Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Mass production – china"
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Han, Zhao, e Guo Ping Cheng. "Mass Customization in the Tourism Industry of China". Advanced Materials Research 683 (abril de 2013): 917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.917.
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Since entered 21st century, the development of great potential for mass customization production mode have been all walks of life study and practice. And our country tourism industry is still faced with rigid management mode, operation with high cost problem. This paper briefly analyzes the significance of the mass customization production mode and features, tried to put the mass customization applied in tourism industry, hope for our country tourism enterprise application mass customization production mode to provide some help.
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Yang, Li, Yan Fang Zhou e Jie Zhou. "Greening the Housing Supply Chain in China". Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (fevereiro de 2012): 3355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.3355.
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Greening housing supply chain is a proactive response to environmental regulation. Customized community planning, LEED for Homes and mass customization housing production are introduced as main strategies of green housing supply chain corresponding to planning, and design and production stages of housing supply. Since environmentally-friendly practices occur more often in customized housing productions, housing buyers with environmental consciousness are playing an increasingly important role in greening the housing supply chain in China.
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Fiuza, Sandra Bucher, Duan Qingbo e Wang Dongfeng. "STONE ARMOR 2200 YEARS AGO: EARLY MASS PRODUCTION METHODS IN CHINA". Studies in Conservation 51, sup2 (janeiro de 2006): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.2006.51.supplement-2.170.
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Liu, Kon-Kee, Zir-Lyang Lai, Gwo-Ching Gong e Fuh-Kwo Shiah. "Distribution of Particulate Organic Matter in the Southern East China Sea:Implications in Production and Transport". Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 6, n.º 1 (1995): 027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3319/tao.1995.6.1.27(keep-mass).
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Dholakia, Ruby Roy, Jingyi Duan e Nikhilesh Dholakia. "Production and marketing of art in China". Arts and the Market 5, n.º 1 (5 de maio de 2015): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/am-10-2013-0023.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how art production and marketing in China is attempting to move up the value chain as increasing number of Chinese replica-selling galleries seek to break free from the image of Chinese art towns as skilled but imitative centres of art production. Design/methodology/approach – In-depth interviews were conducted among seven gallery owners in Wushipu art village over three weeks to discover how art production in China has evolved and to chart its future growth. Findings – In the Chinese setting with its distinctive cultural patterns, tensions between the emergent national pride in original art and the facile and commercial moneymaking potential of simply selling industrially produced art are revealed. Practical implications – The changing dynamics of arts markets in China provide marketers and researchers a glimpse into a parallel trend: the gradual but rising shift to innovation, originality and luxury occurring in the China-based manufacturing centres of material goods. Social implications – The attempts to break from the imitative mass production of art and strike a balance between creating and meeting the art needs of the Chinese consumer indicate how domestic market priorities and economic growth are likely to serve as the new fuel for contemporary China’s socioeconomic development. Originality/value – Via an interpretive look at contemporary Chinese modes of arts production and marketing, the paper revisits the antagonism between the creation of original art and the production of industrial art in a context not well-known in the west, the massive art production centres of China.
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Blaszczyk, Regina Lee. ""Reign of the Robots": The Homer Laughlin China Company and Flexible Mass Production". Technology and Culture 36, n.º 4 (outubro de 1995): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106918.
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Blaszczyk, Regina Lee. "“Reign of the Robots”: The Homer Laughlin China Company and Flexible Mass Production". Technology and Culture 36, n.º 4 (outubro de 1995): 863–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.1995.0018.
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Feng, Wen Long, Xiu Jin Li, Xiao Wei Lu, Ai Jun Li, Hai Rong Yuan, Yan Ping Liu, Bao Ning Zhu e De Xun Zou. "Production Characteristics of Vinyl Acetate Distillation Residues in China". Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (junho de 2015): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.225.
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Vinyl acetate, as an important kind of organic chemical raw materials, often adopts the distillation system to separate finished product from raw product. In addition to target products, some residues are produced in the process of distillation, which have a strong damage to the environment, therefore these residues are identified as hazardous wastes to manage and dispose in China. This paper, combined with literature analysis and site investigation, mainly studied production characteristics and particular pollutants of vinyl acetate distillation residue (solid and liquid). To conduct the analysis of the physical and chemical properties of distillation residue, and this paper applied the Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to detemine main particular pollutants, containing Acetic Acid (relative peak area value of 63.47%), 1,1-Ethanediol Diacetate, Crotonic Acid, etc. Meanwhile, this paper can draw another conclusion that treatment and disposal of resource utilization distillation can make more significantly and efficiently use of vinyl acetate distillation residues through the technological contrast of GC-MS.
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Greenberg, S. M., R. K. Morrison, Donald A. Nordlund e E. G. King. "A Review of the Scientific Literature and Methods for Production of Factitious Hosts for Use in Mass Rearing of Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in the Former Soviet Union, the United States, Western Europe and China". Journal of Entomological Science 33, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1998): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-33.1.15.
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Trichogramma spp. are important biological control agents for lepidopterous pests. Insectaries for mass rearing them, using factitious hosts, have been constructed in many countries. Selection of factitious hosts is based on the simplicity of their mass production, mechanization of rearing processes, and cost of production compared to that of utilizing target pest eggs. Scientific literature and personal experiences with the techniques used for production of factitious hosts for Trichogramma spp. in the former Soviet Union, the United States, Western Europe, and China are presented.
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Oliveira, C. P., D. Hadjimichef e M. V. T. Machado. "Compton-like dark photon production in electron–nucleus collisions". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 49, n.º 3 (31 de janeiro de 2022): 035001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/ac3dcc.
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Abstract The Compton-like production of massive dark photons is investigated in ultrarelativistic electron–ion collisions by considering the kinetic mixing between the dark photon and the standard model photon. The quasi-real photons in the heavy ion are described by the equivalent photon approximation, and the model is employed to calculate the integrated cross section and event rates as a function of the dark photon mass, m γ′, and mixing parameter, ɛ. Predictions are shown for electron–ion colliders (EICs) in the mass range 100 ⩽ m γ′ ⩽ 500 MeV. Numerical results are provided within the kinematic coverage of the planned machines: an EIC in China (EicC), a polarized EIC at Jefferson Lab (JLEIC), an EIC/USA (EIC), a large hadron electron collider (LHeC) and a future circular collider (FCC-eA). It complements existing search strategies for dark photons in the considered mass interval.
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Yi, Yuan. "Crafted for Mass Production: Imported Spinning Machinery on the Shop Floor, China, 1910s–1920s". Technology and Culture 63, n.º 4 (outubro de 2022): 979–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2022.0154.
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Abe, Shigeyuki. "Is “China Fear” Warranted? Perspectives from Japan's Trade and Investment Relationships with China". Asian Economic Papers 2, n.º 2 (março de 2003): 106–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/153535103772624835.
