Livros: "Maternal nutrients"

1

Blaylock, James. Maternal nutrition knowledge and children's diet quality and nutrient intakes. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1999.

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2

Aoyama, Michio. 2008 inter-laboratory comparison study of a reference material for nutrients in seawater. Tsukuba, Japan: Meteorological Research Institute, 2010.

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3

Aoyama, Michio. 2003 intercomparison excercise for reference material for nutrients in seawater in a seawater matrix. Japan: Meteorological Research Institute, 2006.

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4

Zhong yao yu shi wu de xiang yi xiang ke: Cai tu sheng ji ban. 2^a ed. Changsha Shi: Hunan ke xue ji shu chu ban she, 2010.

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5

Organization, World Health, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. e Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission., eds. Food labelling. 5^a ed. Rome: World Health Organization, 2007.

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6

Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng e Anne Bardsley. Effects of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0034.

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Maternal age on both ends of the reproductive spectrum (teenage and 35+) is associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as compared with the age range from 20–34 years old. Some of the increase in pregnancy complications in older mothers is caused by underlying age-related health issues such as hypertension and diabetes, the prevalence of which increases linearly with age. The risks associated with young maternal age are more related to nutritional deficits and the fact that pregnant adolescents may still be growing themselves. Poor fetal growth often seen in adolescent pregnancies possibly results from competition for nutrients. Maternal bone loss is also a concern, as adolescent diets are commonly low in calcium and vitamin D. Pregnant adolescents may benefit from calcium supplementation to compensate for the increased need for their own bone growth and should at minimum receive vitamin D supplements, as recommended for all pregnant women.

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7

Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng e Anne Bardsley. Macronutrients and fibre requirements during pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0004.

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In this chapter, the impact of varying intakes of protein, carbohydrate and lipids, which are the key nutrients that contribute to calorie intake, is examined. Fibre is also an important food component that needs to be considered. The maternal macronutrient profile can influence embryonic and fetal development. For instance, both low and excessively high protein intakes during pregnancy are associated with restricted growth, increased adiposity, and impaired glucose tolerance. High-fat maternal diets can significantly increase the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and percentage total body fat in offspring, although types of fats need to be considered, as intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids is important for fetal development. The type and content of carbohydrate (high- vs low-glycaemic sources) in the maternal diet influences blood glucose concentration, which has a direct effect on fetal glucose levels and metabolism.

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8

Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng e Anne Bardsley. The importance of nutrition and lifestyle to healthy development. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0001.

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Good fetal and infant nutrition, whether derived from the mother via the placenta during gestation or via breast milk after birth, consists of the macronutrients protein, carbohydrates, and fats, all of which are needed for building the fundamental components of the body, and micronutrients such as vitamins and trace elements, which are essential structural components and cofactors in metabolic processes. Understanding the concept of a ‘balanced diet’ and the implications of maternal body composition is critical for pregnant and breastfeeding women to ensure that their metabolic adaptation to pregnancy and lactation is appropriate and that their offspring gets the required nutrients in the appropriate amount and proportion to ensure optimal development. An unbalanced diet, or over- or under-nutrition, can increase the risks of low birthweight and gestational diabetes and result in unfavourable metabolic adjustments by the fetus.

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9

Naninck, E. F. G., P. J. Lucassen e Aniko Korosi. Consequences of Early-Life Experiences on Cognition and Emotion. Editado por Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.003.

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Perinatal experiences during a critical developmental period program brain structure and function “for life,” thereby determining vulnerability to psychopathology and cognition in adulthood. Although these functional consequences are associated with alterations in HPA-axis activity and hippocampal structure and function, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The parent-offspring relationship (i.e., sensory and nutritional inputs by the mother) is key in mediating these lasting effects. This chapter discusses how early-life events, for example, the amount of maternal care, stress, and nutrition, can affect emotional and cognitive functions later in life. Interestingly, effects of perinatal malnutrition resemble the perinatal stress-induced long-term deficits. Because stress and nutrition are closely interrelated, it proposes that altered stress hormones and changes in specific key nutrients during critical developmental periods act synergistically to program brain structure and function, possibly via epigenetic mechanisms. Understanding how the adult brain is shaped by early experiences is essential to develop behavioural and nutritional preventive therapy.

