Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Médecine prédictive – Méthodes statistiques"
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Koskas, Martin. "Utilisation et développement d'outils statistiques pour la prédiction individuelle du statut ganglionnaire dans le cancer de l'endomètre". Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0038.
Texto completo da fonteEndometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract. Lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors. However, the therapeutic role of lymphadenectomy is still debated.We developed the score PREGE, able to predict lymph node metastasis based on pathological hysterectomy characteristics in endometrial cancer. Data from almost 20,000 patients who underwent hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy were analyzed and significant prognostic features were selected: final pathological characteristics (histologic type, grade and primary site tumoral extension) and patients’ characteristics (age and race). In a French multicentric cohort, the nomogram showed good discrimination (AUC=0.79 ) and was well calibrated.Lymph node metastasis prediction by the score using preoperative data was as accurate as that obtained using the final tumor characteristics. With a cut-off value of 100 points for the total score, the negative predictive value was 100%.Patients were clustered into quintiles according to their lymph node metastasis probability. The cancer related survival was compared based on whether patients underwent lymphadenectomy. In the five quintile groups, the specific survival rate was significantly higher in the patients who did not undergo lymphadenectomy. However, when lymph node letastatic probabilityexceeded 20%, specific survival was higher in patients in whom at least 10 lymph nodes were removed.PREGE score could be useful to select few patients who will really benefit from lymphadenectomy and avoid lymphadenectomy in most patients with endometrial cancer
Harrison, Josquin. "Imagerie médicale, formes et statistiques pour la prédiction du risque d'accident vasculaire cérébral dans le cadre de la fibrillation atriale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ4027.
Texto completo da fonteAtrial Fibrillation (AF) is a complex heart disease of epidemic proportions. It is characterized by chaotic electrical activation which creates a haemodynamic environment prone to clot formation and an increase in risk of ischemic strokes. Although treatments and interventions exist to reduce stroke incidence, they often imply an increase in risk of other complications or consist in invasive procedures. As so, attempts of stratifying stroke risk in AF is of crucial importance for clinical decision-making. However, current widely used risk scores only rely on basic patient information and show poor performance. Importantly, no known markers reflect the mechanistic process of stroke, all the while more and more patient data is routinely available. In parallel, many clinical experts have hypothesized that the Left Atrium (LA) has an important role in stroke occurrence, yet have only relied on subjective measures to verify it. In this study, we aim at taking advantage of the evolving patient imaging stratification to substantiate this claim. Linking the anatomy of the LA to the risk of stroke can directly be translated into a geometric problem. Thankfully, the study and analysis of shapes knows a long-standing mathematical history, in theory as well as application, of which we can take full advantage. We first walk through the many facets of shape analysis, to realise that, while powerful, global methods lack clinically meaningful interpretations. We then set out to use these general tools to build a compact representation specific to the LA, enabling a more interpretable study. This first attempt allows us to identify key facts for a realistic solution to the study of the LA. Amongst them, any tool we build must be fast and robust enough for potentially large and prospective studies. Since the computational crux of our initial pipeline lies in the semantic segmentation of the anatomical parts of the LA, we focus on the use of neural networks specifically designed for surfaces to accelerate this problem. In particular, we show that representing input shapes using principal curvature is a better choice than what is currently used, regardless the architecture. As we iteratively update our pipeline, we further the use of the semantic segmentation and the compact representation by proposing a set of expressive geometric features describing the LA which are well in line with clinicians expectations yet offering the possibility for robust quantitative analysis. We make use of these local features and shed light on the complex relations between LA shape and stroke incidence, by conducting statistical analysis and classification using decision tree based methods. Results yield valuable insights for stroke prediction: a list of shape features directly linked to stroke patients; features that explain important indicators of haemodynamic disorder; and a better understanding of the impact of AF state related LA remodelling. Finally, we discuss other possible use of the set of tools developed in this work, from larger cohorts study, to the integration into multi-modal models, as well as opening possibilities for precise sensitivity analysis of haemodynamic simulation, a valuable next step to better understand the mechanistic process of stroke
Louis, Maxime. "Méthodes numériques et statistiques pour l'analyse de trajectoire dans un cadre de géométrie Riemannienne". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS570.
Texto completo da fonteThis PhD proposes new Riemannian geometry tools for the analysis of longitudinal observations of neuro-degenerative subjects. First, we propose a numerical scheme to compute the parallel transport along geodesics. This scheme is efficient as long as the co-metric can be computed efficiently. Then, we tackle the issue of Riemannian manifold learning. We provide some minimal theoretical sanity checks to illustrate that the procedure of Riemannian metric estimation can be relevant. Then, we propose to learn a Riemannian manifold so as to model subject's progressions as geodesics on this manifold. This allows fast inference, extrapolation and classification of the subjects
Arimone, Yannick. "Elaboration et validation d'une nouvelle méthode d'imputabilité en pharmacovigilance". Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21158.
