Artigos de revistas: "Medicine – Philosophy – Congresses"

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Tedjoworo, Hadrianus. "Chronicles - April, 2021". MELINTAS 37, n.º 1 (9 de dezembro de 2022): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/mel.v37i1.6290.

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'Chronicles' is a journal column of "MELINTAS" which contains information about the various events, congresses, conferences, symposia, necrologies, publications, and periodicals in the fields of philosophy and theology.

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Nascimento, Milton Luiz, Cláudio Lorenzo e Mauro Niskier Sanchez. "Clinical trials in medical congresses: a study on conflicts of interest". Revista Bioética 30, n.º 2 (junho de 2022): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-80422022302528en.

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Abstract This article seeks to investigate conflicts of interest involving the presentation of clinical trials in Brazilian congresses of five medical specialties between 2004 and 2018. A total of 407 abstracts in 22 annals were studied. After applying selection criteria, we reached a corpus of 77 essays. A higher frequency of conflicts of interest was found involving essays with drugs for which no generic/similar option was available (p=0.000), and 48% of those with a conflict of interest declared nothing. Favorable results to the test drug occurred in 90.9% of the total of essays, but 48.6% of them lacked the p-value. The most tested therapeutic categories were immunosuppressors and immunomodulators, antidiabetic, and antineoplastic, which, together, amounted to 68.9% of the total of the involved drugs. The results pointed to hidden conflicts of interest, overvaluing of positive results of test drugs, not always with sufficient evidence, and focus of production on high-cost drugs.

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Nascimento, Milton Luiz, Cláudio Lorenzo e Mauro Niskier Sanchez. "Ensaios clínicos em congressos médicos: estudo sobre conflito de interesses". Revista Bioética 30, n.º 2 (junho de 2022): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-80422022302528pt.

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Resumo Este artigo busca investigar conflitos de interesses envolvendo a apresentação de ensaios clínicos em congressos brasileiros de cinco especialidades médicas, ocorridos entre 2004 e 2018. Foram estudados 407 resumos em 22 anais. Após aplicar critérios de seleção, obteve-se um corpus de 77 ensaios. Detectou-se maior frequência de conflitos de interesses envolvendo ensaios com drogas para as quais não havia genéricos/similares ( p =0,000), sendo que em 48% daqueles em conflito de interesses não houve declaração. Os resultados favoráveis à droga-teste ocorreram em 90,9% do total de ensaios, mas em 48,6% deles não foi reportado valor de p . As categorias terapêuticas mais testadas foram imunossupressores e imunomoduladores, antidiabéticos e antineoplásicos, que, juntas, representaram 68,9% do total de drogas envolvidas. Os resultados apontam conflitos de interesses ocultos, supervalorização de resultados positivos de drogas-testes, nem sempre com evidências suficientes, e concentração de produção em drogas de alto custo.

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Nascimento, Milton Luiz, Cláudio Lorenzo e Mauro Niskier Sanchez. "Ensayos clínicos en congresos médicos: un estudio sobre conflicto de intereses". Revista Bioética 30, n.º 2 (junho de 2022): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-80422022302528es.

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Resumen Este artículo analiza los conflictos de intereses en ensayos clínicos presentados en congresos brasileños de cinco especialidades médicas, realizados entre 2004 y 2018. Se analizaron 407 resúmenes de 22 anales. Tras aplicados los criterios de selección se obtuvo un corpus de 77 ensayos. Hubo una mayor frecuencia de conflictos de intereses en ensayos con medicamentos para los que no había medicaciones genéricas/similares ( p =0,000), y el 48% con conflictos no hubo su declaración. Los resultados favorables para droga prueba están en el 90,9% del total de ensayos, pero el 48,6% de ellos no informó el valor de p . Las categorías terapéuticas más probadas fueron inmunosupresores e inmunomoduladores, antidiabéticos y antineoplásicos, que juntas compusieron el 68,9% del total de fármacos. Los resultados apuntan a conflictos de intereses ocultos, sobreestimación de los resultados positivos de las drogas prueba, no siempre con evidencia suficiente, y concentración de la producción en medicamentos de alto costo.

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Van Horn, Carl E. "Fear and Loathing on Capitol Hill: The 99th Congress and Economic Policy". PS 19, n.º 1 (1986): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030826900625316.

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The first session of the 99th Congress was a year of wrenching institutional and political realignment. Facing monstrous structural budget deficits in excess of $200 billion a year. Congress struggled to adjust its distributive urges to the unpleasant realities of a redistributive era. Unlike previous budget crises that were caused by economic events beyond Congress's control, the current problem was created by an unwillingness to raise sufficient revenues to pay for the nation's defense and social program commitments. Frustration, gridlock, and partisan warfare eventually ended in surrender to the Executive Branch: a balanced-budget act was adopted that could radically alter Congress's power of the purse.During the 99th Congress, many Democratic members also continued to realign their policy positions in accordance with contemporary economic and political forces. Democrats in Congress searched for an appealing formula that would ensure political survival and continued control of the House. But the strain of reconciling their traditional public philosophy with conservative trends left Democrats demoralized and in disarray.

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Benchimol, Jaime L., e Magali Romero Sá. "Adolpho Lutz and controversies over the transmission of leprosy by mosquitoes". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 10, suppl 1 (2003): 49–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702003000400004.

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During his years of study in Switzerland and Germany, Adolpho Lutz published his first articles on zoology, clinical practice, and therapeutics. In Limeira, São Paulo, he began studies on animal and human diseases caused by germs and parasites. In 1885-86, Lutz traveled to Hamburg to study the morphology of germs related to skin diseases, in conjunction with Paul Gerson Unna, one of Germany's foremost dermatologists. He proposed the inclusion of Hansen's and Koch's bacilli in a new genus. In 1889, Unna nominated his student as physician-in-chief of the Leper Settlement on Molokai Island, Hawaii. From then on, Lutz sustained the theory that the disease was transmitted by mosquitoes. He conducted research to prove this theory when he was head of the Instituto Bacteriológico de São Paulo (1893-1908) and, later, after he moved to the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (1908-1940). Although this research was not successful, on commissions and at congresses in which he participated until his death in October 1940, he still held to his conviction that leprosy was transmitted by mosquitoes.