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10

1953-, Aoyama Michio, ed. 2006 inter-laboratory comparison study for reference material for nutrients in seawater. Tsukuba, Japan: Meteorological Research Institute, 2008.

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11

Characterization of heat transfer in nutrient materials: Final report. Houston, Tex: Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, University Park, 1985.

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12

Reuter, D., e JB Robinson, eds. Plant Analysis: An Interpretation Manual. CSIRO Publishing, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101265.

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Plant Analysis: An Interpretation Manual 2nd Edition is an easily accessible compilation of data summarising the range of nutrient concentration limits for crops, pastures, vegetables, fruit trees, vines, ornamentals and forest species. This information is valuable in assessing the effectiveness of fertiliser programs and for monitoring longer term changes in crop nutritional status. New to this edition: Volume and scope of information accessed from the literature has expanded several-fold. Interpretation criteria for 294 species have been compiled in the tables from more than 1872 published papers. New chapter on nutrient criteria for forest species. Includes guidelines for collecting, handling and analysing plant material. An entire chapter is devoted to the identification of nutrient deficiency and toxicity symptoms.

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13

1943-, Wolf Wayne R., e Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies. Meeting, eds. Biological reference materials: Availability, uses, and need for validation of nutrient measurement. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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14

R, Wolf Wayne, ed. Biological reference materials: Availability, uses, and need for variation of nutrient measurement. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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15

Fabre, Cécile. New Technologies, Justice, and the Body. Editado por John S. Dryzek, Bonnie Honig e Anne Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548439.003.0039.

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This article examines the impact of medical technologies on the concept of justice and the human body. Traditionally, theories of justice require individuals to transfer material resources to other individuals who are needier or worse off. But three technologies, organ transplantation, genetic engineering, and artificial wombs, have changed our obligations to one another. It appears that justice now requires us to subject our body to sometimes invasive procedures should others need our bodily resources, particular genes, or nutrients which we no longer want to provide through our body itself.

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16

Roe, Daphne A. Patient education materials: A supplement to Handbook on drug and nutrient interactions, 5th edition. American Dietetic Association, 1994.

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17

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Land and Plant Nutrition Management Service., ed. Guidelines and reference material on integrated soil and nutrient management and conservation for farmer field schools. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Land and Plant Nutrition Management Service, Land and Water Development Division, 2000.

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18

Sánchez López, Diana Beatriz, José Jaime Tapia Coronado e Liliana Margarita Atencio Solano. Microorganismos del suelo en la sostenibilidad de los sistemas ganaderos de la región Caribe de Colombia. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.nbook.7405705.

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AGROSAVIA ha implementado un modelo de producción sostenible de carne bovina para la región Caribe, que permite incrementar la productividad promoviendo la diversidad de especies vegetales, árboles, arbustos, gramíneas y leguminosas, así como el reciclaje de nutrientes, el aumento de materia orgánica, la actividad biológica del suelo y la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero. Este modelo alberga una diversidad microbiana asociada a pasturas como Megathyrsus maximus, representada en una microflora benéfica con diversos potenciales como la fijación de nitrógeno, solubilización, mineralización, control de patógenos, tratamiento de los residuos orgánicos, entre otros, además de una microfauna (protozoos y nematodos) que se alimenta de microbios y con ello regula las poblaciones y se involucra en la descomposición y liberación de nutrientes en el suelo, lo que en últimas favorece el rendimiento del modelo productivo.

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19

Steinberg, Deborah. Zooplankton Biogeochemical Cycles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199233267.003.0006.

