Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Matériaux poreux – Absorption et adsorption"
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Surblé, Suzy Nathalie. "Synthèse et caractérisations physico-chimiques de matériaux hybrides poreux multifonctionnels". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006VERS0046.
Texto completo da fonteSynthesis and physico-chem Porous solids are known as being a strategie mate rials class for their potential applications in fields such a~ catalysis, gas separation, storage or optical properties. This work has aimed to synthesize new multifonctionnal porous materials. The first chapter recalls the history of porous solids from zeolithes to today. A short structural description of several hybrid solid with carboxylates has been developed. The following chapters mention two solids, iIIustrating clearly the concept of scale chemistry and they show the contribution of simulation in resolution of structures from X-ray powder data. Porous solids, ca lied MIL88, are flexible and isoreticular. The Amplitude of breathing is unique in the field of porous materials: between 87% and 230%. This amplitude is selective and reversible. Structural determination of hybrid solids with large pores size (MIL 100 and MIL 101) using X-ray powder data is a turning point i our history. These solids are unique with hierarchy of extra-large pore sizes: microporous cage and two mesoporous cages perfectly crystallized. They have a giant cells volumes (380000 A3 et 700000 A3) and a record surface area : 3100 m2. G-1 and 5900 m2. G-1. The two final sections bring up on the one hand, the synthesis of new carboxylate of rare earths and on the other hand a spectroscopie study of the Eu3+ cations in attempt of proposing a correlation between crystalline structure and optical properties. Ical characterization of multifonctionnal porous materials
Gautier, Céline. "Biodégradation des hydrocarbures en milieu poreux insaturé". Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3037.
Texto completo da fonteBiological processes are expected to play an important role in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils. However, factors influencing the kinetics of biodegradation are still not well known, especially in the unsaturated zone. To address these biodegradation questions in the unsaturated zone an innovative experimental set up based on a physical column model was developed. This experimental set up appeared to be an excellent tool for elaboration of a structured porous medium, with well defined porous network and adjusted water/oil saturations. Homogeneous repartition of both liquid phases (i. E. , aqueous and non aqueous) in the soil pores, which also contain air, was achieved using ceramic membranes placed at the bottom of the soil column. Reproducible interfaces (and connectivity) are developed between gas, and both non mobile water and NAPL phases, depending on the above-defined characteristics of the porous media and on the partial saturations of these three phases (NAPL, water and gas). A respirometric apparatus was coupled to the column. Such experimental set up have been validated with hexadecane in dilution in an HMN phase. This approach allowed detailed information concerning n-hexadecane biodegradation, in aerobic condition, through the profile of the oxygen consumption rate. We have taken benefit of this technique, varying experimental conditions, to determine the main parameters influencing the biodegradation kinetics and compositional evolution of hydrocarbons, under steady state unsaturated conditions and with respect to aerobic metabolism. Impacts of the nitrogen quantity and of three different grain sizes have been examined. Biodegradation of petroleum cut, as diesel cut and middle distillate without aromatic fraction, were also studied
Knöfel, Christina. "Synthesis, characterisation and evaluation of porous materials for the adsorption of carbon dioxide". Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11005.
Texto completo da fonteDans ce travail, des oxydes mesoporeux, tels que silice, oxyde de titane et oxyde de zircone ont été synthétisés en utilisant un copolymère à triblock comme agent structurant. De plus, la silice et l’oxyde de titane ont été fonctionnalisés avec différentes molécules d'aminosilane. La caractérisation des matériaux préparés a été effectuée par diverses méthodes, telles que la sorption d'azote, la spectroscopie infrarouge (ATR) et la diffraction des rayons X. Les matériaux ont été examinés pour leurs propriétés d'adsorption du dioxyde de carbone utilisant principalement la microcalorimétrie. Dans certains cas, des mesures de spectroscopie IR in-situ et des calculs théoriques de DFT ont été effectués pour mieux comprendre les résultats obtenus par microcalorimétrie d’adsorption. En ce qui concerne les différentes propriétés d'adsorption nous avons mis en évidence que la functionalisation des emplacements d'amine sur les matériaux de silice a amélioré de manière significative les capacités d'adsorption. Une comparaison des différents oxydes a confirmé que les propriétés d'adsorption dépendent principalement de la force du lien du métal-oxygène dans les oxydes mais également des caractéristiques de texture, telles que la porosité
Cosnier, Frédéric. "Contribution à l'étude de l'adsorption et de la désorption de composés organiques volatils chlorés sur charbons actifs". Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10156.
Texto completo da fonteAdsorption and desorption of water and chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in static (adsorption isotherms) and dynamic conditions (breakthrough curves) have been performed on different activated carbons (ACs) (granulated ACs and activated carbons fibers) with different textural characteristics and surface chemistry. The main objective of this study is to separate the different component of a chlorinated VOCs mixture in the presence or not of water vapor. It appears that both porous texture and surface chemistry of ACs as physicochemical characteristics of the probes have a strong influence on their adsorption (or desorption) process (mechanism and kinetics). A special attention has been drawn on the influence of the water presence: at high relative humidity rate, ACs adsorption properties (adsorbed amount and kinetics) for chlorinated VOCs are strongly affected. Separation of the dichloromethane/trichloroethylene mixture has been successfully realized whatever the experimental conditions. Last, an exploratory study on the AC hydrophobisation possibilities by the graphting of non-polar groups in liquid phase has been undertaken in order to limit the water presence effects
Guillerm, Vincent. "Synthèse, fonctionnalisation et propriétés d'adsorption de nouveaux solides hybrides poreux". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011VERS0001.