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Vdovychenko, Heorhii. "SOVIET UKRAINE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS OF THE TIME: IMAGE OF THE KYIV PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL OF THE 1950S – FIRST HALF OF THE 1960S". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Philosophy 2, n.º 5 (2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2523-4064.2021/5-1/8.

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The article deals with the problem of the rise in the 1950s – first half of the 1960s, in the context of the formation of the idea of the Soviet Ukraine philosophy in the Western world, of the image of the Kyiv philosophical school as a prominent participant in the international scientific process of the Cold War era. This school emerged during Khrushchev’s “thaw” or stage of metamorphosis of the USSR from Stalinism to neo-Stalinist stagnation, namely between the XX (1956) and XXIV (1971) Congresses of the CPSU. It was the leading ideological and organizational center of the philosophical life of the Ukrainian SSR during the geopolitical struggle of the Eastern and Western military-political blocs under the leadership of the USSR and the USA. The Kyiv philosophical school was the main representative of Soviet Ukraine in its dialogue with world philosophical thought established in the mid-1960s. This school, mainly its Ukrainian historical and philosophical achievements of the 1950s – 1970s, became the central object of study of the Soviet philosophy by philosophers and scientific institutions of the USA, Western Germany and other countries of the Western bloc in the second half of the XX century. This study can be divided into three conditional stages: 1. the preparatory one during the transition from Stalinism to Khrushchev’s “thaw”(late 1940s – early 1960s); 2. of scientific international interaction in the conditions of ideological confrontation during the transition from “thaw” to neo-Stalinist “stagnation” (early 1960s – early 1970s); 3. of intensification of the ideological struggle during the transition from “stagnation” to Gorbachev’s “perestroika” (early 1970s – second half of the 1980s). During the first and beginning of the second of these stages, the philosophers of the diaspora P. Fedenko and D. Solovey began a critical analysis of the Shevchenko work of the director of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR D. Ostryanin. They carried it out in the context of active participation in Soviet philosophical studies together with their colleagues W. Barka, S. Galamay, B. Kravciv, M. Kushnir and, also, already well-known scientists A. Kultschytzkyj, I. Mirtschuk and W. Janiw. No less important evidence of the nature of the perception of the Soviet philosophical thought by professors of universities in Western Europe and the United States in the first half of the 1960s are memories of foreign meetings with them of the founders of the Kyiv philosophical school, first of all the director of the mentioned institute P. Kopnin and his deputy M. Honcharenko.

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Louis, Elan D. "The Knud Krabbe (1885–1961)–Henry Alsop Riley (1887–1966) letters (1929–59): transatlantic friendship fostered by the International Neurological Congresses". Journal of Medical Biography 19, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2011): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2010.010055.

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Brandfonbrener, Alice G. "Globalization in Performing Arts Medicine". Medical Problems of Performing Artists 16, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2001): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2001.1001.

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Two years ago I reported on the 6th European Congress on Performing Arts Medicine and the Physiology of Music Making, which took place in Berlin in October 1998. At that time I commented on the high quality of papers at the meetings, but even more important, I celebrated the stimulation that comes from meeting a wide spectrum of people who share interests and commitment. Recently I have twice again traveled to Europe where I participated in two meetings; the first in Finland where the Savonlinna Arts Medicine Symposium was held in late July, and the second in Mainz, Germany, this year’s site of the now 8th European Congress. These opportunities reinforced my previous enthusiasm, not only for travel but once again for attending high-level performing arts medicine meetings to re-energize one’s intellectual engines with fresh ideas.

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Honcharenko, Olha. "Philosophy and the Public. (Review of the 11th International Congress of the Society for Analytical Philosophy, September 12-15, 2022, Berlin, Germany)." Humanitarian vision 9, n.º 1 (2 de junho de 2023): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/shv2023.01.021.

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The review outlines the content of the main public events of the 11 th International Congress “Philosophy And The Public”, which was held by the German Society for Analytical Philosophy in association with the Institute of Philosophy of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin on September 12-15, 2022 in Berlin (Germany). The activity of the German Society for Analytical Philosophy was introduced. The third mission of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin is considered and the role of analytical philosophy in its implementation is revealed.

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Forsbach, Ralf. "Der Jahreskongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin als Erinnerungsort der deutschen Internisten". Medizinhistorisches Journal 55, n.º 3 (2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/mhj-2020-0009.

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Mendonça, Amanda, e Gabriel Baptista Nicolini. "Revista Brasileira de História da Medicina, pioneira da historiografia médica". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 14, n.º 1 (março de 2007): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702007000100013.

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Apresenta as características gerais da Revista Brasileira de História da Medicina, que fez aflorar o campo da história da medicina no Brasil ao estimular a produção bibliográfica nessa área. A análise tem por propósito contribuir para ampliar a pesquisa em história da medicina e da ciência. A partir da descrição dos aspectos editoriais do periódico, pode-se ter uma idéia de como se organizava aquele campo entre os anos 1940 e 1960. A revista permite, ainda, mapear os congressos que visavam o intercâmbio entre médicos historiadores brasileiros e estrangeiros.

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Sakai, Naotaka. "Japanese Symposium of Performing Art Medicine, Kawasaki, July 19, 2004". Medical Problems of Performing Artists 19, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2004): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2004.4031.

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It has been more than 20 years since the first symposium on performing arts medicine was held in Aspen, and last year, the European Congress of Musicians Medicine had their 10th meeting in Turku, Finland. However, there has never been a conference or symposium on performing arts medicine held in Japan, despite the large numbers of professional musicians and dancers in that country. This past July, Dr. Naotaka Sakai and four other physicians who have been treating the medical problems of musicians, as well as a manager who has been taking care of musicians’ medical and life insurance, organized the first Japanese Symposium of Performing Art Medicine.

