Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Matériaux à gradient de composition"
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Curnis, Agathe. "Évolution métallurgique et corrosion à haute température de matériaux à gradient de composition élaborés par procédé Laser Metal Deposition - powder". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK018.
Texto completo da fonteCompositionally graded materials offer numerous advantages, including the ability to locally adjust the material composition to adapt it to service conditions while minimizing the risks of incompatibilities between materials. This thesis work focused on the development of a compositionally graded material system using the Laser Metal Deposition-powder process, starting from a low-alloy steel substrate to alloy 625. As this multi-material system is expected to exhibit good high-temperature corrosion resistance, its behavior in an air atmosphere at 800°C and 650°C, with and without a NaCl solid deposit, was studied.Characterization of the as-built compositionally gradient system revealed various microstructures and phases depending on the regions of the gradient. Metallurgical evolutions were highlighted during aging at 800°C, particularly in alloy 625 with the precipitation of the δ phase.The oxidation resistance of the system was studied in an air atmosphere at 800°C for up to 2 500 h. Parabolic kinetics related to the formation of a protective Cr2O3 layer were highlighted. The presence of a NaCl deposit catastrophically accelerated the degradation of alloy 625. In this case, the corrosion scale was thick, highly cracked or spalled and mainly composed of NiO, Cr2O3, and (Ni,Cr,Fe)3O4. The metal region at the interface with the oxide layer was severely damaged, especially by the formation of an interconnected voids network allowing the rapid diffusion of chlorinated species in the active oxidation mechanism occurring under these conditions. In comparison, at 650°C, material degradation with a NaCl deposit was significantly slowed, with a thinner corrosion scale, and a less damaged substrate. Differences in behavior between the two temperatures can be understood through differences in microstructural characteristics and the volatility of metal chlorides."
Villaret, Flore. "Développement d’une jonction austéno-martensitique à gradient de composition chimique par fabrication additive". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI104.
Texto completo da fonteThis PhD work concerns the problem of bimetallic austenitic/martensitic steel connections. This research action focuses on a 316L austenitic steel (X2 CrNiMo 18-12-02) / Fe-9Cr-1Mo (X10 CrMo 9-1) martensitic steel connection. The objective is to understand the metallurgical problems related to the assembly of these two steels and to evaluate the possibilities of using powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing to produce austenitic/martensitic steel transitions. A weld obtained by electron beam is used as a reference for this study which focuses on the interest of powder metallurgy to achieve a transition between two steels. Materials with a chemical composition gradient have been consolidated by HIP and SPS and show very good mechanical properties and an excellent junction between the two steels. By additive manufacturing (DED-LB or PBF-LB), we also obtain very good bonds between the two steels, but the microstructures are much more complex. Curiously, we observe that the higher the cooling rate, the higher the ferrite fraction in the martensitic steel. Different calculations based on the nucleation and growth of the austenitic phase have made it possible to propose a coherent scenario to explain the phase fractions present in the materials. The transition zone between the two steels shows strong variations in hardness. These variations are explained by changes in chemical composition, leading to modifications in phase change temperatures, and the particular thermal cycles seen during building. From a technological point of view, materials obtained by additive manufacturing have tensile performances very similar to those obtained by electron beam welding. It is shown that additive manufacturing also makes it possible to control the composition gradient between a martensitic and an austenitic steel
Largiller, Grégory. "Maîtrise du frittage de matériaux céramique-métal à gradients de composition et de structure". Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPG0160.
Texto completo da fonteGraded materials are used to gather complementary physical and/or chemical properties into a single part. Cermet material (ceramic metal composite) developed by Rio Tinto Alcan may be used as inert anode for aluminium electrolysis. To connect these ceramic matrix materials to the current network, we propose to associate them with a conductive material in a single sintering step. Using our knowledge on powder metallurgy with microstructure analysis, thermodynamical and mechanical calculations, a new range of material called metcer (metal ceramic composite) has been developed. According to their metal phase proportion and composition, the metcer materials can be cosintered with cermets in a single sintering step. By modifying the metal phase proportion, we enabled the parts to keep joined during the whole sintering thermal cycle. The composition of oxides and metal phases change the diffusion phenomena and enable one to build a graded interface between the layers. Based on continuum mechanics, constitutive equations have been used to simulate the sintering of a cermet and a metcer. Constitutive equations have been implemented into a finite element software to identify the weak regions of bilayers parts of complex geometry. We compared numerical simulation results with optical observations made during sintering on large scale bilayers. Cracks near the interface occur at low temperature when the strain mismatch between the layers is low and the viscosities of the layers are high. Thus, the materials have a fragile behaviour. At high temperature, when the viscosities are low and the strain mismatch is high, the stresses in the vicinity of the interface are released. Combining our knowledge on the chemistry and interactions between these materials, we developed a trilayer material. This material showed up a graded interface without any crack
Schneider-Maunoury, Catherine. "Application de l’injection différentielle au procédé de fabrication additive DED-CLAD® pour la réalisation d’alliages de titane à gradients de compositions chimiques". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0260/document.
Texto completo da fonteSince 1984, the Functionally Graded Material (FGM) allow to create a thermal barrier and to reduce the strong discontinuities of properties between two materials of different composition. These multimaterials,whose consist of an intentional variation in the chemical composition and, consequently, modify the microstructural, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties, lead to a smooth distribution of the thermal stress. The in-situ development of these custom-made alloys is made possible by the use of additive manufacturing processes such as the DED-CLAD® powder deposition process. These processes have grown substantially since the 1980s and are optimal for the manufacture of FGM. During this industrial thesis, technical developments have been carried out to adapt the DED-CLAD® process and to allow the manufacturing of FGM. Thanks to two industrial collaborations, a full study was carried out on titanium-molybdenum and titanium-niobium alloys. These alloys make it possible, in the first case, to produce parts resistant to strong thermal stress (space sector), and in the second case to combine mechanical properties and biocompatibility (biomedical sector). The originality of this thesis rests on the study of a complete gradient, that is the addition in alloy element varied from 0% to 100%. In fact, studies reported in the literature do not mention titanium-refractory material for high levels of refractory element. Microstructural (XRD, crystallographic analysis by EBSD technique), chemical (EDS) and mechanical (microhardness, tensile test and instrumented indentation) analyses revealed an evolution of the properties along the chemical gradient. The mechanical characterization of the sample by instrumented indentation has also proved particularly relevant in the case of these multi-materials
Müller, Guillaume. "Conception, élaboration et caractérisation de matériaux de composition et de microstructure innovants pour les micro-piles à combustible à oxyde solide". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833281.