Texto completo da fontePorous hybrid solids are intensively studied, and are of a growing interest, due to their polyfunctionality, for several field for their potential applications in catalysis, adsorption/storage/separation, optical properties, drug release, etc. The bibliographic part of this thesis summarizes the main concepts related to Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), with a particular interest in tetravalent metal chemistry (zirconium, titanium) and polycarboxylate based MOFs, as well as their functionalization and their sorption properties. The second part deals with the study of a series of functionalized « flexible » MOFs (belonging to the MIL-53(Cr) structure type), using organic groups exhibiting different polarities. This study goes from the synthesis to the gas sorption properties (CO2, CH4). The next chapter is looking toward MOFs synthesis using zirconium and titanium, which were up to now scarcely used in the field of MOFs. In the same way than previously, a large series of functionalized UiO-66 solids were studied, as well as few extended analogues, as well as an unprecedented isoreticular series of zirconium carboxylates, labeled MIL-140. A particular interest is here given to the comparison of these two series, both in term of hydrothermal and mechanical stabilities, which are of outmost importance for most of the industrial applications, but also in term of gas sorption properties (N2, CO2, CH4, H2S). Finally, several large scale syntheses of known or new MOFs have been performed, so that these compounds could be provided to few collaborators. Their published results have been inserted in this chapter
Kargol, Marta. "Élaboration de matériaux aluminosilicates monolithiques multifonctionnels et détermination de leurs propriétés superficielles dans le contexte d'une application en séparation de mélanges d'hydrocarbure". Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20206.
Texto completo da fonteBenoit, Virginie. "Relation entre structure et texture de matériaux poreux et l'évaluation de leurs propriétés de piégeage du CO2". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0635/document.
Texto completo da fonteMixte Matrix Membranes (MMM’s) are promising materials for CO2 capture compared to current technologies as absorption using amines solvents (monoéthanolamine). Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials which can be integrate under nanoparticles shape to polymer phase of MMM’s. They are built from metal nods and organic ligand to yield well-defined tridimensional structure (3D). They possess various advantages: high specific surface area and pore volume, tunable pore size and some of them are stable in presence of water. MOFs have a sustainable chemistry to targeted applications unlike traditional adsorbents as activated carbons, zeolites.On the one hand, this work aimed the assessment of CO2 separation performances of microporous MOFs for CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 gas separations. The ‘gas-adsorbent’ interactions are favored in MOFs by: (1) a decrease of pore size, pore volume which can involve confinement effects, molecular sieve effects or (2) the presence of surface groups. Therefore, these factors can contribute to the CO2 selectivity improvement and have been studied for various microporous MOFs. On the other hand, textural (specific surface area, pore volume) and thermodynamic (adsorption enthalpy) parameters have been correlated to CO2 maximum excess uptakes through a quantitative structure-property approach to establish some linear trends
Calas, Sylvie. "Surface et porosité dans les aérogels de silice : étude strcuturale et texturale". Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20178.
Texto completo da fonteMoret, Stéphanie. "Etude thermodynamique de la co-adsorption de N2, Ar et CH4 à 40° C, jusqu'à 15 bar par des matériaux poreux". Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX11044.
Texto completo da fonteHébrard-Labit, Céline. "Influence du compartiment bactérien sur le transfert du zinc en milieu poreux non saturé : expériences et modélisation". Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0119.
Texto completo da fonteMost of the numerous models developed in the recent years to simulate the fate of chemicals in porous media only rely on hydrodynamic and physico-chemical processes. Although biological mechanisms have been clearly identified to modify metallic ions transport properties, microorganism / metal interactions have hardly ever been related to transfer hydraulics and chemistry. The aim of the present work was to assess the influence bacteria/metal interaction mechanisms can have on metal fate in unsaturated medium. We have investigated the role of a bacterium strain, Pseudomonas putida, in zinc transfer through a non saturated sandy medium, as a function of pH (4 to 7) and metal concentration (2 to 20 mg Zn/L). Our experimental approach was based on batch and column experiments, both with and without biofilm. Zinc retention has been found to be more important in the presence of bacteria cells. Microflora influence, clearly identified in the tested conditions, increased with cell number and pH, to reach a maximum at pH 6. Under acidic conditions, the retention was subject to a linear isotherm whereas at pH 7 a good agreement was found with a Freundlich type equation. Zinc is retained at pH 4 and 5 by reversible processes while irreversible physico-chemical retention mechanisms (precipitation) seemed to be involved at pH 6 and 7, and to predominate on biosorption at neutrality. In sterile medium as well as in colonized one, cation transport was correctly described by coupling a two-region model (mobile/immobile) with a first order kinetic linear retention and a consumption term
Barthelet, Karin Marika. "Synthèse et caractérisation de matériaux hybrides poreux à base d'éléments de transition pour la séparation des gaz de l'air". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002VERS017V.
Texto completo da fonteThis sutdy is part of a project on the research of new materials for gas production or air separation, and pursues a double aim : modify know compounds in order to make them efficient for industrial applications and synthesize new solids which would possess a stable porous framework containing extra-framework cations. Such properties will limit the range of our study. Since the discovery of zeolites, first kind of adapted solids for gas separation, research efforts have been diversified in order to obtain compounds with new topologies and various compositions having better performances. They resulted in the emergence of new families of materials built up from inorganic and later hybrid frameworks. The bibliographic chapter describes thiss evolution, points out the advantages and drawbacks of each category and finishes by few examples of industrials applications. The second chapter is devoted to the results of ionic exchange on known compounds the purpose of which is to get useful solids. The success of theses experiments depends on the nature of the starting material (two phosphates, one based on nickel and one on vanadium, and one vanadium diphosphonate). For two of them, cationic exchange is possible. Nevertheless, accessible porosity is reached only in one case and even then, the specific surface remains insufficient for the application of interest. Works concerning the second axe of research are described in the two following chapters. They are limited to hybrid compounds based on transition metals, that simultaneously allow to avoid the presence of organic templates which are difficult to eliminate, and to modulate the pore size. With diphosphonic acids, the principal purpose is to prepare bimetallic porous compounds combining porosity and interesting magnetic properties. Several monometallic phases could also appear such as those based on zinc which are the more attractive ones because of their zeotypic framework. With carboxylic acids, structures are often three-dimensional and potenttially porous However, the lack of extra-framework alkaline cations makes these solids inefficient in air separation
Cadalen, Sébastien. "Transport d'un polluant dans des sables argileux : écoulement réactif en milieu poreux saturé ou non-saturé en eau". Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPT050H.
Texto completo da fonteIn the context of nuclear risk control associated to nuclear waste storage, the french nuclear agency plays an increasing role in terms of research and development in the area of subsurface contamination. This study focuses on an homogeneous porous media constituted of Fontainebleau sand and clay grains (illite) presenting sorption capacities. The modeling of the complex geometry and physical phenomena at different scales enables us to describe the average transport at Darcy's scale. The two main axes developped are the impact of an heterogeneous sorption on transport phenomena and the dispersivity of an unsaturated porous media
Herry, Cédric. "Relations structures et propriétés d'adsorption des charbons actifs". Limoges, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIMO0015.
