Vienna. We probably should not make too much of these masquerades. But for some Europeans, the medieval world was more than a refuge; it provided a stardard against which current shortcomings might be judged, a set of symbols with which deep-seated longings might be captured, and a model of how society and culture should be organized.
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Sheehan, James J. "Restoration Politics, 1815-1830". In German History 1770-1866, 391–450. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198204329.003.0008.
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Abstract IN 1815 Heinrich Olivier, just returned from military service with the Free Corps, painted a picture celebrating the Holy Alliance formed by Austria, Russia, and Prussia. In the foreground of the painting stand the Emperors Francis and Alexander and King Frédérick William, their hands joined in an expression of solidarity, which was meant to recall their common victory over Napoleon and to affirm their common stand against further upheavals. The sovereigns are dressed in the cumbersome ceremonial armour of the late Middle Ages, crusaders’ crosses adorn their cloaks, a heavy Gothic altar-piece stands behind them. Here Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant came together in an enterprise whose symbols evoked the Christian heritage they shared. 1 Olivier’s Holy Alliance is not a very good painting, but it does exemplify the medieval idiom through which some people in restoration Europe tried to express their distaste for revolutionary change. Architecture and design, the settings of novels and the background of paintings, the subject-matter of historical monuments and •the focus of scholarly research all reflected this fascination for the Middle Ages. To be sure, medievalism was sometimes merely a temporary refuge, an escape from contemporary cares into the apparently more cohesive and peaceful world of chivalry and cathedrals. The fake castle built by William IX of Hesse-Kassel was supposed to provide an ambience in which such escapism might flourish, as was Franzenburg, constructed by the Emperor Francis outside Vienna. We probably should not make too much of these masquerades. But for some Europeans, the medieval world was more than a refuge; it provided a standard against which current shortcomings might be judged, a set of symbols with which deep-seated longings might be captured, and a model of how society and culture should be organized. The Middle Ages, seen through this historical lens, appeared to be a time when faith was secure and social hierarchies unchallenged, when people believed in God and obeyed their betters.
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ÇAYCI, Ahmet, e Zekeriya ŞİMŞİR. "GEVALE KALESİ ARAŞTIRMALARI". In CUMHURIYETIN BIRINCI YÜZYILINDA ANADOLU’DA TÜRK DÖNEMI ARKEOLOJI ÇALISMALARI, 551–65. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-61-0.ch25.
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Gevale Castle is located on a volcanic hill 10 km west of Konya. It contains signs of life starting from the Hittites to the end of the Karamanoğlu Principality period. Especially before the Anatolian Seljuks conquered Konya, they achieved political, military and psychological superiority by taking this castle. In addition to its importance in Anatolian Seljuk History, the castle, which was the shelter and shelter of the sultans, has become an important place in terms of hosting political history. Anatolian Seljuk History has become more understandable thanks to the information in the sources and the classification and analysis of concrete cultural assets obtained in excavations. This research and findings will be briefly mentioned here. As a result of scientific excavations that have continued since 2013, many objects, referred to as small finds, have been obtained along with the architectural spaces of the castle. If we need to list the architectural places, we should start with the temple structure that dates back to the ancient period. This structure, built in rock carving style, consists of a single room and a vaulted space. As for the city walls surrounding the castle, it is observed that they contain uninterrupted examples from the Hittite period to the Anatolian Principalities period. There are also many cistern structures, which are examples of water architecture on a castle scale. Since these have different forms and architectural arrangements, they can be expressed as signs of period differences in the castle. Again, two bath structures are among the important examples of the group of buildings here. It is understood that one of the buildings, which can be classified as large and small baths, was used by high-level administrators such as the sultan and the castle governor, and the other small bath was allocated to the castle employees. We would like to emphasize that only the mihrab niche of the mosque structure used as a place of worship is prominent. It is understood that the spaces on the outskirts of the castle were used as kitchens for cooking. The actual viewing pavilion or the place where the sultan was hosted has not survived to the present day, but due to the finds in the castle and its location, it must have been inevitable that it was located on the southern side of the castle. It should be noted that thanks to the excavations that have been going on for years, many small objects have been unearthed in the castle. Many ceramics that can be described as glazed or unglazed have been obtained. Especially the abundance of vessels from the Anatolian Seljuk period is important in revealing the medieval dimension of this castle. Again, many Seljuk ceramic lamps were obtained. In addition to these, the fact that “cellodon” vessels and vessel fragments were found indicates the importance of the castle. We need to point out the abundance of metal finds. Defense tools of the Middle Ages, especially arrowheads, were obtained. Spear, dagger and knife-style cutting tools are other finds of this category. Metal containers were also unearthed along with metal kitchen utensils, which were daily items of the period. We would like to inform you that the days when the castle, which is the “lock of Konya”, will be opened to visitors with the restoration activities are very soon. Thus, it is clear that the castle, which was formed as an archaeological site, will create a new visiting area for the city of Konya as a viewing area along with its historical richness.For more detailed information, please refer to the Extended Abstract at the end of the text
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BORAN, Ali. "SİLİFKE KALESİ KAZI ÇALIŞMALARI (2011- 2022)". In CUMHURIYETIN BIRINCI YÜZYILINDA ANADOLU’DA TÜRK DÖNEMI ARKEOLOJI ÇALISMALARI, 509–25. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-61-0.ch23.
