Artigos de revistas: "Mathematicians as poets"

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Wolcott, F. Luke. "When Mathematicians Speak, What Do Poets and Musicians Hear?" Mathematical Intelligencer 39, n.º 4 (22 de novembro de 2017): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-017-9747-5.

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Nettle, Daniel. "Schizotypy and mental health amongst poets, visual artists, and mathematicians". Journal of Research in Personality 40, n.º 6 (dezembro de 2006): 876–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.004.

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Subbulakshmi, S. "Thirugnana Sambandhar - A Mathematician". Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 9, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2021): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v9i1.3991.

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India has been the Land of notable poets whose exemplary works are world renowned. One such great poet is Thirugnana Sambandhar. He is a saint, poet, philosopher, composer who belongs to 7th Century. He was born in Seerkaazhi of Tamilnadu. He had coined many Special Geometrical poetic structures like Thiru ezhukkootrirukkai (poem with mathematical Triangular Pattern), Maalai Maatru (a poem with palindromic Structure), Mozhi Maatru (a poem in which the meaning of the poem can be observed by a systematic Chane of words), Gomuthri (Flow of the poem in such a way it forms a wave line), Chakramaatru (a poem which is constructed in a circular form ). By the above mentioned amazing structure He has no parallels in the worlds poetry Thirugnana Sambandhar is the epitome of Tamil Literature has penned down many such extraordinary poems. A Mathematician is one who uses an extensive knowledge of Mathematics in their work. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space,models and change. Here in this poetic form Thiruezhukkootrirukkai Thirugnana Sambandhar had used numbers in a brilliant way to form a Triangle. This is called “Chitrakavi” in Tamil. By analyzing the whole poem we will get a geometrical structure. In this Thiruezhukkootrirukkai Thirugnana Sambandhar has constructed the words in such a way to form a symmetrical triangle. These triangle is arranged in a perfect mathematical calculation. This can be analysed through the law of binomial co- efficient. This is analysed and proved in this paper. Thirugnana Sambandhar belongs to 7th Century whereas the Scientist and Mathematician Pascal who discovered the law of Bi-nomial co-efficient belongs to 17th century. Other than this Mathematical diagram of triangle this poem has Palindromic numbers which add more beauty to this structure which is also a mathematical calculation. By constructing this amazing poetic structure Thirugnana Sambandhar proves beyond doubt that he is a “Mathematician” of India of the 7th Century itself who had applied the law of triangle earlier.

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Philo, John-Mark. "English and Scottish Scholars at the Library of Gian Vincenzo Pinelli (1565–1601)". Renaissance and Reformation 42, n.º 2 (24 de outubro de 2019): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1065125ar.

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Throughout the second half of the sixteenth century, the scholar and collector Gian Vincenzo Pinelli (1535–1601) welcomed poets, mathematicians, antiquarians, and astronomers from every corner of Europe to his vast private library in Padua. These scholars left their mark on Pinelli’s collection, annotating his manuscripts, trading texts, and even making contributions of their very own to his library. This article considers the English and Scottish scholars who visited Pinelli’s collection and the works they gifted to Pinelli. These manuscripts, now preserved at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, include an impressive breadth of material, ranging from treatises on England’s schism with Rome to verse commemorating the deaths of fellow scholar–poets. Pinelli, it emerges, was not only hosting scholars from England and Scotland, but also gathering reports, discourses, and what was in many cases highly sensitive intelligence on both nations. These manuscripts thus bear witness to the importance of the Italian private library to the transmission of both ideas and physical texts across the Continent, shining new light on a literary culture that was able to cross and transcend national boundaries.

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Philo, John-Mark. "English and Scottish Scholars at the Library of Gian Vincenzo Pinelli (1565–1601)". Renaissance and Reformation 42, n.º 2 (22 de agosto de 2019): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v42i2.32980.