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The structure of planktonic communities profoundly affects particle export and sequestration of organic material (the biological pump) and the chemical cycling of nutrients. This chapter describes the integral and multifaceted role zooplankton (both protozoan and metazoan) play in the export and cycling of elements in the ocean, with an emphasis on the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. Zooplankton consume a significant proportion of primary production across the world's oceans, and their metabolism plays a key role in recycling carbon, nitrogen, and other elements. The chapter also addresses how human or climate-influenced changes in North Atlantic zooplankton populations may in turn drive changes in zooplankton-mediated biogeochemical cycling.

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20

The impact of acute maternal nutrient restriction on the development and long-term function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.

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21

J. Singh, Parminder, e Rohit Kotnis. The musculoskeletal system: structure and function. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.0003.

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♦ Structure of bone is comprised of cells, matrix, and water♦ Bone consists broadly of three surfaces (periosteal, endosteal, and Haversian) and two membranes (periosteum and endosteum)♦ The blood supply of bone is derived from four main routes (nutrient, metaphyseal, epiphyseal, and periosteal arteries)♦ There are three main types of cells in bone (osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast)♦ The matrix is a composite material consisting of an organic and an inorganic component♦ Two types of bone formation are intramembranous and endochondral ossification♦ The skeleton is also involved in the vital homeostasis of calcium and phosphate.

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22

Kleinman, Ronald E., e Frank R. Greer, eds. Pediatric Nutrition (Sponsored Member Benefit). 7^a ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581108606.

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The new 7th edition provides the latest information about nutrient metabolism and nutrition to support the normal development and health of infants and children who are well, those born with congenital anomalies or disorders of metabolism, and those with acute and chronic illnesses. Contents include: - The latest evidence-based guidelines on feeding healthy infants and children - Current policies and practice recommendations from the AAP Committee on Nutrition - Several new chapters and appendices have been added, including chapters on school and daycare nutrition; gene and nutrient interaction; and metabolic programming. - Recent advances and developments on topics that arise frequently in pediatric practice: breastfeeding, fast foods, vegetarian diets, persistent newborn diarrhea, preterm infant nutrition needs, chronic obesity, vitamin supplementation, and more - Appendices of more than 50 tables including dietary allowances, energy requirements, composition of human milk and infant formulas, MyPlate, and more - More than 20 growth charts for very low and low birth weights; full-term infants, children, and adolescents; down syndrome; and more - Updated listings of resources for you and your patients, including printed materials, government agencies and Web sites

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23

S, Stroes-Gascoyne, e Atomic Energy of Canada Limited., eds. The change in bioavailability of nutrients (organic matter) associated with clay-based buffer materials as a result of heat and radiation treatment. Pinawa, Man: AECL, Geochemistry Research Branch, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1997.

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24

Kirchman, David L. Degradation of organic matter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0007.

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The aerobic oxidation of organic material by microbes is the focus of this chapter. Microbes account for about 50% of primary production in the biosphere, but they probably account for more than 50% of organic material oxidization and respiration (oxygen use). The traditional role of microbes is to degrade organic material and to release plant nutrients such as phosphate and ammonium as well as carbon dioxide. Microbes are responsible for more than half of soil respiration, while size fractionation experiments show that bacteria are also responsible for about half of respiration in aquatic habitats. In soils, both fungi and bacteria are important, with relative abundances and activity varying with soil type. In contrast, fungi are not common in the oceans and lakes, where they are out-competed by bacteria with their small cell size. Dead organic material, detritus, used by microbes, comes from dead plants and waste products from herbivores. It and associated microbes can be eaten by many eukaryotic organisms, forming a detritus food web. These large organisms also break up detritus into small pieces, creating more surface area on which microbes can act. Microbes in turn need to use extracellular enzymes to hydrolyze large molecular weight compounds, which releases small compounds that can be transported into cells. Fungi and bacteria use a different mechanism, “oxidative decomposition,” to degrade lignin. Organic compounds that are otherwise easily degraded (“labile”) may resist decomposition if absorbed to surfaces or surrounded by refractory organic material. Addition of labile compounds can stimulate or “prime” the degradation of other organic material. Microbes also produce organic compounds, some eventually resisting degradation for thousands of years, and contributing substantially to soil organic material in terrestrial environments and dissolved organic material in aquatic ones. The relationship between community diversity and a biochemical process depends on the metabolic redundancy among members of the microbial community. This redundancy may provide “ecological insurance” and ensure the continuation of key biogeochemical processes when environmental conditions change.