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DONATO, MARIA PIA. "L'ONERE DELLA PROVA. IL SANT'UFFIZIO, L'ATOMISMO E I MEDICI ROMANI*". Nuncius 18, n.º 1 (2003): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539103x00567.

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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The essay aims at addressing the debates on corpuscular theories in Rome within the context of the political and religious tensions of the late 17th century. Documents in the archives of the Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede allow us to outline the changing attitudes of the Church of Rome towards atomistic philosophy and to highlight the factional clashes within Roman institutions on the issue. These dynamics gave way to the Congresso Medico Romano of G. Brasavola and G.M. Lancisi, an academy which soon became the promoting agent of an eclectic corpuscular medicine. The Holy Office put the success of the moderns into question in 1690, after Alexander VIII had come to the throne. The attack was part of a general repression of atomism (also in Naples and Florence) but also of quietism and freethinking. Despite the crisis, the moderns were able to bind their corpuscularism to a strictly defined epistemological model. In the frame of the contemporary biomedical sciences, questions on the ultimate nature of atoms could be abandoned without dismissing the corpuscular theory and practice of medicine.

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Heppner, Jr., Richard L. "Rooted: Metaphors and Judicial Philosophy in Artis v. District of Columbia". Indiana Law Review 56, n.º 2 (24 de março de 2023): 329–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/27224.

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This Article examines how the metaphors in judicial opinions reveal judicial theories of lawmaking and judicial philosophies. It does so through a close reading of Justice Ginsburg’s majority opinion and Justice Gorsuch’s dissenting opinion in Artis v. District of Columbia, 138 S. Ct. 594 (2018). Artis was about what the phrase “shall be tolled” means in the federal supplemental jurisdiction statute, 28 U.S.C. §1367. Does it pause the statute of limitations while a state-law claim is in federal court or keep it running? In holding that Congress used “stop the clock” tolling, an “off-the-shelf” legal device that pauses the statute of limitations, Justice Ginsburg’s majority opinion uses conventional, mechanistic metaphors. Justice Gorsuch’s dissent uses more elaborate, agrarian metaphors to argue that Congress used a stricter “grace period” version of tolling because “[w]hen Congress replants the roots of preexisting law in the federal code, this Court assumes it brings with it the surrounding soil.” This Article shows that Justice Ginsburg’s mechanistic metaphors describe lawmaking like engineering and bespeak a mode of judicial interpretation based on purpose and precedent—while Justice Gorsuch’s agrarian metaphors hark back to a pastoral conception of lawmaking and interpretation “rooted” in a mythical common-law history and tradition. It then compares Justice Ginsburg’s moreunderstated use of conventional metaphors to Justice Gorsuch’s more performative metaphorical technique, arguing that their different rhetorical strategies reflect their different visions of lawmaking and interpretive philosophies. And it closes by showing how close attention to the metaphors theyuse can reveal the flaws in each approach.

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Spicker, Stuart F. "The Search for Bioethical Criteria to Select Renal Transplant Recipients: A Response to the Honourable Judge Jean-Louis Baudouin". Dialogue 30, n.º 3 (1991): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300011768.

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In selecting for discussion the general theme of the donation and sharing of cells, tissues and organs (typically accomplished by transfusion and other forms of surgical transplantation) the program committee of the Second Congress of the Canadian Bioethics Society appears to have been astonishingly prescient in anticipating that two North American physicians —clinical researchers rather than “basic” scientists, by the way —would receive, as they did just over a month ago, Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine for their medical achievements.1 Dr. Joseph Murray was cited in part for successfully performing, in 1954, the first human kidney transplant (the recipient lived eight years), as well as for discovering how to minimize the body's rejection of this organ; Dr. Donnall Thomas was cited for work he accomplished in 1956 —the first bone-marrow cell transfusion to a 16-year-old patient (who is still alive) such that the human immune reaction of a graft to this recipient's body could be medically managed to avoid rejection of the transplanted material (Economist 1990). Having mentioned these awards, I should note that Dr. George Hitchings had already received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1988, being credited with the discovery of a powerful immunosuppressant, azathioprine, which greatly improved the survival of the recipients of unmatched graft transplants.

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Souza, Vanderlei Sebastião de, Ricardo Ventura Santos, Mônica Costa S. Coelho, Ozana Hannesch e Claudia Rodrigues-Carvalho. "Arquivo de Antropologia Física do Museu Nacional: fontes para a história da eugenia no Brasil". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 16, n.º 3 (setembro de 2009): 763–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702009000300012.

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Apresenta um conjunto de fontes documentais que integram o Arquivo de Antropologia Física, de responsabilidade do Setor de Antropologia Biológica do Museu Nacional/UFRJ. O arquivo contém importante documentação sobre o Primeiro Congresso Brasileiro de Eugenia, realizado em 1929, no Rio de Janeiro, em comemoração ao centenário da Academia Nacional de Medicina. Além de originais dos trabalhos apresentados no evento - alguns inéditos -, constam também nesse arquivo documentos reunidos pela secretaria do Congresso, como convocações para a sua realização, ficha dos inscritos, correspondências, recortes de jornais e revistas com artigos sobre eugenia, bem como moções, relatórios e atas finais, constituindo acervo fundamental para a compreensão da história da eugenia no Brasil.

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Salaks, Juris, e Marika Garnizone. "Review of the Centennial Congress of the International Society for the History of Medicine in Riga". Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum 9, n.º 2 (18 de novembro de 2021): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2021.2.06.

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Crossgrove, William. "The Vernacularization of Science, Medicine, and Technology in Late Medieval Europe: Broadening Our Perspectives". Early Science and Medicine 5, n.º 1 (2000): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338200x00290.