Texto completo da fonteDevillers, Philippe. "Couplages thermohydromécaniques en milieux poreux : application à la consolidation d'un sol non saturé". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20069.
Texto completo da fonteTevissen, Etienne. "Méthodologie d'étude et modélisation du transport de solutes en milieux poreux naturels : application à la migration du chrome dans la nappe alluviale du Drac (Isère)". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL089N.
Texto completo da fonteDebost, Maxime. "Synthèse et étude structurale de nanozeolites à petits micropores pour la capture du CO2". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC232.
Texto completo da fonteThe goal of this work is to prepare template-free small pore nanosized zeolites. The direct synthesis of nanosized CHA and RHO type zeolites without organic structure directing agents provided materials with a Si/Al ratio suitable for the separation of CO2 from CH4. The first part of this study concerns the development of a new synthetic route towards preparation of small pore nanozeolites from water clear precursor suspensions. The nanocrystals have a diameter of 30 - 200 nm and a Si/Al ratio of 1.4 to 2.6. The second part is dedicated on the crystallographic analysis of the RHO and CHA nanosized zeolites in hydrated and dehydrated forms. Precession electron diffraction tomography (PEDT) and in-situ powder XRD methods were used to characterize the structure of the newly synthesized materials with nanosized dimensions. The third part of the thesis includes the adsorption studies of CO2 and CH4 in the CHA and RHO nanosized zeolites. The high selectivity of the zeolite nanocrystals synthesized with different cations (Cs, Na, K) towards CO2 in the presence of CH4 is demonstrated
Leclerc, Hervé. "Caractérisation par spectroscopie infrarouge de solides organiques inorganiques de type MOF (Metal Organic Framework) : Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux". Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2017.
Texto completo da fonteThis study reports the characterization by in situ infrared spectroscopy of an isostructural family of four porous MOFs (MOF: Metal Organic Framework) denoted MIL-100(X) (MIL: Material from the Institute Lavoisier) with X: Al3+, Fe3+, Al3+ and V3+. The characterizations of the metallic centers and acido-basic properties have been performed at different temperature of activation by adsorption or not of probe molecules such as CO, CO2, CD3CN, pyridine and propyne. The first part devoted to the MIL-100(Cr), reveals the lack of any significant basic sites but the occurrence of Cr3+ Lewis acid sites located on the trimers. Adsorption of water or alcohols transforms the Lewis sites into Bronsted acid sites whose strength depends on the nature of the adsorbate and of the complex formed. The second part is dedicated to the study of the MIL-100(Fe) material. It reveals first the presence of Fe3+ sites able to be reduced into Fe2+ sites by thermal treatment under vacuum and secondly demonstrates the occurrence of a pi-back donation effect which increases the interactions between Fe2+ unsaturated sites and molecules such as CO, propene and propyne. The spectroscopic study of MIL-100(Al) presented in the third part reports for the first time a precise characterization of unsaturated pentahedral Al3+ sites present in a large amount and in a well defined crystallographic environment. The last chapter presents the characterization of MIL-100(V) activated at different temperatures: nature of the extra framework species and of unsaturated metallic sites
Jabbari-Hichri, Amira. "Stockage thermochimique de la chaleur : étude de la sorption d’eau par différents matériaux". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10300.
Texto completo da fonteThe energy challenge imposed by exhaustion of fossil fuels and their increasing consumption has favored the emergence of optimal energy management based on the use of alternative resources such as solar energy. The household sector is the main consumer of energy. A large part of this energy is consumed by heating systems. Therefore, good management can be achieved through the use of thermochemical energy storage technology. The main advantage to use this type of system is the possibility to store heat during the maximum availability of solar radiation in summer (dehydration step) and release the energy on demand for heating houses in winter (hydration step). The improvement of the adsorption properties of materials for thermochemical heat storage is the main objective of this work. The use of porous adsorbents such as zeolites in the field of seasonal heat storage is an attractive solution for the reducing of energy consumption. On the other hand, the development of new composite materials based on hydrate salt is made to improve the heat storage capacities of both pure mesoporous host matrix and hydrate salt. A comparison among different series of thermochemical storage materials selected and synthesized was done by analyzing the impact of salt addition and physico-chemical properties of porous materials on the heat storage and water sorption performances. In order to understand the adsorption-desorption behavior, different kinds of materials were characterized in their structural, textural and surface properties by using appropriate techniques and by adsorption of water vapor using a Setaram TG-DSC 111 apparatus. Successive cycles of hydration (at 20°C) / dehydration (at 150 °C) were performed
Ruiz, Thierry. "Eléments de modélisation et contribution expérimentale à l'étude du transport réactif dans un sol non saturé". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20134.
Texto completo da fonteFournier, Clara. "Hydrophilisation de billes de polystyrène-divinylbenzène par adsorption de dérivés amphiphiles du dextrane : préparation et caractérisations structurales de nouveaux support pour la chromatographie des protéines". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1996_FOURNIER_C.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteClauzier, Stéphanie. "Etude de la solubilité de l’hydrogène dans des liquides confinés". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10285/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe adsorption of gases in micro/mesoporous materials and solubility of gases inliquids are physical phenomena well known. On the other hand, solubility of gases in liquidsconfined inside a solid (hybrid system) has not been entensively studied, despite the importantapplications such systems can have in the areas of oil extraction, cement and triphasiccatalytic reactors. We have shown experimentally that the solubility of CO2 and H2 increaseswhen the size of the pores of the solid is in the nanometer range. One of the objectives of thisthesis was to optimize the couple a solid and a solvent into a hybrid system and the conditionsin which to increase the H2 storage capacity. In an aerogel/ethanol hydrid system at 50 barand 0 ° C, the solubility of H2 is 8.5 times greater than the solubility measured in the singleliquid, representing a mass of 6.2 g of hydrogen stored per kg of solid. The second objectivewas to understand this apparent phenomenon of oversolubility and the key parameters in thehybrid systems. By comparing different porous solids (zeolites, MOFs, MCM-41 and silica),we have shown the major role of the properties of interfaces. The phenomena of solubilsationwas modelled by GCMC and experimentally validated. It appears that the mechanism ofoversolubilisation comes from structuring the solvent molecules in interactions with the wallsof the mesopore layered
Chanut, Nicolas. "Using external factors to improve gas adsorption in nanoporous materials : control of humidity and mechanical pressure". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4743.