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Throughout the second half of the sixteenth century, the scholar and collector Gian Vincenzo Pinelli (1535–1601) welcomed poets, mathematicians, antiquarians, and astronomers from every corner of Europe to his vast private library in Padua. These scholars left their mark on Pinelli’s collection, annotating his manuscripts, trading texts, and even making contributions of their very own to his library. This article considers the English and Scottish scholars who visited Pinelli’s collection and the works they gifted to Pinelli. These manuscripts, now preserved at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, include an impressive breadth of material, ranging from treatises on England’s schism with Rome to verse commemorating the deaths of fellow scholar–poets. Pinelli, it emerges, was not only hosting scholars from England and Scotland, but also gathering reports, discourses, and what was in many cases highly sensitive intelligence on both nations. These manuscripts thus bear witness to the importance of the Italian private library to the transmission of both ideas and physical texts across the Continent, shining new light on a literary culture that was able to cross and transcend national boundaries.

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Cedeño, Hugo Romeo Cedeño, e Telly Yarita Macías Zambrano. "Analysis of Latin American literature through a mathematical lens". International journal of social sciences 4, n.º 1 (18 de maio de 2021): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31295/ijss.v4n1.1524.

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Several of the most influential Latin American writers were interested in the sciences. Moreover, a handful showed an affinity to mathematics since childhood, eventually following careers as physicists, engineers, and mathematicians before turning their attention to the arts. In the end, they became novelists, essayists, and poets, who made significant contributions to their field. There is a large amount of existent traditional literature analysis research on Latin American authors. In the last sixteen years, research has shifted to include a focus on the connection between math and literature. However, this research focuses on interpreting the ideas of the universally acclaimed writer Jorge Luis Borges, studying his scientific thinking through his works, and demonstrating the writings included both basic and advanced math concepts even though he lacked a formal mathematical and scientific formation. Currently, there is a gap in the research that ignores the influential Latin American authors who were also prolific in mathematics. As a math and engineering student, I am interested in studying the work of Latin American writers with academic backgrounds in STEM fields--specifically mathematics. I intend to examine the writings of Ernesto Sabato, Guillermo Martinez, and Nicanor Parra for explicit math terminology and concepts.

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Gimsa, Andreas. "Symmetries in the Mathematical and Physical Description of Nature". International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, `11 (26 de novembro de 2020): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i11.aa01.

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Symmetries play an essential role in nature. Symmetrical structures are generally perceived as beautiful. Mathematicians and also physicists even regard symmetries in the equations for the mathematical and physical description of the world as an indication of their correctness. The British mathematician Godfrey Harold Hardy [1.] writes: "The mathematician's patterns, like the painter's or the poet's must be beautiful; the ideas like the colours or the words, must fit together in a harmonious way. Beauty is the first test: there is no permanent place in the world for ugly mathematics.“ A very interesting example of symmetries in physics has been provided by Emmy Noether, who found that certain system characteristics are preserved during changes (transformations). Emmy Noether derived the propositions of conservation of energy, momentum and angular momentum from the invariance (immutability) of the laws of nature during transformation of time, place and direction. These symmetries and their conservation laws form the foundation of physics. In this publication, further essential symmetries are to be investigated, which relate in particular to the symmetry of energy and information and their effects.

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Longrigg, James. "Anatomy in Alexandria in the Third Century B.C." British Journal for the History of Science 21, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1988): 455–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000708740002536x.

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The most striking advances in the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology that the world had ever known—or was to know until the seventeenth century A.D.—took place in Hellenistic Alexandria. The city was founded in 331 B.C. by Alexander the Great. After the tatter's death in 323 B.C. and the subsequent dissolution of his empire, it became the capital of one of his generals, Ptolemy, son of Lagus, who established the Ptolemaic dynasty there. The first Ptolemy, subsequently named Soter (the Saviour), and his son Ptolemy Philadelphus (who succeeded him in 285 B.C.), became immensely enriched by their exploitation of Egypt and raised the city to a position of great wealth and magnificence. Anxious to enhance both their own reputation and the prestige of the kingdom, they sought to rival the cultural and scientific achievements not only of other Hellenistic rulers but even of Athens herself. Their patronage of the arts and sciences, coupled with their establishment of the Museum (an institute for literary studies and scientific research as well as a temple of the Muses), together with the Library, made the city the centre of Hellenistic culture. Philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, artists, poets and physicians were all encouraged to come and work there.