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AbstractThe following article is the concluding piece of a series on the vernacularization of science, medicine, and technology in the Late Middle Ages inaugurated in 1998 with a special issue of ESM (III,2) and continued with two articles in ESM (IV,2) in 1999, featuring papers selected by William Crossgrove and Linda Ehrsam Voigts. All of these articles grew out of a series of papers presented at the Thirty-Second International Congress on Medieval Studies at Western Michigan University in May 1997, a series which now concludes with the present

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Morandi, Antonio, Carmen Tosto, Guido Sartori e Paolo Roberti di Sarsina. "Advent of a Link between Ayurveda and Modern Health Science: The Proceedings of the First International Congress on Ayurveda, “Ayurveda: The Meaning of Life—Awareness, Environment, and Health” March 21-22, 2009, Milan, Italy". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/929083.

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The First International Congress on Ayurveda was held in Milan, Italy in March 2009 and it has been the first scientific event of this kind in western world. This groundbreaking international congress was devoted to human being as the product of interactions between Awareness, Environment and Health, subjects that the West tends to consider separate and independent, but that are believed deeply connected in Ayurveda, whose interdependence defines “The Meaning of Life”. The Congress established a bridge between indian and western philosophy, scientific and biomedical thinking in order to expand knowledge and healthcare. Main attention and address of the invited speakers was on the concept of “relationships” that, connecting living beings with environment, shape Nature itself. This concept is central in Ayurveda but is also common to other western scientific disciplines such as quantum physics and epigenetics that, in the four Sessions of the Congress, were represented by eminent experts. The importance of this event was underlined by the attendance of more than 400 participants and by noteworthy institutional endorsements, that added a significative political dimension of high social impact due to the topical period for CAM acceptance and integration in Europe.

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Christensen, Kate T. "Ethically Important Distinctions among Managed Care Organizations". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 23, n.º 3 (1995): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1995.tb01358.x.

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Due to society's need to control health care costs and to the failure of legislated health care reform, managed care is expanding at a rapid rate and will soon be the predominate form of health care delivery. Plans by Congress to bring Medicare and Medicaid under managed care will further consolidate this trend. Barring some legislative fiat, managed care is here to stay. The term managed care describes a diverse set of organizational forms. Wide variations in approach, financing, physician involvement, and philosophy exist among the different types of managed care organizations (MCOs). While many articles on the ethics of managed care acknowledge this variety, most analyses focus on the for-profit entities, paying less attention to the ethical distinctions among the different forms of managed care. This paper discusses the key distinctions among MCO types, in particular the difference between for-profit and non-profit plans; the relationship of the physician to the MCO; the incentives used to control costs; the incentives that improve patient care; and the organizational features that nurture the principled practice of medicine.

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Almeida, Marta de. "Circuito aberto: idéias e intercâmbios médico-científicos na América Latina nos primórdios do século XX". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 13, n.º 3 (setembro de 2006): 733–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702006000300010.

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Este artigo aborda a realização dos Congressos Médicos Latino-Americanos e das Exposições Internacionais de Higiene nas primeiras décadas do século XX como estratégia de legitimação e persuasão do conhecimento médico produzido perante a comunidade especializada e as autoridades públicas, suportes estes fundamentais para sua apresentação à sociedade em geral como portadores do saber oficial da arte de medicar. Tais eventos fizeram parte de um movimento mais amplo de internacionalização e organização do campo profissional da medicina na América Latina. O artigo sugere ainda que as atividades desenvolvidas durante esses eventos tiveram papel central na difusão de idéias e na troca de experiências entre os países latino-americanos, caracterizando uma rede de intercâmbios científicos no continente.

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FOKKEMA, DOUWE. "Focus: China, tradition and modernity Introduction". European Review 11, n.º 2 (maio de 2003): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798703000176.

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This Introduction was written in November 2002, when the 16th Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was being held where more than 2000 delegates (representing 66 million Party members) decided on future policies and changes in the leadership. The way these decisions were prepared and endorsed reminds us how China differs from Western democracies. However, apart from the political structures, to what extent is China different?The following five essays, all written by Chinese scholars, allow us a glimpse into contemporary Chinese culture through informative reports on philosophy, cultural studies, fiction, gender construction and women's poetry, and traditional Chinese medicine. Of course, these articles are far from covering all aspects, or even all major aspects, of Chinese culture, yet they offer us views of specific areas by experts who, from their insiders' vantage points, lead us into the heart of the intellectual debate in contemporary China.Although the authors of these essays, with few exceptions, hesitate to generalize on present conditions and possible future scenarios, their arguments have something in common and suggest, perhaps unknowingly, important clues for understanding Chinese culture. When reading these essays, I am struck by the following, recurrent aspects.

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Willett, Walter C. "Convergence of philosophy and science: the Third International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 1999): 434s—438s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.3.434s.

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Rodin, Andrei V. "The Second International Congress of Russian Society for History and Philosophy of Science". Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki 42, n.º 1 (2021): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020596060014104-6.

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Murod, Ma'mun. "Pancasila Implementation Strategy as Dar al-ahdi wa al-syahadah". BASKARA : Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship 4, n.º 2 (29 de abril de 2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.54268/baskara.4.2.111-129.

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Pancasila has become an agreement as the final form of state philosophy or ideology. Pancasila is considered a "middle way". Muhammadiyah as an important actor in the process of formulating Pancasila feels it is important to maintain Pancasila as the basis of the state. The 47th Muhammadiyah congress in Makassar 2015, Muhammadiyah decided to make Pancasila as Dār Al-Ahdi Wa Al-Syahādah. There are many challenges facing Pancasila. Some are ideological and some are practical. The ideological challenges are relatively reduced as the commitment of Islamic organizations such as Muhammadiyah to Pancasila. On the other hand, the practical challenges related to the implementation of Pancasila are even greater.

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Manchester, Ralph A. "Looking at Musicians' Health through the “Ages”". Medical Problems of Performing Artists 24, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2009): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2009.2013.