Texto completo da fonteSchneider-Maunoury, Catherine. "Application de l’injection différentielle au procédé de fabrication additive DED-CLAD® pour la réalisation d’alliages de titane à gradients de compositions chimiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0260.
Texto completo da fonteSince 1984, the Functionally Graded Material (FGM) allow to create a thermal barrier and to reduce the strong discontinuities of properties between two materials of different composition. These multimaterials,whose consist of an intentional variation in the chemical composition and, consequently, modify the microstructural, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties, lead to a smooth distribution of the thermal stress. The in-situ development of these custom-made alloys is made possible by the use of additive manufacturing processes such as the DED-CLAD® powder deposition process. These processes have grown substantially since the 1980s and are optimal for the manufacture of FGM. During this industrial thesis, technical developments have been carried out to adapt the DED-CLAD® process and to allow the manufacturing of FGM. Thanks to two industrial collaborations, a full study was carried out on titanium-molybdenum and titanium-niobium alloys. These alloys make it possible, in the first case, to produce parts resistant to strong thermal stress (space sector), and in the second case to combine mechanical properties and biocompatibility (biomedical sector). The originality of this thesis rests on the study of a complete gradient, that is the addition in alloy element varied from 0% to 100%. In fact, studies reported in the literature do not mention titanium-refractory material for high levels of refractory element. Microstructural (XRD, crystallographic analysis by EBSD technique), chemical (EDS) and mechanical (microhardness, tensile test and instrumented indentation) analyses revealed an evolution of the properties along the chemical gradient. The mechanical characterization of the sample by instrumented indentation has also proved particularly relevant in the case of these multi-materials
Fromentin, Jean-François. "Réalisation et comportement d'interphases à gradient de composition et de propriétés : application au matériau composite SiC/Ti". Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10520.
Texto completo da fonteLaval, Cédric. "Fabrication par pervaporation microfluidique de matériaux composites d'architecture et de composition contrôlées pour la réalisation de MEMS organiques". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0344/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work deals with the making of organic MEMS within an original device, the microevaporator, coupling the MIMIC technique (Micromolding in Capillaries) and microfluidic pervaporation. It is shown how the pervaporation phenomenon can be used to concentrate polymeric diluted solutions until we obtain composite materials into geometries with typical dimensions about 25 μm x 100 μm x 10 mm. We showed that it is possible to establish models which describe this growth in excellent agreement with experiments and the study of the influence of different parameters (concentration, geometry...) upon the growth thus allowed us to predict the growth velocities of those composite materials. Two systems have been made associated to two effects : bimetallic strip effect and piezoresistive effect in order to demonstrate a new proof of concept of a new way to make organic MEMS using microfluidics. A more complex device including microfluidic valves allowed us to encode materials with a gradient of composition within their largest dimension from colloidal cristals to polymeric materials
Renaux, Jeoffrey. "Ιnfluence de l'austénite et des impuretés sur le vieillissement thermique de la ferrite des aciers inοxydables austénο-ferritiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR026.
Texto completo da fonteAusteno-ferritic steels used in the design of various cast components (valves, pump bodies, etc.) in the primary circuit of second-generation nuclear power plants exhibit changes in their mechanical properties at service temperatures between 285°C and 325°C. These two-phase alloys, which combine ferrite and austenite, exhibit a microstructural hardening that occurs within the ferrite. This hardening is associated with two phase transformations, including, firstly, spinodal decomposition into an α phase rich in Fe and an α' phase rich in Cr, and secondly, the formation of a G phase rich in alloying elements Ni, Si, Mn, Mo. While austeno-ferritic steels containing Mo present a greater hardening than steels without Mo, the observation of a purely ferritic steel containing Mo, on the contrary, showed less hardening due to the absence of G phase precipitation. The aim of this study was to understand the influence of austenite on the aging of ferrite, which was the main hypothesis put forward to explain the reason for the lesser hardening of purely ferritic steel. To confront this hypothesis, the use of an electrochemical method allowed for the selective dissolution of austenite to obtain austenite-free ferrite, with the same composition, morphology, and thermo-mechanical history as the ferrite with austenite. The study by atom probe tomography of the microstructural evolution of these two ferrites, as well as that of a purely ferritic steel under aging conditions of 1,000 hours at 400°C, allowed for the investigation and understanding of the following points:- The results showed that the presence of austenite induces residual compressive stresses on the ferrite, which are not the cause of the enhanced aging of austeno-ferritic steels, as no significant difference in microstructure was observable between ferrites with and without austenite.- The characterization of the effect of the Cr/Ni composition gradient near the α/γ interfaces on the microstructural evolution of ferrite was conducted. The evolution of Cr and Ni concentrations towards the α/γ interfaces does not impact the spinodal decomposition but affects the formation of the G phase, with the main effect being a significant decrease in nanoparticle density towards the α/γ interfaces.- As residual stresses are not the cause of the difference in aging between purely ferritic and austeno-ferritic steels, the hypothesis of a chemical composition effect was considered. The results showed that the number density of G phase particles is strongly correlated with the impurity concentration in the ferrite. The absence of impurities in the ferritic alloy appears to explain the absence of G phase nanoparticles at the α/α’ interdomains and thus the lesser aging of the ferritic alloy
Kohler, Eric. "La réactivité des matériaux argileux sous gradient thermique". Phd thesis, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009942.
