Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Marcs de fruit rouges"

Bacterial canker of mango (or bacterial black spot) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae (1) is a disease of economic importance in tropical and subtropical producing areas. X. axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae can cause severe infection in a wide range of mango cultivars and induces raised, angular, black leaf lesions, sometimes with a chlorotic halo. Several months after infection, leaf lesions dry and turn light brown or ash gray. Severe leaf infection may result in abscission. Fruit symptoms appear as small, water-soaked spots on the lenticels. These spots later become star shaped, erumpent, and exude an infectious gum. Often, a “tear stain” infection pattern is observed on the fruit. Severe fruit infections will cause premature fruit drop. Twig cankers are potential sources of inoculum and weaken branch resistance to winds (2). Suspected leaf lesions of bacterial canker were collected from mango nursery stock cv. Yin Kwe at a nursery in Yangon, Myanmar during March 2007. Nonpigmented Xanthomonas-like bacterial colonies were isolated on KC and NCTM3 semiselective agar media (4). Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed on three isolates from Myanmar and additional reference isolates of xanthomonads originating from Anacardiaceae (X. axonopodis pv. anacardii, X. axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae, X. axonopodis pv. spondiae, and X. translucens strains from pistachio) using SacI/MspI and four primer pairs (unlabeled MspI + 1 [A, C, T, or G] primers and 5′-labeled - SacI + C primer for the selective amplification step) (1). On the basis of multidimensional scaling (1), the Myanmar isolates were identified as X. axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae and were most closely related to group B strains that were isolated from mango in India and Eastern Asia (2). Mango cv. Maison Rouge leaves, inoculated as previously reported (1) with the Myanmar isolates, showed typical symptoms of bacterial canker 1 week after inoculation. One month after inoculation, mean X. axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae population sizes ranging from 5 × 106 to 8 × 106 CFU per lesion were recovered from leaf lesions, typical of a compatible interaction (1). Mangifera indica L. probably evolved in the area that includes northwestern Myanmar (3) and to our knowledge, this is the first confirmed detection of X. axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae from Myanmar. Further surveys and strain collection will be necessary to evaluate its geographic distribution and prevalence in the country. References: (1) N. Ah-You et al. Phytopathology 97:1568, 2007. (2) L. Gagnevin and O. Pruvost. Plant Dis. 85:928, 2001. (3) S. K. Mukherjee. Page 1 in: The Mango, Botany, Production and Uses. R. E. Litz, ed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1997. (4) O. Pruvost et al. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:803, 2005.

Este artículo resulta de una investigación llevada a cabo en una comunidad campesina del norte de Nicaragua (departamento de Estelí) en 2007. La investigación tiene como objetivo determinar los impactos de la migración internacional en las familias rurales de esta región de expulsión migratoria. Tomando en cuenta un espacio migratorio multipolarizado (Nicaragua, Costa Rica y los Estados Unidos), nos concentramos en los mecanismos de transformación de la organización productiva y de la economía familiar en el lugar de origen. Describimos las dinámicas migratorias en la zona y explicamos la relación entre estas trayectorias y las estructuras socioproductivas de las familias de los migrantes. La encuesta realizada con las familias que permanecen en la comunidad de origen nos permite dar cuenta de la manera en cómo se usan las remesas –principalmente en el marco de la explotación agrícola doméstica– para presentar finalmente un panorama de los escenarios que pueden darse alrededor de los recursos agrarios y migratorios en las familias rurales nicaragüenses. A lo largo del texto, insistimos en las características de las distintas trayectorias migratorias (según el país de destino, las temporalidades, distancias y posibilidades de circulación) y sus impactos diferenciados en cuanto a la organización productiva de las familias rurales implicadas en el fenómeno migratorio.Abstract: This paper is an investigation carried out in a