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This month's editorial is based on a presentation that I did at the International Congress on Music Physiology and Musicians Medicine, which was held in Freiburg, Germany, in late March. Stimulated by some recent articles published in MPPA, I attempted to review what we know about the pattern of performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) among instrumental musicians over the lifespan. For the purposes of this review, I have not made any attempt to do a rigorous critique of the methods used in each study, but there are some key definitions and terminology that are relevant. Since even small differences in terminology can produce significant variation in the results, this adds to the difficulty of drawing conclusions from the studies published to date.

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Iovine, Maria Fiammetta. "La Luce (1698) by Giovanni Michele Milani – A Final Attempt at Reconciling Atomism and Religion in Seventeenth-Century Rome?" Early Science and Medicine 28, n.º 2 (10 de julho de 2023): 172–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20230074.

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Abstract In the poem La Luce, composed in 1685 and dedicated to Christina of Sweden, Giovanni Michele Milani propounds a mechanical and vitalist (meta-)physics of light that complies with Christian tenets by adopting a peculiar version of Democritean atomism. His lecture for the Roman Simposiaci Academy indicates the extent of Milani’s dissatisfaction with Aristotelian philosophy. While he attended the Physico-mathematical Academy and the heterodox Congresso medico romano, he nevertheless, signed La Luce – published posthumously in 1698 with a preface by Francesco Redi – as “Accademico Umorista.” When we examine La Luce together with some excerpts of the unpublished work of Milani’s friend and fellow member of this literary institution – the Dialoghi eruditi by Giuseppe Giusto Guaccimanni – we are presented with an interesting cultural scenario. It would seem that some Umoristi might have joined the Queen in the effort to devise a Christian experimental philosophy which was open to alchemy. The posthumous publication of the poem may well have been triggered by the rivalry between the Umoristi and the Academy of the Arcadia.

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Carlos, Anderson Ricardo, Fernanda Franzolin e Márcia Helena Alvim. "Problematizações das relações de gênero no primeiro Congresso Brasileiro de Eugenia: status da mulher, determinação de sexo biológico e controle reprodutivo". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 27, n.º 3 (setembro de 2020): 781–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702020000400005.

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Resumo O artigo problematiza as relações de gênero no primeiro Congresso Brasileiro de Eugenia, realizado no Rio de Janeiro, em 1929. Abalizadas como a maior manifestação pública do movimento eugênico no Brasil, as Atas e Trabalhos do Congresso foram foco de uma análise das questões de gênero expressas sob o espectro de intrínsecas concepções sobre hereditariedade e reprodução. As problematizações empreendidas se empenham em discutir, por meio do trabalho de diversos participantes do congresso, o papel e o status da mulher na eugenia brasileira, o controle reprodutivo no Brasil e a relação entre os estudos envolvendo a determinação de sexo biológico e a melhora da raça humana.

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Hinkamp, David. "SaludarteHabana 2016: International Congress on Diseases and Rehabilitation of Professionals in the Arts". Medical Problems of Performing Artists 32, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2017): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2017.3031.

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The International Congress on Diseases and Rehabilitation of Professionals in the Arts was marked with a 1-year celebration recently by PAMA member Dr. Luis Heredia and his colleagues in Havana, Cuba. The 2016 International Congress brought 158 participants to Havana from 16 countries, including 10 Latin American countries. The program consisted of 2 days of hands-on workshops and 3 days of formal presentations with simultaneous translation into Spanish and English.

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Lubis, Ikhsan, e Anju Nofarof Hasudungan. "Yamin’s sociocultural and mythical creation of colonized Indonesia by the Dutch for 350 years". Malala 10, n.º 13 (17 de novembro de 2022): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2446-5240.malala.2022.195498.

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This research aims to assess Muhammad Yamin’s sociocultural aspects in the process of developing the 350-year Dutch colonization of Indonesia myth. Descriptive qualitative research and Kuntowijoyo’s socio-cultural approach were used. A bibliographic search, document analysis, and data from the 1957 first national history congress, and M. Yamin’s profiles and academic manuscripts were used. Our results show that the myth of the 350-year Dutch colonization of Indonesia was deliberately created in 1936 to weaken the fighting spirit and unity of the Indonesian people. Then, M. Yamin adopted the myth to foster a fighting spirit of nationalism, patriotism, and unity in the Indonesian people during the colonial period. Critical historians eventually began to challenge Yamin’s version of philosophy of history. Moreover, G.J. Resink, in 1968, studied the myth of the 350-year Dutch colonization of Indonesia, successfully dispelling it. Finally, Indonesia accepted Resink and other researchers’ findings as a new historical fact in 2012.

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Cardoso, Luciene Pereira Carris. "Os congressos brasileiros de geografia entre 1909 e 1944". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 18, n.º 1 (março de 2011): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702011000100006.

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Analisa a promoção dos congressos brasileiros de geografia pela Sociedade de Geografia do Rio de Janeiro entre 1909 e 1944, identificando algumas permanências e rupturas. A análise desses encontros científicos revela não apenas a preocupação com o estado da arte ou a evolução da disciplina. Eles constituem um bom termômetro para se avaliar as transformações que se operavam no país, nos âmbitos social, econômico e político.

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Miranda, Aristóteles Guilliod de, José Maria de Castro Abreu Jr e Érico Silva Muniz. "Ingredientes de um prato exótico: saúde e alimentação em pauta no primeiro Congresso Médico Amazônico (Belém, 1939)". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 27, n.º 1 (março de 2020): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702020000100013.

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Resumo O artigo apresenta o contexto de organização e realização do primeiro Congresso Médico Amazônico, ocorrido na cidade de Belém, em agosto de 1939. Inserido na tradição da divulgação científica de seu tempo, o evento reuniu parte das elites médicas da região e contou com a participação de convidados reconhecidos nacional e internacionalmente, entre eles Josué de Castro e Dante Costa. Tendo como principais fontes os materiais impressos produzidos pelo congresso e as notícias veiculadas nos jornais paraenses, este texto examina a concentração de debates sobre as carências alimentares da Amazônia observando a compreensão acadêmica e política das faces do fenômeno para a região.