Texto completo da fonteKumar, Raj. "Fabrication et étude de matériaux "mous" à gradient d'indice acoustique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0186.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is devoted to the fabrication and the study of a novel class of acoustic gradient index (GRIN) materials for the manipulation of waterborne acoustic waves. As in optics, acoustic GRIN are inhomogeneous materials, in which the acoustic refractive index n =C_(L,water/air)/C_(L,material) varies as a function of the position inside the material. Here, C_(L,water/air) and 〖 C〗_(L,material) are the acoustic wave speeds in a reference medium (water for underwater acoustics) and in the material respectively. We here describe the fabrication of ultrathin (i.e. sub-wavelength) GRIN materials named “Soft acoustic gradient index metasurfaces” engineered from soft graded-porous silicone rubbers with a high acoustic index for broadband ultrasonic three-dimensional wave-front shaping in water
Froehly, Luc. "Nouveaux matériaux à gradient d'indice pour l'optique : étude des procédés de fabrication existants et développement de méthodes de caractèrisation". Saint-Etienne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STET4005.
Texto completo da fontePerales, Frédéric. "Fissuration des matériaux à gradient de propriétés. Application au Zircaloy hydruré". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00079015.
Texto completo da fonteDammak, Yosra. "Caractérisation numérique et expérimentale par ultrasons de matériaux à gradient fonctionnel". Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1039/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focuses on the study of multilayered and FGM systems (FGM : Functionnally Graded Materials). The main purpose of this type of materials is to obtain deposits with new and innovative features and to increase the fracture toughness. From now on, FGM have been used in various high technology applications.A multilayer system with a composition gradient of copper and nickel was studied experimentally by the application of the laser ultrasonics (LU) technique which was coupled to a theoretical study based on the ordinary differential equations (ODE) and the Stiffness Matrix Method (SMM). This PhD thesis is organized around four chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to a theoretical study of the propagation behavior of surface acoustic wave (SAW) in a multilayer system with à gradient of properties. Thus, the numerical methods developped for the piezoelectric materials (FGPM) are presented. The second chapter is devoted to describe the setup for making the samples used in this study which were obtained by sputtering technique. The third chapter presents the experimental study dedicated to the measurement of surface wave velocities in many crystal orientations. The last chapter of the manuscript presents experimental results, compared to the theoretical results, describing the dispersive behavior of submicrometer multilayers
Péralès, Frédéric. "Fissuration des matériaux à gradient de propriétés : application au zircaloy hydrure". Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20202.
Texto completo da fonteLaheurte, Raynald. "Application de la théorie du second gradient à la coupe des matériaux". Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12935.
Texto completo da fonteAudouard, Lisa. "Conception et caractérisation de matériaux ultra haute température à gradient de propriétés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCA019.
Texto completo da fonteThe development of a new green ergol prototype for satellite repositioning engines requires more severe thermal and environmental conditions for combustion chamber materials than is currently the case. As a result, alternative materials known as functionally graded materials (FGM) have been developed for several years as part of an ONERA-CNES-ICB study. The aim of this thesis is to pursue the development of this type of ceramic/metal gradient material, in order to optimize its design and ensure that it can be used up to 2400 °C in the presence of water vapor. Firstly, different configurations of FGM developed by air plasma thermal spraying (APS) were tested under vacuum laser heat flux up to 2350 °C. By modelling the cracking of these materials when subjected to thermal shock, the link between the observed degradations and the FGM configurations was better established. In particular, it has been shown that increasing the thickness of the ceramic on the FGM surface is responsible for the appearance and propagation of deeper, deviated cracks.Secondly, the possibility to use such FGM under an oxidising atmosphere at ultra-high temperature was studied through two experimental set ups. The first one is a laser test bench which allowed to assure the resistance of the materials submitted to repeated thermal schocks up to 1800 °C in presence of water vapour. The tested materials presented an appropriate behaviour under the tested conditions. The degradation mechanisms related to FGM oxidation have been identified and compared from one FGM configuration to another and linked to the tested conditions. The second one permits to qualify the behaviour of FGM in the H2/O2 flame of a combustion chamber. Thus, the tested conditions were relatively close to the ones of the intended application. No major degradation was observed after the combustion chamber tests, which demonstrates the potential of this type of FGM for the application.In parallel, a study was carried out about the improvement of the ceramic part of the FGM. Indeed, the thermal expansion coefficient of the chosen metal is twice lower than the one of the chosen ceramic. Thus, and despite the presence of graded layers in-between the metal and the ceramic, high thermomechanical stresses occur at the interfaces between the different layers of the FGM. Thus, a key point of this study consisted in the understanding of the influence of the ceramic composition, and in particular of the amount and nature of the rare earth oxide, on the thermal expansion coefficient. In addition, ionic conductivity and thermal conductivity measurements most accurately reflect the role of thermal and environmental barrier coating of the pure ceramic layer upon the FGM. It has been shown that high content Lu2O3 based compositions are the most promising to be used for the ceramic composition of the FGM. The last part of this thesis was dedicated to study the possibility to heal the cracks observed in the ceramic, which came either from the thermal treatment, either from the thermal tests. Thus, an yttrium disilicate was introduced in the pure ceramic layer of the FGM directly during the elaboration process with APS. Its influence on the resistance of FGM under harsh thermal and environmental conditions was finally reported. In particular, the presence of this disilicate is responsible of chemical transformations in the FGM during high temperature tests
Benrabah, Imed-Eddine. "Développement d’alliages métalliques à gradient de composition pour l’exploration combinatoire des microstructures". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALI005.
Texto completo da fonteThe transformation of austenite into ferrite in steels is of considerable interest in controlling the final properties of steels, in particular Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS) such as Dual Phase (DP) steel. Despite tremendous efforts in understanding the mechanisms controlling ferrite formation, the role of substitutional elements during ferrite growth and their interaction with the migrating α/γ interface remain unclear. Several models have been developed to describe ferrite growth kinetics in ternary and higher systems. The solute drag based models have been successfully used to predict kinetics for multiple substitutional solutes, compositions and temperatures in ternary systems. However, the extension of this model to higher order systems highlighted a complex behavior of the interaction between the different interstitial and substitutional elements at the interface. Validation of the developed models requires an experimental study of the effect of both composition and temperature on growth kinetics. The aim of this contribution is to present a complete combinatorial high-throughput methodology to accelerate the investigation of the dependency of ferrite growth kinetics on substitutional composition in alloy steels. It is noteworthy, however, that this new methodology could be used to study any other phase transformation in any other metallic alloy. The essence of the methodology is to fabricate materials with macroscopic composition gradients, and to perform time- and space-resolved in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments to gather the austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation kinetics in many points of the compositional space. Diffusion couples containing millimeter-scale solute gradients and an almost constant carbon content were generated using the present methodology and used to study ferrite growth kinetics at inter-critical temperatures using in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments. During 4 days of experiments, more than 1500 kinetics were gathered for different compositions and at different temperatures. This dataset of unprecedented size was used validate a modified version of the three-jump solute drag model for both ternary and quaternary systems. The model calculations matched experimental transformation kinetics at all investigated temperatures and over almost all the investigated composition ranges of Si, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Mo, contrary to results from para-equilibrium (PE) and local equilibrium negligible partitioning (LENP) models. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the calibration of thermodynamic parameters in ternary systems held true in quaternary systems, paving the way towards modeling of the transformation in higher-order systems
Abada, Fella. "Transport d'humidité en matériaux poreux en présence d'un gradient de température : caractérisation expérimentale". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10135.