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25

W, Farrar Jerry, e Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in May 1995: T-135 (trace constituents), M-134 (major constituents), N-45 (nutrients), N-46 (nutrients), P-24 (low ionic strength), Hg-20 (mercury), and SED-5 (bed material). Golden, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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26

W, Farrar Jerry, e Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in May 1995: T-135 (trace constituents), M-134 (major constituents), N-45 (nutrients), N-46 (nutrients), P-24 (low ionic strength), Hg-20 (mercury), and SED-5 (bed material). Golden, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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27

W, Farrar Jerry, e Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in May 1995: T-135 (trace constituents), M-134 (major constituents), N-45 (nutrients), N-46 (nutrients), P-24 (low ionic strength), Hg-20 (mercury), and SED-5 (bed material). Golden, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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28

W, Farrar Jerry, e Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in May 1995: T-135 (trace constituents), M-134 (major constituents), N-45 (nutrients), N-46 (nutrients), P-24 (low ionic strength), Hg-20 (mercury), and SED-5 (bed material). Golden, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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29

W, Farrar Jerry, e Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in May 1995: T-135 (trace constituents), M-134 (major constituents), N-45 (nutrients), N-46 (nutrients), P-24 (low ionic strength), Hg-20 (mercury), and SED-5 (bed material). Golden, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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30

W, Farrar Jerry, e Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in May 1995: T-135 (trace constituents), M-134 (major constituents), N-45 (nutrients), N-46 (nutrients), P-24 (low ionic strength), Hg-20 (mercury), and SED-5 (bed material). Golden, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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31

W, Farrar Jerry, e Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in May 1995: T-135 (trace constituents), M-134 (major constituents), N-45 (nutrients), N-46 (nutrients), P-24 (low ionic strength), Hg-20 (mercury), and SED-5 (bed material). Golden, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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32

W, Farrar Jerry, e Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in May 1995: T-135 (trace constituents), M-134 (major constituents), N-45 (nutrients), N-46 (nutrients), P-24 (low ionic strength), Hg-20 (mercury), and SED-5 (bed material). Golden, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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33

Mulch demonstration project, Napa County: The effects of green material mulches on erosion and dissolved organic nutrient loss from recently disturbed hillside vineyard soils. Sacramento: California Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Waste Management Board, 2002.

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34

Kirchman, David L. The ecology of viruses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0010.

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In addition to grazing, another form of top-down control of microbes is lysis by viruses. Every organism in the biosphere is probably infected by at least one virus, but the most common viruses are thought to be those that infect bacteria. Viruses come in many varieties, but the simplest is a form of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat. The form of nucleic acid can be virtually any type of RNA or DNA, single or double stranded. Few viruses in nature can be identified by traditional methods because their hosts cannot be grown in the laboratory. Direct count methods have found that viruses are very abundant, being about ten-fold more abundant than bacteria, but the ratio of viruses to bacteria varies greatly. Viruses are thought to account for about 50% of bacterial mortality but the percentage varies from zero to 100%, depending on the environment and time. In addition to viruses of bacteria and cyanobacteria, microbial ecologists have examined viruses of algae and the possibility that viral lysis ends phytoplankton blooms. Viruses infecting fungi do not appear to lyse their host and are transmitted from one fungus to another without being released into the external environment. While viral lysis and grazing are both top-down controls on microbial growth, they differ in several crucial respects. Unlike grazers, which often completely oxidize prey organic material to carbon dioxide and inorganic nutrients, viral lysis releases the organic material from hosts more or less without modification. Perhaps even more important, viruses may facilitate the exchange of genetic material from one host to another. Metagenomic approaches have been used to explore viral diversity and the dynamics of virus communities in natural environments.