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Sans-Ponseti, Cristina. "Del Instituto Central de Análisis Clínicos, Bacteriológicos y Químicos de Barcelona a la transfusión de sangre: las tecnologías médicas del Dr. Josep Antoni Grifols Roig (1909-1939)". Asclepio 74, n.º 1 (26 de maio de 2022): p582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2022.03.

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¿En qué contexto llegaron los desarrollos tecnocientíficos que hicieron posibles las transfusiones sanguíneas durante la primera mitad del siglo XX? ¿En qué trabajaban los médicos transfusores barceloneses antes de que la hemoterapia se profesionalizara? En este artículo intentamos resolver estas preguntas para el caso concreto del Instituto Central de Análisis Clínicos, Bacteriológicos y Químicos de Barcelona (1909-1939), dirigido por el doctor Josep Antoni Grifols Roig (1885-1976). Sus primeras patentes del test de Wassermann para la detección de la sífilis, o la técnica del aglutino-diagnóstico, nos indican cómo la sangre era concebida, en primer lugar, como una tecnología propia del laboratorio. Y para la obtención de muestras óptimas, fue necesario que Grifols desarrollara sus propias tecnologías médicas. Todo esto le reportó, además de un prestigio como médico analista, el conocimiento necesario para adaptar rápidamente su actividad a la medicina transfusional. Durante la década de los veinte, patentó el primer sistema de transfusión indirecta de España, que junto a sus sueros control, empezaron a convertir la sangre en un auténtico medicamento, utilizado para sanar. Las fuentes utilizadas son principalmente las contenidas en el Archivo Histórico Grifols, así como las actas de los primeros congresos de médicos en lengua catalana.

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Griffin, Karin L. "Citation analysis for core journals in educational leadership". Collection Building 35, n.º 1 (4 de janeiro de 2016): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cb-07-2015-0014.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish a core serials list for “Single doctoral”, Carnegie classification universities offering Doctor of Education (EdD) programs in educational leadership based on a sample of six institutions over a six-year period. Design/methodology/approach – A citation analysis was used using a descriptive research design. The population was all dissertations accepted for the award of the EdD degree in Educational Leadership from 2005 to 2010 at six peer institutions. From this population, 20 dissertations from each institution were randomly selected during the period under study. Data were extracted from the title pages and reference lists. Extracted data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Serial titles were ranked according to a frequency-weighted index formula, which recorded the serial titles cited by the greatest percentage of students. Findings – It was found that the serials with the highest frequency weight depended, in part, on the period studied. The findings also showed that 84.2 per cent of the serial citations were represented by four Library of Congress classification areas: education (L); social sciences (H); medicine (R) and philosophy, psychology and religion (B). In addition, it was found that EdD students cited serials aged 10 years or less more than other sources of information materials. Originality/value – While other citation analyses of dissertations have been done, including some that compare dissertations at more than one institution, the author could find no other study of EdD dissertations, specifically, across a nationwide group of peer institutions. Further, the author could find no other citation analysis covering as many as six continuous years, which made a difference in the most frequently cited serial titles.

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James, D. Geraint. "International Medical Congress, London 1881". Journal of Medical Biography 17, n.º 4 (novembro de 2009): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2009.009035.

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van Ruysseveldt, Peter. "Het Constitutioneel Kader van de Demokratische Arabische Republiek Der Sahra Wi’s". Afrika Focus 10, n.º 3-4 (2 de fevereiro de 1994): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0100304005.

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The Constitutional Framework of the Democratic Arabic Republic of the Sahra Wi’s Each constitution is a juridical source of standards. Moreover, each constitution is also a political instrument which expresses a certain political philosophy. The analysis of a constitution produces views concerning the real or ideal political regime, the internal relations of power attendant upon it, the way on which the individual participates in the exercise of the political and real power, ... February 1976, the Democratic Arabic Republic of the Sahrawi's was proclaimed and the first constitution was promulgated. During its congress, August 1976, the Polisario Front voted a second constitution. Responding to the changed -and changing- international context, at which the accession of the Democratic Arabic Republic of the Sahrawi's to the Organisation of African Unity was a matter of great importance, a brand new constitution was promulgated. This constitution has force of law as long as the obtaining of independence for the Sahrawi-people isn’t reached. In 1991 a new constitution was promulgated. This constitution seems to have all the stipulations, needed to be a ‘good’ democratic constitution. Therefore, it's now up to the Sahrawi’s to realise this good intentions and to fill them in correctly.

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Nunes, Maria de Fátima, e Elisabete Pereira. "Materialidades e cultura científica transnacional dos objetos: o 12º Congresso Internacional de Zoologia, Lisboa, 1935". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 29, n.º 3 (setembro de 2022): 853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702022000300015.

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Resumo O 12º Congresso Internacional de Zoologia realizou-se em Lisboa, em 1935. Da sua memória concreta constam insígnias – estrela-do-mar – e caricaturas de zoólogos. A partir de investigação no Arquivo do Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência/Universidade de Lisboa, pretendemos interrogar a cenografia material, pensada pelo zoólogo Artur Ricardo Jorge pela aproximação epistémica às potencialidades da biografia de objetos científicos. Esta nota de pesquisa pretende deixar a marca de um discurso científico traduzido em materialidades de circulação em espaço público, na Europa globalizante dos anos 1930, com referências de poder científico, no contexto do Estado Novo português, inaugurado, constitucionalmente, em 1933.

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Anwar, Salman, Waris Khan e Saeed Ullah. "Impact of Khilafat Movement on the politics of British India (1920-1940): a descriptive and exploratory analysis". Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 4, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2023): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/4.1.8.