rural community in northern Nicaragua (Estelí department) in 2007. The research aims to determine the impacts of international migration on rural families in this expulsive region. Taking into account a multi-polarized migration space (Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the United States), we focus on mechanisms that transform the organization of production and household economy in the place of origin. We describe the dynamics of migration in the area and explain the relationship between these different paths and socio-productive structures of the families of migrants. The survey conducted with families who remain in the community of origin allows us to account for the way how remittances are used more specifically in the context of domestic farm to finally give an overview of the scenarios that can arise around land and migration resources in Nicaraguan rural families. Throughout the text, we emphasize the characteristics of different migration routes (depending on country of destination, time frames, distances, the possibilities of circulation) and their different impacts in terms of productive organization of rural households involved in migration.Résumé : Cet article est le fruit d’une enquête menée dans une communauté rurale au nord du Nicaragua (département d’Estelí) en 2007. La recherche vise à déterminer les impacts de la migration internationale sur les familles rurales dans cette région d’expulsion migratoire. Tenant compte d’un espace migratoire multipolarisé (le Nicaragua, le Costa Rica et les États-Unis), nous nous concentrons sur les mécanismes de transformation de l’organisation de la production et de l’économie familiale dans le lieu d’origine. Nous décrivons la dynamique des migrations dans la région et expliquons la relation entre ces différentes trajectoires et les structures socio-productives des familles de migrants. L’enquête menée avec les familles qui restent dans la communauté d’origine nous permet de rendre compte de l’usage des transferts financiers de la migration –plus précisément dans le contexte de l’exploitation agricole familiale– pour finalement présenter un aperçu des scénarios qui peuvent se mettre en place autour des ressources agraires et migratoires dans les familles rurales nicaraguayennes. Tout au long du texte, nous insistons sur les caractéristiques des différentes trajectoires migratoires (selon le pays de destination, les temporalités, les distances, les possibilités de circulation) et leurs impacts différenciés en termes d’organisation productive des familles rurales impliquées dans migration.

La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’effet du stade de maturation sur le contenu en substances bioactives, en particulier les composés antioxydants de nature phénolique extraites par des solutions hydroéthanoliques et l’estimation de l'évolution de l’activité antioxydante du fruit de l'Arbousier (Arbutus unedo L.). Les fruits de l'Arbousier ont été classés en 4 stades, le premier stade est quand le fruit est de couleur verte, le stade 2 comprend les fruits jaunes, le troisième stade est lorsque le fruit devient orange, alors que le stade 4 représente le dernier stade où les fruits sont en pleine maturité c'est à dire rouges. Quatre extraits sont obtenus, les fruits à maturité; fruits oranges et fruits rouges ont donné des quantités élevées en terme de rendement d'extraction par le solvant hydroalcoolique. Les différents extraits ont été testés pour leur teneur en composés phénoliques totaux, flavonoïdes, tannins condensés, chlorophylle et caroténoïdes, ainsi que leur activité antioxydante (anti-radicalaire). Les résultats obtenus montrent que le stade de maturation affecte significativement la teneur en antioxydants ainsi que l’activité antioxydante. On observe une réduction des tannins au cours de la maturation; de 124,9 mgCE/g dans le fruit non mûrs à 63,8 mgCE/g dans les fruits en pleine maturité. A l'opposé, le contenu en flavonoïdes augmente; de 11,5 mgRE/g dans le fruit vert à 38,9mgRE/g dans le fruit orange. Les anthocyanes sont présentes dans le fruit à maturité et atteignent un seuil élevé en pleine maturité (12,7 µg/g). Nos résultats sur l'activité antiradicalaire montrent que le stade de maturation affecte sensiblement le pouvoir anti-radicalaire du fruit. Tous les fruits ont la capacité de piéger efficacement le radical libre DPPH, mais le potentiel antioxydant le plus puissant (EC50: 0,5 mg/ml) est observé quand le fruit arrive à sa pleine maturation.