Texto completo da fonteThe increase in atmospheric CO2 level is a notorious matter of public concern. To mitigate its impact on the environment, it is urgent to reduce emissions of anthropogenic CO2. A method considered by many as a viable option is CO2 capture by adsorption using an emerging class of materials, the Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs). To date, evaluation of MOFs has been mainly focused on the separation performance of the material looking at the capacity, selectivity and regeneration capability. However external factors can influence the overall performances of processes turning to industrial applications. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate three of them: the presence of water vapor in post-combustion flue gases, the effect of shaping powders into pellets form and the effect of an external mechanical pressure on gas adsorption performance. Unexpectedly, it is shown that these external factors could be used to improve process performances under specific conditions
Hoang, Thi Thao Phuong. "Méthodes de décomposition de domaine espace-temps pour la formulation mixte de problèmes d'écoulement et de transport en milieu poreux". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00922325.
Texto completo da fonteJean-Marie-Désirée, Ronny. "Étude de la dynamique de décharges transitoires sub-microsecondes à haute et basse pressions dans le contexte du stockage solide de l’hydrogène". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0094.
Texto completo da fonteThe long-term aim of the SYNERGY project (ANR), in which my thesis is involved, is to optimize the sorption and desorption properties of a porous material (e.g. MOFs) by combining and coupling different sorption mechanisms, both physical and chemical, in a single material. To achieve this, two types of plasma processes are used: the first to functionalize the surface of the material, and the second to impregnate its volume with metallic elements that react positively to hydrogen storage. To implement such plasma processes, it is necessary to focus on the plasma medium, which represents the reservoir of active species, and whose interaction with the material determines the final result. Thus, the objectives underlying my thesis work are based on the development of sub-microsecond transient high-voltage pulse regimes and understanding their impact on the plasma dynamics associated with such processes. The first is a dielectric barrier discharge (iDB) operating in a pulsed regime, at high pressure (> 104 Pa) and in pure ammonia gas, providing amino species for functionalization. Observation of this iDBD discharge in pure ammonia shows for the first time that a stable discharge can be obtained in diffuse mode. In addition, the various results obtained by fast imaging and E-FISH provide clues as to how this mode can be achieved. The second is a new high-voltage, sub-microsecond discharge regime called FHiVI², operating at low pressure (1 Pa). Designed and patented during my thesis, the aim of such a regime is to improve the ionization rate during plasma processes, while limiting the back-attraction of ions generated at the cathode, a common phenomenon in plasma-assisted sputtering processes. Coupled with a HiPIMS regime, the very first results from this new FHiVI² regime indicate that it can at least double the ionization rate compared with the HiPIMS regime
GUIGNOUARD, PHILIPPE. "L'absorption acoustique des materiaux poreux predictions et mesures". Le Mans, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LEMA1018.
Texto completo da fonteRaoof, Abdul. "Adsorption, distribution et dynamique de l'eau dans les milieux poreux". Marne-la-Vallée, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MARN0007.
Texto completo da fonteVillemot, François. "Adsorption et transport dans des solides poreux hiérarchisés". Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENCM0013.
Texto completo da fonteHierarchical porous solids possess an ordered, multiscale porosity. They contain small pores, which enable remarkable properties towards many applications. Larger pores, which enhance diffusion inside the porous structure, are connected to the smaller pores.In this thesis, molecular simulations are used to study adsorption of a simple fluid inside different types of hierarchical porous solids. These results are then compared to theoretical predictions. Use of adsorption measurements as a characterization technique is also studied. The validity of existing models is discussed, and a new characterization method is proposed.Transport in multiscale materials is modeled by a lattice approach, describing both transport and adsorption. The parameters used in this model are obtained from simulations, so that no assumption on the flow regime has to be made
Perrier, Laurent Georges Henri Pierre. "Couplage entre adsorption et déformation en milieux microporeux". Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3032/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis research study aims at characterizing the influence of an adsorbed phase on the instantaneous deformations in microporous media (width pores < 2nm). Activated or natural carbons, tight rocks, clay, cementitious materials and numerous biomaterials such as bones are among these materials. In recent years, a major attention has been paid on these microporous materials because the surface-to-volume ratio (i.e., the specific pore surface) increases with decreasing characteristic pore size. These materials can trap an important quantity of fluid molecules as an adsorbed phase. This is important for applications in petroleum and oil recovery, gas storage, separation. For these microporous materials, a deviation from standard poromechanics, which was introduced by Biot 75 years ago, is expected. In very small pores, the molecules of fluid are confined. Interaction between molecules is modified. This effect, denoted as molecular packing, includes fluid-fluid and fluid-solid interactions and has significant consequences at the macroscale, such as instantaneous swelling. In-situ adsorption-induced coal swelling has been identified as the principal factor leading to a rapid decrease in CO2 injectivity during coal bed methane production enhanced by CO2 injection. Generally, natural and synthesised porous media are composed of a double porosity: the microporosity where the fluid is trapped as an adsorbed phase and a meso or a macro porosity required to ensure the transport of fluids to and from the smaller pores. If adsorption in nanopores induces instantaneous deformations at a higher scale, the matrix swelling may close the transport porosity, reducing the global permeability of the porous system or annihilating the functionality of synthesised materials. The point of view of poromechanic is a mean to understand this problematic. When a porous media is immersed in the gas, the classical poromechanic predicts the shrinkage of the media. This formalism have to extend to take account the adsorption phenomenon. A new poromechanical framework allowing adsorption induced strain predictions by taking into account the incremental variations of porosity upon swelling for pure microporous, isotropic and homogeneous materials saturated by a single fluid in reversible and isothermal conditions was developped. In this study, the model is then extended for double porous media presenting both a microporosity where the fluid is trapped as an adsorbed phase and a transport macroporosity. The porosities are defined by the classification of l'Internationnal Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. In this study, a new experimental procedure is built for simultaneous measurement of both adsorption and swelling quantities by respectively a manometric technique and a full-field digital image correlation technique. The experimental procedure is applied to test the reliability of the proposed model for a commercial active carbon saturated with pure CH4 and pure CO2. The material has the particularity to present both a high microporosity and a high macroporosity. A good agreement is obtained in term of adsorption induced swelling quantities. Once the model validated, it is used to quantify the decrease of transport macroporosity induced by microporous matrix swelling. The last part is dedicated to the study of a natural carbon extracted from a mine with enhanced coal bed methane recovery potentialities. The material has the particularity to present three different porosities: a microporosity where the gas is trapped, a transport macroporosity and a natural cleat network also participating in the global transport. The obtaining of full-field displacement maps provides insight of the cleat network influence and helps to isolate homogeneous zones where the poromechanical model may be applied and compared to the experimental results. Here again, a good agreement is obtained in term of adsorption-induced swelling quantities
Quénard, Daniel. "Adsorption et transfert d'humidité dans les matériaux hygroscopiques : approche du type percolation et expérimentation". Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT098H.