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Khilafat Movement was started in British India immediately after the end of the First World War (1914-18). Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Maulana Shaukat Ali, the graduates of Sir Syed Muslim Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College, were its founding leaders. It got mass recognition when the Indian National Congress, under the leadership of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, joined the Movement. It also provided a solid platform for propagating his famous political philosophy of non-violence. Unfortunately, when the Movement was at its peak, Gandhi separated himself from it based on his non-violence approach. This study is focused on the impacts of the Khilafat Movement on Indian politics during the period 1920-40. The descriptive and exploratory method was adopted to analyze the results of the Movement. Religious movements like Shuddhi, Sanghatan and Tablighi Movement, and the religious political party, Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, were founded during and after the Movement. The Jamia Millia Islamia was founded against the Muslim University Ali Garh. The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), initially a Hindu reformist movement, which later became a violent extremist group, was founded in 1925. Hindu-Muslim riots started after this Movement at regular intervals, which never ended till the partition of India in 1947.

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Gashegu, J. "Developing an Anatomy Unit in Rwanda: Overcoming Challenges". Rwanda Medical Journal 80, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2023): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v80i1.15.

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Rwanda, the historical background reveals that anatomy was introduced into the medical program 6 years after the beginning of medical education. The development of the clinical anatomy unit started in 2002. Initially, the anatomical specimen was collected from amputated limbs and body organs from an autopsy.Growing the field of anatomy in Rwanda has been a long journey guided by a constant commitment by the pioneers. The process was based on a guiding philosophy of delivering anatomy relevant to the clinical practice. The cadaver dissection practice is a gold standard for a challenging task. It needs strategies to build a system that facilitates the acquisition of cadavers, its processing, and the use and disposal of remains in human conditions. A law that regulates the use of human bodies, organs, and tissues in teaching and research was promulgated in 2010, and signed MoU on the supply of cadavers for teaching purposes with various hospitals in Rwanda.In 2020, the Society of Clinical Anatomy of Rwanda (S-CAR) was founded to promote the growth of anatomical sciences and create a community for anatomy in Rwanda. The regular organization of surgical anatomy dissection courses has positively impacted the surgical trainees’ skills and anatomy delivery. Despite the challenges, anatomy is alive in Rwanda, as testified to by the successful organization of the First Anatomy Annual Congress in October 2022.

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Murod, Ma'mun, Tria Patrianti, Lusi Andriyani, Usni Usni e Djoni Gunanto. "Pancasila Implementation Strategy as Dar al-ahdi wa al-syahadah". BASKARA : Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship 4, n.º 2 (29 de abril de 2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.54268/baskara.v4i2.12498.

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Pancasila has become an agreement as to the final form of state philosophy or ideology. Pancasila is considered a "middle way". Muhammadiyah, as an important actor in the process of formulating Pancasila, feels it is important to maintain Pancasila as the basis of the state. At the 47th Muhammadiyah congress in Makassar, 2015, Muhammadiyah decided to make Pancasila as Dār Al-Ahdi Wa Al-Syahādah. This paper examines the Pancasila Implementation Strategy as Dār Al-Ahdi Wa Al-Syahādah to provide solutions to the ideological and practical problems of Pancasila. There are many challenges facing Pancasila. Some are ideological and some are practical. The ideological challenges are relatively reduced as a result of the commitment of Islamic organizations such as Muhammadiyah to Pancasila. On the other hand, the practical challenges related to the implementation of Pancasila are even greater. For example, Pancasila has played a role in Indonesian economic policies in dealing with COVID-19, business monopolies and oligarchs, and eradicating corruption?. This study uses the Literature Review method for meta-analysis of data by reviewing several articles in national and international journals. The conclusion is that the Pancasila problem is more related to the implementation of the values contained in the Pancasila precepts. The very great values of Pancasila are not able to colour the life of the nation and state.

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Fiori, Angelo. "Congresso Internazionale sulla assistenza al morente". Medicina e Morale 41, n.º 3 (30 de junho de 1992): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.1992.1098.

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Campos, Murillo de. "O grupo das esquizofrenias ou demência precoce: relatório apresentado ao III Congresso Brasileiro de Neurologia, Psiquiátrica e Medicina Legal. Rio de Janeiro. Julho de 1929". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 17, suppl 2 (dezembro de 2010): 709–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702010000600030.

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Maia, João Marcelo Ehlert. "A sociologia latino-americana na Guerra Fria Cultural: Florestan Fernandes, Aldo Solari e o Ilari". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 29, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2022): 915–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702022000400003.

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Resumo O que a colaboração entre Florestan Fernandes, Aldo Solari e o Instituto Latino-americano de Relações Internacionais, órgão do Congresso pela Liberdade da Cultura, explica sobre as ideias do sociólogo entre 1969 e 1972? A análise de documentos oficiais do instituto e correspondências e textos de Florestan e Solari sugere que esse episódio revela um sociólogo preocupado com a manutenção de espaços científicos num continente marcado pelo autoritarismo, o que permite matizar a periodização entre fases “acadêmico-reformista” e “político-revolucionária”. Argumenta-se que, do ponto de vista do instituto, a parceria com Florestan era crucial para produzir legitimidade intelectual para suas ações.

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Fischer, Georg. "Minério de ferro, geologia econômica e redes de expertsentre Wisconsin e Minas Gerais, 1881-1914". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 21, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2014): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702014005000003.

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O presente artigo trata da “descoberta” do minério de ferro brasileiro a partir de duas perspectivas. A primeira analisa a crescente ênfase das geociências em sua aplicação prática e em sua globalidade desde a segunda metade do século XIX. Enquanto no Brasil a geologia econômica foi integrada passo a passo às instituições do Estado, no nível global ela viveu momento de triunfo com o 11o Congresso Geológico Internacional, em 1910. A segunda trata de uma rede social específica com papel decisivo na corrida pelo minério de ferro brasileiro: experts transnacionais movimentandose entre as lógicas do mercado e as da academia. O artigo mostra a importância das negociações locais na incorporação do subsolo mineiro ao espaço global de mineração.

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Prutsch, Ursula. "Migrantes na periferia: indígenas, europeus e japoneses no Paraná durante as primeiras décadas do século XX". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 21, n.º 1 (14 de fevereiro de 2014): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702014005000005.

