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Caton, Joel, Matthew S. Crouse, Lawrence P. Reynolds, Carl R. Dahlen, Bryan W. Neville, Pawel P. Borowicz, Tammi L. Neville, Kyle J. McLean e Alison K. Ward. "406 Maternal nutrition during early gestation: Impacts on developmental outcomes". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (3 de novembro de 2020): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.372.
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Abstract Changes in maternal nutrition that represent inadequacies or excesses in nutrient supply have been implicated in altered fetal development as well as offspring outcomes and have been termed fetal or developmental programming. Research in the area of developmental programming of livestock has greatly increased during the last two decades. For ruminants, most research efforts in developmental programming have focused on nutritional perturbations during the last two-thirds of gestation. Unfortunately, research investigating changes to maternal nutrient supply during early gestation or even periconceptually has been limited. The objectives of this invited review are to provide a summary of our current understanding of the impacts of inappropriate maternal nutrition during early gestation on embryo-fetal and offspring developmental outcomes. Nutrient supply to the conceptus varies during the time of early placental and conceptus development, and uterine glandular secretions, often called uterine milk or uterine histotroph, are major suppliers of nutrients during this time. Nutrients in histotroph are essential to conceptus development, and histotroph nutrient concentrations may be responsive to maternal nutrient supply. As the placenta develops and becomes fully functional, fetal nutrient supply becomes dependent on placental function. Research investigating changes in total maternal nutrient supply, even during early gestation, has clearly demonstrated impacts on offspring outcomes. Investigations into supply of specific nutrients and development outcomes have increased rapidly in recent years with results demonstrating that in some cases, even small changes in supply can have consequences on offspring development. Underlying mechanisms of developmental programming are associated with epigenetic events partially driven by methyl donors and cofactors. Emerging knowledge associated with the influence of periconceptual, fetal, and neonatal nutrition on offspring development, postnatal health, function, and productivity is creating opportunities for enhanced livestock production through strategic nutrient supplementation.
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Randunu, Raniru S., e Robert F. Bertolo. "The Effects of Maternal and Postnatal Dietary Methyl Nutrients on Epigenetic Changes that Lead to Non-Communicable Diseases in Adulthood". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 9 (6 de maio de 2020): 3290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093290.
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The risk for non-communicable diseases in adulthood can be programmed by early nutrition. This programming is mediated by changes in expression of key genes in various metabolic pathways during development, which persist into adulthood. These developmental modifications of genes are due to epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation patterns. Recent studies have demonstrated that DNA methylation can be affected by maternal or early postnatal diets. Because methyl groups for methylation reactions come from methionine cycle nutrients (i.e., methionine, choline, betaine, folate), deficiency or supplementation of these methyl nutrients can directly change epigenetic regulation of genes permanently. Although many studies have described the early programming of adult diseases by maternal and infant nutrition, this review discusses studies that have associated early dietary methyl nutrient manipulation with direct effects on epigenetic patterns that could lead to chronic diseases in adulthood. The maternal supply of methyl nutrients during gestation and lactation can alter epigenetics, but programming effects vary depending on the timing of dietary intervention, the type of methyl nutrient manipulated, and the tissue responsible for the phenotype. Moreover, the postnatal manipulation of methyl nutrients can program epigenetics, but more research is needed on whether this approach can rescue maternally programmed offspring.
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G. Silva, Maria-Raquel, e Maria Luisa Bellotto. "Nutritional Requirements for Maternal and Newborn Health". Current Women s Health Reviews 11, n.º 1 (14 de setembro de 2015): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340481101150914201357.
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During pregnancy, dietary energy and nutrient requirements are increased to support metabolism changes of the mother, as blood volume and red cells expansion, and the delivery of energy and nutrients to the fetus. This review aims to: i) identify and discuss maternal physiological changes during pregnancy related to nutrition; ii) clarify about the most recently nutritional recommendations for pregnant women, including special groups of pregnant women, who do not usually practice a healthy diet, those who are in high-risk categories and pregnant athletes; iii) and clarify the importance of breastfeeding, specifically for the newborn, and infant formulae, as an alternative feeding. A literature review was undertaken by electronic databases PubMed, b-on, Scielo, Medline, Web of Science and Science Direct. The most recent original articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses were used to search information from pregnancy, newborn baby, postpartum and nutritional status. The intake of whole grains, fruit, vegetables, low-fat dairy and lean meats can be preventive for an appropriate maternal weight and infant weight. Supplements should only be used when there is a deficiency. Special groups of pregnant women who do not usually practice a healthy diet, those who are in high-risk categories and pregnant athletes should daily take a multivitamin andmineral preparation containing a variety of nutrients beginning in the second trimester. A healthy diet and an appropriate body weight are mandatory for maternal health and fetal outcomes. Breast milk is a unique source of energy and nutrients for the infant.
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McKee, Sarah E., e Teresa M. Reyes. "Effect of supplementation with methyl-donor nutrients on neurodevelopment and cognition: considerations for future research". Nutrition Reviews 76, n.º 7 (25 de abril de 2018): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy007.
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Abstract Pregnancy represents a critical period in fetal development, such that the prenatal environment can, in part, establish a lifelong trajectory of health or disease for the offspring. Poor nutrition (macro- or micronutrient deficiencies) can adversely affect brain development and significantly increase offspring risk for metabolic and neurological disease development. The concentration of dietary methyl-donor nutrients is known to alter DNA methylation in the brain, and alterations in DNA methylation can have long-lasting effects on gene expression and neuronal function. The decreased availability of methyl-donor nutrients to the developing fetus in models of poor maternal nutrition is one mechanism hypothesized to link maternal malnutrition and disease risk in offspring. Animal studies indicate that supplementation of both maternal and postnatal (early- and later-life) diets with methyl-donor nutrients can attenuate disease risk in offspring; however, clinical research is more equivocal. The objective of this review is to summarize how specific methyl-donor nutrient deficiencies and excesses during pre- and postnatal life alter neurodevelopment and cognition. Emphasis is placed on reviewing the current literature, highlighting challenges within nutrient supplementation research, and considering potential strategies to ensure robust findings in future studies.
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Schaefer, Ella, Hans Demmelmair, Jeannie Horak, Lesca Holdt, Veit Grote, Karoline Maar, Christoph Neuhofer et al. "Multiple Micronutrients, Lutein, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Lactation: A Randomized Controlled Trial". Nutrients 12, n.º 12 (16 de dezembro de 2020): 3849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123849.
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Breastfed infants require an adequate supply of critical nutrients for growth, tissue functions, and health. Recommended intakes for several nutrients are considerably higher in lactating than non-lactating women but are not always met with habitual diets. We report a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in 70 healthy lactating women in Germany evaluating the effects of supplementation with multiple micronutrients, lutein, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to placebo on maternal nutrient status and milk composition. The primary endpoint was the effect on the change of human milk DHA content (as a proportion of total milk fatty acids) during 12 weeks of supplementation. Maternal blood and milk biomarkers were measured as secondary endpoints. Supplementation increased maternal milk DHA by 30% compared to a decline in the placebo group. Supplementation also increased maternal blood DHA (17%), eicosapentaenoic acid (4%), 25-OH-vitamin D (24%), vitamin B12 (12%), lutein (4%), and beta carotene (49%), while homocysteine decreased. No significant difference in the number of adverse events was observed between supplementation and placebo groups. In conclusion, multi-micronutrient supplementation was safe and increased maternal blood and milk concentrations of selected nutrients in healthy women.
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Zhang, Wen-Hao, Yuchan Zhou, Katherine E. Dibley, Stephen D. Tyerman, Robert T. Furbank e John W. Patrick. "Review: Nutrient loading of developing seeds". Functional Plant Biology 34, n.º 4 (2007): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06271.
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Interest in nutrient loading of seeds is fuelled by its central importance to plant reproductive success and human nutrition. Rates of nutrient loading, imported through the phloem, are regulated by transport and transfer processes located in sources (leaves, stems, reproductive structures), phloem pathway and seed sinks. During the early phases of seed development, most control is likely to be imposed by a low conductive pathway of differentiating phloem cells serving developing seeds. Following the onset of storage product accumulation by seeds, and, depending on nutrient species, dominance of path control gives way to regulation by processes located in sources (nitrogen, sulfur, minor minerals), phloem path (transition elements) or seed sinks (sugars and major mineral elements, such as potassium). Nutrients and accompanying water are imported into maternal seed tissues and unloaded from the conducting sieve elements into an extensive post-phloem symplasmic domain. Nutrients are released from this symplasmic domain into the seed apoplasm by poorly understood membrane transport mechanisms. As seed development progresses, increasing volumes of imported phloem water are recycled back to the parent plant by process(es) yet to be discovered. However, aquaporins concentrated in vascular and surrounding parenchyma cells of legume seed coats could provide a gated pathway of water movement in these tissues. Filial cells, abutting the maternal tissues, take up nutrients from the seed apoplasm by membrane proteins that include sucrose and amino acid/H+ symporters functioning in parallel with non-selective cation channels. Filial demand for nutrients, that comprise the major osmotic species, is integrated with their release and phloem import by a turgor-homeostat mechanism located in maternal seed tissues. It is speculated that turgors of maternal unloading cells are sensed by the cytoskeleton and transduced by calcium signalling cascades.