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A fear of China's economic growth, particularly with regard to its recent evolution into the “factory of the world,” is often expressed in the Japanese mass media. This paper reviews the development of trade and investment relations between Japan and China and examines the validity of this “China fear,” pointing out the ways in which China continues to lag behind Japan on many economic fronts and describing strategies that Japan could use to improve its performance. Japanese firms need to focus on producing more specialized high-tech products. At the same time, to cope with competition from China, they must take more drastic measures to keep costs down in the production of low-tech products. Some Japanese enterprises have already initiated new approaches in management, production, and distribution. The views of three of Japan's leading economists are critically reviewed, with a focus on how Japanese firms might draw profitable lessons from China's situation, improve their joint ventures with Chinese firms, and benefit from China's large market by concentrating more on local conditions.
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Zhang, Hong Liang, Chun Hua Wu e Zhan Wen Niu. "The Application Effect Analysis of Lean Production in China". Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (outubro de 2011): 4057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.4057.
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Lean production, which is regarded as the third production mode after craft-ship and mass production mode, now is being applied widely by more and more enterprises. Toyota Motor Corporation as well as many other enterprises’s success has proved that lean production is one of the most scientific and advanced production models in the world. In order to upgrade management level and decrease technology gap with foreign enterprises, the enterprises of our country began to contact and learn lean production at the late of 1970s, but till now the relative study is far behind compared with that of western country. This situation has impeded the application and development of lean production in China. Pointed to this situation, this paper does application appraisal of lean production using data get by questionnaire. In the process of appraisal, data envelopment analysis is used to do analysis from the angle of relative efficiency. This method can weaken the impaction of enterprise’s scale and its development stage as well as other factors so the appraisal result will be more objective and impartial. In order to get reasonable and scientific analysis result, this paper does study using not only financial performance index but also non financial index, because traditional financial indexes cannot cover the traits of lean production. The quantitative anlysis result shows that lean production’s implementation has profound influence to upgrade enterprises’ relative efficiency.
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Zhai, Xiaolin, Richard Reed e Anthony Mills. "Addressing sustainable challenges in China". Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 3, n.º 3 (11 de novembro de 2014): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-02-2014-0008.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an innovative approach to addressing increasing sustainable challenges facing China's built environment which are linked to a diverse range of factors including rapid economic and population growth. The research context includes mass urbanisation in and the Chinese construction industry's attitude towards adopting sustainable construction processes. The focus is placed on examining current on-site construction practices in China which have historically remained largely unchanged; this includes a high reliance on cheap labour accompanied by a substantial material waste. An alternative approach is to increase the uptake of off-site production in China's residential construction industry, however no previous studies have investigated the potential advantages and barriers of this alternative approach. Design/methodology/approach – In collaboration with an industry organisation a survey was completed by 110 construction professionals in China. The questionnaire referred to 21 individual factors relating to their perception about the current and potential future uptake of off-site production in construction processes in China. Findings – The results confirmed the existing level of off-site production in China's urban residential construction industry was relatively low. At present the cast-in-situ method was considered by stakeholders as the most effective approach. The findings also confirmed the benefits of off-site production are not fully understood by the housing construction industry in China. It is argued this knowledge gap reduces the Chinese construction industry's motivation levels when seeking to embrace the off-site production approach and adopt improved sustainable construction practices. Originality/value – This is an original study designed to address a gap in knowledge as there has been no previous research conducted into the use of off-site industrialised process in China. The results provide a valuable insight into the uptake of off-site production in the residential construction industry and will assist stakeholders and policymakers to increase the level of sustainability.
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Sun, Bo Xue, Yu Liu, Zuo Ren Nie, Feng Gao, Zhi Hong Wang e Xian Zheng Gong. "Exergy-Based Resource Intensity Analysis of Primary Nickel Production in China". Materials Science Forum 847 (março de 2016): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.391.
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The resource intensity of primary nickel production in China was analyzed by the indicator of exergy, which can provide a unified picture about the overall processes involved in the life cycle of nickel. The results show that primary nickel’s CExD value is 235GJex/t, and the largest contributor to the CExD is electricity (46%), followed by fuels (31%), mineral (16%), and land resource (7%); the considerable proportion natural mineral and land resource account for in the result is due to the high exergy value of sulphide minerals and the low grade of natural nickel ore. The results also show that the calculation of this study is sensitive to the choice of allocation basis (mass and market value); however, market value is not recommended in this study since that nickel’s price varies greatly over time.
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Li, Siyuan, Dantong Liu, Shaofei Kong, Yangzhou Wu, Kang Hu, Huang Zheng, Yi Cheng et al. "Evolution of source attributed organic aerosols and gases in a megacity of central China". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, n.º 10 (30 de maio de 2022): 6937–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6937-2022.
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Abstract. The secondary production of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) impacts air quality, climate, and human health. The importance of various sources in contributing to the OOA loading and associated different ageing mechanisms remains to be elucidated. Here we present a concurrent observation and factorization analysis on the mass spectra of organic aerosol (OA) by a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer in Wuhan, a megacity in central China, during autumn. The full mass spectra of organics with two principle anthropogenic sources were identified as the traffic and cooking sources, for their primary emission profiles in aerosol and gas phases, the evolutions, and their respective roles in producing OOA and secondary VOCs. Primary emissions in gas and aerosol phases both contributed to the production of OOA. The photooxidation of traffic sources from the morning rush hour caused a 2.5 fold increase in OOA mass in a higher oxidation state (oxygen-to-carbon ratio as O/C =0.72), co-producing gas phase carboxylic acids, while, at night, cooking aerosols and VOCs (particularly acrolein and hexanal) importantly caused the nocturnal formation of oxygenated intermediate VOCs, increasing OOA mass by a factor of 1.7 (O/C =0.42). The daytime and nighttime formation of secondary aerosols, as contributed by different sources, was found to be modulated by solar radiation and air moisture, respectively. The environmental policy should, therefore, consider the primary emissions and their respective ageing mechanisms influenced by meteorological conditions.
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Sun, Qiang, Hui Chen, Chao Duan, Ye Wan, Xiao Wei Zhang e Lei Pei. "Effect of Reaction Temperature and Mixture Ratio on Polysilicon Production Process". Key Engineering Materials 871 (janeiro de 2021): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.871.284.
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These years, electronic devices and integrated circuits have a trend of miniaturization and integration with the rapid development of the information industry, higher requirements have been placed on the size, purity, and defect density of silicon wafers. More urgent demands have been placed on the mass production of electronic grade polysilicon. However, the research of electronic grade polysilicon in China is still in its infancy, it is far from meeting the requirements of mass production. This paper studies the influence of the single factor of reaction temperature on the yield of silicon, the surface morphology and power consumption of polysilicon under the certain conditions, which has some reference value for the production of electronic grade polysilicon.