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Analisa os processos de transformação cultural no Brasil realizados por imigrantes europeus e japoneses, que trouxeram padrões culturais e identidades distintas e se transformaram pela interação com a(s) cultura(s) da sociedade receptora. Tomando como exemplo o estado do Paraná, o artigo oferece um mosaico de culturas em transição por meio do estudo de micro-histórias. Aborda o enfrentamento entre austro-poloneses e austro-ucranianos com os índios botocudos; o discurso de Alberto Frič sobre as perseguições bugreiras no 16o Congresso Internacional de Americanistas em Viena; a colonização no norte do Paraná por europeus; a imigração japonesa como um elemento do “outro exótico”, assim como os conflitos políticos na colônia pluriétnica de Rolândia.

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Rayez, Federico. "Recomendaciones internacionales y debates locales en torno a la creación de la Escuela de Salud Pública de Buenos Aires, 1958". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 27, n.º 1 (março de 2020): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702020000100008.

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Resumen El artículo analiza las condiciones de emergencia de la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Buenos Aires hacia fines de los años 1950. Ésta tuvo como objetivo ofrecer formación académica de posgrado a médicos y a otros profesionales en bioestadística, administración sanitaria, dirección de hospitales, epidemiología y ciencias sociales, en el marco de un “Diplomado en Salud Pública”. Nuestro trabajo ubica el nacimiento de la institución en el contexto de las recomendaciones y debates que distintas agencias internacionales realizaron sobre la educación médica y la gestión de políticas sanitarias en América Latina. A través de publicaciones, actas de congresos e informes técnicos intentamos reconstruir dichas discusiones y sus ecos en la Argentina de los años 1950.

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Rudenko, Sergii, e Liudmyla Yevdokymova. "MODERNISATION FEATURES OF SOCIALISM WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS DOCTRINE IN THE NEW ERA (following the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China)". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Philosophy, n.º 7 (2022): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2523-4064.2022/7-6/11.

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This article presents an analytical overview of the critical modernisation features of Socialism with Chinese characteristics doctrine in the new era, which was proposed at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The authors reconstructed and systematically represented the central philosophical and political principles of the doctrine of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the context of the fundamental principles of Chinese Marxism. The authors also analysed and presented in a systematic form the essence and basic theoretical principles of the concept of Socialism with Chinese characteristics following Xi Jinping's works and reports. The study includes a comparative analysis that concludes with the critical features of the modern concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics. These features embrace the need for constant modernisation of the very doctrine of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the state management system, as well as social and cultural practices, which are possible through the implementation of innovations and the integration of modern philosophical thought with traditional Chinese philosophy and culture. The article concludes that the main feature of the modernisation of Socialism with Chinese characteristics at the current stage reveals in the development and implementation of a system of creative practices at the level of everyday culture, high-tech sectors of social production and the practice of intercultural communication within the framework of China's Belt and Road Initiative. In the discussion, the authors argue that implementing creative practices and creative industries could become an effective tool for developing China's Belt and Road Initiative in European countries and improving mutual understanding in the intercultural communication practices between China, European countries, and Ukraine.

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Dias, André Luís Mattedi. "As fundadoras do Instituto de Matemática e Física da Universidade da Bahia". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 7, n.º 3 (fevereiro de 2001): 653–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702001000600005.

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É surpreendente a presença de mulheres no corpo discente do curso de matemática da Faculdade de Filosofia da Universidade da Bahia (FF/UFBA). Ainda hoje elas concentram-se em áreas tradicionalmente tidas como femininas e os homens predominam nas áreas matemáticas. Examinei depoimentos de algumas mulheres que cursaram matemática e que depois tornaram-se professoras da FF. Para elas, a matemática não significou apenas uma opção pelo magistério no ensino médio. Tornaram-se a maioria do corpo docente de matemática da FF e do Instituto de Matemática e Física (IMF), fundado em 1960. Sigo a trajetória delas, inicialmente como estudantes, depois como assistentes e professoras, e finalmente como fundadoras do IMF. Destaque especial para Martha Maria de Souza Dantas, organizadora do I Congresso Brasileiro de Ensino da matemática, evento que desencadeou o processo de fundação do IMF; e para Arlete Cerqueira Lima, articuladora do processo que resultou na fundação do IMF.

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Milkis, Sidney M. "The Presidency, Democratic Reform, and Constitutional Change". PS 20, n.º 3 (1987): 628–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030826900628400.

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Recent events have rendered the politics and governance of the American presidency a source of scorn and derision. While the nation seeks to come to terms with problems of the most serious magnitude in domestic and foreign affairs, the incumbent of the nation's highest office is crippled by a byzantine arms scandal. Moreover, the candidacy of the opposition's “front-runner” for the 1988 presidential nomination has been derailed by a scandal sufficiently salacious to displace as the focus of the media's attention the first week of congressional hearings that are investigating the Iran-Contra affair.These developments represent an extraordinarily sharp shift in perceptions about the state of the presidency and American politics. Until the Iran-Contra revelations, many statesmen and scholars credited the Reagan Administration with suspending the paralysis that seemed to grip the nation during the post-Watergate years. For example, a survey of political scientists carried out by the National Journal in 1985 revealed that even many scholars who opposed Reagan's policies granted that the president had shown impressive leadership ability in dominating the government's agenda and mastering the Congress (National Journal, April 6, 1985, 743–747). Yet the Iran-Contra affair has apparently spoiled the Reagan legacy, belying the prospects for an enduring restoration of the presidency and a renewed sense of national purpose. The rapid demise of Senator Hart's candidacy reaffirmed that presidential politics was once again mired in issues of personality and institutional disarray. Indeed, the extreme scrutiny of Hart's “private” activities highlighted the ongoing lack of commitment in American politics to a public philosophy, as well as the absence of institutional strength necessary to cultivate and sustain a coherent sense of national purpose (Brinkley, 1987).

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