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Robinson, J. J., K. D. Sinclair e T. G. McEvoy. "Nutritional effects on foetal growth". Animal Science 68, n.º 2 (março de 1999): 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800050323.
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AbstractThe emphasis in nutritional studies on foetal growth has now moved from the last trimester of pregnancy, when most of the increase in foetal size takes place, to earlier stages of pregnancy that coincide with foetal organogenesis and tissue hyperplasia. At these stages absolute nutrient requirements for foetal growth are small but foetal metabolic activity and specific growth rate are high. It is thus a time when nutrient supply interacts with maternal factors such as size, body condition and degree of maturity to influence placental growth and set the subsequent pattern of nutrient partitioning between the gravid uterus and maternal body.Throughout pregnancy the maternal diet controls foetal growth both directly, by supplying essential nutrients and indirectly, by altering the expression of the maternal and foetal endocrine mechanisms that regulate the uptake and utilization of these nutrients by the conceptus. Nutritional effects on the endocrine environment of the embryo during the early stages of cell division can alter the subsequent foetal growth trajectory and size at birth; so too can current in vitro systems for oocyte maturation and embryo culture up to the blastocyst stage. There is increasing evidence that subtle alterations in nutrient supply during critical periods of embryonic and foetal life can impart a legacy of growth and developmental changes that affect neonatal survival and adult performance. Identifying the specific nutrients that programme these effects and understanding their mode of action should provide new management strategies for ensuring that nutritional regimens from oocyte to newborn are such that they maximize neonatal viability and enable animals to express their true genetic potential for production.
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Satterfield, M. Carey, Ashley K. Edwards, Fuller W. Bazer, Kathrin A. Dunlap, Chelsie B. Steinhauser e Guoyao Wu. "Placental adaptation to maternal malnutrition". Reproduction 162, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 2021): R73—R83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-21-0179.
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Maternal malnutrition gives rise to both short- and long-term consequences for the survival and health of the offspring. As the intermediary between mother and fetus, the placenta has the potential to interpret environmental signals, such as nutrient availability, and adapt to support fetal growth and development. While this potential is present, it is clear that at times placental adaptation fails to occur resulting in poor pregnancy outcomes. This review will focus on placental responses to maternal undernutrition related to changes in placental vascularization and hemodynamics and placental nutrient transport systems across species. While much of the available literature describes placental responses that result in poor fetal outcomes, novel models have been developed to utilize the inherent variation in fetal weight when dams are nutrient restricted to identify placental adaptations that result in normal-weight offspring. Detailed analyses of the spectrum of placental responses to maternal malnutrition point to alternations in placental histoarchitectural and vascular development, amino acid and lipid transport mechanisms, and modulation of immune-related factors. Dietary supplementation with selected nutrients, such as arginine, has the potential to improve placental growth and function through a variety of mechanisms including stimulating cell proliferation, protein synthesis, angiogenesis, vasodilation, and gene regulation. Improved understanding of placental responses to environmental cues is necessary to develop diagnostic and intervention strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes.
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Jiang, Xinyin, Chauntelle Jack-Roberts, Kaydine Edwards, Ella Gilboa, Ikhtiyor Djuraev e Mudar Dalloul. "Association of Methylation-Related Nutrient Intake and Status with Offspring DNA Methylation in Pregnant Women with and Without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 de maio de 2020): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_088.
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Abstract Objectives Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with alterations in DNA methylation in the placenta and offspring tissues. Nutrients participating in the methionine cycle (e.g., choline, betaine, folate, vitamin B12, methionine) influence the supply of methyl groups. The objective of this research was to determine whether maternal intake and status of these nutrients during pregnancy may interact with the GDM status to shape the offspring epigenome. Methods We conducted 3-day dietary recalls and collected blood samples from pregnant women with and without GDM (n = 22/group) to quantify methylation-related nutrient intakes and status. At delivery, we collected cord blood samples and measured global DNA methylation. Results GDM was associated with a 25% increase (P = 0.041) in global DNA methylation in the cord blood. Maternal choline intake (r = −0.602, P = 0.006) as well as cord blood methionine (r = −0.553, P = 0.014) and betaine (r = −0.566, P = 0.011) levels were negatively correlated with cord blood DNA methylation only in non-GDM women, while intakes and maternal blood levels of other methylation-related nutrients were not related to cord blood DNA methylation. Conclusions GDM and methyl nutrient intake/status interact to modify offspring DNA methylation in humans. Funding Sources Egg Nutrition Center.
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Morton, Sarah U., Rutvi Vyas, Borjan Gagoski, Catherine Vu, Jonathan Litt, Ryan J. Larsen, Matthew J. Kuchan et al. "Maternal Dietary Intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Correlates Positively with Regional Brain Volumes in 1-Month-Old Term Infants". Cerebral Cortex 30, n.º 4 (11 de novembro de 2019): 2057–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz222.
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Abstract Maternal nutrition is an important factor for infant neurodevelopment. However, prior magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on maternal nutrients and infant brain have focused mostly on preterm infants or on few specific nutrients and few specific brain regions. We present a first study in term-born infants, comprehensively correlating 73 maternal nutrients with infant brain morphometry at the regional (61 regions) and voxel (over 300 000 voxel) levels. Both maternal nutrition intake diaries and infant MRI were collected at 1 month of life (0.9 ± 0.5 months) for 92 term-born infants (among them, 54 infants were purely breastfed and 19 were breastfed most of the time). Intake of nutrients was assessed via standardized food frequency questionnaire. No nutrient was significantly correlated with any of the volumes of the 61 autosegmented brain regions. However, increased volumes within subregions of the frontal cortex and corpus callosum at the voxel level were positively correlated with maternal intake of omega-3 fatty acids, retinol (vitamin A) and vitamin B12, both with and without correction for postmenstrual age and sex (P < 0.05, q < 0.05 after false discovery rate correction). Omega-3 fatty acids remained significantly correlated with infant brain volumes after subsetting to the 54 infants who were exclusively breastfed, but retinol and vitamin B12 did not. This provides an impetus for future larger studies to better characterize the effect size of dietary variation and correlation with neurodevelopmental outcomes, which can lead to improved nutritional guidance during pregnancy and lactation.
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Johnson, Rachel K., Helen Smiciklas-Wright, Ann C. Crouter e Fern K. Willits. "Maternal Employment and the Quality of Young Children's Diets: Empirical Evidence Based on the 1987-1988 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey". Pediatrics 90, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 1992): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.90.2.245.
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Data from 442 children, aged 2 to 5, who were participants in the 1987-1988 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, were examined to determine the effect of maternal employment on the quality of their diets. Diet quality was assessed by examining nutrient adequacy and nutrient overconsumption using the 3-day average of one 24-hour recall and 2 days of written diet records. To assess dietary adequacy, a mean adequacy ratio of the four nutrients (zinc, vitamin E, iron, and calcium) for which 30% or more of the children fell below 77% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances was constructed. Percent calories from fat and saturated fat, and intake of cholesterol and sodium were examined to assess overconsumption. Multiple correlation regression analysis was used to control for household income, maternal education and age, child's age, race, number of siblings aged 5 or younger, presence of male head of household, and number of meals eaten away from home. Maternal employment did not contribute significantly to the variation in any of the dietary variables. Although a number of dietary problems existed among the sample children, the variation in intakes of these nutrients was not directly related to maternal employment status.
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Sebastiani, Giorgia, Cristina Borrás-Novell, Miguel Alsina Casanova, Mireia Pascual Tutusaus, Silvia Ferrero Martínez, María Dolores Gómez Roig e Oscar García-Algar. "The Effects of Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse on Maternal Nutritional Profile during Pregnancy". Nutrients 10, n.º 8 (2 de agosto de 2018): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081008.
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The consumption of alcohol and drugs of abuse among pregnant women has experienced a significant increase in the last decades. Suitable maternal nutritional status is crucial to maintain the optimal environment for fetal development but if consumption of alcohol or drugs of abuse disrupt the intake of nutrients, the potential teratogenic effects of these substances increase. Despite evidence of the importance of nutrition in addicted pregnant women, there is a lack of information on the effects of alcohol and drugs of abuse on maternal nutritional status; so, the focus of this review was to provide an overview on the nutritional status of addicted mothers and fetuses. Alcohol and drugs consumption can interfere with the absorption of nutrients, impairing the quality and quantity of proper nutrient and energy intake, resulting in malnutrition especially of micronutrients (vitamins, omega–3, folic acid, zinc, choline, iron, copper, selenium). When maternal nutritional status is compromised by alcohol and drugs of abuse the supply of essential nutrients are not available for the fetus; this can result in fetal abnormalities like Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) or Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). It is critical to find a strategy to reduce fetal physical and neurological impairment as a result of prenatal alcohol and drugs of abuse exposure combined with poor maternal nutrition. Prenatal nutrition interventions and target therapy are required that may reverse the development of such abnormalities.