Texto completo da fonteNounah, Hassan. "Modélisation et caractérisation des matériaux à gradient de propriétés mécaniques par des méthodes microacoustiques". Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20117.
Texto completo da fonteLe, Loc'H Gaëlle. "Etude de la composition des perméabilités par des méthodes variationnelles". Paris, ENMP, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENMP0168.
Texto completo da fonteJouenne, Stephane. "Structuration et renforcement du polystyrene par des copolymeres styrene/butadiene a gradient de composition". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012106.
Texto completo da fonteFurimsky, Anna M. "Characterization of the lipid composition of washed and percoll gradient centrifuged epididymal mouse sperm". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9396.
Texto completo da fonteCoppin, Ross Mark. "Ecklonia maxima kelp forests along a thermal gradient: community composition and recovery from disturbance". University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6163.
Texto completo da fonteClimate change will influence species distributions, survival and ecosystem functioning, mostly through changes in sea surface temperatures and storm disturbance. Species are expected to shift poleward in response to ocean warming, which will increase species interaction strength, and cause tropicalisation of temperate ecosystems. Furthermore, if storm frequency and magnitude increases, this could have detrimental effects for species already on their thermal limits. One such group of coastal species is kelp. Kelp are ecosystem engineers that rely on cool-temperate water for survival, and which support an array of fauna and flora. Kelp-based ecosystems are also highly productive, and provide important inorganic input into coastal food webs, largely through detritus. Temperature and disturbance have been shown to be important drivers of kelp ecosystems globally, and we expect that local changes in these drivers may affect kelp ecosystem composition and functioning along the south-western Cape coastline where they form extensive habitats.
Jouenne, Stéphane. "Structuration et renforcement du polystyrène par des copolymères styrène / butadiène à gradient de composition". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066315.
Texto completo da fonteHutton, Jacob Matthew. "DIET COMPOSITION EXPLAINS REDUCTIONS IN STREAM SALAMANDER OCCUPANCY AND ABUNDANCE ALONG A CONDUCTIVITY GRADIENT". UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/40.
Texto completo da fonteYi, Kaijun. "Controlling guided elastic waves using adaptive gradient-index structures". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC044/document.
Texto completo da fonteGRadient INdex (GRIN) media are those whose properties smoothly vary in space or/and time. They have shown promising effects in many engineering applications, such as Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), vibration and noise control, energy harvesting, etc. On the other hand, piezoelectric materials provide the possibility to build unit cells, whose mechanical properties can be controlled on-line. Motivated by these two facts, adaptive GRIN structures, which can be realized using shunted piezoelectric materials, are explored in this dissertation to control guided elastic waves. Two types of adaptive GRIN structures are studied in this work. The first type is a piezo-lens. It is composed of shunted piezoelectric patches bonded on the surfaces of plates. To control the mechanical properties of the piezoelectric composite, the piezoelectric patches are shunted with Negative Capacitance (NC). By tuning the shunting NC values, refractive indexes inside the piezo-lens are designed to satisfy a hyperbolic secant function in space. Numerical results show that the piezo-lens can focus waves by smoothly bending them toward the designated focal point. The piezo-lens is effective in a large frequency band and is efficient in many different working conditions. Also the same piezo-lens can focus waves at different locations by tuning the shunting NC values. The focusing effect and tunable feature of piezo-lens make it useful in many applications like energy harvesting and SHM. The former application is fully discussed in this thesis. The focusing effect at the focal point results in a known point with high energy density, therefore harvesting at the focal point can yield more energy. Besides, the tunable ability makes the harvesting system adaptive to environment changes. The second type is the time-space modulated structure. Its properties are modulated periodically both in time and space. Particularly, the modulation works like a traveling wave in the structure. Due to the time-varying feature, time-space modulated structures break the reciprocity theorem, i.e., the wave propagation in them is nonreciprocal. Many unusual phenomena are observed during the interaction between waves and time-space modulated structures: frequency splitting, frequency conversion and one-way wave transmission. Two types of frequency conversion are demonstrated and explained. The first type is caused by energy transmission between different orders Bloch modes. The second type is due to the Bragg scattering effect inside the modulated structures. The one-way wave transmission could be exploited to realize one-way energy insulation in equivalent infinite or semi-inffnite systems. However, the one-way energy insulation fails in finite systems due to the frequency conversion phenomenon
Sniezewski, Julien. "Etude in situ sous gradient thermique de l’écaillage d’alliages alumino-formeurs et de barrières thermiques aéronautiques". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7229/1/sniezewski.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMadec, Clémentine. "Elaboration de matériaux à gradient de fonction céramique / métal par SPS pour la protection balistique". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS057/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective is to improve ballistic performance of armors. A perfect armor combines ductility to resistto the impact and high hardness to stop projectile’s fragments. However, such an association of properties is inconsistent witha single material. The solution is to perform a functionally graded material (FGM) with a ductile metal at the back side of thesample and a hard ceramic on the top side. Non-conventional technologies like Spark Plasma Sintering allow joining orsintering all types of materials with different and additional properties. Furthermore, with this technique, high heating ratescan be achieved, limiting grain growth and resulting in a fine microstructure. The goal is to study joining conditions or cosinteringof such materials (in this case, Al2O3 and Ti), as well as the resulting microstructure on the ballistic efficiency.The first part of the study focused on the characterization of alumina and titanium. Five powders of alumina werestudied from a sintering point of view. Three of which were selected because of their interesting microstructures, close indensities and grain sizes. These ceramics have been characterized mechanically (hardness, toughness and strength) andballistically. One of them is adopted to realize FGM. Titanium, sintered with the same conditions, unfortunately, doesn’t haveexpected properties (absence of ductility).The second part of the work showed that the preparation of FGM without cracks from Al2O3 and Ti only ischallenging, with an interlayer with one or more layers. The strong affinity of Ti with oxygen (formation of oxides orinsertion) with C (forming carbides) and its reactivity with alumina (forming intermetallics) make the FGM brittle and enablethe release of residual stresses during the process. By adding a low amount of nickel (more ductile and less reactive withoxygen and titanium) in composites, FGMs almost without cracks were obtained. The latter were evaluated ballistically