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Yeon, Kim So, e Chung Eun-Gwi. "Six Poems from Kim So Yeon's Mathematician's Morning (2013)". Azalea: Journal of Korean Literature & Culture 13, n.º 1 (2020): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aza.2020.0007.

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Abrams, Lowell. "Mathematical Rigor From Within". Journal of Humanistic Mathematics 11, n.º 2 (julho de 2021): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/jhummath.202102.29.

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There is a certain feel that is unique to the rarefied context of rigorous mathematics. These poems constitute an exploration of my experience of mathematical rigor when I am in the midst of exercising my skills as a research mathematician.

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Doty, Lynne L. "Poe’s Portrait of Mathematicians in “The Purloined Letter": Some Historical Context". Interdisciplinary Literary Studies 11, n.º 2 (2010): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41210044.

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Gilbert, Sandra M. "Four Poems from When She Was Kissed by the Mathematician". Mathematical Intelligencer 31, n.º 1 (15 de outubro de 2008): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-008-9001-2.

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Capezzi, Rita, e Christine Kinsey. "Joining ``the mathematician's delirium to the poet's logic'': Mathematical Literature and Literary Mathematics". Journal of Humanistic Mathematics 4, n.º 2 (julho de 2014): [67]—82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/jhummath.201402.07.

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Sipos, George T. "A Case of Mistaken Identity in Translation: “Omar Khayyam’s Rubaiyat” in Dazai Osamu’s Novel No Longer Human". Romanian Journal of English Studies 18, n.º 1 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjes-2021-0016.

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Abstract This article explores the source and the meaning of the eleven quatrains quoted by modern Japanese writer Dazai Osamu (1909-1948) in his last complete novel, Ningen shikkaku (No Longer Human, 1948). Although dubbed as “rubaiyat”, which would indicate that they are translations of classical Persian poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam (1048-1131), the poems do not seem to match any of the known English translations from his work. This article explores the origin of the Japanese quatrains in Dazai’s novel, as well as their possible relevance for his literary work overall.

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Mitchell, Charles E. "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Poet Extraordinaire". Mathematics Teacher 82, n.º 5 (maio de 1989): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.82.5.0378.

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That Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was one of America's most outstanding poets is hardly a little-known fact. That he was also an accomplished mathematician is something few people know. One of the problems mathematics instructors face is dealing with mathematics anxiety and the myth that “some people have a math mind and some don't” (Kogelman and Warren 1978). Mathematics is often viewed as a “mystique accessible to few” (Buxton 1981); and even many educators will categorize a student as a non mathematics person, thus students “are steered away from precollege mathematics” and “not even given the chance to fail” (Tobias 1978). We forget that success in mathematics is dependent on interest as much as ability. and I am afraid that we often do not take the steps we could to reach individual students

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Crăciun-Fischer, Ioana. "„Schwankend zwischen zwei Kulturen“. Einige Bemerkungen zur deutschlandbezogenen Gelegenheitsdichtung Ion Barbus". Germanistische Beiträge 46, n.º 1 (1 de novembro de 2020): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gb-2020-0004.

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Abstract The Romanian poet and internationally acclaimed mathematician Ion Barbu (i.e. Dan Barbilian), 1895-1961, practiced in his occasional poetry related to his experience as a doctoral student and later as a visiting professor in interbellic Germany a poetic discourse of immediate, sometimes diary-like reflection. The vitality of his occasional poetry mainly addressed to his close friends and seldom intended for publication is fed by the permanent contrast between the German and the Romanian culture and civilization. The paper analyzes the intercultural dialogue which constitutes the background of Ion Barbu’s Germany-related occasional poetry with special emphasis on his poems written in German.

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Bruno-Chomin, Giuseppe. "“… Che i matti dicano spropositi”". Nuncius 32, n.º 1 (2017): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03201004.