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Ruiz-Palacios, María, Antonio José Ruiz-Alcaraz, María Sanchez-Campillo e Elvira Larqué. "Role of Insulin in Placental Transport of Nutrients in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus". Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 70, n.º 1 (2017): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000455904.
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Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased fetal adiposity, which may increase the risk of obesity in adulthood. The placenta has insulin receptors and maternal insulin can activate its signaling pathways, affecting the transport of nutrients to the fetus. However, the effects of diet or insulin treatment on the placental pathophysiology of GDM are unknown. Summary: There are very few studies on possible defects in the insulin signaling pathway in the GDM placenta. Such defects could influence the placental transport of nutrients to the fetus. In this review we discuss the state of insulin signaling pathways in placentas of women with GDM, as well as the role of exogenous insulin in placental nutrient transport to the fetus, and fetal adiposity. Key Messages: Maternal insulin in the third trimester is correlated with fetal abdominal circumference at that time, suggesting the important role of insulin in this process. Since treatment with insulin at the end of pregnancy may activate placental nutrient transport to the fetus and promote placental fatty acid transfer, it would be interesting to improve maternal hyperlipidemia control in GDM subjects treated with this hormone. More research in this area with high number of subjects is necessary.
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Wulff, RD, H. F. Causin, O. Benitez e P. A. Bacalini. "Intraspecific variability and maternal effects in the response to nutrient addition in Chenopodium album". Canadian Journal of Botany 77, n.º 8 (21 de novembro de 1999): 1150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-124.
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Intrapopulational variability in the response to nutrient addition was studied in plants of the widespread annual weedChenopodium album L. Five seed "families" (each the progeny of a single individual) were selected at random from a natural population, and the germinated seeds were grown for two generations with either a high or a low nutrient supply. Sequential harvests were performed in which we measured plant height, total biomass, leaf area, root/shoot ratios, and reproductive characteristics for each plant. The data were analysed with two- or three-way analysis of variance. The response to nutrient treatments varied among families and depended on both the particular trait considered and the stage of development. Maternal environment affected plant growth especially when the offspring was grown at low nutrient levels. Seed germination varied significantly according to both the maternal and the grand-maternal nutrient environment. The results show a high plasticity in the response to nutrient levels and the persistence of environmental effects for more than one generation.Key words: Chenopodium album, nutrients, maternal effects, phenotypic plasticity.
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Sosa-Castillo, Elizabeth, Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz e Carolina Moltó-Puigmartí. "Genomics of lactation: role of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in the fatty acid composition of human milk". British Journal of Nutrition 118, n.º 3 (14 de agosto de 2017): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517001854.
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AbstractHuman milk covers the infant’s nutrient requirements during the first 6 months of life. The composition of human milk progressively changes during lactation and it is influenced by maternal nutritional factors. Nowadays, it is well known that nutrients have the ability to interact with genes and modulate molecular mechanisms impacting physiological functions. This has led to a growing interest among researchers in exploring nutrition at a molecular level and to the development of two fields of study: nutrigenomics, which evaluates the influence of nutrients on gene expression, and nutrigenetics, which evaluates the heterogeneous individual response to nutrients due to genetic variation. Fatty acids are one of the nutrients most studied in relation to lactation given their biologically important roles during early postnatal life. Fatty acids modulate transcription factors involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, which in turn causes a variation in the proportion of lipids in milk. This review focuses on understanding, on the one hand, the gene transcription mechanisms activated by maternal dietary fatty acids and, on the other hand, the interaction between dietary fatty acids and genetic variation in genes involved in lipid metabolism. Both of these mechanisms affect the fatty acid composition of human milk.
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Werkman, M., J. A. Rooke, K. McIlvaney, C. M. Dwyer e C. J. Ashworth. "Effects of mild early-and mid-pregnancy under-nutrition on foetal and placental development in Scottish Blackface and Suffolk sheep". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (abril de 2009): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029124.
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Nutrient intake during pregnancy affects foetal development and placental function in a range of species, often with long-term effects on offspring viability. Maternal nutrient supply is believed to affect the ability of the placenta to deliver nutrients to the foetus (Fowden et al., 2006). In ruminant species, the majority of placental nutrient transport occurs in specialised structures called placentomes, which are categorised into 4 types (A-D) based on their morphological appearance. In type A placentomes, maternal tissue surrounds foetal tissues, whereas type D placentomes are typically everted and have a higher ratio of foetal:maternal tissue. It has been suggested that the distribution of placentome types may reflect the ability of the placenta to deliver nutrients (Vonnahme et al., 2006). This study tested the hypothesis that levels of under-nutrition typically encountered by hill ewes during pregnancy would alter the distribution of placentome types and that the relationship between ewe nutrition and placentome type would differ between breeds selected for lean tissue growth (such as the Suffolk) compared to less selected breeds (such as the Scottish Blackface).
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Jha, Rajesh, Razib Das e Pravin Mishra. "129 Maternal Nutrition and in Ovo Feeding Affect Gut Health and Performance of Poultry". Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (8 de outubro de 2021): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.124.
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Abstract Maintaining a healthy gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is critical for better nutrient utilization, optimum performance, and overall health of poultry. Thus, several nutritional strategies have been tried to improve poultry’s gut health. More recently, different nutrients and feed additives are being used in poultry diets with some success when antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) are not an acceptable option anymore. However, effective modulation of gut health depends on the methods and timing of the compound being available to host animals. Routinely, the alternatives to AGP like prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotic, enzymes, and other nutrients are provided in feed or water to poultry. However, the GIT of the newly hatched poultry is functionally immature, despite going through significant morphological, cellular, and molecular changes toward the end of incubation. Thus, the early growth and development of GIT are of critical importance to enhance nutrients utilization and optimize the growth performance of poultry. Maternal nutrition and in ovo feeding have been used and found to be effective in improving gut health but with inconsistent results. The effects of maternal nutrition on the development and viability of embryo and post-hatch growth performance of birds are documented. However, there is limited information on how maternal nutrition affects the gut health of chicks. In contrast, information on the same from in ovo feeding of nutrients and feed additives has increased in recent years. The results show that in ovo feeding can be a good tool to modulate gut health of post-hatch birds positively. However, more information is needed on the proper route and time of inoculation, optimum doses, and effective combination of different compounds to maximize the benefits of in ovo feeding technique in poultry production.
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Ford, S. P., e N. M. Long. "Evidence for similar changes in offspring phenotype following either maternal undernutrition or overnutrition: potential impact on fetal epigenetic mechanisms". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, n.º 1 (2012): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd11911.
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The goal of this review is to shed light on the role of maternal malnutrition in inducing epigenetic changes in gene expression, leading to alterations in fetal growth and development, and to altered postnatal phenotype and the development of metabolic disease. We present evidence supporting the concept that both maternal undernutrition and overnutrition can induce the same cadre of fetal organ and tissue abnormalities and lead to the same postnatal metabolic changes in the resulting offspring. Furthermore, we present evidence that in both overnourished and undernourished ovine pregnancies, fetuses experience a period of nutrient restriction as a result of alterations in placental delivery of maternal nutrients into the fetal compartment. We argue that this bout of reduced fetal nutrition in undernourished and overnourished pregnancies leads to the development of a thrifty phenotype in which the fetus attempts to alter the function of its tissues and organs to maximise its chances of survival in a postnatal environment that is deficient in nutrients. Importantly, we present evidence to support the concept that these phenotypic changes in offspring quality resulting from maternal malnutrition are transmitted to subsequent generations, independent of their maternal nutritional inputs.
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Kelly, Amy C., Theresa L. Powell e Thomas Jansson. "Placental function in maternal obesity". Clinical Science 134, n.º 8 (abril de 2020): 961–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20190266.
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Abstract Maternal obesity is associated with pregnancy complications and increases the risk for the infant to develop obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. However, the mechanisms linking the maternal obesogenic environment to adverse short- and long-term outcomes remain poorly understood. As compared with pregnant women with normal BMI, women entering pregnancy obese have more pronounced insulin resistance, higher circulating plasma insulin, leptin, IGF-1, lipids and possibly proinflammatory cytokines and lower plasma adiponectin. Importantly, the changes in maternal levels of nutrients, growth factors and hormones in maternal obesity modulate placental function. For example, high insulin, leptin, IGF-1 and low adiponectin in obese pregnant women activate mTOR signaling in the placenta, promoting protein synthesis, mitochondrial function and nutrient transport. These changes are believed to increase fetal nutrient supply and contribute to fetal overgrowth and/or adiposity in offspring, which increases the risk to develop disease later in life. However, the majority of obese women give birth to normal weight infants and these pregnancies are also associated with activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, oxidative stress, decreased oxidative phosphorylation and lipid accumulation in the placenta. Recent bioinformatics approaches have expanded our understanding of how maternal obesity affects the placenta; however, the link between changes in placental function and adverse outcomes in obese women giving birth to normal sized infants is unclear. Interventions that specifically target placental function, such as activation of placental adiponectin receptors, may prevent the transmission of metabolic disease from obese women to the next generation.