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Silifke is a district of Mersin province, currently located in the Mediterranean Region. Silifke Castle is located in the south of the region called Rough Cilicia in history, on the west side of the city, on the route that provides passage from the Mediterranean coast to Central Anatolia, at the intersection of land and sea trade. Silifke Castle was built at a point overlooking all roads, controlling both the trade route and the port. After the Silifke Castle excavations (2011-2022); Four periods have been identified: Roman, Byzantine, Karamanid and Ottoman Periods. It is understood that Silifke Castle was built in the Roman Period, and that it took its final shape by adding the defensive moat around the castle, the B-1 entrance gate, the A-16 military place adjacent to the walls, the church, the chapel, and some of the public and civil buildings in the Byzantine Period. After Silifke Castle was conquered by the Karamanids, the church in the center of the castle was converted into a mosque as a symbol of the Conquest, and the walls, moat, fortress veil and the spaces inside the castle began to be shaped according to the needs of the Turks. During the Ottoman Period, the settlement pattern inside the castle took its final shape. Thus, the castle, which is an important element of the medieval Turkish urban fabric, shows itself in the Silifke castle settlement pattern with the general characteristic of Turkish-Islamic cities. The settlement structure inside the castle was renewed according to need during the Ottoman Period. Rough-cut masonry, which is the traditional masonry of the region and built without the use of mortar, was applied in the interior spaces of the castle. With the excavations, the texture of the settlement inside the castle; It has been determined that the residences and social buildings belonging to the administration in the west, the mosque and the commercial buildings developed around it in the middle, and the residences and social buildings belonging to the public and the military in the east. Excavation findings are one of the most important data in identifying the castle. Excavation findings provide us with a wide range of data, from the art environment to daily life and aesthetic tastes of the Roman, Byzantine, Karamanid and Ottoman periods. The majority of the findings reflect the Turkish- Islamic period, and how the settlement pattern developed in every area we work can be followed.Each piece, especially architectural plastics, ceramics, metal, glass, stone, bone and wooden findings, is of great importance to us. These findings allow us to establish a bond with the master who made the work and the person who used it, understand their practices, and share this with today’s people.It also tells us about the social taste of that period, the technology they used, the exchange and solidarity between societies or different tastes. After the Silifke Castle excavation (2011-2022); It has been revealed that the castle has been used since ancient times and continued its effectiveness in the Roman and Byzantine periods. From the architectural remains and small artifacts identified, it is understood that Silifke Castle was inhabited until the last times of the Karamanoğlu and Ottoman Periods. Thus, it was revealed that Silifke Castle is one of the rare ruins in Anatolia that display the castle-city feature of the Turkish period. For more detailed information, please refer to the Extended Abstract at the end of the text
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Medieval military architecture"
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Broglia, Francesco, e Mirco Pucci. "Freehand draw and the study of military architecture". In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.18076.