Special Care Notice This article contains images of deceased people that might cause sadness or distress to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander readers. Introduction Like many cities, Perth was founded on wetlands that have been integral to its history and culture (Seddon 226–32). However, in order to promote a settlement agenda, early mapmakers sought to erase the city’s wetlands from cartographic depictions (Giblett, Cities). Since the colonial era, inner-Perth’s swamps and lakes have been drained, filled, significantly reduced in size, or otherwise reclaimed for urban expansion (Bekle). Not only have the swamps and lakes physically disappeared, the memories of their presence and influence on the city’s development over time are also largely forgotten. What was the site of Perth, specifically its wetlands, like before British settlement? In 2014, an interdisciplinary team at Edith Cowan University developed a digital visualisation process to re-imagine Perth prior to colonisation. This was based on early maps of the Swan River Colony and a range of archival information. The images depicted the city’s topography, hydrology, and vegetation and became the centerpiece of a physical exhibition entitled Re-imagining Perth’s Lost Wetlands and a virtual exhibition hosted by the Western Australian Museum. Alongside historic maps, paintings, photographs, and writings, the visual reconstruction of Perth aimed to foster appreciation of the pre-settlement environment—the homeland of the Whadjuck Nyoongar, or Bibbulmun, people (Carter and Nutter). The exhibition included the narrative of Fanny Balbuk, a Nyoongar woman who voiced her indignation over the “usurping of her beloved home ground” (Bates, The Passing 69) by flouting property lines and walking through private residences to reach places of cultural significance. Beginning with Balbuk’s story and the digital tracing of her walking route through colonial Perth, this article discusses the project in the context of contemporary pressures on the city’s extant wetlands. The re-imagining of Perth through historically, culturally, and geographically-grounded digital visualisation approaches can inspire the conservation of its wetlands heritage. Balbuk’s Walk through the City For many who grew up in Perth, Fanny Balbuk’s perambulations have achieved legendary status in the collective cultural imagination. In his memoir, David Whish-Wilson mentions Balbuk’s defiant walks and the lighting up of the city for astronaut John Glenn in 1962 as the two stories that had the most impact on his Perth childhood. From Gordon Stephenson House, Whish-Wilson visualises her journey in his mind’s eye, past Government House on St Georges Terrace (the main thoroughfare through the city centre), then north on Barrack Street towards the railway station, the site of Lake Kingsford where Balbuk once gathered bush tucker (4). He considers the footpaths “beneath the geometric frame of the modern city […] worn smooth over millennia that snake up through the sheoak and marri woodland and into the city’s heart” (Whish-Wilson 4). Balbuk’s story embodies the intertwined culture and nature of Perth—a city of wetlands. Born in 1840 on Heirisson Island, Balbuk (also known as Yooreel) (Figure 1) had ancestral bonds to the urban landscape. According to Daisy Bates, writing in the early 1900s, the Nyoongar term Matagarup, or “leg deep,” denotes the passage of shallow water near Heirisson Island where Balbuk would have forded the Swan River (“Oldest” 16). Yoonderup was recorded as the Nyoongar name for Heirisson Island (Bates, “Oldest” 16) and the birthplace of Balbuk’s mother (Bates, “Aboriginal”). In the suburb of Shenton Park near present-day Lake Jualbup, her father bequeathed to her a red ochre (or wilgi) pit that she guarded fervently throughout her life (Bates, “Aboriginal”).Figure 1. Group of Aboriginal Women at Perth, including Fanny Balbuk (far right) (c. 1900). Image Credit: State Library of Western Australia (Image Number: 44c). Balbuk’s grandparents were culturally linked to the site. At his favourite camp beside the freshwater spring near Kings Park on Mounts Bay Road, her grandfather witnessed the arrival of Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Irwin, cousin of James Stirling (Bates, “Fanny”). In 1879, colonial entrepreneurs established the Swan Brewery at this significant locale (Welborn). Her grandmother’s gravesite later became Government House (Bates, “Fanny”) and she protested vociferously outside “the stone gates guarded by a sentry [that] enclosed her grandmother’s burial ground” (Bates, The Passing 70). Balbuk’s other grandmother was buried beneath Bishop’s Grove, the residence of the city’s first archibishop, now Terrace Hotel (Bates, “Aboriginal”). Historian Bob Reece observes that Balbuk was “the last full-descent woman of Kar’gatta (Karrakatta), the Bibbulmun name for the Mount