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Scholl, T. O., M. L. Hediger, J. I. Schall, C. S. Khoo e R. L. Fischer. "Maternal growth during pregnancy and the competition for nutrients". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 1994): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/60.2.183.
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Ramírez-Alarcón, Karina, Ángela Sánchez-Agurto, Liliana Lamperti e Miquel Martorell. "Epigenetics, Maternal Diet and Metabolic Programming". Open Biology Journal 7, n.º 1 (13 de dezembro de 2019): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874196701907010045.
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Background: The maternal environment influences embryonic and fetal life. Nutritional deficits or excesses alter the trajectory of fetus/offspring’s development. The concept of “developmental programming” and “developmental origins of health and disease” consists of the idea that maternal diet may remodel the genome and lead to epigenetic changes. These changes are induced during early life, permanently altering the phenotype in the posterior adult stage, favoring the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and metabolic syndrome. In this review, it is aimed to overview epigenetics, maternal diet and metabolic programming factors and determine which of these might affect future generations. Scope and Approach: Nutrients interfere with the epigenome by influencing the supply and use of methyl groups through DNA transmethylation and demethylation mechanisms. They also influence the remodeling of chromatin and arginine or lysine residues at the N-terminal tails of histone, thus altering miRNA expression. Fats, proteins, B vitamins and folates act as important cofactors in methylation processes. The metabolism of carbon in the methyl groups of choline, folic acid and methionine to S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAM), acts as methyl donors to methyl DNA, RNA, and proteins. B-complex vitamins are important since they act as coenzymes during this process. Key Findings and Conclusion: Nutrients, during pregnancy, potentially influence susceptibility to diseases in adulthood. Additionally, the deficit or excess of nutrients alter the epigenetic machinery, affecting genes and influencing the genome of the offspring and therefore, predisposing the development of chronic diseases in adults.
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Kravtsova, E. I., I. I. Kutsenko, I. O. Borovikov e S. K. Batmen. "Nutrition and nutritional support during pregnancy". Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health 3, n.º 4 (2020): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-233-241.
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Increased nutrient needs during pregnancy are accounted for by physiological changes in the maternal organism and requirements of the developing and growing baby. They are realized through a number of physiological adaptations in nutrient metabolism. Physiological pregnancy and adequate fetal development are impossible in deficient nutrients, vitamins, and microelements. Randomized clinical trials in pregnant women have demonstrated that nutrient deficiency in the maternal organism results in pregnancy complications and health problems in the newborn but also accounts for a wide range of chronic disorders among the offspring. Probiotics improve digestive health in pregnant women and affect epigenetic programming of human homeostasis that predisposes to dysbiosis, allergies, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Prevention of vitamin and probiotic deficiency during pre-pregnancy planning, pregnancy, and breastfeeding focuses on ensuring that vitamin intake from food meets the requirements for these nutrients. Complex vitamin supplements containing probiotics treat alimentary deficiency and contribute to the favorable course of pregnancy and fetal development. KEYWORDS: nutrition, woman’s health, pregnancy, vitamins, probiotics, nutrient deficiency. FOR CITATION: Kravtsova E.I., Kutsenko I.I., Borovikov I.O., Batmen S.K. Nutrition and nutritional support during pregnancy. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2020;3(4):233–240. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-233-241.
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Caton, Joel S. "148 Nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development: Introduction to current knowledge". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2 de novembro de 2020): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.205.
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Abstract Processes associated with appropriate fetal and neonatal development from the periconceptual through the neonatal phases of life are critical for offspring health and productivity throughout life. The objectives are to provide a brief introduction to the current knowledge associated with nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development. The concept of developmental or fetal programming is that inappropriate events during critical developmental stages can have lasting impacts on offspring outcomes. This idea has emerged over the past three decades to become a major research focus in both animal and human biomedical arenas. Perturbed maternal nutrition and/or nutrient supply from prebreeding through early neonatal life has long been known to shape reproductive efficiency and offspring outcomes. Nutrient supply to the conceptus varies during the time course of placental and fetal development. Uterine glandular secretions are major suppliers of nutrients during early placental and conceptus development. As the placenta develops and becomes fully functional, fetal nutrient supply becomes dependent on placental function. Research investigating changes in total maternal nutrient supply, including both an under and over abundance, has clearly demonstrated impacts on offspring outcomes. Investigations into supply of specific nutrients on development outcomes has increased rapidly in recent years with results demonstrating that in some cases, even small changes in supply can have developmental consequences. Specific amino acids, minerals, fatty acids, and nutrient supply interactions can influence developmental outcomes. Underlying mechanisms of developmental programming are associated with epigenetic events which are driven, at least in part, by methyl donors and one carbon metabolites. Emerging knowledge associated with how critical supply of specific nutrients influences offspring development and postnatal health, function, and productivity is shaping our understanding of parental, fetal, and neonatal nutrition and creating opportunities for enhanced livestock production through strategic nutrient supplementation.
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Leese, Henry J., Sasha A. Hugentobler, Susan M. Gray, Dermot G. Morris, Roger G. Sturmey, Sarah-Louise Whitear e Joseph M. Sreenan. "Female reproductive tract fluids: composition, mechanism of formation and potential role in the developmental origins of health and disease". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, n.º 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd07153.
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The oviduct and uterus provide the environments for the earliest stages of mammalian embryo development. However, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the formation of oviduct and uterine fluids, or the extent to which the supply of nutrients via these reproductive tract tissues matches the nutrient requirements of early embryos. After reviewing our limited knowledge of these phenomena, a new experimental paradigm is proposed in which the epithelia lining the endosalpinx and endometrium are seen as the final components in a supply line that links maternal diet at one end and embryo uptake of nutrients at the other. When considered in this way, the oviduct and uterine epithelia become, for a few days, potentially the most critical maternal tissues in the establishment of a healthy pregnancy. In fulfilling this ‘gatekeeper’ role, female reproductive tract fluids have a key role in the ‘developmental origins of health and disease’ concept.
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Wallace, Jacqueline M. "Competition for nutrients in pregnant adolescents: consequences for maternal, conceptus and offspring endocrine systems". Journal of Endocrinology 242, n.º 1 (julho de 2019): T1—T19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0670.
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The competition for nutrients that arises when pregnancy coincides with continuing or incomplete growth in young adolescent girls increases the risk of preterm delivery and low birthweight with negative after-effects for mother and child extending beyond the perinatal period. Sheep paradigms involving nutritional management of weight and adiposity in young, biologically immature adolescents have allowed the consequences of differential maternal growth status to be explored. Although nutrient reserves at conception play a modest role, it is the dietary manipulation of the maternal growth trajectory thereafter which has the most negative impact on pregnancy outcome. Overnourishing adolescents to promote rapid maternal growth is particularly detrimental as placental growth, uteroplacental blood flows and fetal nutrient delivery are perturbed leading to a high incidence of fetal growth restriction and premature delivery of low birthweight lambs, whereas in undernourished adolescents further maternal growth is prevented, and depletion of the maternal body results in a small reduction in birthweight independent of placental size. Maternal and placental endocrine systems are differentially altered in both paradigms with downstream effects on fetal endocrine systems, organ development and body composition. Approaches to reverse these effects have been explored, predominantly targeting placental growth or function. After birth, growth-restricted offspring born to overnourished adolescents and fed to appetite have an altered metabolic phenotype which persists into adulthood, whereas offspring of undernourished adolescents are largely unaffected. This body of work using ovine paradigms has public health implications for nutritional advice offered to young adolescents before and during pregnancy, and their offspring thereafter.
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Rees, William D. "Interactions between nutrients in the maternal diet and the implications for the long-term health of the offspring". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 78, n.º 1 (31 de outubro de 2018): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665118002537.
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Nutritional science has traditionally used the reductionist approach to understand the roles of individual nutrients in growth and development. The macronutrient dense but micronutrient poor diets consumed by many in the Western world may not result in an overt deficiency; however, there may be situations where multiple mild deficiencies combine with excess energy to alter cellular metabolism. These interactions are especially important in pregnancy as changes in early development modify the risk of developing non-communicable diseases later in life. Nutrient interactions affect all stages of fetal development, influencing endocrine programming, organ development and the epigenetic programming of gene expression. The rapidly developing field of stem cell metabolism reveals new links between cellular metabolism and differentiation. This review will consider the interactions between nutrients in the maternal diet and their influence on fetal development, with particular reference to energy metabolism, amino acids and the vitamins in the B group.