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Zhang, Xiang, Bo-Wen Huang, Yu-Dong Zheng, Lu-Sheng Xin, Wen-Bo Chen, Tao Yu, Chen Li, Chong-Ming Wang e Chang-Ming Bai. "Identification and Characterization of Infectious Pathogens Associated with Mass Mortalities of Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Cultured in Northern China". Biology 12, n.º 6 (23 de maio de 2023): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12060759.
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The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) aquaculture industry increased rapidly in China with the introduction and promotion of triploid oysters in recent years. Mass mortalities affecting different life stages of Pacific oysters emerged periodically in several important production areas of Northern China. During 2020 and 2021, we conducted a passive two-year investigation of infectious pathogens linked to mass mortality. Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) was detected to be associated with mass mortalities of hatchery larvae, but not juveniles and adults in the open sea. Protozoan parasites, such as Marteilia spp., Perkinsus spp. and Bonamia spp. were not detected. Bacterial isolation and identification revealed that Vibrio natriegens and Vibrio alginolyticus were the most frequently (9 out of 13) identified two dominant bacteria associated with mass mortalities. Pseudoalteromonas spp. was identified as the dominant bacteria in three mortality events that occurred during the cold season. Further bacteriological analysis was conducted on two representative isolates of V. natriegens and V. alginolyticus, designated as CgA1-1 and CgA1-2. Multisequence analysis (MLSA) showed that CgA1-1 and CgA1-2 were closely related to each other and nested within the Harveyi clade. Bacteriological investigation revealed faster growth, and more remarkable haemolytic activity and siderophore production capacity at 25 °C than at 15 °C for both CgA1-1 and CgA1-2. The accumulative mortalities of experimental immersion infections were also higher at 25 °C (90% and 63.33%) than at 15 °C (43.33% and 33.33%) using both CgA1-1 and CgA1-2, respectively. Similar clinical and pathological features were identified in samples collected during both naturally and experimentally occurring mortalities, such as thin visceral mass, discolouration, and connective tissue and digestive tube lesions. The results presented here highlight the potential risk of OsHV-1 to hatchery production of larvae, and the pathogenic role of V. natriegens and V. alginolyticus during mass mortalities of all life stages of Pacific oysters in Northern China.
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Wu, Q., S. Qian, Y. Cao, G. Huang, M. Jin, Z. Jin, D. Li et al. "Summary of the R&D of 20-inch MCP-PMTs for neutrino detection". Journal of Instrumentation 16, n.º 11 (1 de novembro de 2021): C11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/11/c11003.
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Abstract The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) in China aiming to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy is under construction. A new kind of large area microchannel-plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) was put forward for the JUNO by the researchers in Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) in China. After breaking through several core technotical barriers, the 20-inch MCP-PMT prototype with great performance was successfully produced by the MCP-PMT group in China and got 75% PMT orders (15,000 pics) from JUNO. The mass production line and batch test system was completed in North Night Vision Technology Co., Ltd. (NNVT). The performance of the MCP-PMT including the gain, the quantum efficiency, the P/V ratio, the dark count rate and the transit time spread can be batch tested. During the mass production process, the technical progress in the cathode deposition method improved the quantum efficiency of the photocathode from 30% to 35%. The aging behaviour, temperature effect, the after-pulse distribution and the flash signal of the 20-inch MCP-PMT are all detailly studied. By August of 2020, the 15,000 MCP-PMTs, which will be installed as the central liquid scintillator detector of JUNO, have been completed and delivered to Jiangmen. The average QE at 400 nm for the 15,000 pieces of MCP-PMTs is 32%.
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Zang, Lian-Sheng, Su Wang, Fan Zhang e Nicolas Desneux. "Biological Control with Trichogramma in China: History, Present Status, and Perspectives". Annual Review of Entomology 66, n.º 1 (7 de janeiro de 2021): 463–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-060120-091620.
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Trichogramma species make up one of the most commonly used groups of natural enemies for biological control programs worldwide. Given the major successes in using Trichogramma to control economically important lepidopterous pests on agricultural crops in China, the biology and ecology of these wasps have been intensively studied to identify traits that contribute to successful biological control. Since the 1960s, improved mass production of Trichogramma and better augmentative release methods to suppress agricultural pests have been achieved. We review the history of research and development; current knowledge on biodiversity and bio-ecology of the species used; and achievements in mass-rearing methods, release strategies, and current large-scale applications in China. In addition, we discuss potential issues and challenges for Trichogramma research and applications in the future .
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Xiaoya, Dai, He Suliu e Wang Tingxuan. "Performance and Control of Tobacco in Chinese Film and Television Dramas". Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, n.º 6 (3 de novembro de 2021): 5257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.6.17.
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Objectives: China is the world's largest country in tobacco cultivation, production, consumption and smokers. The number of smokers accounts for nearly 30% of the total number of smokers in the world. 740 million people are endangered by "second hand smoke", most of them women and children. To ac hieve the goal of healthy China, tobacco control is a very important link. Reducing the number of smokers is an important problem to be solved, and the mass media plays an important role in this problem. Once tobacco is shaped as a positive symbol in mass communication, smoking will become an unhealthy social atmosphere. Then, what kind of image tobacco generally appears in the mass media and what impact it will bring to the society, this paper attempts to explore the tobacco symbols in Chinese film and tel evision dramas as the research object.
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Jing, Ling, e Xin Xia Wang. "Research on the Experimental Device of Combined Two-Phase ABR and SBR". Applied Mechanics and Materials 507 (janeiro de 2014): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.507.677.
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With the rapid development of industrial and agricultural production in China, the industrial waste water and city wastewater discharged to water environment are increasing. Anaerobic biological treatment is a low-cost wastewater treatment technology and is also a combined technology of the wastewater treatment and energy recovery, it can be used as a core part of energy production and environmental protection system, its product can be actively used to result economic value. After in-depth and systematically study the mechanism and mass transfer theory of anaerobic biological treatment technology, this paper designs anaerobic reactor of high efficiency in mass transfer, namely the anaerobic baffled - elastic packing biofilm reactor.
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Lüthje, Boy. "Platform Capitalism ‘Made in China’? Intelligent Manufacturing, Taobao Villages and the Restructuring of Work". Science, Technology and Society 24, n.º 2 (julho de 2019): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971721819841985.
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The article examines the development of advanced digital manufacturing (as outlined in the ‘Made-in-China 2025’ government plan) from the perspective of the changing socio-technical paradigms of production. The analysis focuses on the transformations of value chains and work, based on theories of social shaping of technology, regulation theory and regimes of production. Analytically, the author proposes to distinguish between ‘production-driven’ and ‘distribution-driven’ pathways of manufacturing digitalisation. The transformation of semi-rural industrial areas (‘Taobao villages’, named after China’s largest e-commerce platform Taobao) into mass production clusters for e-commerce is depicted as a paradigmatic model of distribution-driven transformation and as a characteristic Chinese strategy in this field. The article examines the impact on industry supply chains and work, leading to ever-more precarious conditions of employment. Policy recommendations focus on local strategies to stabilise supply chain structures and working conditions, as an alternative to the present top-down approaches to manufacturing modernisation in China.