Eliza [Kings Park] area of Perth” (134). According to accounts drawn from Bates, her home ground traversed the area between Heirisson Island and Perth’s north-western limits. In Kings Park, one of her relatives was buried near a large, hollow tree used by Nyoongar people like a cistern to capture water and which later became the site of the Queen Victoria Statue (Bates, “Aboriginal”). On the slopes of Mount Eliza, the highest point of Kings Park, at the western end of St Georges Terrace, she harvested plant foods, including zamia fruits (Macrozamia riedlei) (Bates, “Fanny”). Fanny Balbuk’s knowledge contributed to the native title claim lodged by Nyoongar people in 2006 as Bennell v. State of Western Australia—the first of its kind to acknowledge Aboriginal land rights in a capital city and part of the larger Single Nyoongar Claim (South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council et al.). Perth’s colonial administration perceived the city’s wetlands as impediments to progress and as insalubrious environments to be eradicated through reclamation practices. For Balbuk and other Nyoongar people, however, wetlands were “nourishing terrains” (Rose) that afforded sustenance seasonally and meaning perpetually (O’Connor, Quartermaine, and Bodney). Mary Graham, a Kombu-merri elder from Queensland, articulates the connection between land and culture, “because land is sacred and must be looked after, the relation between people and land becomes the template for society and social relations. Therefore all meaning comes from land.” Traditional, embodied reliance on Perth’s wetlands is evident in Bates’ documentation. For instance, Boojoormeup was a “big swamp full of all kinds of food, now turned into Palmerston and Lake streets” (Bates, “Aboriginal”). Considering her cultural values, Balbuk’s determination to maintain pathways through the increasingly colonial Perth environment is unsurprising (Figure 2). From Heirisson Island: a straight track had led to the place where once she had gathered jilgies [crayfish] and vegetable food with the women, in the swamp where Perth railway station now stands. Through fences and over them, Balbuk took the straight track to the end. When a house was built in the way, she broke its fence-palings with her digging stick and charged up the steps and through the rooms. (Bates, The Passing 70) One obstacle was Hooper’s Fence, which Balbuk broke repeatedly on her trips to areas between Kings Park and the railway station (Bates, “Hooper’s”). Her tenacious commitment to walking ancestral routes signifies the friction between settlement infrastructure and traditional Nyoongar livelihood during an era of rapid change. Figure 2. Determination of Fanny Balbuk’s Journey between Yoonderup (Heirisson Island) and Lake Kingsford, traversing what is now the central business district of Perth on the Swan River (2014). Image background prepared by Dimitri Fotev. Track interpolation by Jeff Murray. Project Background and Approach Inspired by Fanny Balbuk’s story, Re-imagining Perth’s Lost Wetlands began as an Australian response to the Mannahatta Project. Founded in 1999, that project used spatial analysis techniques and mapping software to visualise New York’s urbanised Manhattan Island—or Mannahatta as it was called by indigenous people—in the early 1600s (Sanderson). Based on research into the island’s original biogeography and the ecological practices of Native Americans, Mannahatta enabled the public to “peel back” the city’s strata, revealing the original composition of the New York site. The layers of visuals included rich details about the island’s landforms, water systems, and vegetation. Mannahatta compelled Rod Giblett, a cultural researcher at Edith Cowan University, to develop an analogous model for visualising Perth circa 1829. The idea attracted support from the City of Perth, Landgate, and the University. Using stories, artefacts, and maps, the team—comprising a cartographer, designer, three-dimensional modelling expert, and historical researchers—set out to generate visualisations of the landscape at the time of British colonisation. Nyoongar elder Noel Nannup approved culturally sensitive material and contributed his perspective on Aboriginal content to include in the exhibition. The initiative’s context remains pressing. In many ways, Perth has become a template for development in the metropolitan area (Weller). While not unusual for a capital, the rate of transformation is perhaps unexpected in a city less than 200 years old (Forster). There also remains a persistent view of existing wetlands as obstructions to progress that, once removed, are soon forgotten (Urban Bushland Council). Digital visualisation can contribute to appreciating environments prior to colonisation but also to re-imagining possibilities for future human interactions with land, water, and space. Despite the rapid pace of change, many