Ben, Elhaj Salah Sami. "Modélisation non-locale et stochastique de matériaux à fort gradient de propriétés par développement asymptotique". Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ESMA0018.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim is to propose a macroscopic, deterministic and non-local model, constructed by scale transition for heterogeneous materials with high property gradients and containing a random distribution of inclusions. More precisely, the inclusions are distributed in an elastic matrix according to a stochastic ergodic process. Several non-local models exist in the literature, but they do not allow (or very little) to obtain non-local quantities and/or fields at the macroscopic scale from a scale-transition. Besides, it is often difficult to link the non-local parameters to the microstructure. To this aim, we developed a two-step approach.In the first stage, we combined the method of asymptotic developments with an energetic approach to reveal a second displacement gradient in the strain energy. The advanced model involves three homogenized elasticity tensors functions of the stochastic parameter and of the phase properties. As opposed to the literature, the model involves two characteristic lengths strongly linked to the microstructure. These lengths define two morphological representative elementary volumes on which full field simulations are performed in order to determine the macroscopic strain tensors at orders 0 and 1 involved in the formulation of the model. In order to test this first version of the model, numerical simulations were performed. The estimate of the classical part of the energy, coming from the local part of the fields, has been successfully compared to classical bounds for a composite bar consisting of a random distribution of two homogeneous and isotropic elastic materials. Then, numerical solving of the whole model including the non-local terms has been performed in the three-dimensional case. Two types of microstructures with increasing morphological complexity were used. The first ones are virtual microstructures generated from a given simple pattern randomly distributed throughout the structure and composed of a big inclusion circled by six identical small ones. The second are real microstructures of Ethylène-Propylène-Diène Monomère (EPDM) obtained by tomography and containing clusters of inclusions with complex structures.In order to obtain a macroscopic model that can be used for structure analysis, without any full field intermediate calculations, a second scale transition has been performed using stochastic variational homogenization tools in the ergodic case. More precisely, the Γ-convergence method has been used in order to have a convergence of energy rather than that of mechanical fields, aiming at keeping a strong microstructural content. In fine, the model is macroscopic, non-local, deterministic and strongly connected to the microstructure. Non-local effects are now accounted for by the presence of the second displacement gradient but also by the presence of the virtual (memory) displacement field of the inclusions. The link with microstructure is still manifest through the presence of the stochastic parameter and phase properties, but also by the presence of the asymptotic fractions of the inclusion phase in the material and in each of the morphological volumes defined by the model characteristic lengths. In order to prepare the use of the model for structure calculations, a non-local finite element enriched with Hermit-type interpolations was implemented in FoXtroT, the finite element solver of the Pprime Institute. This element takes into account the virtual (memory) displacement field related to inclusions as well as the gradients of the macroscopic and virtual displacement fields. The first numerical results on this aspect, to our knowledge never discussed in the literature, are promising
Schwob, Cyrille. "Approche non locale probabiliste pour l'analyse en fatigue des zones à gradient de contraintes". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30246.
Texto completo da fonteA fatigue criterion taking into account the stress gradient effect has been developed and integrated in a global probabilistic framework. The proposed criterion is a non local criterion averaging a classical criterion over a particular area. This area is defined by a mesoscopic criterion derived from Papadopoulos analysis. The predictions of the new criterion are compared to experimental results coming from a dedicated test campaign on an aluminium alloy. Results are found to be in good agreement with experiments for a wide variety of geometry and load, thus demonstrating the relative robustness of the fatigue model. The fatigue model is then integrated in a probabilistic framework, the results being again satisfactorily confronted to experimental results on the same alloy. In particular the statistical quality of the probabilized SN curves obtained from the whole model is similar to the experimental one
Zeng, Huabin. "Etude des panneaux sandwich à âme cellulaire à gradient de propriété sous sollicitation dynamique". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066552.
Texto completo da fonteSchweicher, Guillaume. "Alignment of organic semiconductors in a thermal gradient". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209584.
Texto completo da fonteIn order to validate these results, we embarked on an exploratory study of the crystallization of a set of organic semiconductors, carefully selected based on rational arguments, to evaluate the potential of the thermal gradient process as well as the required parameters for an OSC to perform adequately in this treatment. As in the case of terthiophene, nucleation and growth can be decoupled for the other organic semiconductors depending on their rate of growth. Furthermore, we have been able to reproduce on another polymorphic compound the selective growth of a single polymorphic form by applying adequate gradient conditions. We have also observed that compounds tend to orient preferentially along one of their major morphological planes parallel to the substrate, indicating a heterogeneous nucleation mechanism. A careful comparison between the different samples allowed us to confirm and complete our growth mechanism proposition. Based on the undercooling, maximal growth rate, primary and secondary nucleation rates of the compound, geometry of the system and adequate gradient parameters, a preferential alignment of the crystals along the thermal gradient direction can be achieved. Finally, we showed through this investigation and careful comparison that 2,7-didodecyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene possesses all the characteristics to be an excellent material candidate for the thermal gradient processing: low primary nucleation rate, moderate undercooling, high growth rate, platelet-like crystal growth morphology and liquid crystal phase allowing preorganization of the compound before crystallization and processing on single substrates without dewetting. Moreover, this compound is currently one of the best solution processable organic semiconductors.