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Zhang, Ailin, Xin Xu, Guoxi Pei, Lechen Xu, Zijian Xiong, Haiping Peng e Qing Luo. "The injector design for STCF in China". Journal of Instrumentation 19, n.º 02 (1 de fevereiro de 2024): T02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/02/t02012.
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Abstract A new generation electron-positron collider — the Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) — has been proposed in China. The STCF will have a luminosity greater than 0.5 × 1035 cm-2 s-1 and a center-of-mass energy range of 2 to 7 GeV. Injectors are an essential component of circular colliders, particularly positron generating systems. The proposed STCF injector, Linac, accelerates both electrons and positrons from 1.0 GeV up to 3.5 GeV with a high intensity of 1.5 nC per bunch for Tau-Charm research. An injector with a high-energy electron-target positron production system was designed. The design baseline of the STCF injector Linac, positron source, and damping ring have been carried out in this paper.
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Song, Shaojie, Meng Gao, Weiqi Xu, Yele Sun, Douglas R. Worsnop, John T. Jayne, Yuzhong Zhang et al. "Possible heterogeneous chemistry of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in northern China winter haze". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 2019): 1357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1357-2019.
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Abstract. The chemical mechanisms responsible for rapid sulfate production, an important driver of winter haze formation in northern China, remain unclear. Here, we propose a potentially important heterogeneous hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) chemical mechanism. Through analyzing field measurements with aerosol mass spectrometry, we show evidence for a possible significant existence in haze aerosols of organosulfur primarily as HMS, misidentified as sulfate in previous observations. We estimate that HMS can account for up to about one-third of the sulfate concentrations unexplained by current air quality models. Heterogeneous production of HMS by SO2 and formaldehyde is favored under northern China winter haze conditions due to high aerosol water content, moderately acidic pH values, high gaseous precursor levels, and low temperature. These analyses identify an unappreciated importance of formaldehyde in secondary aerosol formation and call for more research on sources and on the chemistry of formaldehyde in northern China winter.
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Yang, Xiaoxia, Qiaoyan Tian, Jiakun Yan e Yinglong Chen. "Characterizing Root Morphological Traits in 65 Genotypes of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.) from Four Different Ecological Regions in China". Agronomy 12, n.º 6 (18 de junho de 2022): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061472.
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As an indispensable grain crop, foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is becoming a functional food in China because of its abundant nutrients. However, low rainfall and uneven precipitation limit its growth and production, especially in northwest China. Understanding the root phenotypic characteristics of foxtail millet is critical for utilizing its root characteristics to breed new millet varieties with improved resource-use efficiency and better adaptation to harsh environments. The present study characterized the variability of the root morphological traits at the seedling stage of 65 millet genotypes selected from four ecological regions across seven provinces in China. The plants were assessed after 21 days of growth in the germination pouches, and 48 root and shoot traits were measured. The results showed a large variation among the genotypes in the growth and functional traits. Among the measured traits, root dry mass, maximal root length, root surface area, and root tissue density contributed the most to the principal components. Root surface area ratio and root volume ratio were significantly correlated with root length ratio, respectively, while root length density and root weight density were negatively correlated with root diameter (p < 0.01). Shoot dry mass, root number, root length, root dry mass, and total dry mass were closely correlated with each other. Root length and root surface area in each 5-cm sections decreased from the top to the bottom along the root system. Among the four ecological regions, genotypes from the early maturing area of northwest China had the greatest root length, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, and root density, while those from the early maturing area of northwest China generally had the largest root system, with about 2.2 times more root length and dry weight than those from the early maturing area of northeast China (the shortest root system). The genotypic variability in root traits and correlations among shoot and root traits form a basis for breeding new millet cultivars.
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Eguchi, Shogo. "CO2 Reduction Potential from Efficiency Improvements in China’s Coal-Fired Thermal Power Generation: A Combined Approach of Metafrontier DEA and LMDI". Energies 15, n.º 7 (25 de março de 2022): 2430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072430.
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Among the G20 countries, China is the only country to experience an increase in electricity generation from coal-fired thermal power plants from 2019 to 2020. This study aims to develop an analytical framework combining metafrontier data envelopment analysis with the logarithmic mean Divisia index for a detailed decomposition analysis of ‘mass-based’ energy-related CO2 reduction potential through efficiency improvements in coal-fired thermal power plants in China. The results show that inefficiency in power generation can be largely attributed to differences in the location of power plants and the production scale. Moreover, the impact of regional heterogeneity on the changes in power generation efficiency is more notable for the small–medium power plants in the northeast region than the large power plants in the western region in China. However, when focusing on the mass-based CO2 reduction potential associated with the regional heterogeneity, its positive effects in the western region for the large power plants are 6.2 times larger than that in the northeast region for the small–medium power plants. These results imply that an analysis that focuses only on the efficiency score would ignore the production scale of coal-fired thermal power plants and thus would fail to properly evaluate the environmental impacts associated with efficiency changes.
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Zhang, Xin, Bianhong Zhou, Zhiyu Li, Yue Lin, Lijuan Li e Yuemei Han. "Seasonal Distribution of Atmospheric Coarse and Fine Particulate Matter in a Medium-Sized City of Northern China". Toxics 10, n.º 5 (25 de abril de 2022): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050216.
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Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) was measured continuously at an urban site in Baoji city in northern China in 2018 to investigate the seasonal distribution characteristics. Coarse PM (PM2.5–10) was more prevalent in spring, substantially due to the regional transport of dust. High loadings of coarse PM were found at night compared to daytime, which could result from high production and unfavorable dispersion conditions. Fine PM (PM2.5) constituted, on average, 54% of the total PM mass concentration, whereas it contributed more than 97% of the total PM number concentration. The number and mass concentrations of fine PM increased substantially in the winter, which was possibly due to the enhanced production of atmospheric secondary processes and coal combustion. Precursor gaseous pollutants and meteorology greatly influenced the PM distributions. Fine PM was associated more strongly with gas pollutants than coarse PM, which suggested that it largely originated from secondary production and combustion sources. High relative humidity appeared to promote the production of fine PM, whereas it facilitated the removal of coarse PM. This study highlights that different air-pollution control strategies should be used for coarse and fine PM according to the distribution characteristics and influencing factors in similar medium-sized urban areas.
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Zhang, Xin, Bianhong Zhou, Zhiyu Li, Yue Lin, Lijuan Li e Yuemei Han. "Seasonal Distribution of Atmospheric Coarse and Fine Particulate Matter in a Medium-Sized City of Northern China". Toxics 10, n.º 5 (25 de abril de 2022): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050216.