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This paper aims at analysing medieval and Renaissance fortifications by freehand draw. Freehand draw has been used for this purpose since the so called ‘epoca della transizione’and its fortune reached its peak with the study of Renaissance fortifications (XV-XVI century).Physical survey by scale sketches and drawings is a technique of Italian and European Renaissance tradition. It is a fundamental first step in understanding buildings and how they were designed.This research took into consideration the following case studies: fortifications in the State of Presidii – on the border between Lazio and Tuscany -, fortifications of the Tuscan archipelago, fortresses and fortified surrounding walls in Emilia Romagna.Freehand draw allowed us to recognize on the one hand the geometrical matrixes of the shapes taken into consideration and on the other hand the relations between design principles - which inspired military architects - and the effective realizations.
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Campone, Maria Carolina, e Saverio Carrillo. "L’Arce medievale di Nola. Tecniche difensive per una struttura urbana". In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.17904.
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Abstract Research on the built heritage in the military field is a very topic study. The case of the medieval Tower of Nola, with its defensive system conditioned by a geometrically significant distribution system, clarifies how historically defense techniques have progressively changed. The lowering of the mammoth tuff building with wall thicknesses of almost one "canna", gave rise to the need to equip security facilities in the lower vicinity of the defensive system, also having to extend the defense to the quadrilateral base of the tower in question through a canalization with water to obtain an "umbone" to prevent enemy access with the creation of "vallum". The advent and introduction of gunpowder have also significantly influenced the geometric mutation of the militar system defense. This condition has given significant value to the large size of the territory close to the city which should not have vulnus constituted by building value to the large size of the territory close to the city which should not have vulnus constituted by building aggregates adhering to the structure of the urban masonry called upon to carry out defense work for the city.
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Benselama-Messikh, Safia. "Architecture militaire et typologies défensives d’Alger entre le XVIème et le XIXème siècle". In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11467.
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Military architecture and defensive typologies of Algiers between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuriesIn the Ottoman regency, the fortifications of Algiers evolve according to the politico-economic growth experienced by the city partly thanks to the development of the maritime piracy and the lusts it entails. Its stranglehold on the sea, arouses many projects of punitive expeditions. The construction of fortifications is then the major concern of its new leaders who between the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, fortify the city, its bay and the hinterland. These efforts develop over the three centuries of the Ottoman regency, a singular military architecture for the city of Algiers. The sixteenth century sees, a medieval reminiscence with the first fortifications, then, with the presence of Christians, a western influence the seventeenth century and the arrival of the Moriscos, brings a second breath to this defensive typology which is defined as a local style between domestic and military architecture. The question is: why Algiers has developed a particular defensive typology while the modernization of the artillery had led to an internationalization of the defensive system.
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Kozlowska, Izabela. "THE MEDIEVAL MILITARY ARCHITECTURE IN THE URBAN CULTURAL LANDSCAPE BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF WESTERN POMERANIA". In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/5.3/s21.082.
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Nesterov, Tamara, Sergiu Musteață e Andrei Gherțen. "Castelul Tighina al Cetății Bender: Geografia, istoria, arheologia, arhitectura și studierea controversată a complexului fortificat". In Cercetarea și valorificarea patrimoniului arheologic medieval. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/idn-c12-2022-132-153.
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The controversial and in many ways mysterious history of the Bender Fortress – one of the largest fortified complexes in the Black Sea region – has long attracted the attention of specialists in various fields of historical sciences. However, due to the fact that the fortress continued to be used according to its original destination (part of the territory is still occupied by a military garrison, in 2008 the complex was partially opened for visits), full field research began only in last years. The Tigina-Bender fortification was gradually formed and developed throughout the medieval and modern periods. The site occupies a vast territory, fortified with earth and stone bastions, adjacent to the bank of the Dniester a rectangular stone citadel. Its origin is uncertain, but the development stages could be recognized by the architectural elements. Authors of this paper based on the available sources, they try to re-evaluate the dating, architecture and history of the fortification system at Tigina-Bender. Only a few written sources have proven to be the cornerstone of the official history of Tigina Castle and Bender Fortress. These are the memoirs of the Turkish traveler Evliya Celebi, who visited Bender in 1655, naming Mimar Sinan, who accompanied the sultan in his campaign to punish the Moldavian ruler Petru Rareș, the city’s architect, in 1538. Construction of the complex. The construction of the Bender fortress by the Turkish architect should be called into question due to the numerous historical information, in which there are no reports of the construction of a castle in Tigina after 1538, espe cially considering the mentions of the locality long before this year. The history of Tigina Castle, built on the banks of the Dniester and known from the writings of contemporaries in the period before the sixteenth century, when according to other historical accounts received the new name, in the twentieth century was replaced by scientific opinion with that of the fortress. Bender. This „change of origins” has been accepted by most historians, due to the method of study: the exclusive use of documentary information and selective and total trust in the content of texts, neglecting the research of documents with other information, to which is added the scarcity of published documents regarding Tigina and Bender. In the case of the use of the fortress after the original destination and insistence of the historians who supported the Turkish origin of the Bender fortress, claiming material evidence of the fortress’s antiquity for a long time was not possible. The interdisciplinary research of the fortified complex Tigina-Bender, at the intersection between architecture, archeology, history and geography would allow the creation of the correct evaluation of the cultural heritage monument. Of great importance, for solving complex problems in the history of architecture are archaeological research, analysis of old maps and plans, which, as a whole, are invaluable sources on the history, geography and toponymy of the Northwest Black Sea region, studied so far in fragments. The complex analysis of the architecture of the Bender fortress, whose complete study has not yet been completed, confirms the hypotheses identified during the preliminary historical, cartographic and archaeological research regarding the presence at Tigina of the fortification prior to the conquest by the Ottoman Porte.