We then investigated the directional crystallization of 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene directly from its liquid crystal phase as a function of thermal gradient parameters (magnitude of the gradient, sample velocity) and film thicknesses in thin film geometry (spin-coated films). Again, decoupling of the nucleation and growth has been observed for crystallization processed directly from the liquid crystal phase leading to the generation of highly textured films presenting uniaxial in-plane alignments of the crystallites. Moreover, secondary nucleation spots highlighted by POM in the alignment region give a clue to elucidate the alignment mechanism. The unit cell orients with the reciprocal vector c* normal to the substrate. Moreover, POM observation tends to indicate systematic thermal cracks orientations for higher rates of displacement (25 μm.s-1) as well as a reduction of the number of domains present in the sample, suggesting a preferential alignment of the crystallites at higher rates of displacement. All our results indicate that an optimum of the quality of the aligned film is reached for thermal gradient conditions of 120 °C - 90 °C - 25 μm.s-1.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Luu, Duy Hao. "Gradient Theory: Constitutive Models and Fatigue Criteria". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/86/60/81/PDF/These_Duy-Hao_LUU.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteIn the present thesis, two new classes of phenomenological models in the framework of the continuum thermodynamics and gradient theory are proposed. The first one is standard gradient constitutive model used to deal with the mechanical problems at micro-scale, and the other concerns gradient fatigue criteria for the problems at small scale. Using these, some common effects which are not captured yet in the classical mechanics but become significant at sufficiently small scales, are taken into account. For each class, the size and gradient effects which are the two effects most commonly discussed and very confused between each other in the literature, are clearly distinct and demonstrated to be integrated into the later via gradient terms. The thesis contains two principal contents presented in the part A and part B, respectively corresponding to the two new model classes. The following are their summary: Part A- Standard Gradient Constitutive Models: Application in Micro-Mechanics. A formulation of Standard Gradient Plasticity Models, based on an abundant researches on strain gradient plasticity (SPG) theory in the literature such as the ones of Q. S. Nguyen (2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012), is proposed and numerically implemented. The models are based on a global approach in the framework of continuum thermodynamics and generalized standard materials where the standard gradients of the internal parameters in the set of state variables are introduced. The governing equations for a solid are derived from an extended version of the virtual work equation (Frémond, 1985 or Gurtin, 1996). These equations can also be derived from the formalism of energy and dissipation potentials and appear as a generalized Biot equation for the solid. The gradient formulation established in such way is considered a higher-order extension of the local plasticity theory, with the introduction of the material characteristic length scale and the insulation boundary condition proposed by Polizzotto. The presence of strain gradient leads to a Laplacian equation and to non-standard boundary value problem with partial differential equations of higher order. A computational method, at the global level, based on diffusion like-problem spirit is used. Illustrations are given and applied to some typical problems in micro-mechanics to reproduce the well-known mechanical phenomenon, the effect "smaller is stronger". A good agreement between numerical results and reference counterparts is found; mesh-independence of numerical results is observed. Part B- Gradient Fatigue Criteria at Small Scale. A reformulation of gradient fatigue criteria is proposed in the context of multiaxial high-cycle fatigue (HCF) of metallic materials, initiated by Papadopoulos 1996. The notable dependence of fatigue limit on some common factors concerning the material specimen size is analysed and modeled. These factors, which are not taken into account before in classical fatigue criteria but become significant at sufficiently small scales, are included in the new formulation. Among such factors, three ones intimately related to each other, the pure size (smaller is stronger), stress gradient (higher gradient is higher resistance) and loading (i. E. Loading mode) effects, are here investigated. An effort has been made to roughly integrate all these effects into only one through gradient terms. According to that, a new class of fatigue criteria with stress gradient terms introduced not only in the normal stress but also in the shear stress parts, are formulated. Such a formulation allows to capture all the pure size (if important) and stress gradient (if any) effects, as well as to cover a wide range of loading effect (traction, bending and shearing, for instance). Due to such a property, these new criteria are naturally generalized to multiaxial loadings to be a new version of stress gradient dependent multiaxial fatigue criteria. Application to some classical fatigue criteria such Crossland and Dang Van is provided as illustrations. As shown, classical fatigue criteria as well as the one of Papadopoulos 1996, are considered special cases of the new respective criteria. An overview for the whole thesis is put in this Summary, and an overview for each model class is found in the Chapter 1 where a general introduction of the thesis is given. Their corresponding detail are presented in the Chapters 2-4 (for part A) and Chapters 5-6 (for part B). The last chapter, Chapter 7, is dedicated to general conclusions and perspectives
Lahbazi, Ahmed. "Modélisation et identification des matériaux architecturés et composites par des méthodes d'homogénéisation à gradient d'ordre supérieur". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0153.
Texto completo da fonteThe general objective of the thesis is to identify second gradient, chiral Cosserat media and micromorphic models of fibrous media having a regular periodic internal architecture - 2D and 3D textiles, complex yarns - based on suitable discrete and continuous homogenization schemes, first in small strains and then under large strains. Considering the large strains regime, the form of the strain energy density for second gradient and micromorphic hyperelastic effective continua will be identified, selecting for their arguments a set of physically meaningful invariants reflecting the deformation modes of the fibrous microstructure. Discrete and continuous homogenization schemes towards higher order media will be developed and compared; they will lead to incremental formulations to predict the nonlinear elastic response. Continuous second gradient homogenization simulations will serve as a reference solution to assess the accuracy of the effective mechanical responses computed by discrete homogenization.The development of efficient computational models will be accompanied by the design and realization of novel measurement protocols to identify the higher order mechanical moduli of the enriched models. Applications of the developed theoretical and experimental methods will be done for a selection of fibrous architectures prone to such internal scale effects. The predicted nonlinear responses of well-chosen fibrous media will be validated by measurements (done in LPMT for fibrous materials; microstructures produced by additive printing in LEM3 will also be tested there)
Qilafku, Genti. "Effet d'entaille à la fatigue en grand nombre de cycles : rôle du gradient de contrainte". Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Qilafku.Genti.SMZ0010.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteSimões, Catarina Cordeiro. "Species richness and composition of butterfly assemblages (Lepidoptera:Rhopalocera) along the altitudinal gradient of Serra da Estrela". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20707.