Texto completo da fonteOlny, Xavier. "Absorption acoustique des milieux poreux a simple et double porosité : modelisation et validation experimentale". Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0114.
Texto completo da fontePorous materials are widely used as passive absorbers in noisy buildings or outdoor environment. It appears useful to be able to describe and adapt the material to wanted performances. Acoustics of simple porosity media is recalled using an homogenisation technique of periodic separated scale media (HSP). The main phenomenological existing models are also presented. Then the HSP method, well adapted to double porosity media, is used to point out the diversity of interscale couplings in realistic media. The theory is compared to experimental measurements performed on artificial double porosity materials made of micro porous perforated panels. It is shown that the behaviour of multi-scale porous media can be significantly different from single porosity material. Two microporous media are used to build double porosity media corresponding to the cases of high and low permeability contrast. It appears that a second network of pores can greatly improved the absorption of the initial microporous material in a wide range of frequencies. Regarding the experimental set-up, the low frequency measurements have been performed in a large standing waves tube using an adaptation of the single microphone transfer function method. Also, Periodic sinusoidal pseudo-random test signals have been shown to improve the quality of the measurement regarding the distortion effects
Cai, Jingxuan. "Synthesis and applications of N-modified mesoporous carbons". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10011.
Texto completo da fontePorous carbon materials are widely used and studied in recent years. In this work, three kinds of mesoporous carbon materials were prepared. Firstly, cost-effective pure mesoporous carbon was synthesized. Then nitrogen atoms were introduced into the mesoporous carbon by “in situ” and “post” doping methods respectively. The comparisons of the acid-base properties in different conditions of the three kinds of mesoporous carbon materials with or without nitrogen were studied and revealed by different calorimetric techniques. The three kinds of mesoporous carbons were also applied in pollutants adsorption, hydrogen storage and as supports of precious metals and iron oxide in catalysis. The different performances in applications were related to the different structural and surface properties caused by the N-doping
Bullot, Laetitia. "Elaboration de matériaux poreux et étude de leurs propriétés d'adsorption de dioxines/furanes". Thesis, Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH9535/document.
Texto completo da fonteEnvironmental and human health protection is a scientific and ethical concern. Dioxin/furan compounds, produced from waste incineration process among other, are ones of the most dangerous pollutants due to their stability and ability to bio-accumulate. Polychlorobenzenes are often referred as model molecules of these compounds and will be used as it in this PhD work. Thanks to their microporous organized structures which confer to them remarkable adsorption capacities, zeolites and Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are interesting materials to trap these organic pollutants. Their shaping as beads for example offer the advantage to overcome problems such as clogging or excessive pressure losses that can appear for an industrial application. Therefore, the aim of this PhD is to prepare and characterize zeolite and MOF, to shape them and to study their adsorption properties for polychlorobenzenes/dioxins/furans. All zeolites and MOFs have been selected and prepared in order to optimize their structural, textural and morphological characteristics for the intended application. A study on the shaping of the FAU-type zeolite has allowed the development of beads with good mechanical and adsorption properties. The different polychlorobenzenes/dioxins/furans adsorption tests into gas and liquid phases allowed identifying the best solids for the selective adsorption of these pollutants in waste incineration plant emissions
Delgado, Cano Beatriz. "Caractérisation des matériaux commerciaux et synthétisés destinés à adsorber le méthane et l'oxyde nitreux présents dans des émissions gazeuses et modélisation de l'adsorption". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27771.
Texto completo da fonteHuman activities contributed with a significant increase in GHG concentrations over the past 150 years and they are related to environmental issues, such as global warming and climate change. The agricultural sector contributes 8 to 10% of total GHG emissions to the atmosphere, being carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) the main GHGs emitted. The control and quantification of these emissions requires technologies which can capture and or degrade these GHG, for example by adsorption. The objective of this project is to characterize adsorbents and to describe their adsorption kinetics in order to select the most suitable for the adsorption of CH₄ and N₂O at low concentration and at ambient temperature. For CH₄ adsorption, commercial and synthesized adsorbents were tested. The selected adsorbents were commercial zeolites, laboratory conditioned biochar and synthesized ZIF ("Zeolitic imidazolate framework"). ZIF was also used for N₂O adsorption. The adsorption capacity of CH₄ and N₂O for each adsorbent was evaluated by dynamic adsorption tests of the gas under atmospheric conditions. Commercial zeolites, in the form of pellets and powders, were physically and chemically characterized in order to correlate their properties with its CH₄ adsorption capacity. The effect of zeolites structure and chemical composition on the adsorption capacity of CH₄ was evaluated for zeolites in the form of pellets and powders. CH₄ adsorption capacity of commercial zeolites was studied at 30 °C, atmospheric pressure and at CH₄ partial pressures lower than 0.40 kPa (4000 ppm CH₄). Freundlich isotherm fitted the experimental data of CH₄ adsorption. The adsorption capacity of CH₄ increased with the surface area and pore volume, while decreased with the Si/Al ratio and temperature. Furthermore, the zeolites in powder form exhibited higher CH₄ adsorption capacities than those of zeolites in pellets. The torrefied cardboard was chemically treated with KOH and it was physically, chemically and thermally characterized to correlate its properties with its CH₄ adsorption capacity and to predict the durability of the samples. The adsorption capacity of CH₄ of torrefied cardboard was studied at 30 °C, atmospheric pressure and CH₄ partial pressures lower than 0.40 kPa (4000 ppm CH4). The Freundlich adsorption isotherm fitted correctly the experimental data. CH4 adsorption capacity increased with torrefaction time and decreased with chemical treatment. ZIF-8 was obtained by solvothermal synthesis and was physically and chemically characterized in order to correlate its properties with its adsorption capacity of CH₄ and N₂O. The adsorption capacity of CH₄ and N₂O was studied at 30 °C and atmospheric pressure, while the partial pressures of CH₄ and N₂O evaluated were lower than 0.40 kPa for CH₄ (4000 ppm CH₄) and lower than 0.10 kPa for N2O (1000 ppm N₂O). The experimental adsorption of CH₄ an N₂O was fitted by Freundlich isotherm. Furthermore, the adsorption of a mixture of CH₄ and N₂O was evaluated, being CH₄ breakthrough influenced in the presence of N₂O. Among the different materials used for CH₄ adsorption at 30 ºC and partial pressures lower than 0.40 kPa (4000 ppm CH₄), biocharbons presented the highest adsorption capacity, followed by ZIF- 8 and commercial zeolites.