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Lamacchia, Enrico. "The “Castelvecchio” of Matera. Documentation and analysis of a urban fortress in the apulian-lucanian context". In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.18117.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the medieval genesis of the town of Matera, by examining a specific area, now known as Castelvecchio, meaning old castle, site of the original fortified urban nucleus, by presenting a reconstruction of the main evolutionary phases, from the Lombard castrum to the Angevin walls, up to the transformation for civil use in the modern and contemporary age.This area is identified today as the top part of the famous Sassi, the historic districts of Matera (UNESCO Heritage), where there are still visible traces of these primitive fortifications absorbed in the complex urban fabric.The site was an ideal observation point for monitoring the surrounding area, while the harsh morphology of the rocky terrain presented optimal conditions to meet defensive needs.The research has led to hypothesize a complex in very close relationship with the geological substrate to be understood as an anthropic transformation of a pre-existing "natural fortification".The military function survived until the late medieval era, when urban development and modern revolutions in the field of defensive architecture led to the need to build other structures in the city and the consequent sale of the area under consideration for civilian use. Particular attention was paid to the relationship of the object in question with the context around, since a castle is not an element in itself, but the node of a network designed to control the territory, in very close relationship with the neighbouring lands and historical road network.
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De Marco, Raffaella, Francesca Galasso e Chiara Malusardi. "Digital documentation of fortified urban routes in Pavia (Italy): territorial databases and structural models for the preservation of military ruins". In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11518.
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The analysis of the fortified routes in the city of Pavia (Italy) clarifies the adaptation of the medieval capital in the historical politics of the Mediterranean, where the evolution of the defensive system till the Spanish bastioned walls (sixteenth century) identifies the updating of the Lombard tradition to the practices of modern military architecture. Their defensive structures survive in the urban design of the contemporary city, in the configuration of infrastructures and urban aggregates, reflecting the consequences of the great processes of their dismantling (from 1905). The comparison between historical investigations and the current ruins, fragmented into disconnected portions between the historical bastions and the monumental gates, shows a picture of abandonment of the military structures that generates repeated collapses and emerging risk factors towards the surrounding densified urban context. The experimentation of military architectural approaches of documentation at the urban scale, developed by the research laboratory DAda Lab. of University of Pavia, defines an analysis process through the digital representation of the urban remains that is suitable for the preservation of the survived city walls and the enhancement of their fortified identity. The application of different 3D LiDAR systems for morphological acquisition promotes an integrated digitation process of scansets on the fortified system controlled at the urban metric scale: the experimentation applies the use of a mobile real time scanner for the digital tracking of historical routes, on which to implement the georeferencing of detailed static scanworlds, integrated in correspondence of Bastions and Monumental Gates. The optimization of architectural data density and the integration between data contribute to finalize a 3D territorial database predisposed to the architectural modelling of volumes and scenarios of structural instability of the military ruins, defining a virtual framework of widespread knowledge for the historical conservation and urban prevention of the fortified system.
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Gurriarán Daza, Pedro. "Las técnicas constructivas en las murallas medievales de Almería". In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11546.