Texto completo da fonteLagny, Maxime. "Transparent Er : YAG ceramics with doping gradient processed by SPS and reactive sintering". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019VALE0009.
Texto completo da fonteThe realization of transparent Er:YAG ceramics for laser application requires a perfect transparency that implies a high quality of the used powder and a perfect control of the manufacturing processes. However, the quality of the starting powder is sometimes insufficient and its characteristics are not suitable in terms of stoichiometry, impurities or particle morphology. In this case, a pre-treatment of the powder and the use of sintering aids are necessary to obtain transparency. In order to prepare transparent ceramics, the first part of this work consisted in correcting the main defects of two experimental YAG powders. In the first powder, a high level of sulfur was measured and the objective was to eliminate this impurity by chemical and thermal treatments, while keeping the structural characteristics and particle size of the starting powder. In the second powder, the measured stoichiometry showed an yttrium deficiency of 5.3 mol% and the purpose was to correct the Y/Al ratio by addition of yttria. In a second part, in order to overcome the problems of non-reproducibility of the quality of YAG commercial powders, the possibility of obtaining YAG transparent ceramics by reactive sintering from alumina and yttria powders was investigated. The last part of this study concerned the development of transparent ceramics with doping gradients by three approaches having in common the use of SPS sintering. The first involved the assembly of fully dense ceramics; the second, pre-sintered ceramics and finally, the last approach a stack of powder layers. The measurement of Erbium ion diffusion through the interface made it possible to compare these different approaches
Azria, David. "Matériaux fonctionnels par assemblage de microsphères composites de chitosane/collagène pour l’ingénierie tissulaire". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP043.
Texto completo da fonteInjury of the peripheral nerve leads to local degeneration at the damaged site. If the injury results in a large nerve gap, spontaneous regeneration does not lead to functional recovery of the nerve. Among the several therapeutic strategies available, autograft is currently the most efficient technique but is associated with morbidity at the donor site. In the tissue engineering approach that we have investigated, nerve guides are typically elaborated with biocompatible materials to orient nerve outgrowth and regeneration. In this context, we have evaluated materials assembled with functionalized microspheres to form a gradient of neurotrophic factors with the aim of guiding nerve regeneration in the lumen of tubular conduits. We have studied the elaboration of chitosan and collagen microspheres from an emulsion generated in a controlled manner using a microfluidic technology. The solidification of the emulsion droplets was then achieved by the diffusion of ammonia vapors. The microspheres functionalization has been investigated and characterized using model fluorescent molecules, namely FITC (Fluorescein Isothiocyanate) and a protein (BSA, Bovine Serum Albumin) labeled with FITC. These functionalized microspheres were then assembled in the form of membranes with typical dimensions in the centimeter range, and exhibiting a functionalization gradient. Finally, preliminary experiments have demonstrated the possibility of animal implantation by rolling and suturing the membranes to a sectioned sciatic nerve. This work has allowed us to establish the proof of concept of this approach to elaborate functional nerve conduits and will need to be followed by complete study of functional nerve regeneration
Crabbé, Blandine. "Gradient damage models in large deformation". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX085/document.
Texto completo da fonteGradient damage models, also known as phase-field models, are now widely used to model brittle and ductile fracture, from the onset of damage to the propagation of a crack in various materials. Yet, they have been mainly studied in the framework of small deformation, and very few studies aims at proving their relevance in a finite deformation framework. This would be more helpful for the tyre industry that deals with very large deformation problems, and has to gain insight into the prediction of the initiation of damage in its structures.The first part of this work places emphasis on finding analytical solutions to unidimensional problems of damaging viscous materials in small and large deformation.In all the cases, the evolution of damage is studied, both in the homogeneous and localised cases. Having such solutions gives a suitable basis to implement these models and validate the numerical results.A numerical part naturally follows the first one, that details the specificities of the numerical implementation of these non local models in large deformation. In order to solve the displacement and damage problems, the strategy of alternate minimisation (or staggered algorithm) is used. When solved on the reference configuration, the damage problem is the same as in small deformation, and consists in a bound constraint minimisation. The displacement problem is non linear, and a mixed finite element method is used to solve a displacement-pressure problem. A quasi-incompressible Mooney-Rivlin law is used to model the behaviour of the hyperelastic material. Various tests in 2D and 3D are performed to show that gradient damage models are perfectly able to initiate damage in sound, quasi-incompressible structures, in large deformation.In the simulations depicted above, it should be noted that the damage laws combined to the hyperelastic potential results in an initiation of damage that takes place in zones of high deformation, or in other words, in zones of high deviatoric stress. However, in some polymer materials, that are known to be quasi-incompressible, it has been shown that the initiation of damage can take place in zones of high hydrostatic pressure. This is why an important aspect of the work consists in establishing a damage law such that the material be incompressible when there is no damage, and the pressure play a role in the damage criterion. Such a model is exposed in the third part.Finally, the last part focuses on the cavitation phenomenon, that can be understood as the sudden growth of a cavity. We first study it as a purely hyperelastic bifurcation, in order to get the analytical value of the critical elongation for which cavitation occurs, in the case of a compressible isotropic neo-hookean material submitted to a radial displacement. We show that there is a competition between the cavitation phenomenon and the damage, and that depending on the ratio of the critical elongation for damage and the critical elongation for cavitation, different rupture patterns can appear
Lobet, Adriana. "Influence des paramêtres de composition des matériaux cimentaires sur les propriétés de transfert". Toulouse, INSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ISAT0016.