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Cometary theory had remained predominantly rooted in Aristotelianism until late in the seventeenth century. Yet concurrent with the expansion of astronomical understanding there persisted a steadfast vein of astrological superstition. While the newly emerging field of experimental natural philosophy successfully discredited many traditional principles, a notable discord still existed within the academic community regards cometary superstition and prognostication. The Neapolitan mathematician, Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, sought to rectify past misconceptions regarding the nature of comets. And literary figures Carlo de’ Dottori and Ciro di Pers textually document the cometary debate in two of their poems. This paper seeks to underscore the diverging paths that the interrelated fields of astrology and astronomy took by considering letters sent by Borelli to Dionigi Guerrini and two seventeenth century poetic works.

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Chen, Jiang-Ping Jeff. "Practices of reasoning: persuasion and refutation in a seventeenth-century Chinese mathematical treatise of “linear algebra”". Science in Context 33, n.º 1 (março de 2020): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889720000125.

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ArgumentThis article documents the reasoning in a mathematical work by Mei Wending, one of the most prolific mathematicians in seventeenth-century China. Based on an analysis of the mathematical content, we present Mei’s systematic treatment of this particular genre of problems, fangcheng, and his efforts to refute the traditional practices in works that appeared earlier. His arguments were supported by the epistemological values he utilized to establish his system and refute the flaws in the traditional approaches. Moreover, in the context of the competition between the Chinese and Western approaches to mathematics, Mei was motivated to demonstrate that the genre of fangcheng problems was purely a “Chinese” achievement, not discussed by the Jesuits. Mei’s motivations were mostly expressed primarily in the prefaces to his works, in his correspondence with other scholars, in synopses of his poems, and in biographical records of some of his contemporaries.

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Cheema, Amna Umer. "Bishop, Kepler and Sarduy: Ellipse and Ellipsis". Bishop–Lowell Studies 2 (1 de julho de 2022): 70–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/bishoplowellstud.2.0070.

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Abstract This article expands on Elizabeth Bishop’s affinity with the Cuban poet and critic Severo Sarduy and his neo-baroque reading of the seventeenth-century mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler’s planetary geometry of the imperfect circle called the ellipse and its linguistic equivalent the ellipsis (Sarduy 293). This essay will elucidate the geometrical decentering of space and the linguistic decentering of meanings as characteristics of ellipse and ellipsis through a discussion of Bishop’s poems, “In the Waiting Room,” “The Bight” and “One Art.” I argue that Bishop’s engagement with ellips(e/is) is a spatial response to the destabilization of modern urban space and the gap between language and signification, akin to T.S. Eliot’s ideas about the gap between thought and feeling in modern sensibility. Through ellips(e/is), Bishop seeks a perspective outside definitive contours and finds beauty in an incomplete and distorted embodiment of an ever-becoming truth.

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DESMARAIS, RALPH. "Jacob Bronowski: a humanist intellectual for an atomic age, 1946–1956". British Journal for the History of Science 45, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2012): 573–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087412001069.

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AbstractJacob (‘Bruno’) Bronowski (1908–1974), on the basis of having examined the effects of the atomic bombing of Japan in late 1945, became one of Britain's most vocal and best-known scientific intellectuals engaged in the cultural politics of the early atomic era. Witnessing Hiroshima helped transform him from pure mathematician–poet to scientific administrator; from obscurity to fame on the BBC airwaves and in print; and, crucially, from literary intellectual who promoted the superior truthfulness of poetry and poets to scientific humanist insisting that science and scientists were the standard-bearers of truth. A cornerstone of Bronowski's humanist ideology was that Hiroshima and the bomb had become symbols of the public's distrust of science, whereas, in reality, science was merely a scapegoat for society's loss of moral compass; more correctly, he stressed, science and scientists epitomized positive moral values. When discussing atomic energy, especially after 1949, Bronowski not only downplayed the bomb's significance but was deliberately vague regarding Britain's atomic weapon development programme; this lack of candour was compounded by Bronowski's evasiveness regarding his own prior involvement with wartime bombing. The net effect was a substantial contribution to British scientific intellectuals' influential yet frequently misleading accounts of the relations between science and war in the early atomic era.