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Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) was measured continuously at an urban site in Baoji city in northern China in 2018 to investigate the seasonal distribution characteristics. Coarse PM (PM2.5–10) was more prevalent in spring, substantially due to the regional transport of dust. High loadings of coarse PM were found at night compared to daytime, which could result from high production and unfavorable dispersion conditions. Fine PM (PM2.5) constituted, on average, 54% of the total PM mass concentration, whereas it contributed more than 97% of the total PM number concentration. The number and mass concentrations of fine PM increased substantially in the winter, which was possibly due to the enhanced production of atmospheric secondary processes and coal combustion. Precursor gaseous pollutants and meteorology greatly influenced the PM distributions. Fine PM was associated more strongly with gas pollutants than coarse PM, which suggested that it largely originated from secondary production and combustion sources. High relative humidity appeared to promote the production of fine PM, whereas it facilitated the removal of coarse PM. This study highlights that different air-pollution control strategies should be used for coarse and fine PM according to the distribution characteristics and influencing factors in similar medium-sized urban areas.
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Zhang, Jialin. "Hybridization and Cutting of Buddleja Genus". E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014501010.
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Buddleia davidii, also known as butterfly bush, is a unique species in China, with extensive cultivation and promotion values. The purpose of cross-breeding is to promote environmental adaptation and improve its economic benefits as a garden plant.. As Buddleja is asexual, cutting can aid in mass production of the hybrid offspring, thus stabilising local ecosystem.
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Liang, Xu Li, e Fang Hong Li. "Analysis of Displacement and Deformation Caused by Underground Mining in one Coal Mine of China". Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (janeiro de 2013): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.375.
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A hyperbolic tangent function model was used to make analysis for the rock mass displacement and deformation caused by underground mining, the model is verified correctness through real engineering practice. The cracking damage of the above buildings was analyzed using the model; the result could provide guidance for the underground mining and safe production.
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Lin, Jian, e Jeroen de Kloet. "Platformization of the Unlikely Creative Class: Kuaishou and Chinese Digital Cultural Production". Social Media + Society 5, n.º 4 (outubro de 2019): 205630511988343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305119883430.
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This article studies the platformization of cultural production in China through the specific lens of Kuaishou, an algorithm-based video-sharing platform targeting second- and third-tier cities as well as the countryside. It enables the forming of an “unlikely” creative class in contemporary China. Kuaishou’s platform business fits into the Party State’s socio-economic agenda of “Internet+” and “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation,” and is also folded into the state’s demand for cultural censorship and social stability. As we will show, this state-commerce relationship largely shapes Kuaishou’s interface and its affordances as encoded in its algorithm. Nevertheless, Kuaishou enables the diverse, often marginalized, Chinese living outside the urban centers of the country to become “unlikely” creative workers, who have become self-employed creative, digital entrepreneurs. For these “grassroots individuals,” creativity, life, and individuality are constantly mobilized and calculated according to the workings of the platform. This grassroots entrepreneurship, in tandem with the institutional regulation and censorship of the Internet, contributes to the transformation of Chinese economy and the production of social stability and a digital culture permeated with contingency and negotiation.
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Guo, Lin, Xiao Wang, Weili Yang e Jing Lv. "Life Cycle Assessment of Aviation Fuel Production from Steel-Industry Off-Gas". Processes 12, n.º 3 (14 de março de 2024): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12030579.
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The steel industry in China, the world’s largest, contributes to about 15% of the nation’s total carbon emissions. Instead of direct combustion, the technology of converting off-gas from the steel industry into liquid fuels not only enhances the added value of this byproduct but also helps alleviate carbon emissions. This study, for the first time, integrates the specific circumstances of China to evaluate the carbon emissions of Ethanol to Jet (ETJ) and Fischer–Tropsch to Jet (FTJ) fuel technologies utilizing Basic Oxygen Furnace Gas (BOFG) and Coke Oven Gas (COG) as feedstocks. Six cases were examined using Aspen Plus (V11) for mass and energy balance: Case 1: BOFG/ETJ, Case 2: BOFG/FTJ, Case 3: COG/ETJ, Case 4: COG/FTJ, Case 5: (COG + BOFG)/ETJ, and Case 6: (COG + BOFG)/FTJ. The analysis underscores that the FTJ pathway exhibits superior carbon reduction efficiency relative to ETJ. Compared to traditional petroleum-based aviation fuels (86.65 g CO2eq/MJ), the FTJ pathways utilizing COG or COG + BOFG as feedstocks exhibit significant advantages in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions, with carbon emissions of 23.60 g CO2eq/MJ and 41.48 g CO2eq/MJ, respectively, representing reductions of 72.76% and 52.13%. Furthermore, employing uncertainty analysis based on the Monte Carlo method establishes the credibility of the findings. Finally, sensitivity analysis for parameter optimization and process improvements demonstrates the significant impact of the life cycle assessment (LCA) allocation method on computational results for exhaust gas feedstocks. Given the limited coverage of lifecycle assessments for Ethanol to Jet and Fischer–Tropsch to Jet pathways in China, this study could assist policymakers in determining the development trajectory of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in China.
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Huang, C., H. L. Wang, L. Li, Q. Wang, Q. Lu, J. A. de Gouw, M. Zhou, S. A. Jing, J. Lu e C. H. Chen. "VOC species and emission inventory from vehicles and their SOA formation potentials estimation in Shanghai, China". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, n.º 19 (6 de outubro de 2015): 11081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11081-2015.
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Abstract. Volatile organic compound (VOC) species from vehicle exhausts and gas evaporation were investigated by chassis dynamometer and on-road measurements of nine gasoline vehicles, seven diesel vehicles, five motorcycles, and four gas evaporation samples. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass yields of gasoline, diesel, motorcycle exhausts, and gas evaporation were estimated based on the mixing ratio of measured C2–C12 VOC species and inferred carbon number distributions. High aromatic contents were measured in gasoline exhausts and contributed comparatively more SOA yield. A vehicular emission inventory was compiled based on a local survey of on-road traffic in Shanghai and real-world measurements of vehicle emission factors from previous studies in the cities of China. The inventory-based vehicular organic aerosol (OA) productions to total CO emissions were compared with the observed OA to CO concentrations (ΔOA / ΔCO) in the urban atmosphere. The results indicate that vehicles dominate the primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions and OA production, which contributed about 40 and 60 % of OA mass in the urban atmosphere of Shanghai. Diesel vehicles, which accounted for less than 20 % of vehicle kilometers of travel (VKT), contribute more than 90 % of vehicular POA emissions and 80–90 % of OA mass derived by vehicles in urban Shanghai. Gasoline exhaust could be an important source of SOA formation. Tightening the limit of aromatic content in gasoline fuel will be helpful to reduce its SOA contribution. Intermediate-volatile organic compounds (IVOCs) in vehicle exhausts greatly contribute to SOA formation in the urban atmosphere of China. However, more experiments need to be conducted to determine the contributions of IVOCs to OA pollution in China.