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35

Jaeckle, William, ed. Physiology of Larval Feeding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0009.

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The functional properties of marine invertebrate larvae represent the sum of the physiological activities of the individual, the interdependence among cells making up the whole, and the correct positioning of cells within the larval body. This chapter examines physiological aspects of nutrient acquisition, digestion, assimilation, and distribution within invertebrate larvae from an organismic and comparative perspective. Growth and development of larvae obviously require the acquisition of “food.” Yet the mechanisms where particulate or dissolved organic materials are converted into biomass and promote development of larvae differ and are variably known among groups. Differences in the physiology of the digestive system (secreted enzymes, gut transit time, and assimilation) within and among feeding larvae suggest the possibility of an underappreciated plasticity of digestive physiology. How the ingestion of seawater by and the existence of a circulatory system within larvae contribute to larval growth and development represent important topics for future research.

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36

Mauldin, Erin Stewart. Intensifying Production. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865177.003.0004.

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Wartime damage intensified cotton production among small farmers. The disappearance of livestock, the increase in rates of animal diseases, and the lack of fencing materials meant that more farmers penned stock. Lapses in cultivation reinvigorated the land through crop rotation and vegetative regrowth, but this created false hopes for cotton yields at a time when preexisting debt posed enormous economic risk. The practice of shifting cultivation became less frequent throughout, but the fertilizers used to replace it did not halt erosion or correct soil-nutrient imbalances in the same way. Intensification gradually worsened farmers’ prospects. The environmental changes wrought by the war meant that southerners faced the “reconstruction” of their agricultural landscape without several cornerstones of the antebellum land-use regime. White farmers had to operate within the environmental limitations they had previously been able to circumvent, causing them to abandon food and livestock production in favor of cotton.

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Kirchman, David L. Symbioses and microbes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0014.

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The book ends with a chapter devoted to discussing interactions between microbes and higher plants and animals. Symbiosis is sometimes used to describe all interactions, even negative ones, between organisms in persistent, close contact. This chapter focuses on interactions that benefit both partners (mutualism), or one partner while being neutral to the other (commensalism). Microbes are essential to the health and ecology of vertebrates, including Homo sapiens. Microbial cells outnumber human cells on our bodies, aiding in digestion and warding off pathogens. In consortia similar to the anaerobic food chain of anoxic sediments, microbes are essential in the digestion of plant material by deer, cattle, and sheep. Different types of microbes form symbiotic relationships with insects and help to explain their huge success in the biosphere. Protozoa are crucial for wood-boring insects, symbiotic bacteria in the genus Buchnera provide sugars to host aphids while obtaining essential amino acids in exchange, and fungi thrive in subterranean gardens before being harvested for food by ants. Symbiotic dinoflagellates directly provide organic material to support coral growth in exchange for ammonium and other nutrients. Corals are now threatened worldwide by rising oceanic temperatures, decreasing pH, and other human-caused environmental changes. At hydrothermal vents in some deep oceans, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria fuel an entire ecosystem and endosymbiotic bacteria support the growth of giant tube worms. Higher plants also have many symbiotic relationships with bacteria and fungi. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes and other plants fix more nitrogen than free-living bacteria. Fungi associated with plant roots (“mycorrhizal”) are even more common and potentially provide plants with phosphorus as well as nitrogen. Symbiotic microbes can provide other services to their hosts, such as producing bioluminescence, needed for camouflage against predators. In the case of the bobtail squid, bioluminescence is only turned on when populations of the symbiotic bacteria reach critical levels, determined by a quorum sensing mechanism.