Dufau, Nathalie. "Organisation de la phase adsorbée dans des matériaux microporeux modèles : étude thermodynamique structurale et dynamique". Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30083.
Texto completo da fonteThe inherent complexity of many industrial adsorbents renders the results of the physisorption of simple gases on such materials relatively difficult to interpret. With the aim to understand more clearly phenomena that occur during adsorption, the present study concentrates on well-defined model adsorbents whose pores are of molecular dimensions. This study initially focuses on an aluminophosphate with a neutral structure (without condensation cations) and unidirectional micropores of elliptical cross-section : AIPC>4-11. The conclusions obtained are then extended to systems such as ZSM-12, mordenite, 5A and 13X with both more complex micropore networks and non-neutral frameworks containing condensation cations. The interest of this study lies in the elucidation of the successive phenomena that may occur during the micropore filling process. The most suitable AIPC>4-11 sample was chosen following the most appropriate synthesis conditions and after controlling the liberation of the microporosity. This allowed the elimination of the organic template without degradation, via an evaporation-type process. .
Canard, Gabriel. "Matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques incorporant des métallocorroles de cobalt(III) : application à l'adsorption sélective du monoxyde de carbone". Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOS046.
Texto completo da fonteLonchampt, Pierre. "Physico-chimie des interactions triacylclycérols-matériaux poreux en filtration hydrophobe : approche thermodynamique et spectrométrique". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007313.
Texto completo da fonteGareton, Vincent. "Contribution à l'acoustique de conduits traités avec un matériau poreux : mesures de constantes élastiques et effets de la température". Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2104.
Texto completo da fonteBernet, Thomas. "Structure microscopique et propriétés interfaciales de fluides confinés dans des matériaux poreux de diverses géométries". Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3020.
Texto completo da fonteThe study of adsorption, for systems presenting an interface between a fluid and a solid, can be undertaken theoretically with the statistical physics formalism, at the microscopic scale. The objective of this PhD thesis is to propose a molecular modelling of fluids like methane, confined into porous materials of various geometry. This way, the theoretical framework is directly developed at the microscopic scale and its results are compared with molecular simulations. At the macroscopic scale, the theoretical formalism leads us to obtain the same results than experimental measurements of isotherm and heat of adsorption.First of all, the main results of the classical density functional theory (cDFT) - which gives laws of statistical physics with the fluid density in every point of the space - are presented. Inhomogeneous fluids are thus described with this theory. A molecular equation-of-state has also to be considered as a reference. The statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT), formulated with the free energy of the system has been chosen. Then, the interaction potential of a molecule such as methane is described by a hard-sphere surrounded with an attractive range. The hard-sphere is described with the fundamental-measure theory (FMT), using weighted densities, corresponding to functions defined in a point of the space, but depending on the immediate neighbourhood of this point. Weighted functions are necessary for inhomogeneous fluids modelling confined at the microscopic scale. The study undertaken from the FMT led us to define new weighted functions, allowing us to describe fluids of attractive spheres.With this new theoretical framework, it is necessary to use approximations of the free energy functional. Four different approaches are proposed allowing to predict the spatial distribution of the fluid density. Because these profiles are described at the microscopic scale, Monte Carlo molecular simulations have been performed in order to evaluate their quality by comparison, for systems defined with an equivalent potential. Thereby, one of the new formulations describing the inhomogeneous fluid has been selected for its superiority among the others. Then, special attention has been given to the modelling of the solid. Indeed, most of the existing approaches use analytical expressions of weighted densities to that extent, which limits studies to porous media with simple and ideal geometries. In our work, we exclude this kind of approaches and we propose to compute weighted densities with fast Fourier transforms in a three-dimensional space, for any pore geometry. The consequence of this approach is that a numerical discrete space is considered. This implies the use of mathematical results from discrete geometry, in order to correctly compute interactions between the fluid and any discrete solid surface.This new combination of the density functional theory and discrete geometry has allowed us to study methane adsorption into cylindrical pores of silica. To do so, experimental measurements have been performed on new silica substrates specially synthetized and characterised for this thesis. Theoretical predictions were compared with experimental isotherms and heat of adsorption. It allowed to validate the whole formalism presented in this thesis and developed both for the fluid and the solid modelling from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale
Lhoste, Jérôme. "Caractérisation structurale, nanostructuration et propriétés d'absorption de matériaux fluorés". Le Mans, 2009. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2009/2009LEMA1025.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThis work, in the area of hydrogen storage, is devoted to the elaboration and characterization of hybrid and inorganic fluorides with open structures. The solvothermal synthesis of hybrid Ti-based fluorides led to seven fluorotitanates with isolated TiF6 octahedra and two oxyfluorotitanates built up from ∞(TiOF4) chains and ∞(Ti5O5F12) layers. Two fluorides with (Cu(pyr)4)•(TiF6)2 trimers and ∞[(Cu(en)2)•(TiF6)] chains were revealed in Ti-Cu systems. The optical gaps of fluorotitanates, estimated from diffuse reflectivity and DFT (density functional theory), demonstrate a F-/OH- substitution. [Hgua]•(Ti5O5F12) (2D) exhibits a photochromic behaviour which is related to the TiIV-TiIII reduction. The synthesis of known microporous fluorides with high surface area was performed. The tuning of the synthesis parameters by using the design of experiments methodology led to nanosized solids with a very high surface area, 345 m2. G-1 for β-AlF3. The measurements of hydrogen adsorption properties at 77K show relatively low capacities for β-MF3 (Fe,Al). At the opposite, amorphous FeF3 presents a significant adsorption capacity which is close to the capacity of the reference materials