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Lee, Yu Qi, Eugenie R. Lumbers, Tracy L. Schumacher, Clare E. Collins, Kym M. Rae e Kirsty G. Pringle. "Maternal Diet Influences Fetal Growth but Not Fetal Kidney Volume in an Australian Indigenous Pregnancy Cohort". Nutrients 13, n.º 2 (9 de fevereiro de 2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020569.
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Suboptimal nutrition during pregnancy is recognised as a significant modifiable determinant in the development of chronic disease in offspring in later life. The current study aimed: (i) to assess the dietary intakes of pregnant Indigenous Australian women against national recommendations and (ii) to investigate the associations between maternal nutrition during pregnancy and the growth of the offspring, including kidney development in late gestation in the Gomeroi gaaynggal cohort (n = 103). Maternal dietary intake in the third trimester was assessed using the Australian Eating Survey Food Frequency Questionnaire. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) and kidney size were obtained by ultrasound. Birth weight was retrieved from hospital birth records. Of the five key nutrients for optimal reproductive health (folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre), the nutrients with the highest percentage of pregnant women achieving the nutrient reference values (NRVs) were zinc (75.7%) and folate (57.3%), whereas iron was the lowest. Only four people achieved all NRVs (folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre) important in pregnancy. Sodium and saturated fat intake exceeded recommended levels and diet quality was low, with a median score of 28 out of 73 points. After adjusting for smoking and pre-pregnancy body mass index, only maternal intake of retinol equivalents and the proportion of energy from nutrient-dense or energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods were associated with fetal growth. EFW decreased by 0.13 g and birth weight decreased by 0.24 g for every µg increase in maternal dietary retinol intake. Interestingly, EFW, but not actual birth weight, was positively associated with percentage energy from nutrient dense foods and negatively associated with percentage energy from EDNP foods. Dietary supplement usage was associated with increased birthweight, most significantly iron and folate supplementation. Current dietary intakes of pregnant Australian women from this cohort do not align with national guidelines. Furthermore, current findings show that maternal retinol intake and diet composition during pregnancy can influence fetal growth, but not fetal kidney growth in late gestation. Strategies that aim to support and optimise nutrient intakes of Indigenous pregnant women are urgently needed. Future studies with long-term follow-up of the children in the current cohort to assess renal damage and blood pressure are imperative.
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Lohia, Neha, Shobha Udipi, Padmini Ghugre e Kishori Deshpande. "Serum Retinol, α-tocopherol, and Lipid Peroxide Concentrations in Low-income Indian Pregnant Mothers". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 79, n.º 3 (1 de maio de 2009): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.79.3.142.
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Serum α-tocopherol, retinol, and malondialdehyde concentrations were measured at 7th month of pregnancy in 122 women from low socio-economic background. Maternal anthropometric measurements, 24-hour nutrient intakes, and pregnancy outcome were recorded. One-third (34.3 %) of mothers had low birth weight babies and 10 % delivered preterm. Maternal diets were inadequate in all the nutrients, the most limiting being vitamin A. Three-fourths of mothers had intakes less than 25 % of the Indian recommended daily intake (RDI) of 600 µg retinol equivalents/day. Serum α-tocopherol concentrations of 98 % were indicative of deficiency and almost half the mothers had low serum retinol concentrations (≤10 µg/dL). Mean malondialdehyde level was 7.0 ± 1.4 nmoles/mL. These values are higher than reports in the literature and were attributable to poor intake of most dietary antioxidants. Malondialdehyde concentrations were negatively correlated with serum α-tocopherol. Birth weight was positively correlated with maternal weight and biceps skinfold thickness, macronutrient intakes, serum retinol, and α-tocopherol concentrations. Preterm delivery was associated with low anthropometric measurements and low nutrient intakes especially vitamin A. Mothers who delivered preterm had significantly lower malondialdehyde concentrations than those who delivered at term. The role of antioxidant nutrients, especially vitamin A and oxidative stress in relation to fetal growth and pregnancy outcome among mothers from low socioeconomic settings requires attention.
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Giudice, Linda S. "Implanted fertilized egg and maternal organism". Problems of Endocrinology 45, n.º 3 (15 de junho de 1999): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11767.
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The symbiotic relationship between the mother and the fertilized egg is a continuous connection on which the continuation of the species depends. The most important goal of an implanting embryo is to attach to the maternal endometrium and then introduce it. Thus, he provides for himself a safe place for the next 9 months and access to the nutrients necessary for his existence and continued growth.
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Mota-Rojas, D., H. Orozco-Gregorio, D. Villanueva-Garcia, H. Bonilla-Jaime, X. Suarez-Bonilla, R. Hernandez-Gonzalez, P. Roldan-Santiago e ME Trujillo-Ortega. "Foetal and neonatal energy metabolism in pigs and humans: a review". Veterinární Medicína 56, No. 5 (10 de junho de 2011): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1565-vetmed.
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The aim of this review was to elaborate a conceptual framework of the most important aspects of the main biochemical processes of synthesis and breakdown of energy substrates that human and pig foetuses and newborns can use during the transition from foetus to newborn. Under normal physiological conditions, the growth and development of the foetus depends upon nutrients such as glucose, lipids and amino acids. In addition to the maternal and foetal status, genetic factors are also reported to play a role. The main function of the placenta in all species is to promote the selective transport of nutrients and waste products between mother and foetus. This transport is facilitated by the close proximity of the maternal and foetal vascular systems in the placenta. The foetus depends on the placental supply of nutrients, which regulates energy reserves by means of glycogen storage. Also, the synthesis of foetal hepatic glycogen guarantees energy reserves during perinatal asphyxia or maternal hypoglycaemia. However, the foetus can also obtain energy from other resources, such as gluconeogenesis from the intermediary metabolism of the Krebs cycle and most amino acids. Later, when the placental glucose contribution ends during the transition to the postnatal period, the maturation of biological systems and essential metabolic adaptations for survival and growth is required. The maintenance of normoglycaemia depends on the conditions that determine nutrient status throughout life: the adequacy of glycogen stores, the maturation of the glycogenolytic and gluconeogenic pathway, and an integrated endocrine response.
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Lecorguillé, Marion, Sandrine Lioret, Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain, Erwan de Gavelle, Anne Forhan, François Mariotti, Marie-Aline Charles e Barbara Heude. "Association between Dietary Intake of One-Carbon Metabolism Nutrients in the Year before Pregnancy and Birth Anthropometry". Nutrients 12, n.º 3 (20 de março de 2020): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030838.
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Few studies have evaluated the role of methylation-pathway nutrients involved in fetal growth (B vitamins, choline, betaine, and methionine). These one-carbon metabolism (OCM) nutrients are essential for DNA methylation in the periconception period. We aimed to characterize dietary patterns of 1638 women from the EDEN mother-child cohort in the year before pregnancy according to the contribution of OCM nutrients and to study the association of such patterns with anthropometric measurements at birth. Dietary intake before pregnancy was assessed by using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We used the reduced-rank regression (RRR) method to identify dietary patterns using OCM nutrients as intermediate variables. We ran linear regressions models to study the association between dietary patterns scores and birth weight, length, head circumference, gestational age, and sex-specific z-scores, adjusting for maternal characteristics and vitamin supplementation before and during pregnancy. Three patterns, “varied and balanced”, “vegetarian tendency”, and “bread and starchy food” were identified, explaining 58% of the variability in OCM nutrient intake. Higher scores on the “varied and balanced” pattern tended to be associated with higher birth length and weight. In mainly well-nourished young French women, we did not find evidence that variability in OCM nutrient intake has major effects on fetal growth.
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Rodríguez-Cano, Ameyalli M., Claudia C. Calzada-Mendoza, Guadalupe Estrada-Gutierrez, Jonatan A. Mendoza-Ortega e Otilia Perichart-Perera. "Nutrients, Mitochondrial Function, and Perinatal Health". Nutrients 12, n.º 7 (21 de julho de 2020): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12072166.
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Mitochondria are active independent organelles that not only meet the cellular energy requirement but also regulate central cellular activities. Mitochondria can play a critical role in physiological adaptations during pregnancy. Differences in mitochondrial function have been found between healthy and complicated pregnancies. Pregnancy signifies increased nutritional requirements to support fetal growth and the metabolism of maternal and fetal tissues. Nutrient availability regulates mitochondrial metabolism, where excessive macronutrient supply could lead to oxidative stress and contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, while micronutrients are essential elements for optimal mitochondrial processes, as cofactors in energy metabolism and/or as antioxidants. Inadequate macronutrient and micronutrient consumption can result in adverse pregnancy outcomes, possibly through mitochondrial dysfunction, by impairing energy supply, one-carbon metabolism, biosynthetic pathways, and the availability of metabolic co-factors which modulate the epigenetic processes capable of establishing significant short- and long-term effects on infant health. Here, we review the importance of macronutrients and micronutrients on mitochondrial function and its influence on maternal and infant health.