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Thomann, Johannes. "The Second Revival of Astronomy in the Tenth Century and the Establishment of Astronomy as an Element of Encyclopedic Education". Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 71, n.º 3 (20 de dezembro de 2017): 907–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2017-0052.

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Abstract In the fourth/tenth century a great number of new intellectual centers appeared in the Islamic world, and an increase in the number of persons involved in production of written works on mathematics and astronomy took place. One such new center was Aleppo under the Ḥamdanid ruler Sayf al-Dawla. According to al-Qabīṣī the generosity of Sayf al-Dawla led to the situation that ignorant people pretended to be astronomers or astrologer. Therefore, al-Qabīṣī argued, exams should be established for testing the level of competence and the completeness of knowledge of a candidate. Al-Qabīṣī was engaged in teaching by giving lectures based on a textbook, the Fuṣūl of al-Farghānī. This was a novelty in teaching astronomy, since before memorizing didactic poems and operating with astronomical instruments was the preferred method. While al-Qabīṣī’s aim in teaching astronomy was to train future professional astronomers and astrologers, in other contexts astronomy was a propaedeutic subject as part of the quadrivium. The philosopher Muḥammad Ibn al-Haytham (not to be confused with the mathematician al-Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham) wrote a commentary of the Almagest, in which his intention was “to elucidate subtle ideas for the benefit of students”, and not to go into technical details of calculation. Obviously his aim was to educate future philosophers in the “philosophical sciences” (mathematics, natural sciences and metaphysics). Some generations earlier, al-Fārābī wrote a commentary on the Almagest with similar intentions. His preferred subject was the geometric proof, while observations and calculations were of little interest. Astronomy was incorporated into a curriculum of general scientific knowledge, – similar to the curriculum of the Alexandrian schools in late antiquity –, and ancient Greek texts on astronomy were preferred. This development was indeed a renaissance in the sense Jacob Burckhardt used the term.

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Amin, Ahmad. "A Missing Link in the Islamic Renaissance". American Journal of Islam and Society 8, n.º 2 (1 de setembro de 1991): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v8i2.2638.

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There is a missing link in Egypt. Although it is one of the strongestpillars upon which we are building our renaissance, we hardly ever perceiveits presence in our academic circles. This absence is one of the reasons forthe poverty of our scientific and intellectual production.And what is this missing link? To be precise, it is scholars who combinein their persons elements of both Arab-Islamic culture and the precise scientificEuropean culture. We are in need of more people like them, for we cannotregenerate ourselves without them, and we can only follow this path by makinguse of their light.Most of our scholars have only been educated in Arab-Islamic culture.As a result, they are totally ignorant of what is happening in the modemworld in relation to the opinions and views being expressed in science,literature, and philosophy. They have not heard of Kant and Bergson, or ofEurope’s authors and poets, scientists and researchers. At best, these namesare mentioned in insignificant magazines, newspapers, and books devoid ofany scientifichtellectual value. The other group of our scholars is madeup of those who have been educated solely in a foreign culture. They knowall about the latest theories in the fields of physics, chemistry, and mathematicswhich have reached them, and they follow the developments in modemEuropean literature as well as the books and poetry written by Europeans.They are also familiar with the development of philosophical views and theirprogress up to our time, but, they are totally ignorant of Arab-Islamic culture.If you tell them of Jarir, al Farazdaq, and al Akhtal, they turn their facesaway and avoid you-as if you were talking about a world not our own. Ifyou mention al Kindi, al Farabi, and Ibn Sina, they say that they have heardthe names but have no more knowledge of them, and that all we receivefrom them are ambiguous sentences and profound concepts which neitherhave scientific or intellectual benefit nor enrich or revitalize life.Yesterday I was talking with a group of these educated people about alBiruni, the Muslim mathematician who died in 440 AH, and the mathematicaland astronomical theories he had discovered. I also mentioned that the Germanorientalist Sachau had decided that al Biruni was the most brilliant man theworld has ever known, and that this orientalist had called for the establishmentof the al Biruni Society to honor him and to revitalize his memory. The people ...