Soubeyrand, Estelle. "Adsorption et séparation de gaz en mode dynamique sur des matériaux hybrides". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4802/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe elimination of carbon dioxide has become a worldwide challenge to minimize its impact on global warming. Capture using physical adsorption is viable as long as the right adsorbent is found. CO2 capture from flue gases poses a number of problems in terms of low CO2 concentration (below 20%), low total pressure, and the eventual presence of water. This study focuses on the impact of water vapour during CO2 adsorption on different porous materials. An experimental device has been developed to assess the impact of water vapour during CO2 adsorption: both the heats of adsorption and the breakthrough curves were obtained. The uptakes of CO2 at 0.2 bar have been studied in porous materials after having been pre-equilibrated under different relative humidity's (3 and 40%). The enthalpies allow a better understanding of the phenomena involved. Several MOFs, like HKUST-1(Cu), UiO-66(Zr), MIL-100(Fe), MIL-101(Cr), MIL-127(Fe) have been compared to a zeolite NaX and an activated carbon Takeda-5A.Three different behaviours are shown: - Where water has a negative impact on CO2 adsorption. This can be due to poisoning or the poor stability of the materials like HKUST-1. - Where water seems to have little effect on CO2 adsorption like case of UiO66. - Where water has a positive effect on CO2 uptake. Slight improvement for MIL-101(Cr) and remarkable enhancement of CO2 uptake through pre-adsorption of water vapor has been highlighted here in two cases: the mesoporous MIL-100(Fe) and the bifunctional MIL-127(Fe).This work is part of the European project FP7 Macademia "MOFs as Adsorbents and Catalysts: Discovery and Engineering of Materials for Industrial Applications"
Vanson, Jean-Mathieu. "Interdépendence entre géométrie, adsorption et transport dans les matériaux à porosité hiérachique". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEE040/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this work concerns the interplay between porosity, transport and adsorption in hierarchical porous materials. This work combine a simulation and an experimental approach. Transport and adsorption are simulated with a Lattice-Boltzmann model recently extended to take adsorption into account. This mesoscopic model allows to compute fluid and solute behavior in porous materials. The synthesis of hierarchical porous materials using ice-templating and the characterization of materials geometry with X-ray tomography allowed to compute simulations on real materials. The comparison between experimental and simualtion results have proved the efficency of the model to model fluid and species behavior in the materials. Using this model, the interplay between transport and adsorption have been studied highlighting an effect of the fluid flow on adsorbed density. The effect of roughness and material geometry have also been studied. Finally the modification of the modelallows now to simulate the kinematic of a pulse of species. This modification gives a tool to perform simulation in non-steady state flow and evaluate the adsorption site accessibility regarding to the flow field
De, Oliveira Tiago. "Absorption de produits pharmaceutiques par les organoclays : des matériaux polyvalents pour des applications environnementales". Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3001.
Texto completo da fonteAdsorption represents an easy, simple and low-cost way to remove both organic and inorganic pollutants in water. Clay minerals are well known for their outstanding adsorption properties for numerous products. The chemical modification of its surface through the intercalation of surfactants for the preparation of organoclays considerably improves the adsorption properties, in particular for hydrophobic organic compounds such as pharmaceutical products (PPs) which are more and more commonly found in sewage and surface water. In the present contribution, the adsorption PPs with different therapeutic actions and varied physicochemical properties onto clay mineral and organoclay derivatives prepared with different surfactants (cationic and nonionic) has been studied with a particular understanding of the interactional mechanisms of PP with the adsorbents in order to (i) evaluate the stability of materials for an application in purifying context and (ii) to apprehend the role of the mineral phases in the fate of organic micropollutants in the natural environment. The experimental data obtained by a set of complementary techniques reveal that organoclays prepared with nonionic surfactants show a versatility for numerous PPs while the hydrophobic environment generated by the grafting of surfactants with alkyl-chains particularly enhances the adsorption of the organic compounds. The study confirmed the efficiency and the promising remediation behavior of organoclays for wastewater treatment
Mahieu, Angélique. "Nouveau matériau biodégradable et absorbeur d'oxygène à base d'amidon et de polycaprolactone. Evolution des propriétés en fonction de l'humidité". Rouen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ROUES003.
Texto completo da fonteThe properties of a thermoplastic starch matrix (TPS) have been characterized, in particular their variations with humidity. TPS has been mixed with Polycaprolactone (PCL), an hydrophobic polyester, in order to limit the material sensibility to humidity. A PCL of low molar mass (37000 g/mol, PCL37) and a low extrusion speed favor the PCL migration on the film surface but the material is heterogeneous. On the contrary, with a PCL of higher molar mass (50000 g/mol, PCL50) and a higher shearing rate, the repartition of the blend both phases is fine and homogeneous. An inversion of phase continuity is observed near 50% of PCL50. Interactions as hydrogen bonds between PCL and starch have been highlighted. PCL50 addition limits starch crystalline structure variations with humidity as well as water sorption of TPS phase on high water activities (>0. 8). Films mechanical resistance increases in proportion to PCL rate. Their elongation at break is improved thanks to uniaxially orientation at the end of the extruder. An oxygen scavenging capacity is given to these materials by active agent addition. The film will so contribute to prolong the shelf-life of food in the case of a use as food packaging. The film containing 15% of ascorbic acid and 1. 5% of iron absorbs the expected quantity of oxygen in 15 days at 85% relative humidity. This film mechanical resistance is low but the addition of 20% of PCL50 allows compensating this drawback in spite of slower oxygen absorption
Saad, Rabih. "Adsorption et désorption d'ions phosphate et nitrate par des matériaux mésoporeux à base de silice fonctionnalisés avec des groupements ammonium". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25747/25747.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThenail, Denis. "Contrôle actif d'impédance et optimisation des performances d'un matériau poreux". Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ECDL0011.