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Douglas, Kenneth. Bioprinting. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190943547.001.0001.

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Abstract: This book describes how bioprinting emerged from 3D printing and details the accomplishments and challenges in bioprinting tissues of cartilage, skin, bone, muscle, neuromuscular junctions, liver, heart, lung, and kidney. It explains how scientists are attempting to provide these bioprinted tissues with a blood supply and the ability to carry nerve signals so that the tissues might be used for transplantation into persons with diseased or damaged organs. The book presents all the common terms in the bioprinting field and clarifies their meaning using plain language. Readers will learn about bioink—a bioprinting material containing living cells and supportive biomaterials. In addition, readers will become at ease with concepts such as fugitive inks (sacrificial inks used to make channels for blood flow), extracellular matrices (the biological environment surrounding cells), decellularization (the process of isolating cells from their native environment), hydrogels (water-based substances that can substitute for the extracellular matrix), rheology (the flow properties of a bioink), and bioreactors (containers to provide the environment cells need to thrive and multiply). Further vocabulary that will become familiar includes diffusion (passive movement of oxygen and nutrients from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration), stem cells (cells with the potential to develop into different bodily cell types), progenitor cells (early descendants of stem cells), gene expression (the process by which proteins develop from instructions in our DNA), and growth factors (substances—often proteins—that stimulate cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation). The book contains an extensive glossary for quick reference.

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Ypushima Pinedo, Alina Luisa, Eduardo Salcedo Pérez, Karen Stephanny Córdova Flores, Octavio Francisco Javier Galván Gildemeister e Ena Vilma Velazco Castro. Nutrición y Crecimiento Inicial de Teca (Tectona grandis) en México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Tayacaja Daniel Hernández Morillo (UNAT) - Fondo Editorial., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56224/ediunat.18.

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El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el estado nutrimental de Teca en una plantación forestal con fines comerciales bajo condiciones edafoclimáticas específicas y manejo silvícola, con la finalidad de generar información de utilidad respecto a sus requerimientos nutrimentales en sus primeros años de establecimiento. La investigación consideró una plantación de 2 años ubicada en el Estado de Nayarit. Para el diagnóstico nutrimental se hizo muestreo foliar, colectando hojas en la parte superior e inferior respectivamente. En dichas muestras se evaluó el contenido de macro (N, P, K, Ca y Mg) y micronutrimentos (Cu, Zn, Mn y Fe). Adicionalmente se realizaron muestreos compuestos de suelo en las parcelas evaluadas, para analizar pH, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, textura, conductividad eléctrica, cationes intercambiables (Ca, Mg, K), materia orgánica, fósforo. Para la evaluación dasométrica se midieron dos variables, altura del árbol y DAP. Mediante un análisis estadístico discriminante se evaluó que las concentraciones foliares de Ca, Mg y Mn fueron los más importantes para clasificar a las parcelas. Se encontró una correlación entre P y K con respecto a la altura y el DAP respectivamente. El P y K podrían ejecutar un papel importante en el crecimiento de Teca en Nayarit. El contenido de K estuvo por debajo de los niveles considerados como mínimos para un adecuado desarrollo, lo que significa que los requerimientos de esta especie en dicha plantación estuvieron cubiertos con cantidades menores a las reportadas principalmente al crecimiento del DAP. La concentración foliar mostró que todos los nutrientes determinados fueron suficientes para cubrir la demanda durante los primeros años de establecimiento de las plantaciones de Teca; estos resultados, son de gran relevancia para apoyar la toma de decisiones en materia de manejo de la fertilidad para plantaciones comerciales de esta especie.

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40

White, Robert E. Understanding Vineyard Soils. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342068.001.0001.