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Li, Shuying, Xiubiao Tian, Yiyun Wang, Xumei Zhang, Liwen Zhang, Chen Li, Jing Li et al. "Associations of Maternal rs1801131 Genotype in MTHFR and Serum Folate and Vitamin B12 with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Pregnant Women". Nutrients 14, n.º 6 (10 de março de 2022): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14061169.
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Circumstantial evidence links one-carbon metabolism (OCM) related nutrients, such as folate and vitamin B12, with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, few studies have evaluated the combined effects of these nutrients with OCM related gene polymorphisms on GDM. This study investigated whether OCM related genetic variants modified the associations of folate and B12 with GDM. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for OCM related nutrients and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding main OCM related enzymes (MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR) on GDM. Higher folate concentrations were associated with increased GDM risk (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.13). However, higher B12 concentrations were associated with reduced GDM risk (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.92). Pregnancies with MTHFR rs1801131 G alleles had a significantly lower risk of GDM than pregnancies with T alleles (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.91) under the dominant model. The genotype-stratified analysis revealed the association between folate and GDM (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.30) or B12 and GDM (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.98) was more evident in pregnancies with TT genotype. Higher folate and lower B12 are associated with GDM. Pregnancies with MTHFR rs1801131 TT genotype are more susceptible to OCM nutrient-related GDM.
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Wu, Yi, Zhibin Cheng, Yueyu Bai e Xi Ma. "Epigenetic Mechanisms of Maternal Dietary Protein and Amino Acids Affecting Growth and Development of Offspring". Current Protein & Peptide Science 20, n.º 7 (27 de junho de 2019): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203720666190125110150.
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Nutrients can regulate metabolic activities of living organisms through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA regulation. Since the nutrients required for early embryos and postpartum lactation are derived in whole or in part from maternal and lactating nutrition, the maternal nutritional level affects the growth and development of fetus and creates a profound relationship between disease development and early environmental exposure in the offspring’s later life. Protein is one of the most important biological macromolecules, involved in almost every process of life, such as information transmission, energy processing and material metabolism. Maternal protein intake levels may affect the integrity of the fetal genome and alter DNA methylation and gene expression. Most amino acids are supplied to the fetus from the maternal circulation through active transport of placenta. Some amino acids, such as methionine, as dietary methyl donor, play an important role in DNA methylation and body’s one-carbon metabolism. The purpose of this review is to describe effects of maternal dietary protein and amino acid intake on fetal and neonatal growth and development through epigenetic mechanisms, with examples in humans and animals.
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Williams, Janet E., William J. Price, Bahman Shafii, Katherine M. Yahvah, Lars Bode, Mark A. McGuire e Michelle K. McGuire. "Relationships Among Microbial Communities, Maternal Cells, Oligosaccharides, and Macronutrients in Human Milk". Journal of Human Lactation 33, n.º 3 (13 de junho de 2017): 540–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334417709433.
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Background: Human milk provides all essential nutrients necessary for early life and is rich in nonnutrients, maternally derived (host) cells, and bacteria, but almost nothing is known about the interplay among these components. Research aim: The primary objective of this research was to characterize relationships among macronutrients, maternal cells, and bacteria in milk. Methods: Milk samples were collected from 16 women and analyzed for protein, lipid, fatty acid, lactose, and human milk oligosaccharide concentrations. Concentrations of maternal cells were determined using microscopy, and somatic cell counts were enumerated. Microbial ecologies were characterized using culture-independent methods. Results: Absolute and relative concentrations of maternal cells were mostly consistent within each woman as were relative abundances of bacterial genera, and there were many apparent relationships between these factors. For instance, relative abundance of Serratia was negatively associated with somatic cell counts ( r = –.47, p < .0001) and neutrophil concentration ( r = –.38, p < .0006). Concentrations of several oligosaccharides were correlated with maternally derived cell types as well as somatic cell counts; for example, lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose were inversely correlated with somatic cell counts ( r = –.64, p = .0082; r = –.52, p = .0387, respectively), and relative abundance of Staphylococcus was positively associated with total oligosaccharide concentration ( r = .69, p = .0034). Complex relationships between milk nutrients and bacterial community profile, maternal cells, and milk oligosaccharides were also apparent. Conclusion: These data support the possibility that profiles of maternally derived cells, nutrient concentrations, and the microbiome of human milk might be interrelated.
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Nnam, N. M. "Improving maternal nutrition for better pregnancy outcomes". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74, n.º 4 (12 de agosto de 2015): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665115002396.
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Much has been learned during the past several decades about the role of maternal nutrition in the outcome of pregnancy. While the bulk of the data is derived from animal models, human observations are gradually accumulating. There is need to improve maternal nutrition because of the high neonatal mortality rate especially in developing countries. The author used a conceptual framework which took both primary and secondary factors into account when interpreting study findings. Nutrition plays a vital role in reducing some of the health risks associated with pregnancy such as risk of fetal and infant mortality, intra-uterine growth retardation, low birth weight and premature births, decreased birth defects, cretinism, poor brain development and risk of infection. Adequate nutrition is essential for a woman throughout her life cycle to ensure proper development and prepare the reproductive life of the woman. Pregnant women require varied diets and increased nutrient intake to cope with the extra needs during pregnancy. Use of dietary supplements and fortified foods should be encouraged for pregnant women to ensure adequate supply of nutrients for both mother and foetus. The author concludes that nutrition education should be a core component of Mother and Child Health Clinics and every opportunity should be utilised to give nutrition education on appropriate diets for pregnant women.
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Oftedal, Olav T. "Use of maternal reserves as a lactation strategy in large mammals". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2000): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000124.
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The substrate demands of lactation must be met by increased dietary intake or by mobilization of nutrients from tissues. The capacity of animals to rely on stored nutrients depends to a large extent on body size; large animals have greater stores, relative to the demands of lactation, than do small animals. The substrate demands of lactation depend on the composition and amount of milk produced. Animals that fast or feed little during lactation are expected to produce milks low in sugar but high in fat, in order to minimize needs for gluconeogenesis while sustaining energy transfers to the young. The patterns of nutrient transfer are reviewed for four taxonomic groups that fast during part of or throughout lactation: sea lions and fur seals (Carnivora: Otariidae), bears (Carnivora: Ursidae), true seals (Carnivora: Phocidae) and baleen whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti). All these groups produce low-sugar high-fat milks, although the length of lactation, rate of milk production and growth of the young are variable. Milk protein concentrations also tend to be low, if considered in relation to milk energy content. Maternal reserves are heavily exploited for milk production in these taxa. The amounts of lipid transferred to the young represent about one-fifth to one-third of maternal lipid stores; the relative amount of the gross energy of the body transferred in the milk is similar. Some seals and bears also transfer up to 16–18 % of the maternal body protein via milk. Reliance on maternal reserves has allowed some large mammals to give birth and lactate at sites and times far removed from food resources.
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Rai, Deshanie, Julia K. Bird, Michael I. McBurney e Karen M. Chapman-Novakofski. "Nutritional status as assessed by nutrient intakes and biomarkers among women of childbearing age – is the burden of nutrient inadequacies growing in America?" Public Health Nutrition 18, n.º 9 (13 de outubro de 2014): 1658–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014002067.
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AbstractObjectiveUnderstanding nutrient intakes among women of childbearing age within the USA is important given the accumulating evidence that maternal body weight gain and nutrient intakes prior to pregnancy may influence the health and well-being of the offspring. The objective of the present study was to evaluate nutritional status in women of childbearing age and to ascertain the influence of ethnicity and income on nutrient intakes.DesignNutritional status was assessed using data on nutrient intakes through foods and supplements from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Biomarker data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were used to assess nutritional status for selected nutrients. Poverty–income ratio was used to assess family income.SubjectsWhite (n1560), African-American (n889) and Mexican-American (n761) women aged 19–30 and 31–50 years were included.SettingA nationally representative sample of non-pregnant women of childbearing age resident in the USA.ResultsAfrican-American women had the lowest intakes of fibre, folate, riboflavin, P, K, Ca and Mg. Women (31–50 years) with a poverty–income ratio of ≤1·85 had significantly lower intakes of almost all nutrients analysed. Irrespective of ethnicity and income, a significant percentage of women were not consuming the estimated recommended amounts (Estimated Average Requirement) of several key nutrients: vitamin A (~80 %), vitamin D (~78 %) and fibre (~92 %). Nutrient biomarker data were generally reflective of nutrient intake patterns among the different ethnic groups.ConclusionsWomen of childbearing age in the USA are not meeting nutrient intake guidelines, with differences between ethnic groups and socio-economic strata. These factors should be considered when establishing nutrition science advocacy and policy.