Texto completo da fonteWe propose a new approach for the assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), based on the logistic function, in which seven operational criteria were weighted in a regression model by using a consensus of experts as gold standard. A sample of 30 ADRs involving to 32 suspect drugs was randomly selected from the French pharmacovigilance database. The probability of drug causation was assessed by consensus by a first group of five senior experts using global introspection. This probability was used as gold standard. A second group of five senior experts assessed the seven criteria for each case. The statistical weighting was performed by using a multi-linear regression with logit(p) as dependent variable and the 7 seven judgement as independent variables. After assessment of the validity and reliability of the new method, a final and operational version was retained and proposed as routine tool
Hannequin, Pascal. "Applications des méthodes statistiques d'analyse multivariée au traitement des séries d'images en médecine nucléaire et en microscopie électronique". Reims, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REIMS006.
Texto completo da fonteElfassihi, Latifa. "Modèles d'analyse simultanée et conditionnelle pour évaluer les associations entre les haplotypes des gènes de susceptibilité et les traits des maladies complexes : Application aux gènes candidats de l'ostéoporose". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27404/27404.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteCarene, Dimitri. "Décrypter la réponse thérapeutique des tumeurs en intégrant des données moléculaires, pharmacologiques et cliniques à l’aide de méthodes statistiques et informatiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS589.
Texto completo da fonteCancer is the most frequent cause of death in the world, with 8.2 million death / year. Large-scale genome studies have shown that each cancer is characterized by a unique genomic profile. This has led to the development of precision medicine, which aims at targeting treatment using tumor genomic alterations that are patient-specific. In hormone-receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative early breast cancer, clinicopathologic characteristics are not sufficient to fully explain the risk of distant relapse, despite their well-established prognostic value. The main objective of this thesis project was to use statistical and computational methods to assess to what extent genomic alterations are involved in distant breast cancer relapse in addition to classic prognostic clinicopathologic parameters. This project used clinical and genomic data (i.e., copy numbers and driver gene mutations) from the PACS04 and METABRIC trial.In the first part of my thesis project, I first evaluated prognostic value of copy numbers of predefined genes including FGFR1, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1; CCND1, Cyclin D1; ZNF217, Zinc Finger Protein 217; ERBB2 or HER2, Human Epidermal Growth Factor, as well as a panel of driver gene mutations. Results from the PACS04 trial showed that FGFR1 amplification increases the risk of distant relapse, whereas mutations of MAP3K1 decrease the risk of relapse. Second, a genomic score based on FGFR1 and MAP3K1, allowed to identify three levels of risk of distant relapse: low risk (patients with a MAP3K1 mutation), moderate risk (patients without FGFR1 copy number aberration and without MAP3K1 mutation) and high risk (patients with FGFR1 amplification and without MAP3K1 mutation). Finally, this genomic score was validated in METABRIC, a publicly available database. In the second part of my thesis project, new prognostic genomic biomarkers of survival were identified using penalized methods of LASSO type, taking into account the block structure of the data.Keywords: Copy number aberrations (CNA), mutations, breast cancer (BC), biomarkers, variable selection methods, dimension reduction, cox regression
Lefèvre, Thomas. "Principes de méthodes " non classiques, non statistiques et massivement multivariées " et de réduction de la complexité. Applications en épidémiologie sociale et en médecine légale". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066336/document.
Texto completo da fonteSocial epidemiology and clinical legal medicine are hybrid objects that articulate several fields, accounting for social and interpersonal relationships. The complexity that characterizes them both is investigated through different viewpoints, scales and dimensions: the individual scale, the group scale and the society scale. The techniques used in biomedicine are not designed to properly deal with such a complexity, in a non-normative way. A wide range of alternative non-statistical, “non-classical” methods exist that can process simultaneously various dimensions so that we can reduce the apparent complexity of data while discovering scientific objects. Here, we present the principles and the use of clustering techniques, applied to social epidemiology. We applied different clustering techniques on data from the SIRS cohort to build a typology of healthcare utilization in the Paris metropolitan area. From an epistemological and technical viewpoint, we explain why these methods should take place beside other recognized but limited techniques such as randomized controlled trials. We introduce another but complementary kind of complexity reduction technique. The concept of intrinsic dimension is explained – the littlest dimension needed to describe properly data – and nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques are applied in clinical legal medicine. With these tools, we explore whether the integration of multiple information sources is relevant in age estimation of living migrants. Finally, we discuss the pros and cons of these methods, as well as the opportunities they may create for both fields of social epidemiology and clinical legal medicine
Petit-Graffard, Claude. "Les Méthodes bayésiennes dans les essais cliniques multicritères à visée pharmaco-économique : cas d'un essai sur la schizophrénie". Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T003.