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The first edition of Understanding Vineyard Soils has been praised for its comprehensive coverage of soil topics relevant to viticulture. However, the industry is dynamic--new developments are occurring, especially with respect to measuring soil variability, managing soil water, possible effects of climate change, rootstock breeding and selection, monitoring sustainability, and improving grape quality and the "typicity" of wines. All this is embodied in an increased focus on the terroir or "sense of place" of vineyard sites, with greater emphasis being placed on wine quality relative to quantity in an increasingly competitive world market. The promotion of organic and biodynamic practices has raised a general awareness of "soil health", which is often associated with a soil's biology, but which to be properly assessed must be focused on a soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. This edition of White's influential book presents the latest updates on these and other developments in soil management in vineyards. With a minimum of scientific jargon, Understanding Vineyard Soils explains the interaction between soils on a variety of parent materials around the world and grapevine growth and wine typicity. The essential chemical and physical processes involving nutrients, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide, moderated by the activities of soil organisms, are discussed. Methods are proposed for alleviating adverse conditions such as soil acidity, sodicity, compaction, poor drainage, and salinity. The pros and cons of organic viticulture are debated, as are the possible effects of climate change. The author explains how sustainable wine production requires winegrowers to take care of the soil and minimize their impact on the environment. This book is a practical guide for winegrowers and the lay reader who is seeking general information about soils, but who may also wish to pursue in more depth the influence of different soil types on vine performance and wine character.

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41

Kirchman, David L. Microbial primary production and phototrophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0006.

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This chapter is focused on the most important process in the biosphere, primary production, the turning of carbon dioxide into organic material by higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic microbes account for roughly 50% of global primary production while the other half is by large, terrestrial plants. After reviewing the basic physiology of photosynthesis, the chapter discusses approaches to measuring gross and net primary production and how these processes affect fluxes of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of aquatic ecosystems. It then points out that terrestrial plants have high biomass but relatively low growth, while the opposite is the case for aquatic algae and cyanobacteria. Primary production varies greatly with the seasons in temperate ecosystems, punctuated by the spring bloom when the biomass of one algal type, diatoms, reaches a maximum. Other abundant algal types include coccolithophorids in the oceans and filamentous cyanobacteria in freshwaters. After the bloom, small algae take over and out-compete larger forms for limiting nutrients because of superior uptake kinetics. Abundant types of small algae include two coccoid cyanobacteria, Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, the latter said to be the most abundant photoautotroph on the planet because of its large numbers in oligotrophic oceans. Other algae, often dinoflagellates, are toxic. Many algae can also graze on other microbes, probably to obtain limiting nitrogen or phosphorus. Still other microbes are mainly heterotrophic but are capable of harvesting light energy. Primary production in oxic environments is carried out by oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, whereas in anoxic environments with sufficient light, it is anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis in which oxygen is not produced. Although its contribution to global primary production is small, anoxygenic photosynthesis helps us understand the biophysics and biochemistry of photosynthesis and its evolution on early Earth. These microbes as well as aerobic phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes make up microbial mats. These mats can provide insights into early life on the planet when a type of mat, “stromatolites,” covered vast areas of primordial seas in the Proterozoic.

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42

Gleń-Karolczyk, Katarzyna. Zabiegi ochronne kształtujące plonowanie zdrowotność oraz różnorodność mikroorganizmów związanych z czernieniem pierścieniowym korzeni chrzanu (Atmoracia rusticana Gaertn.). Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-39-7.