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Ling, P. R., B. R. Bistrian, G. L. Blackburn e N. Istfan. "Effect of continuous feeding on maternal protein metabolism and fetal growth in the rat". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 256, n.º 6 (1 de junho de 1989): E852—E862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1989.256.6.e852.
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Accelerated maternal catabolism ensures adequate fetal growth in the postabsorptive pregnant mammal during late gestation. However, the relative importance of maternal stores and diet in supplying nutrient requirements to the fetus is unknown. We have measured rates of protein synthesis and breakdown in maternal and fetal tissues during continuous intravenous feeding on days 17 and 20 in the rat, using leucine tracer infusions. Nutrient solutions supplying 180 and 250 kcal.kg-1.day-1 were tested. Changes in fetal size were measured in these rats and in rats maintained on ad libitum chow feeding. In comparison to previous results in the postabsorptive rat, leucine flux from endogenous sources into plasma was significantly suppressed, with only 12-20% of circulating leucine derived from maternal tissues. Muscle protein catabolism (previously described on day 20 of gestation) was abolished with continuous feeding. Fetal growth rate averaged 46%/day on day 17 of gestation in all groups but was reduced to 12%/day on day 20 in the rats intravenously fed 180 kcal.kg-1.day-1 and 22%/day in the rats fed 250 kcal.kg-1.day-1. Fetal growth on day 20 in the rats fed rat chow ad libitum was unaffected. We conclude that by decreasing the maternal contribution to circulating nutrients, continuous intravenous feeding may adversely affect fetal growth in late pregnancy. The findings in the current study underline the physiological importance of maternal-fetal nutrient exchange.
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Martin-Gronert, M. S., e S. E. Ozanne. "Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and health of the offspring". Biochemical Society Transactions 34, n.º 5 (1 de outubro de 2006): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0340779.
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The ability of mother to provide nutrients and oxygen for her baby is a critical factor for fetal health and its survival. Failure in supplying the adequate amount of nutrients to meet fetal demand can lead to fetal malnutrition. The fetus responds and adapts to undernutrition but by doing so it permanently alters the structure and function of the body. Maternal overnutrition also has long-lasting and detrimental effects on the health of the offspring. There is growing evidence that maternal nutrition can induce epigenetic modifications of the fetal genome. Only relatively recently has evidence from epidemiological and animal studies emerged suggesting that fetal responses to the intrauterine environment may underlie the prevalence of many chronic diseases of adulthood including Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. It is now of crucial importance to gain the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between fetal alterations to the intra-uterine environment and their long-term effects on the health of an individual.
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McNeill, B. A., G. K. Barrell, M. J. Ridgway, M. P. Wellby, T. C. R. Prickett e E. A. Espiner. "Caloric restriction, but not caloric loading, affects circulating fetal and maternal C-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in late ovine gestation". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, n.º 8 (2012): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd11312.
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The factors regulating the greatly elevated concentrations of maternal plasma C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) forms in ruminant pregnancy are largely unknown, but nutrient status is likely to be important. Previous work has shown that increases in maternal plasma CNP, sourced from the placenta, occur in response to caloric restriction in late gestation. Whether oversupply of nutrients also regulates CNP secretion in pregnancy has not been studied. Hypothesising that CNP in fetal and maternal tissues will be responsive to both deficiency and excess, we studied changes in CNP and a cosecreted fragment, namely N-terminal pro-CNP (NTproCNP), during short-term periods of caloric restriction (CR) and loading (CL). Twin-bearing ewes received CR (fasted Days 121–124), CL (Days 110–124) or control maintenance diets. During CR, fetal plasma CNP forms, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and liveweight all fell, and maternal plasma NTproCNP increased. During CL, fetal IGF-1 increased, whereas CNP forms and liveweight were unchanged, as were maternal concentrations of CNP forms. The high abundance of CNP peptides in placental tissues was unaffected by these short-term changes in nutrient supply. We conclude that CNP in the fetal–maternal unit is acutely responsive to undernutrition, but is unaffected by oversupply in late gestation.
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Hyde, Natalie K., Sharon L. Brennan-Olsen, Kathy Bennett, David J. Moloney e Julie A. Pasco. "Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy: Intake of Nutrients Important for Bone Health". Maternal and Child Health Journal 21, n.º 4 (20 de agosto de 2016): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-2178-7.
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Ogawa, Kohei, Kyongsun Pak, Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada, Kazue Ishitsuka, Hatoko Sasaki, Hidetoshi Mezawa, Mayako Saito-Abe et al. "Association between maternal vegetable intake during pregnancy and allergy in offspring: Japan Environment and Children’s Study". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 1 (28 de janeiro de 2021): e0245782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245782.
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The association between maternal diet during pregnancy and allergy in offspring remains contentious. Here, we examined the association between maternal intake of vegetables and related nutrients during pregnancy and allergic diseases in offspring at one year of age. A cohort of 80,270 pregnant women enrolled in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study were asked to respond to a food frequency questionnaire during pregnancy and the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire at one year postpartum. The women were categorized into quintiles according to the energy-adjusted maternal intake of vegetables and related nutrients. Using the categorizations as exposure variables, the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined for the allergic outcomes, including asthma, wheeze, atopic dermatitis, eczema, and food allergy, in the offspring per quintile at one year of age. Of the 80,270 participants, 2,027 (2.5%), 15,617 (19.6%), 3,477 (4.3%), 14,929 (18.7%), 13,801 (17.2%), and 25,028 (31.3%) children experienced asthma, wheeze, atopic dermatitis, eczema, food allergy, and some form of allergic disease, respectively. The aORs of each quintile of maternal vegetable intake for all allergic outcomes were close to 1.0 compared to the lowest quintile. The lowest aOR was found in the association of maternal cruciferous vegetable intake with asthma (aOR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.70–0.96) and highest was found in the association of maternal total vegetable intake with atopic dermatitis (aOR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04–1.31). The risk of allergic outcomes for the various nutrients related to vegetable consumption was close to 1.0. The maternal intake of vegetables and various related nutrients during pregnancy had little or no association with any of the allergic outcomes, including asthma, wheezing, atopic dermatitis, eczema, and food allergy, in offspring at one year.
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Calder, Philip C., e Alan A. Jackson. "Undernutrition, infection and immune function". Nutrition Research Reviews 13, n.º 1 (junho de 2000): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/095442200108728981.
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AbstractUndernutrition and infection are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. These two problems are interrelated. Undernutrition compromises barrier function, allowing easier access by pathogens, and compromises immune function, decreasing the ability of the host to eliminate pathogens once they enter the body. Thus, malnutrition predisposes to infections. Infections can alter nutritional status mediated by changes in dietary intake, absorption and nutrient requirements and losses of endogenous nutrients. Thus, the presence of infections can contribute to the malnourished state. The global burden of malnutrition and infectious disease is immense, especially amongst children. Childhood infections impair growth and development. There is a role for breast-feeding in protection against infections. Key nutrients required for an efficient immune response include vitamin A, Fe, Zn and Cu. There is some evidence that provision of the first three of these nutrients does improve immune function in undernourished children and can reduce the morbidity and mortality of some infectious diseases including measles, diarrhoeal disease and upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Not all studies, however, show benefit of single nutrient supplementation and this might be because the subjects studied have multiple nutrient deficiencies. The situation regarding Fe supplementation is particularly complex. In addition to immunization programmes and improvement of nutrient status, there are important roles for maternal education, improved hygiene and sanitation and increased supply of quality water in the eradication of infectious diseases.
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Van Gronigen Case, Gerialisa, Kathryn M. Storey, Lauren E. Parmeley e Laura C. Schulz. "Effects of maternal nutrient restriction during the periconceptional period on placental development in the mouse". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 1 (14 de janeiro de 2021): e0244971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244971.
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Maternal undernutrition has detrimental effects on fetal development and adult health. Total caloric restriction during early pregnancy followed by adequate nutrition for the remainder of gestation, is particularly linked to cardiovascular and metabolic disease risks during adulthood. The placenta is responsible for transport of nutrients from the maternal to fetal circulation, and the efficiency with which it does so can be adjusted to the maternal nutrient supply. There is evidence that placental adaptations to nutrient restriction in early pregnancy may be retained even when adequate nutrition is restored later in pregnancy, leading to a potential mismatch between placental efficiency and maternal nutrient supplies. However, in the mouse, 50% caloric restriction from days 1.5–11.5 of gestation, while temporarily altering placental structure and gene expression, had no significant effect on day 18.5. The periconceptional period, during which oocyte maturation, fertilization, and preimplantation development occur may be especially critical in creating lasting impact on the placenta. Here, mice were subjected to 50% caloric restriction from 3 weeks prior to pregnancy through d11.5, and then placental structure, the expression of key nutrient transporters, and global DNA methylation levels were examined at gestation d18.5. Prior exposure to caloric restriction increased maternal blood space area, but decreased expression of the key System A amino acid transporter Slc38a4 at d18.5. Neither placental and fetal weights, nor placental DNA methylation levels were affected. Thus, total caloric restriction beginning in the periconceptional period does have a lasting impact on placental development in the mouse, but without changing placental efficiency.