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DICKSON, D. "French Mathematicians Push the Panic Button: A lack of university teaching posts is fueling a new brain drain to the United States which, some claim, threatens to erode one of the country's most prized intellectual achievements". Science 239, n.º 4837 (15 de janeiro de 1988): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.239.4837.251.

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Bebiano, Natália. "Symmetry in Literature, the Perspective of a Mathematician". Symmetry: Art and Science | 12th SIS-Symmetry Congress, 2022, 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/1447-607x/2022/12-43-338.

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Mathematics and poetry are emanations of the human intellect to be valued in it and for itself. As the mathematician Hardy says, a mathematician, like a poet, is a maker of patterns. Their patterns should be beautiful, and symmetry is a source of beauty. The subjects here focused aim to emphasise interesting relationships between pattern makers from different areas of creativity, like poetry and mathematics. We live in a universe of patterns, where symmetry plays a central role. Symmetry is not only beauty to be admired, but it is also a useful instrument to discover the clues and rules of natural phenomena. In human creations, like science, arts and literature, symmetry may be easily recognized or not, so it deserves our special attention. This paper has two main goals: first, the public understanding of the wonderful world of fertile imagination of mathemati- cians and poets, second, the importance of symmetry in a deeper vision of life and of the universe.

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"Mathematical Poetry in the Time of COVID". Journal of Humanistic Mathematics 11, n.º 2 (julho de 2021): 485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/jhummath.202102.30.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected mathematicians and teachers in many ways. In our January 2021 issue, we invited our community to submit essays and reflections, as well as fiction and poetry, based on their experiences during this globally unsettling (and still ongoing) event. This folder presents a select collection of poems submitted in response to that call, by Christopher Caruvana, Marion Cohen, Lawrence M. Lesser, Dan May, Vanessa Sun, and Michele Willman, ordered alphabetically by poet last name.

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"A Descent into the Vortex—: Fictional and Mathematical". Poe Studies 54, n.º 1 (2021): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/poe.2021.a825735.

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ABSTRACT: This article contends that in "A Descent into the Maelström" Poe establishes his model of the vortex, thus carrying his tale beyond mere adventure (and future SF). The model is both rational and strictly contradictory; it shows the very laws of reason carrying the mind unswervingly to the irrational. It is a model that can be shared by literary scholars and mathematicians. It formalizes the approach to the infinite Center, one of the ultimate figures on the threshold of Space itself. That is how the study of Poe's tale develops into an invitation to recognize and cultivate the imaginative drive common to science and literature.

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GHODRAT GOJAR, Nayeb. "Divergent Interpretations of Omar Khayyam’s Quatrains: The Pivotal Role of FitzGerald". İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15 de outubro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55483/izusbd.953491.

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Omar Khayyam, a philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, and scientist, is one of the intellectuals whose arguments and insights traveled beyond the borders of Persia and profoundly influenced the literature and cultures of many other countries over the years. The Eastern-inspired quatrains' meanings, contexts, and messages were subjected to unrestrained interpretations and distortions, dramatically impacting Khayyam's reputation. Although scholars debated the non-uniformity of the quatrains and cast doubt concerning the attributions to Khayyam, FitzGerald picked up a few poems from hundreds of quatrains, and his rendering of selected quatrains became more accountable for the related phenomenological diversions. Afterward, by utilizing techniques such as adding, subtracting, and incorporating a few quatrains into one, he developed a compilation that, on the one hand, became a seasoning for Western readers and, on the other hand, threatened the spiritual, scientific, and cultural context of Khayyam. Thus, biased interpretations by FitzGerald resulted in a series that reflected controversial schools, including materialism, hedonism, agnosticism, determinism, nihilism, and skepticism. This article illustrates the inauthenticity regarding the attribution and interpretation of quatrains by applying a few quatrains as examples of the collections, as well as the fact that none of the extracted schools are consistent with Khayyam's philosophy and thought. Additionally, the primary quatrains credited to Khayyam adopt a mystical and Sufi perspective.

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