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Horseradish roots, due to the content of many valuable nutrients and substances with healing and pro-health properties, are used more and more in medicine, food industry and cosmetics. In Poland, the cultivation of horseradish is considered minor crops. In addition, its limited size causes horseradish producers to encounter a number of unresolved agrotechnical problems. Infectious diseases developing on the leaves and roots during the long growing season reduce the size and quality of root crops. The small range of protection products intended for use in the cultivation of horseradish generates further serious environmental problems (immunization of pathogens, low effectiveness, deterioration of the quality of raw materials intended for industry, destruction of beneficial organisms and biodiversity). In order to meet the problems encountered by horseradish producers and taking into account the lack of data on: yielding, occurrence of infectious diseases and the possibility of combating them with methods alternative to chemical ones in the years 2012–2015, rigorous experiments have been carried out. The paper compares the impact of chemical protection and its reduced variants with biological protection on: total yield of horseradish roots and its structure. The intensification of infectious diseases on horseradish leaves and roots was analyzed extensively. Correlations were examined between individual disease entities and total yield and separated root fractions. A very important and innovative part of the work was to learn about the microbial communities involved in the epidemiology of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The effect was examined of treatment of horseradish cuttings with a biological preparation (Pythium oligandrum), a chemical preparation (thiophanate-methyl), and the Kelpak SL biostimulator (auxins and cytokinins from the Ecklonia maxima algae) on the quantitative and qualitative changes occurring in the communities of these microorganisms. The affiliation of species to groups of frequencies was arranged hierarchically, and the biodiversity of these communities was expressed by the following indicators: Simpson index, Shannon–Wiener index, Shannon evenness index and species richness index. Correlations were assessed between the number of communities, indicators of their biodiversity and intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. It was shown that the total yield of horseradish roots was on average 126 dt · ha–1. Within its structure, the main root was 56%, whereas the fraction of lateral roots (cuttings) with a length of more than 20 cm accounted for 26%, and those shorter than 20 cm for 12%, with unprofitable yield (waste) of 6%. In the years with higher humidity, the total root yield was higher than in the dry seasons by around 51 dt · ha–1 on average. On the other hand, the applied protection treatments significantly increased the total yield of horseradish roots from 4,6 to 45,3 dt · ha–1 and the share of fractions of more than 30 cm therein. Higher yielding effects were obtained in variants with a reduced amount of foliar application of fungicides at the expense of introducing biopreparations and biostimulators (R1, R2, R3) and in chemical protection (Ch) than in biological protection (B1, B2) and with the limitation of treatments only to the treatment of cuttings. The largest increments can be expected after treating the seedlings with Topsin M 500 SC and spraying the leaves: 1 × Amistar Opti 480 SC, 1 × Polyversum WP, 1 × Timorex Gold 24 EC and three times with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL + 1 × Tytanit). In the perspective of the increasing water deficit, among the biological protection methods, the (B2) variant with the treatment of seedlings with auxins and cytokinins contained in the E. maxima algae extract is more recommended than (B1) involving the use of P. oligandrum spores. White rust was the biggest threat on horseradish plantations, whereas the following occurred to a lesser extent: Phoma leaf spot, Cylindrosporium disease, Alternaria black spot and Verticillium wilt. In turn, on the surface of the roots it was dry root rot and inside – Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The best health of the leaves and roots was ensured by full chemical protection (cuttings treatment + 6 foliar applications). A similar effect of protection against Albugo candida and Pyrenopeziza brassicae was achieved in the case of reduced chemical protection to one foliar treatment with synthetic fungicide, two treatments with biological preparations (Polyversum WP and Timorex Gold 24 EC) and three treatments with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL, 1 × Tytanit). On the other hand, the level of limitation of root diseases comparable with chemical protection was ensured by its reduced variants R3 and R2, and in the case of dry root rot, also both variants of biological protection. In the dry years, over 60% of the roots showed symptoms of Verticillium wilt, and its main culprits are Verticillium dahliae (37.4%), Globisporangium irregulare (7.2%), Ilyonectria destructans (7.0%), Fusarium acuminatum (6.7%), Rhizoctonia solani (6.0%), Epicoccum nigrum (5.4%), Alternaria brassicae (5.17%). The Kelpak SL biostimulator and the Polyversum WP biological preparation contributed to the increased biodiversity of microbial communities associated with Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. In turn, along with its increase, the intensification of the disease symptoms decreased. There was a significant correlation between the richness of species in the communities of microbial isolates and the intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. Each additional species of microorganism contributed to the reduction of disease intensification by 1,19%.

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