Texto completo da fonteOur study aims for characterizing the influence of the parameters of cementing materials composition on the two properties of transfer: the diffusion of chlorides and the oxygen permeability. An experimental database on three types of materials (cement pastes, mortars and concretes) with two different water-cement ratios was established. The information concerning the porous structure of material was obtained by four different techniques (degree of hydration, open porosity measured by water saturation, porosity measured by mercury penetration and observations at SEM). The effective coefficient of diffusion of the material was obtained by the use of an accelerated method under electrical field (LMDC Diffusion Test) and the apparent and intrinsic oxygen permeability were evaluated by the mean of a permeameter to constant charge (CEMBUREAU Method). The influence of the characteristics of the granular phase studied by the transfer properties is highly dependent on the transfer mechanism evaluated: for the low cement-water ratio and high aggregate content, low coefficients of diffusion were obtained with calcareous aggregate, a high fineness modulus and a cement CPA CEM I 52. 5 R. A slight decrease of the diffusivity as function of the aggregate size is verified. Similar conclusions were obtained for permeability with the exception of the fineness modulus. A second part is devoted to the exploration of different models enumerated in the literature aiming for connecting the transfer properties and the characteristics of the microstructure. The predictions for diffusivity and permeability obtained with these models are limited
Amilain-Basset, Karine. "Etude de l'évolution de la composition superficielle d'oxydes mixtes lors de leur oxydation". Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS066.
Texto completo da fontePham, Thi Thanh Thao. "Un modèle d'endommagement à gradient de déformation à partir de la méthode d'homogénéisation pour les matériaux fragiles". Paris 13, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA132034.
Texto completo da fonteA damage model in strain gradient from the homogenization method for brittle materials In this thesis, we have built a damage model to predict the fracture in brittle materials containing a source of stress concentration. We first developed a. Method of homogenization to establish the constitutive relations including the strain gradient for a heterogeneous material. When the strain gradient is riot negligible, the procedure of homogenization accounts for the strain gradient. In the constitutive law in a natural way. Then, as an application of this method. We constructed the constitutive relations in 2D for a linear elastic material with microcracks by adapting the self-consistent scheme. The obtained equations show that the behavior of the material depends not only on the density, but also on the average size of the mierocracks. This constitutive law has been extended to a damage model by adopting the concept proposed by Griffith. We implemented this strain gradient damage model into a finite element code. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data. It has been shown that the size effect observed in experimental studies was correctly reproduced by the proposed model. Moreover, the model is also well regularizated by the presence of strain gradient
Hasan, Md Nazmul. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of a CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy with gradient structures". Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23036.
Texto completo da fonteDahlø, Eva Sofie. "Variation in chemical composition and genetic differentiation among bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) populations on a latitudinal gradient". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12795.
Texto completo da fonteSteinman, Alexis. "Assessment of Wetland Water Quality and Plant Species Composition across the Rural, Peri-Urban, and Urban Gradient". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28381.
Texto completo da fonteBoulesteix, Rémy. "Densification du grenat d'yttrium et d'aluminium pur ou dopé sous forme de céramiques transparentes : relation entre microstructure et propriétés optiques : élaboration de matériaux à gradient de concentration en néodyme". Limoges, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIMO4040.
Texto completo da fonteLe, Duc Trung. "Modèle d'endommagement à gradient : approche par homogénéisation". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066662/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this work is to propose a general framework to obtain a gradient damage model from the micro-structural level. It is based, firstly, on the homogenization method to derive an effective medium from the microstructure, and secondly, on the variational formulation of a damage evolution law from the homogenized medium. We propose, as a first step, an approach based on asymptotic expansion and the variational method for homogenizing a periodic elastic medium. To model the localization of damage, this approach has been extended to a quasi-periodic heterogeneous medium. From an example of quasi periodically micro-cracked solid, we obtain an elastic energy that not only depends on the gradient of the damage but also the strain gradients. Based on the principle of energy minimization, we propose the construction of a gradient damage model from the elastic energy homogenized in the second part. By adding some hypothesis to simplify the model, we can construct localized damage and strain solutions in closed form. Finally, a numerical resolution scheme, which is based on an alternate minimization algorithm, is proposed for the one-dimensional traction bar test. From the numerical results, the advantages and disadvantages of the model are discussed
OLARD, François. "Relations entre la composition, la structure et les propriétés thermo-mécaniques des matériaux bitumineux". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00851525.
Texto completo da fonteDi, russo Enrico. "Etude de biais de mesure de composition par SAT dans les matériaux semi-conducteurs". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR065/document.
Texto completo da fonteLaser-assisted Atom Probe Tomography (La-APT) is a powerful tool for investigating the 3D atomic distribution of the chemical species in a wide variety of semiconductor materials. However, important compositional biases affect atom probe analyses revealing a non-stoichiometric composition. In the thesis a systematic study of selected binary (GaN, GaAs, ZnO) and ternary (AlGaN, MgZnO) semiconductors of high technological interest was developed in order to: (i) obtain a coherent description of the compositional biases in APT; (ii) identify the physical mechanisms leading to these biases; (iii) assess the experimental conditions for which the compositional analysis is reliable. In order to interpret the results, the hypothesis of preferential evaporation of metallic species (Ga, Al, Zn, Mg) at high field and emission of neutral non-metallic molecules (N2, O2) at low field has been proposed. Another important aim of this thesis is materials physics-oriented. It is indeed of utmost importance to study both composition and morphology of some devices of technological interest, such as in multi-quantum-well systems. In this perspective, the knowledge of 3D composition field and morphology is essential because these features determine the optical and electrical properties of the systems. In order to do it, a correlative microscopy approach can be adopted. This approach was successfully applied to the study of ZnO/MgZnO multi-quantum wells designed for quantum cascade lasers. Structural, compositional and optical properties were investigated performing correlative La-APT - Electron Tomography (ET) - micro-PhotoLuminescence (µ-PL) on the same atom probe tip specimens. The complementary APT and ET analyses yield a clear picture of the structure and composition of the system investigated, revealing important decomposition phenomena in the MgZnO alloy. In particular, La-APT proved to be a unique technique for a direct assessment of local composition. Moreover, µ-PL also proved to be extremely useful in order to get information related the composition, supporting La-APT results. Finally, a new correlative in-situ approach in which La-APT and µ-PL are simultaneously performed is presented. Thanks to the development of a specially designed tomographic atom probe, it is shown that µ-PL can be successfully performed on a single Zno/MgZnO atom probe tip during La-APT. This is extremely attractive and challenging because allows to strictly correlating the variation photoluminescence signal with nano-metric scale volumes of the tip evaporated during APT. In principle, the emission of single quantum light emitters (i.e. single QW or QD) can be revealed. The new approach presented can be extended to a wide range of materials, opening new perspectives for correlative studies of single atom probe tips