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Chen, Yuan Hua, Jie Li e Li Na Zhang. "Pollution Emission Audit in China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Group". Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (dezembro de 2013): 1437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1437.
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Recently, China has encountered significant challenges in improving, on a large scale, the environmental performance of its industries, which puts great threat to energy conservation and human health. As one of the State-owned Key Enterprises, to check and reduce negative environmental impacts throughout the subsidiary companies production processes, pollutant emission audit is conducted, which will find total mass of discharged pollutant and weaknesses in the enterprises environmental management. Consequently, this paper established the audit framework, concluding audit objectives, principle and methodology. Finally, nine companies were conducted in this case study.
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Périsse, Muriel, e Clément Séhier. "Analysing wages and labour institutions in China: An unfinished transition". Economic and Labour Relations Review 30, n.º 3 (17 de julho de 2019): 400–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304619860315.
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The rise of wages in China would seem to indicate that the demographic dividend has reached its end. A more refined approach reveals, however, that the situation of Chinese workers has not really improved: even though real wages are rising, the share of wages in the nation’s wealth has not kept pace. The reason for this is China’s position within global value chains, where the employment relationship is not solely governed by the employer–employee power relationship, but by contractual relations established between ‘lead firms’ and subcontractors. This situation echoes labour institutional economist JR Commons’ concept of ‘competitive menace’ and analyses of the structural imbalance of power in the employer/employee relationship. We argue that despite the Chinese government’s desire for industrial upgrading and its intention to develop internal labour markets, Chinese labour institutions have shown significant resistance to change making it hard to envisage any shift towards a Fordist regime of capital accumulation based on a virtuous cycle of mass production and mass consumption. JEL codes: B52, J30
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Fu, Li Bing, Lun Zhao, Yu Feng Zhang, Ze Min Ji, Qing Ying Hou e Zi Fei Fan. "A New Method of Calculating Recovery of Waterflooding Reservoir by Using Production Rate". Advanced Materials Research 704 (junho de 2013): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.704.321.
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Development characteristics of oil field during production-decreasing stage were analyzed in this paper. The ultimate recovery factor can be determined at a limit of oil production rate by investigating the relationship between production rate and recovery percent. Some physical conditions were given. Based on the mass conservation principal and seepage mechanics method, it was found that the recovery degree varies versus production rate linearly. The model prediction using the actual data of west Ng63+4oil strata in Gudong 7 region, a reservoir in Shengli oilfield of China, was performed. The results demonstrated that the linear model had well estimation of the recoverable recovery of oil fields which were at the later period of high water cut stage.
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Sun, Y. L., Z. F. Wang, P. Q. Fu, T. Yang, Q. Jiang, H. B. Dong, J. Li e J. J. Jia. "Aerosol composition, sources and processes during wintertime in Beijing, China". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, n.º 9 (2 de maio de 2013): 4577–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4577-2013.
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Abstract. Air pollution is a major environmental concern during all seasons in the megacity of Beijing, China. Here we present the results from a winter study that was conducted from 21 November 2011 to 20 January 2012 with an Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) and various collocated instruments. The non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) species vary dramatically with clean periods and pollution episodes alternating frequently. Compared to summer, wintertime submicron aerosols show much enhanced organics and chloride, which on average account for 52% and 5%, respectively, of the total NR-PM1 mass. All NR-PM1 species show quite different diurnal behaviors between summer and winter. For example, the wintertime nitrate presents a gradual increase during daytime and correlates well with secondary organic aerosol (OA), indicating a dominant role of photochemical production over gas–particle partitioning. Positive matrix factorization was performed on ACSM OA mass spectra, and identified three primary OA (POA) factors, i.e., hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking OA (COA), and coal combustion OA (CCOA), and one secondary factor, i.e., oxygenated OA (OOA). The POA dominates OA during wintertime, contributing 69%, with the other 31% being SOA. Further, all POA components show pronounced diurnal cycles with the highest concentrations occurring at nighttime. CCOA is the largest primary source during the heating season, on average accounting for 33% of OA and 17% of NR-PM1. CCOA also plays a significant role in chemically resolved particulate matter (PM) pollution as its mass contribution increases linearly as a function of NR-PM1 mass loadings. The SOA, however, presents a reverse trend, which might indicate the limited SOA formation during high PM pollution episodes in winter. The effects of meteorology on PM pollution and aerosol processing were also explored. In particular, the sulfate mass is largely enhanced during periods with high humidity because of fog processing of high concentration of precursor SO2. In addition, the increased traffic-related HOA emission at low temperature is also highlighted.
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Dvoryaninova, O. P., A. V. Sokolov, S. S. Ryadnov, E. A. Solovyova e D. A. Syanov. "Development of recipes and technologies for ready-to-cook cutlet mass based on minced tilapia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1052, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2022): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1052/1/012082.
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Abstract China is one of the leaders in the supply of fish and seafood to Russia. An illustrative example is the supply of tilapia fish. Today the range of tilapia fish products supplied from China is limited in the Russian food market. It is represented mainly by such products as whole frozen fish and frozen fillets, which, in turn, opens up the prospects for the production of tilapia grown under the conditions of aquaculture in Russia. In this regard, the development of innovative technologies for fish products of wide consumer demand, including ready-to-cook cutlet mass made of tilapia minced meat, is relevant. The studies show that domestic tilapia meat has a number of advantages (protein content, essential amino acids and has a higher biological value (82%)) compared to imported tilapia meat (China). Therefore, it is more advisable to use tilapia meat of local origin in a variety of food products in order to regulate their functional properties, that is, to increase or change the properties of the protein to ensure the stability of the technological process and the quality of the products obtained, as well as to expand the methods of processing and the range of obtained products.
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Li, Huan, e Yi Ying Jin. "Analyses on Carbon Emission from Municipal Solid Waste Treatment in China". Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (outubro de 2011): 1030–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1030.
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The carbon emissions from China’s MSW management are evaluated with the mass balance model. According to the MSW generation and treatment trends, the future carbon emission and sink are also predicted. The results show that the net equivalent CO2emission is maintaining at about 150 million tons at recent years, although the MSW generation is growing slowly. MSW incineration for energy production and Landfill gas utilization in landfill sites are the main ways of carbon emission reduction. China’s MSW generation will reach 166 million tons, while the equivalent CO2emission will decease to 144 million tons due to more energy recovery from MSW treatment.