Perth area residents have memories of wetlands lost during their lifetimes (for example, Giblett, Forrestdale). However, as the clearing and drainage of the inner city occurred early in settlement, recollections of urban wetlands exist exclusively in historical records. In 1935, a local correspondent using the name “Sandgroper” reminisced about swamps, connecting them to Perth’s colonial heritage: But the Swamps were very real in fact, and in name in the [eighteen-] Nineties, and the Perth of my youth cannot be visualised without them. They were, of course, drying up apace, but they were swamps for all that, and they linked us directly with the earliest days of the Colony when our great-grandparents had founded this City of Perth on a sort of hog's-back, of which Hay-street was the ridge, and from which a succession of streamlets ran down its southern slope to the river, while land locked to the north of it lay a series of lakes which have long since been filled to and built over so that the only evidence that they have ever existed lies in the original street plans of Perth prepared by Roe and Hillman in the early eighteen-thirties. A salient consequence of the loss of ecological memory is the tendency to repeat the miscues of the past, especially the blatant disregard for natural and cultural heritage, as suburbanisation engulfs the area. While the swamps of inner Perth remain only in the names of streets, existing wetlands in the metropolitan area are still being threatened, as the Roe Highway (Roe 8) Campaign demonstrates. To re-imagine Perth’s lost landscape, we used several colonial survey maps to plot the location of the original lakes and swamps. At this time, a series of interconnecting waterbodies, known as the Perth Great Lakes, spread across the north of the city (Bekle and Gentilli). This phase required the earliest cartographic sources (Figure 3) because, by 1855, city maps no longer depicted wetlands. We synthesised contextual information, such as well depths, geological and botanical maps, settlers’ accounts, Nyoongar oral histories, and colonial-era artists’ impressions, to produce renderings of Perth. This diverse collection of primary and secondary materials served as the basis for creating new images of the city. Team member Jeff Murray interpolated Balbuk’s route using historical mappings and accounts, topographical data, court records, and cartographic common sense. He determined that Balbuk would have camped on the high ground of the southern part of Lake Kingsford rather than the more inundated northern part (Figure 2). Furthermore, she would have followed a reasonably direct course north of St Georges Terrace (contrary to David Whish-Wilson’s imaginings) because she was barred from Government House for protesting. This easier route would have also avoided the springs and gullies that appear on early maps of Perth. Figure 3. Townsite of Perth in Western Australia by Colonial Draftsman A. Hillman and John Septimus Roe (1838). This map of Perth depicts the wetlands that existed overlaid by the geomentric grid of the new city. Image Credit: State Library of Western Australia (Image Number: BA1961/14). Additionally, we produced an animated display based on aerial photographs to show the historical extent of change. Prompted by the build up to World War II, the earliest aerial photography of Perth dates from the late 1930s (Dixon 148–54). As “Sandgroper” noted, by this time, most of the urban wetlands had been drained or substantially modified. The animation revealed considerable alterations to the formerly swampy Swan River shoreline. Most prominent was the transformation of the Matagarup shallows across the Swan River, originally consisting of small islands. Now traversed by a causeway, this area was transformed into a single island, Heirisson—the general site of Balbuk’s birth. The animation and accompanying materials (maps, images, and writings) enabled viewers to apprehend the changes in real time and to imagine what the city was once like. Re-imagining Perth’s Urban Heart The physical environment of inner Perth includes virtually no trace of its wetland origins. Consequently, we considered whether a representation of Perth, as it existed previously, could enhance public understanding of natural heritage and thereby increase its value. For this reason, interpretive materials were exhibited centrally at Perth Town Hall. Built partly by convicts between 1867 and 1870, the venue is close to the site of the 1829 Foundation of Perth, depicted in George Pitt Morrison’s painting. Balbuk’s grandfather “camped somewhere in the city of Perth, not far from the Town Hall” (Bates, “Fanny”). The building lies one block from the site of the railway station on the site of Lake Kingsford, the subsistence grounds of Balbuk and her forebears: The old swamp which is now the Perth railway yards had been a favourite jilgi ground; a spring