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Building techniques in the medieval walls of AlmeríaAlmería was one of the most important cities in al-Andalus, a circumstance that was possible thanks to the strength of its port. Its foundation as an urban entity during the Caliphate of Córdoba originated a typical scheme of an Islamic city organized by a medina and a citadel, both walled. Subsequent city’s growths, due to the creation of two large suburbs commencing in the eleventh century, also received defensive works, creating a system of fortifications that was destined to defend the place during the rest of the Middle Ages. In this work we will analyse the construction techniques used in these military works, which cover a wide period from the beginning of the tenth century until the end of the fifteenth century. Although ashlar stone was used in the Caliphate fortification, in most of these constructions bricklayer techniques were used, more modest but very useful. In this way, the masonry and rammed earth technique were predominant, giving rise to innumerable constructive phases that in recent times are being studied with archaeological methodology, thus to know better their evolution and main characteristics.
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Petrucci, Enrica, Diana Lapucci e Noemi Lapucci. "La Rocca di Arquata del Tronto: simbolo di rinascita per il territorio marchigiano colpito dal sisma". In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11371.
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The fortress of Arquata del Tronto: symbol of rebirth for the Marche Region affected by the earthquakeThe Fortress of Arquata del Tronto in the Marche region is an imposing structure that rises on the crag to the north of the historic center. It represents a typical example of military architecture in the Apennines Area. Its foundation is between the eleventh and the twelfth century, an initial phase of embankment which undergoes a gradual and progressive increase in structures to enhance the functionality of the fortress. The city of Ascoli Piceno, worried about consolidating the defense outposts located at its borders, soon took possession of it. From the thirteenth to the sixteenth century, the Rocca lived alternate events, clashing with nearby castles, especially with Norcia. At the end of the eighteenth century, Arquata will be absorbed in the territory of the Clitunno Department, in the ancient Duchy of Spoleto. During this period, it was partially restored, to house a stable military garrison, becoming the third fortress of the Trasimeno Department, until it returned under the Papal States. Continuous interventions make the structure suitable for military uses. At the end of the nineteenth century, Giuseppe Sacconi, as director of the Conservation Office in the Marche and Umbria Region, undertook an important restoration. The ruins of the fortress were reconfigured according to medieval forms, taken by analogy from the repertoire of fortifications in the Apennine area. A further conservative intervention was carried out in 1990 to allow a new use. Unfortunately, the seismic events in 2016-2017 have compromised the Rocca, with large collapses that currently make the complex unusable. The intention is to undertake new restoration work, setting up a school construction site; this could represent a virtuous example to favor the rebirth of Arquata del Tronto, so strongly hit by the earthquake, through a project for the enhancement of its architectural heritage.
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Marcos Cobaleda, María, María Lourdes Gutiérrez-Carrillo e Emilio Molero Melgarejo. "Riesgos naturales y conservación de la arquitectura defensiva de tierra: aproximación a los daños causados por seísmos en la Alcazaba de Almería y en la muralla de La Hoya". In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11350.
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Natural Risks and Conservation of Rammed-earth Defensive Architecture: Approach to the Damages Caused by Earthquakes in the Alcazaba of Almeria and the Wall of La HoyaThe aim of this work is to present the results obtained in the framework of the PREFORTI Project. The particular case analysed is the damages caused by earthquakes in the medieval fortifications of Almeria and the consequences on their conservation. Almeria is a zone of important seismic activity. This particularity has caused many problems to conserve its Islamic military architecture. Within this work, we include the most important earthquakes that have affected this heritage since the late fifteenth century and the constructions damaged –to a greater or lesser extent– by them, including their specific damages and an approach to their state of conservation. Due to its importance within the military constructions, we present the case study of the Alcazaba of Almeria and the wall of La Hoya, focusing on the second one. These paradigmatic constructions were widely affected by the earthquakes since the late fifteenth century. Beyond the analysis of the damages caused by the earthquakes and the different historical restorations to mitigate them, we include the emergency measures proposed in the framework of the PREFORTI Project for its better conservation against the different risks, as well as the microzonation mapping of the natural seismicity risk for the section of the wall of La Hoya in order to delve in the study of the vulnerability of this cultural asset against this natural risk, as a mechanism for its better preventive conservation.