Texto completo da fonteIn its most developed version, active control of sound aims to create a cancelling secondary acoustic wave, which destructively interferes with the undesired noise. The performance of this noise reduction strategy is limited by the coherance level of the acoustic field, and by the volume of the zone to be made quiet. For a "large" system, in the presence of an incoherent field, the only potentially effective method to achieve a global noise reduction is to control the acoustic impedance at the walls, and hence to maximize acoustic absorption. Our first method for the active controL of acoustic impedance consists of processing the acoustic pressure and velocity informations close to the control actuator, in order to match the impedance with that of the air. In a KUndt's tube, this method works best for very low frequency excitations. Then, the active absorber is implemented along the lateral wall of a duct. The intensity measurements taken do show the absorption by the control speaker. It is shown through numerical calculations, that sound absorption has to be performed over an extensive area of the surface, as compared to the acoustic wavelenghts in the system. Therefore, we present a second method, which uses active control means to improve the acoustic absorption by a porous layer. We demonstrate through a model and experiments, that the impedance control can be reduced to a simpler acoustic pressure control at the rear face of the absorbent material. Thus, we can consider an extensive application of active absorption of sound at lower cost, a necessary constraint for practical applications
Grigorova, Eli. "Préparation et caractérisation de matériaux composites à base de magnésium et de Mg2Ni : application pour le stockage de l'hydrogène". Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR12961.
Texto completo da fonteDéroche, Irena. "Adsorption et diffusion de CO2 et CH4 dans les matériaux zéolithiques : simulations quantique et classique comparées à l'expérience". Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX11053.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThe adsorption and diffusion properties of the main greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) within the zeolites SAPO STA-7 and the Y Faujasite have been investigated using the classical simulation techniques combined with the experimental tools of Microcalorimetry/Volumetry and Quasi Elastic Neutron Scattering. In a first step, the structural properties of the SAPO STA-7 zeolite have been studied in order to build a reliable model of the material. The interaction between the gaseous molecules and the adsorption active sites have been described using the quantum simulation techniques. Furthermore, the Monte Carlo simulation within the Grand Canonical ensemble allowed us to to extract directly such informations as the adsorption isotherms as well as the differential enthalpies and both have been compared with the experimentally available results. A good agreement between simulated and experimentally measured data allowed us to explain the different microscopic mechanism of adsorption of both of the investigated gases within the studied zeolitic materials. Finally, using the Molecuar Dynamics technique, we could explore the dynamical properties of the investigated systems and this way derive the values of the diffusion coefficients as well as the activation energies, values directly comparable with outcomes obtained by experimental technique Quasi Elastique Neutron Scattering
Moro, Solenn. "Elaboration de matériaux poreux par agrégation et consolidation de suspensions de silices hydrophobées". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00952817.
Texto completo da fonteKehal, Mohamed. "Elaboration et utilisation de matériaux fonctionnalisés pour l'élimination du bore des eaux potables". Chambéry, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CHAMS032.
Texto completo da fonteBoron is a micronutrient element for plants, animals and human being, which content in drinkable water advised by the European Union is only 1 mg/L (0. 3 mg/L is recommended by the World Health Organization). Presently, the use of chelating polymer (" Amberlite") resins functionalized by N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG : CH3NHCH2(CHOH)4CH2OH) is the only industrial effective method for the removal of boron from water. Surface groups of the layers edges of the lamellar aluminosilicates (aluminol or silanol) are known to be potential sites of complexation of boron. Boron trapping materials based on vermiculites or allophanes were prepared by two ways : 1/ the exfoliation-chemical treatment of clays in order to develop active adsorption sites 2/ the grafting of NMDG (selective boron complexant) on the S-OH surface groups of clays. The vermiculite (fine grade-Palabora) was modified by heat exfoliation, chemical exfoliation (with H2O2) and/or sonification. The adsorption properties of boron were determined as a function of time (kinetic), pH, weight of adsorbant, and boron concentrations (isotherms). The boron uptake is correlated to the amount of active sites (estimated from acido-basic titrations) depending on the size of particles (measured by Scanning electron Microscopy, light diffusion and X-ray diffraction) and the chemical treatment. In the best boron adsorbant obtained by sonification with H2O2 (at 20 kHz); the concentration of active sites is ten times the one of raw vermiculite (0. 015 mmole. Gˉ¹). The complexation reaction of boron gives the release of protons hindering the adsorption at low concentration (such as 5 ppm). New effective adsorbants have been synthesized by functionalization of vermiculite (or allophanes) by NMDG. The Infra-Red spectroscopy characterizations have proved the grafting of NMDG on the S-OH groups. The boron adsorption on the grafted aluminosilicates becomes efficient in an extended range of pH (3≤pH≤9,5), ) reaching four times order the trapping uptake of raw vermiculite. Desorption of boron can be carried out only in acidic conditions (1M HNO3)
Amiot, Marion. "Mise en œuvre et étude de structures de nontissés et de composites poreux multifonctionnels en para-aramide : absorption acoustique et résistance à l’impact". Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10047.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis is to develop fibrous structures in view of using them as core material in sandwich structures, for impact resistance and acoustic applications. Thick para-aramid nonwovens have hence been manufactured, with porosities above 90% and densities below 150 kg/m3. Their thickness was around 10 mm. Porous composites have been obtained from these nonwovens, using various resins (namely epoxy), and with a technique that allows to keep a high porosity level of 80% in the final structure.The internal porous architecture has been studied through different methods and parameters: the equivalent pore sizes, the isotropy, the fibre distribution/orientation and the degree of fibre entanglements have been evaluated with different experimental techniques (air permeability; tensile/compression tests; capillarity; porometry) and using theoretical models (permeability, van Wyk). The structural parameters have been related to the process parameters. The acoustic measurements have shown that our nonwovens were good acoustic absorbers at frequencies above 4000 Hz. The use of two models, Delany and Bazley, and Jonhson and Allard, has shown that the acoustic absorption behaviour can be modelled with the material characteristics (thickness, resistivity and an equivalent pore diameter). The capacity of our materials to absorb and dissipate energy has been evaluated with compression testing. The main mechanisms involved are fibre friction, fibre breakage and structure deformation. Finally, the impact tests performed on nonwovens and their composites have demonstrated the real potential of nonwovens to be used at the core of sandwiches to absorb impact