near the Town Hall had been a camping place of Maiago […] and others of her fathers' folk; and all around and about city and suburbs she had gathered roots and fished for crayfish in the days gone by. (Bates, “Derelicts” 55) Beginning in 1848, the draining of Lake Kingsford reached completion during the construction of the Town Hall. While the swamps of the city were not appreciated by many residents, some organisations, such as the Perth Town Trust, vigorously opposed the reclamation of the lake, alluding to its hydrological role: That, the soil being sand, it is not to be supposed that Lake Kingsford has in itself any material effect on the wells of Perth; but that, from this same reason of the sandy soil, it would be impossible to keep the lake dry without, by so doing, withdrawing the water from at least the adjacent parts of the townsite to the same depth. (Independent Journal of Politics and News 3) At the time of our exhibition, the Lake Kingsford site was again being reworked to sink the railway line and build Yagan Square, a public space named after a colonial-era Nyoongar leader. The project required specialised construction techniques due to the high water table—the remnants of the lake. People travelling to the exhibition by train in October 2014 could have seen the lake reasserting itself in partly-filled depressions, flush with winter rain (Figure 4).Figure 4. Rise of the Repressed (2014). Water Rising in the former site of Lake Kingsford/Irwin during construction, corner of Roe and Fitzgerald Streets, Northbridge, WA. Image Credit: Nandi Chinna (2014). The exhibition was situated in the Town Hall’s enclosed undercroft designed for markets and more recently for shops. While some visited after peering curiously through the glass walls of the undercroft, others hailed from local and state government organisations. Guest comments applauded the alternative view of Perth we presented. The content invited the public to re-imagine Perth as a city of wetlands that were both environmentally and culturally important. A display panel described how the city’s infrastructure presented a hindrance for Balbuk as she attempted to negotiate the once-familiar route between Yoonderup and Lake Kingsford (Figure 2). Perth’s growth “restricted Balbuk’s wanderings; towns, trains, and farms came through her ‘line of march’; old landmarks were thus swept away, and year after year saw her less confident of the locality of one-time familiar spots” (Bates, “Fanny”). Conserving Wetlands: From Re-Claiming to Re-Valuing? Imagination, for philosopher Roger Scruton, involves “thinking of, and attending to, a present object (by thinking of it, or perceiving it, in terms of something absent)” (155). According to Scruton, the feelings aroused through imagination can prompt creative, transformative experiences. While environmental conservation tends to rely on data-driven empirical approaches, it appeals to imagination less commonly. We have found, however, that attending to the present object (the city) in terms of something absent (its wetlands) through evocative visual material can complement traditional conservation agendas focused on habitats and species. The actual extent of wetlands loss in the Swan Coastal Plain—the flat and sandy region extending from Jurien Bay south to Cape Naturaliste, including Perth—is contested. However, estimates suggest that 80 per cent of wetlands have been lost, with remaining habitats threatened by climate change, suburban development, agriculture, and industry (Department of Environment and Conservation). As with the swamps and lakes of the inner city, many regional wetlands were cleared, drained, or filled before they could be properly documented. Additionally, the seasonal fluctuations of swampy places have never been easily translatable to two-dimensional records. As Giblett notes, the creation of cartographic representations and the assignment of English names were attempts to fix the dynamic boundaries of wetlands, at least in the minds of settlers and administrators (Postmodern 72–73). Moreover, European colonists found the Western Australian landscape, including its wetlands, generally discomfiting. In a letter from 1833, metaphors failed George Fletcher Moore, the effusive colonial commentator, “I cannot compare these swamps to any marshes with which you are familiar” (220). The intermediate nature of wetlands—as neither land nor lake—is perhaps one reason for their cultural marginalisation (Giblett, Postmodern 39). The conviction that unsanitary, miasmic wetlands should be converted to more useful purposes largely prevailed (Giblett, Black 105–22). Felicity Morel-EdnieBrown’s research into land ownership records in colonial Perth demonstrated that town lots on swampland were often preferred. By layering records using geographic information systems (GIS), she revealed modifications to town plans to accommodate swampland