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Nwachukwu, C. U. "Review article: Nutritional effects on fetal development during gestation in ruminants". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, n.º 2 (17 de dezembro de 2020): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i2.184.
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Intrauterine growth retardation is a massive problem in animal production as it influencesthe body composition, carcass quality, and impairs health. This condition can lead to areduction in neonatal survival, growth, feed efficiency utilisation, and future production bythe animals. Pregnancy may negatively influence maternal nutritional status because ofincreased uteroplacental blood flow, nutrient mobilisation, and transfer of nutrients from thedam to the fetus. The critical factor for fetal survival and health is an adequate nutrient andoxygen supply to the dam during gestation. This ability is dependent on her nutritionalsupply, body size, body composition, and metabolism during pregnancy. The placenta is aunique organ of reproduction that helps in the exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases andexcretory waste between the mother and offspring. Maternal nutrition restriction inembryonic, placenta and fetal stages of pregnancy can result in metabolic compromise,cardiovascular, renal and adipose tissue dysfunction. The major effects of nutritionalchallenges on fetoplacental growth and development appear to occur when the placenta israpidly developing. Poor nutrition caused by inadequate, excess or imbalanced nutrientintake has been shown to adversely affect subsequent reproductive performance (delayedpuberty, luteal inadequacy, reduced follicular reserve, reduced ovulation, and conceptionrates). Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins are key components in animalfeeds that are required for a daily maintenance diet. Amino acids serve as building blocks forproteins and essential precursors for the synthesis of different physiologicalmolecules–hormones, neurotransmitters, nitric oxide, creatine, glutathione, carnitine, andpolyamines.
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Malin, Ashley J., Stefanie A. Busgang, Alejandra J. Cantoral, Katherine Svensson, Manuela A. Orjuela, Ivan Pantic, Lourdes Schnaas et al. "Quality of Prenatal and Childhood Diet Predicts Neurodevelopmental Outcomes among Children in Mexico City". Nutrients 10, n.º 8 (15 de agosto de 2018): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081093.
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Adequate nutrition is important for neurodevelopment. Although nutrients are ingested in combination, the impact of specific nutrients within the context of a nutrient mixture has not been studied with respect to health, such as neurodevelopment. Therefore, we examined the impact of prenatal and childhood nutrient mixtures on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Participants included mother–child pairs in the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment, and Social Stress (PROGRESS) prospective birth cohort in Mexico City. We assessed prenatal and child micro- and macronutrient profiles among 65 and 329 children, respectively, via food frequency questionnaires. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of 4–6-year-old children were measured using the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (MSCA). We conducted weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyses to calculate indices reflecting “good” and “poor” prenatal and childhood nutrition. After adjusting for maternal education, socioeconomic status, the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) score, and total caloric intake, the good prenatal and childhood nutrition indices predicted more favorable neurodevelopment, while both poor nutrition indices predicted poorer neurodevelopment. These associations were stronger in prenatal than childhood models. Monounsaturated fats predicted various neurodevelopmental abilities relatively strongly in both models. Prenatal and childhood consumption of combinations of beneficial nutrients may contribute to more favorable neurodevelopment.
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Bravi, Francesca, Matteo Di Maso, Simone R. B. M. Eussen, Carlo Agostoni, Guglielmo Salvatori, Claudio Profeti, Paola Tonetto et al. "Dietary Patterns of Breastfeeding Mothers and Human Milk Composition: Data from the Italian MEDIDIET Study". Nutrients 13, n.º 5 (19 de maio de 2021): 1722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051722.
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(1) Background: Several studies have reported associations between maternal diet in terms of single foods or nutrients and human milk compounds, while the overall role of maternal diet and related dietary patterns has rarely been investigated. (2) Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, we enrolled 300 healthy Italian mothers, who exclusively breastfed their infant. During a hospital visit at 6 weeks postpartum, a sample of freshly expressed foremilk was collected and information on maternal dietary habits in the postpartum period was obtained through an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. We applied principal component factor analysis to selected nutrients in order to identify maternal dietary patterns, and assessed correlations in human milk macronutrients and fatty acids across levels of dietary patterns. (3) Results: Five dietary patterns were identified, named “Vitamins, minerals and fibre”, “Proteins and fatty acids with legs”, “Fatty acids with fins”, “Fatty acids with leaves”, “Starch and vegetable proteins”. These dietary patterns were correlated with some milk components, namely fatty acids, and in particular ω-3 and its subcomponents. (4) Conclusions: This study showed that overall maternal dietary habits during breastfeeding may influence human milk composition, suggesting the importance of adequate maternal nutrition during lactation not only for the mother herself but also to provide the infant with milk containing adequate amount and quality of nutrients for a balanced nutrition.
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Diniz, Wellison J. S., Lawrence P. Reynolds, Pawel P. Borowicz, Alison K. Ward, Kevin K. Sedivec, Kacie L. McCarthy, Cierrah J. Kassetas et al. "Maternal Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Rate of Maternal Weight Gain Affects Placental Expression of Energy Metabolism and Transport-Related Genes". Genes 12, n.º 3 (9 de março de 2021): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030385.
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Maternal nutrients are essential for proper fetal and placental development and function. However, the effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation under two rates of maternal weight gain on placental genome-wide gene expression have not been investigated so far. Furthermore, biological processes and pathways in the placenta that act in response to early maternal nutrition are yet to be elucidated. Herein, we examined the impact of maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation (from pre-breeding to day 83 post-breeding) and two rates of gain during the first 83 days of pregnancy on the gene expression of placental caruncles (CAR; maternal placenta) and cotyledons (COT; fetal placenta) of crossbred Angus beef heifers. We identified 267 unique differentially expressed genes (DEG). Among the DEGs from CAR, we identified ACAT2, SREBF2, and HMGCCS1 that underlie the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, the transcription factors PAX2 and PAX8 were over-represented in biological processes related to kidney organogenesis. The DEGs from COT included SLC2A1, SLC2A3, SLC27A4, and INSIG1. Our over-representation analysis retrieved biological processes related to nutrient transport and ion homeostasis, whereas the pathways included insulin secretion, PPAR signaling, and biosynthesis of amino acids. Vitamin and mineral supplementation and rate of gain were associated with changes in gene expression, biological processes, and KEGG pathways in beef cattle placental tissues.
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Kim, Seunghee, Hangyeol Jeon, Wan Hu Jin, Ah Chung Hyun, Yoon Ha Kim, Jong Woon Kim e Clara Yongjoo Park. "Calcium, Phosphorus, and Niacin Intakes During Late Pregnancy Are Positively Associated with Maternal Bone Mineral Density: A Pilot Study". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 de maio de 2020): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_091.
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Abstract Objectives The adequate calcium intake during pregnancy on postpartum bone mineral density (BMD) and neonatal outcomes are unknown as results of recent intervention trials are inconsistent. We investigated the relationship between maternal nutrient intake and maternal BMD at delivery, newborn birth outcomes, and maternal bone loss during lactation in Korean mothers. Methods Thirty Korean pregnant women (mean age: 34 years) were enrolled before delivery. Maternal food and supplement intake and BMD were assessed twice: at delivery (T1) and at weaning or 6 months postpartum (T2). Third trimester and postpartum food intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire at T1 and T2, respectively, and analyzed for intake of calcium and 22 major nutrients. Calcium intake was assessed as a continuous variable or categorized as < or ≥500 mg/d. Maternal lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), trochanter, and intertrochanter BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Birth length, birth weight, and head circumference of neonates were collected. Participants were categorized according to duration of lactation. General linear models were adjusted for covariates. Results Mean ± STD calcium intake was 905 ± 430 mg/d at T1 and 608 ± 227 at T2 (change: P = 0.05). Women with calcium intakes <500 mg/d had lower LS BMD at T1 (P = 0.026). No difference was detected at other study sites. Phosphorus and niacin intakes during the third trimester were positively correlated with T1 LS BMD (ß: 0.162 and 0.088, respectively; both P < 0.05). Birth weight and head circumference were negatively associated with T1 iron intake(ß: −9.065 and −0.0292, respectively; both P < 0.05). Intake of other nutrients during late pregnancy were not associated with maternal T1 BMD or neonatal outcomes. Among the 10 participants that completed the second visit, 6 women breastfed. Postpartum bone change was not associated with breastfeeding. Energy intake at T2 was negatively associated with change in FN BMD (ß: −0.007, P < 0.001). Postpartum intake of other nutrients was not associated with change of BMD at any site. Conclusions Intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and niacin during the third trimester are positively associated with maternal LS BMD, but not neonatal birth outcomes, in Koreans. Breastfeeding and postpartum calcium intake may not affect bone after birth. Funding Sources National Research Foundation of Korea.