Texto completo da fonteAhmadou, Alioum. "Méthodes statistiques pour données tronquées et censurées : application à l'estimation de la durée d'incubation du sida et à la correction de l'incidence du sida en fonction des délais de report". Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28303.
Texto completo da fonteGiorgi, Roch. "Analyses comparatives des méthodes de survie et extensions d'un modèle régressif de survie relative : prise en compte de la non-proportionnalité des risques par des fonctions B-splines et développement d'une méthode d'analyse bayésienne". Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX20669.
Texto completo da fonteRascle, Claire. "Etude de l'inhibition latente dans la schizophrénie : Analyse des performances dans un paradigme de détection de contingence et de conditionnement classique". Strasbourg 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13196.
Texto completo da fonteYavchitz, Amélie. "Communication des Résultats Scientifiques dans les Essais Randomisés Contrôlés et les Revues Systématiques". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC272.
Texto completo da fonteRandomized controlled trials (RCT) and systematic reviews and meta-analyses are the cornerstones of therapeutic evaluation because they are considered to provide the highest level of evidence. An accurate and complete presentation by authors of all the important information in report of such studies is essential to allow a critical eppraisal of the study by readers. We defme spin as a specific way of reporting, deliberate or not, that can lead to a "beautification" of the data. No study evaluated the dissemination of spin and their impact on die study's interpretation. Furthermore, several studies focused on different elements that can affect the interpretation of research results, but none assessed the impact of adding a limitation section in abstract of systematic reviews. Finally, spin are frequent and classification was developed for spin in RCTs, however no classification of spin in systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been proposed. Our work showed that 1) spin are disseminated in press releases and news and they are associated with an overestimation of the beneficial effect of treatment, 2) the addition of a limitation section in abstract of systematic reviews and meta-analysis does not impact the confidence in the study results by readers. Finally, we developed a classification scheme of spin in systematic reviews and meta-analyzes, and we ranked spin in abstract according to their perceived severity (i. E. The likelihood to distort the interpretation of the review)
Touhami, Wala. "Identification et classification automatique de régions d'intérêt dans des images tomographiques : Application aux kystes du rein". Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1644.
Texto completo da fonteThe availability of large and steadily growing amounts of digital images in hospitals underline the need for the development of efficient and effective access method, like content-based image retrieval. Ln general, such a system is composed of an off line indexing stage, depending on the images database nature. Then the index is used on line in the retrieval process. We focus in this work on the first stage, we proposed an original approach, in a statistical framework, for fully automatic kidneys detection in 2D abdominal computed tomography images. Our approach involves two steps : a kidney localization step followed by a whole kidney detection step. The localization step makes use of spatial and gray-Ievels prior models built using a set of training images. The detection step is based on a set of learned if-then rules. We also worked on the classification problem of the detected kidneys into two classes : pathological and non pathological. To this end, we propose two indexing methods to construct the signatures coding the relevant information. The index is then used in a supervised classification technique to discriminate the kidney images. These approaches are tested on clinically acquired images and promising results are obtained
Cappelaere, Charles-Henri. "Estimation du risque de mort subite par arrêt cardiaque à l'aide de méthodes d'apprentissage artificiel". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00939082.
Texto completo da fonteCorteel, Mathieu. "Nosologie et probabilités. Une histoire épistémologique de la méthode numérique en médecine". Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040212.
Texto completo da fonteIn The Birth of The Clinic, Michel Foucault highlights the emergence of a medical gaze in the 19th-century that – by vanishing the theory at the patient's bedside – tries to speak the foreign language of the disease in the depth of organic tissues. With the development of anatomo-pathology, a form of medical nominalism progressively appears in opposition to the essentialist nosography of the 18th-century. This clinical medicine is shot-through by a concept often forgotten that is framed, however in the shadow of clinical medical knowledge and that prefigures its disappearance. This is the concept of "probability". Even though this concept is part of clinical medicine, the application of probability calculation fails to be part of medical knowledge. The 19th-century was the scene of a conflict over numerical conjecture that opposes "Numerists" and Hippocratic’s Clinician. The Ecole de Paris’s orthodoxy was then confronted with the emergence of the numerical method. The theoretical dispute that results from the application of the calculation of probabilities in medicine gives rise to this question: from what is only probable, can we know anything else than what is probable? Throughout the 19th-century, the numerical method is rejected on epistemological grounds. It is held not to fit with the positivity of medical science. In the treatment of epidemics, endemic diseases, and epizootics, public health services make use of it still. This confrontation between the individual and the collective in medicine gives rise to a new form of nosology in the 20th-century
Sun, Roger. "Utilisation de méthodes radiomiques pour la prédiction des réponses à l’immunothérapie et combinaisons de radioimmunothérapie chez des patients atteints de cancers Radiomics to Assess Tumor Infiltrating CD8 T-Cells and Response to Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy in Cancer Patients: An Imaging Biomarker Multi-Cohort Study Imagerie médicale computationnelle (radiomique) et potentiel en immuno-oncologie Radiomics to Predict Outcomes and Abscopal Response of Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy Combined with Radiotherapy Using a Validated Signature of CD8 Cells". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL023.