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Yang, F., J. Tan, Q. Zhao, Z. Du, K. He, Y. Ma, F. Duan, G. Chen e Q. Zhao. "Characteristics of PM<sub>2.5</sub> speciation in representative megacities and across China". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, n.º 11 (1 de junho de 2011): 5207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5207-2011.
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Abstract. Based on PM2.5 chemical data sets from literature and from our surface observations, chemical species and reconstructed speciation of PM2.5 in representative Chinese megacities and across China were compared to draw insights into the characteristics of PM2.5 speciation. PM2.5 mass concentrations and speciation compositions varied substantially over geographical regions in China. Near six-fold variations in average PM2.5 concentrations (34.0–193.4 μg m−3) across China were found with high PM2.5 levels (>100 μg m−3) appearing in the cities in the northern and western regions and low levels (<40 μg m−3) in the remote forest area (Changbai Mountain) and in Hong Kong. The percentages of the sum of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, organic matter, crustal material, and elemental carbon in PM2.5 mass ranged 7.1–57 %, 17.7–53 %, 7.1–43 %, and 1.3–12.8 %, respectively. At both urban and rural sites in the eastern region, the sum of sulfate, nitrate and ammonia typically constituted much higher fractions (40–57 %) of PM2.5 mass, indicative of more local formation/production and regional transport of the secondary aerosols, thus more intensive characteristic of "complex atmospheric pollution" compared to the western region. Organic matter had significant contribution to PM2.5 over all the sites. Organic matter plus sulfate, nitrate, and ammonia accounted for 53–90 % of PM2.5 mass across China. PM2.5 speciation across China was also characterized by high content of crustal material, which was usually at more than ~10 μg m−3 level or shared ~10 % of PM2.5 mass in urban areas, due to transported desert dust and locally induced dust. In four representative megacities (i.e. Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou), PM2.5 mass and major components (except sulfate) were at higher levels than those in US continental east by one order of magnitude. Distinct differences in nitrate and sulfate levels and their mass ratio [NO3−]/[SO42−] imply that mobile sources are likely more important in Guangzhou, whereas in Chongqing it is stationary (coal combustion) sources. The observed intra-city variations in PM2.5 mass and speciation indicate that both local emissions and regional transportation contributed significantly to high fine particle loadings in Beijing, while local contribution likely played a predominant role in Chongqing. During the ten-year period from 1999 through 2008 in urban Beijing, both the sum of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonia and [NO3−]/[SO42−] ratio exhibited steadily increasing trends, implying that the characteristic of "complex atmospheric pollution" and the contribution from mobile sources were being enhanced.
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Li, Haiyan, Qiang Zhang, Bo Zheng, Chunrong Chen, Nana Wu, Hongyu Guo, Yuxuan Zhang, Yixuan Zheng, Xin Li e Kebin He. "Nitrate-driven urban haze pollution during summertime over the North China Plain". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, n.º 8 (19 de abril de 2018): 5293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5293-2018.
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Abstract. Compared to the severe winter haze episodes in the North China Plain (NCP), haze pollution during summertime has drawn little public attention. In this study, we present the highly time-resolved chemical composition of submicron particles (PM1) measured in Beijing and Xinxiang in the NCP region during summertime to evaluate the driving factors of aerosol pollution. During the campaign periods (30 June to 27 July 2015, for Beijing and 8 to 25 June 2017, for Xinxiang), the average PM1 concentrations were 35.0 and 64.2 µg m−3 in Beijing and Xinxiang. Pollution episodes characterized with largely enhanced nitrate concentrations were observed at both sites. In contrast to the slightly decreased mass fractions of sulfate, semivolatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SV-OOA), and low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol (LV-OOA) in PM1, nitrate displayed a significantly enhanced contribution with the aggravation of aerosol pollution, highlighting the importance of nitrate formation as the driving force of haze evolution in summer. Rapid nitrate production mainly occurred after midnight, with a higher formation rate than that of sulfate, SV-OOA, or LV-OOA. Based on observation measurements and thermodynamic modeling, high ammonia emissions in the NCP region favored the high nitrate production in summer. Nighttime nitrate formation through heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) enhanced with the development of haze pollution. In addition, air masses from surrounding polluted areas during haze episodes led to more nitrate production. Finally, atmospheric particulate nitrate data acquired by mass spectrometric techniques from various field campaigns in Asia, Europe, and North America uncovered a higher concentration and higher fraction of nitrate present in China. Although measurements in Beijing during different years demonstrate a decline in the nitrate concentration in recent years, the nitrate contribution in PM1 still remains high. To effectively alleviate particulate matter pollution in summer, our results suggest an urgent need to initiate ammonia emission control measures and further reduce nitrogen oxide emissions over the NCP region.
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Fan, Zhenqi. "Nanomaterials for Food and Agriculture in Economic Valuation of the Technology Harvesting Maize Straw for Biogas Production in China". Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (28 de agosto de 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9029863.
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Maize has a tremendous open door, immensely as a biofuel source. The objective reason for this examination is to break down the capacity of maize straw procured under fluctuating climatic circumstances to be used in biogas handling and the effect on different physicochemical components, for the most part, outstandingly the dry mass substance. This information indicates that corn stalks collected in China and Eastern Europe may exhibit extensive dry matter synthesis. This may be related to prewinter climate change. Regardless of temperature or consistency, corn straws can make incredible (for damp materials) or sublime (for more powdered straws) biogas substrates. With a new mass of methane value of 201207 m3/mg, this material is a much better substrate than the corn silage (about 105 m3/mg FM) which is definitely used in Europe. Corn straws were said to require longer consideration (3642 days) than corn silage (not exactly 30 days). In any case, this distinction is not important, and the biogas plant can remind the manager.
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She, Haicheng, Debin Kong, Yiqiang Li, Zaiqiang Hu e Hu Guo. "Recent Advance of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) in China". Geofluids 2019 (9 de abril de 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1871392.
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Compared with other enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques like gas flooding, chemical flooding, and thermal production, the prominent advantages of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) include environment-friendliness and lowest cost. Recent progress of MEOR in laboratory studies and microbial flooding recovery (MFR) field tests in China are reviewed. High biotechnology is being used to investigate MFR mechanisms on the molecular level. Emulsification and wettability alternation due to microbial effects are the main interests at present. Application of a high-resolution mass spectrum (HRMS) on MEOR mechanism has revealed the change of polar compound structures before and after oil degradation by the microbial on the molecular level. MEOR could be divided into indigenous microorganism and exogenous microorganism flooding. The key of exogenous microorganism flooding was to develop effective production strains, and difficulty lies in the compatibility of the microorganism, performance degradation, and high cost. Indigenous microorganism flooding has good adaptation but no follow-up process on production strain development; thus, it represents the main development direction of MEOR in China. More than 4600 wells have been conducted for MEOR field tests in China, and about 500 wells are involved in MFR. 47 MFR field tests have been carried out in China, and 12 field tests are conducted in Daqing Oilfield. MFR field test’s incremental oil recovery is as high as 4.95% OOIP, with a typical slug size less than 0.1 PV. The input-output ratio can be 1 : 6. All field tests have shown positive results in oil production increase and water cut reduction. MEOR screening criteria for reservoirs in China need to be improved. Reservoir fluid, temperature, and salinity were the most important three parameters. Microbial flooding technology is mature in reservoirs with temperature lower than 80°C, salinity less than 100,000 ppm, and permeability above 5 mD. MFR in China is very close to commercial application, while MFR as quaternary recovery like those in post-polymer flooding reservoirs needs further study.
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Han, Feng Lan, La Ner Wu, Qi Xing Yang e Chun Du. "Fluorine Vaporization and Leaching from Mg Slag Treated at High Temperature". Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (agosto de 2013): 2898–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2898.
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Pidgeon process is used by more than 300 plants in China to produce magnesium (Mg) metal. Fluorite, ranging 2-3%, is often mixed in raw materials to catalyze the Mg production. The Mg slag from the production then contains F of several mass percent. When the Mg slag is used in construction or treated for recycling, possible F pollutions are of concerns. The present study used slag samples containing F of 0.98-2.15% from an Mg factory in northwest China. Both treatments at 1000-1400°C and leaching tests before and after the treatments were conducted for the slag samples. The study results show influences of the treatments on mineral compositions of the samples, which controlled F contents in both the slag samples and leachates. The results are reported and discussed. Some suggestions are also presented to minimize fluorine pollutions and to improve environmental performances of the Pidgeon process.
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Ahmad, Muhammad Shakeel. "Selling the Foresight of Development: Prospects of China Pakistan Economic Corridor". Global Social Sciences Review IV, n.º IV (30 de dezembro de 2019): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(iv-iv).62.
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Construction of perception and commodification of foresight is a political tool to hold control over the means of production and enhance a hegemonic control over the public sphere, imagination, and even mass perceptions. Foresight is a process to (re)produce commodities, but the process is itself a commodity. Foresight has become a commodity; now, it is a market product for sale and purchase. Politics of prospects related to CPEC and the construction of perceptions and meanings attached to the development process is a significant component of foresight.This paper is primarily an explanation of hermeneutical study CPEC by analyzing the existing perceptions and perceived prospects. The perceptions and perceived prospects provide an institutional base of forecasting and foresight. CPEC is operating in a larger capitalist system whose sole purpose is (re)production of capital in which superficial fascination of foresight and development are merely commodities for buying and selling. A qualitative approach has been used for analyzing the perceived prospects over CPEC. Pakistan perceives CPEC as the development of industry, infrastructure, and agriculture and a catalyst for economic growth development.
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Liu, Xing-peng, Ji-quan Zhang, Wei-ying Cai e Yu-long Bao. "Estimating the insurance rates for loss of annual production of grass herbage associated with natural disasters in China". Rangeland Journal 37, n.º 2 (2015): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14040.
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Grasslands in many parts of China are vulnerable to natural disasters which can bring large economic losses to pastoralists. As an effective method to manage the risk, insurance has gradually become an important means used in the management of grassland disasters. Because of insufficient statistical data on annual production of grass herbage, insurance-rate-making has become the core challenge in grassland insurance programs in China. Taking Xilingol League in Inner Mongolia as the study area, by analysing the correlations of different vegetation indices with annual production of grass herbage, a spatial Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based insurance rate was estimated for the loss of annual production of grass herbage in three steps: (i) the annual NDVIs in mid-to-late August were obtained using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products and, applying a relationship developed between remote-sensing data and measured grass herbage mass, annual production of grass herbage was estimated, (ii) the Relative Fluctuation Production (RFP) was estimated from trend and fluctuating data on the annual production of grass herbage, and (iii) applying kernel density estimation, the insurance rate of loss of annual production of grass herbage was calculated based on the RFP in each cell of the study area. This approach to estimating the insurance rate for loss of annual production of grass herbage associated with natural disasters can improve the ability of pastoralists to manage their grasslands more effectively.
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Zhou, Xiaoying, Qian Yu, Haiyan Gong e Shuge Tian. "GC-MS Analysis of Ziziphora clinopodioides Essential Oil from North Xinjiang, China". Natural Product Communications 7, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700128.
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The essential oils of Ziziphora clinopodioide Lam. from four different production areas (Banfang ditch; Altay mountains; Tuoli; Terks) were investigated. The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seventeen constituents were identified in the essential oil from Banfang ditch, 20 in that from the Altay mountains, 12 in the Tuoli essential oil, and 9 in the Terks sample. The major components of the oils were pulegone (67.6%, 32.5%, 86.4%, and 82.1%) and p-menthanone (14.8%, 43.7%, 3.2%, and 8.2% from the Banfang ditch, Tuoli, Altay mountains, and Terks samples, respectively).
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Mohamadi, Marjan, Yuling Lin, Mélissa Vuillet Soit Vulliet, Antoine Flahault, Liudmila Rozanova e Guilhem Fabre. "COVID-19 Vaccination Strategy in China: A Case Study". Epidemiologia 2, n.º 3 (3 de setembro de 2021): 402–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia2030030.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China was first reported to the World Health Organization on 31 December 2019, after the first cases were officially identified around 8 December 2019. However, the case of an infected patient of 55 years old can probably be traced back on 17 November. The spreading has been rapid and heterogeneous. Economic, political and social impacts have not been long overdue. This paper, based on English, French and Chinese research in national and international databases, aims to study the COVID-19 situation in China through the management of the outbreak and the Chinese response to vaccination strategy. The coronavirus disease pandemic is under control in China through non-pharmaceutical interventions, and the mass vaccination program has been launched to further prevent the disease and progressed steadily with 483.34 million doses having been administered across the country by 21 May 2021. China is also acting as an important player in the development and production of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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SAHA, ANKITA, e JAHANARA JAHANARA. "Knowledge of Farmers towards Improved Tomato Production Practices in Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal". International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 10, n.º 5 (30 de maio de 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2023.v10i05.001.
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India is the second largest producer of tomato in the world after China. West Bengal is seventh largest producer of tomato in India. Present study was conducted in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal. Present study fully relies on the primary data collected by personal interview method using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. majority of the respondents were middle age group, illiterate, majority of the respondents lived in semi-cemented house and most of the respondents were living in extended family with medium annual income and most of them belongs to SC category, medium level of social participation, scientific orientation, risk orientation, mass media exposure. Majority of the respondents had medium level of knowledge and adoption towards improved tomato production. Socio-economic characteristics like age, education, housing pattern, annual income, family type, social participation, scientific orientation, risk orientation, mass media exposure had positive and significant association with the knowledge at 0.05% of the probability. Caste and extension contacts had negative but significant association with the knowledge at 0.05% level.