Texto completo da fonteWith the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy has profoundly changed the therapeutic strategy of many cancers. However, despite constant therapeutic progress and combinations of treatments such as radiotherapy and immunotherapy, the majority of patients treated do not benefit from these treatments. This explains the importance of research into innovative biomarkers of response to immunotherapyComputational medical imaging, known as radiomics, analyzes and translates medical images into quantitative data with the assumption that imaging reflects not only tissue architecture, but also cellular and molecular composition. This allows an in-depth characterization of tumors, with the advantage of being non-invasive allowing evaluation of tumor and its microenvironment, spatial heterogeneity characterization and longitudinal assessment of disease evolution.Here, we evaluated whether a radiomic approach could be used to assess tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and whether it could be associated with the response of patients treated with immunotherapy. In a second step, we evaluated the association of this radiomic signature with clinical response of patients treated with radiotherapy and immunotherapy, and we assessed whether it could be used to assess tumor spatial heterogeneity.The specific challenges raised by high-dimensional imaging data in the development of clinically applicable predictive tools are discussed in this thesis
Couffignal, Camille. "Variabilité de la réponse pharmacologique, modélisation et influence des plans expérimentaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UNIP5250.
Texto completo da fonteThe increasing number of patients with chronic diseases, most of whom are subject to long-term treatment, justifies the exploration and characterisation of phenotypic and genetic factors of pharmacological response. The identification and estimation of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic variability involved in the response to a treatment are essential steps in this exploration to achieve precision medicine. We studied the re-introduction of β-blockers after cardiac surgery in a prospective multicentre cohort of patients receiving chronic β-blocker therapy and who underwent cardiac surgery. With a landmark analysis, we have shown the efficacy of reintroducing β-blockers 72 hours after cardiac surgery on the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. We modelled, using a population approach, the serum, erythrocyte and urine concentration data of once-daily sustained-release lithium in bipolar patients undergoing treatment for at least two years. A clinical research protocol was then written, with an optimization of sampling times, based on the pharmacokinetic model obtained, to characterise inter- and intra-individual variability and to identify predictive factors of the prophylactic response to lithium. We evaluated, by simulation, the impact of the crossover versus parallel design, as well as the choice of statistical model during the analysis, in pharmacogenetic studies evaluating two treatments (candidate and reference) when a genetic polymorphism increases or not the efficacy of the candidate treatment compared to the reference. The results of this simulation study show that the choice of the model and the choice of the experimental design strongly affect not only the type I error and the power to detect a gene-treatment interaction, but also the correct allocation of the treatment. This work reinforces the need to use adequate statistical tools and experimental designs in the analysis of a clinical trial or pharmacoepidemiological study to characterize and quantify the variability of the pharmacological response
Gajda, Dorota. "Optimisation des méthodes algorithmiques en inférence bayésienne. Modélisation dynamique de la transmission d'une infection au sein d'une population hétérogène". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00659618.
Texto completo da fonteFrévent, Camille. "Contribution to spatial statistics for high-dimensional and survival data". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILS032.
Texto completo da fonteIn this thesis, we are interested in statistical spatial learning for high-dimensional and survival data. The objective is to develop unsupervised cluster detection methods by means of spatial scan statistics in the contexts of functional data analysis in one hand and survival data analysis in the other hand. In the first two chapters, we consider univariate and multivariate functional data measured spatially in a geographical area. We propose both parametric and nonparametric spatial scan statistics in this framework. These univariate and multivariate functional approaches avoid the loss of information respectively of a univariate method or a multivariate method applied on the average of the observations during the study period. We study the new methods' performances in simulation studies before applying them on economic and environmental real data. We are also interested in spatial cluster detection of survival data. Although there exist already spatial scan statistics approaches in this framework in the literature, these do not take into account a potential correlation of survival times between individuals of the same spatial unit. Moreover, the spatial nature of the data implies a potential dependence between the spatial units, which should be taken into account. The originality of our proposed method is to introduce a spatial scan statistic based on a Cox model with a spatial frailty, allowing to take into account both the potential correlation between the survival times of the individuals of the same spatial unit and the potential dependence between the spatial units. We compare the performances of this new approach with the existing methods and apply them on real data corresponding to survival times of elderly people with end-stage kidney failure in northern France. Finally, we propose a number of perspectives to our work, both in a direct extension of this thesis in the framework of spatial scan statistics for high-dimensional and survival data, but also perspectives in a broader context of unsupervised spatial analysis (spatial clustering for high-dimensional data (tensors)), and supervised spatial learning (regression)