frontages. The decline of wetlands in the region appears to have been driven initially by their exploitation for water and later for fertile soil. Northern market gardens supplied the needs of the early city. It is likely that the depletion of Nyoongar bush foods predated the flourishing of these gardens (Carter and Nutter). Engaging with the history of Perth’s swamps raises questions about the appreciation of wetlands today. In an era where numerous conservation strategies and alternatives have been developed (for example, Bobbink et al. 93–220), the exploitation of wetlands in service to population growth persists. On Perth’s north side, wetlands have long been subdued by controlling their water levels and landscaping their boundaries, as the suburban examples of Lake Monger and Hyde Park (formerly Third Swamp Reserve) reveal. Largely unmodified wetlands, such as Forrestdale Lake, exist south of Perth, but they too are in danger (Giblett, Black Swan). The Beeliar Wetlands near the suburb of Bibra Lake comprise an interconnected series of lakes and swamps that are vulnerable to a highway extension project first proposed in the 1950s. Just as the Perth Town Trust debated Lake Kingsford’s draining, local councils and the public are fiercely contesting the construction of the Roe Highway, which will bisect Beeliar Wetlands, destroying Roe Swamp (Chinna). The conservation value of wetlands still struggles to compete with traffic planning underpinned by a modernist ideology that associates cars and freeways with progress (Gregory). Outside of archives, the debate about Lake Kingsford is almost entirely forgotten and its physical presence has been erased. Despite the magnitude of loss, re-imagining the city’s swamplands, in the way that we have, calls attention to past indiscretions while invigorating future possibilities. We hope that the re-imagining of Perth’s wetlands stimulates public respect for ancestral tracks and songlines like Balbuk’s. Despite the accretions of settler history and colonial discourse, songlines endure as a fundamental cultural heritage. Nyoongar elder Noel Nannup states, “as people, if we can get out there on our songlines, even though there may be farms or roads overlaying them, fences, whatever it is that might impede us from travelling directly upon them, if we can get close proximity, we can still keep our culture alive. That is why it is so important for us to have our songlines.” Just as Fanny Balbuk plied her songlines between Yoonderup and Lake Kingsford, the traditional custodians of Beeliar and other wetlands around Perth walk the landscape as an act of resistance and solidarity, keeping the stories of place alive. Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge Rod Giblett (ECU), Nandi Chinna (ECU), Susanna Iuliano (ECU), Jeff Murray (Kareff Consulting), Dimitri Fotev (City of Perth), and Brendan McAtee (Landgate) for their contributions to this project. The authors also acknowledge the traditional custodians of the lands upon which this paper was researched and written. 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Depuis 2010, 100 millions de tonnes de fruits rouges sont produits chaque année dans le monde. 20% de déchets résultent de leur 1ère transformation industrielle, comprenant les graines et les peaux, appelés marcs. L’épandage et l’alimentation animale constituent leurs principales voies de valorisation, alors qu’ils peuvent être une source potentielle de composés bioactifs hydrophiles (fibres, protéines, polyphénols, oligo-éléments) et lipophiles (acides gras polyinsaturés, phytostérols, tocols). Par conséquent, il devient intéressant de concevoir des procédés d’extraction simultanée de l’ensemble de ces biomolécules pour exploiter pleinement les activités biologiques qui leurs sont associées.Le travail de cette thèse s'est fixé deux objectifs majeurs. Tout d'abord, développer un procédé d'éco-extraction innovant, combinant l’utilisation d’enzymes et d’ultrasons pour extraire, simultanément et en milieu aqueux, les composés hydrophiles et lipophiles des marcs de fruits rouges. Ensuite, évaluer in vitro les propriétés prébiotiques des extraits obtenus.Les différents travaux de la thèse se sont articulés autour de quatre phases successives : (i) la caractérisation chimique des marcs de framboise, de fraise, de mûre et de cassis, (ii) le développement du ou des procédé(s) d’éco-extraction, (iii) la caractérisation chimique globale des « éco-extraits » obtenus et (iv) l’évaluation in vitro de leur activité prébiotique potentielle.Le développement du procédé d’éco-extraction des composés d’intérêt à partir des quatre marcs de fruits s’est déroulé en trois étapes. Tout d'abord, trois enzymes (un mélange de glycohydrolases, une protéase acide et une protéase alcaline) ont été testées seules ou combinées séquentiellement. Ensuite, les systèmes enzymatiques sélectionnés ont été associés à des ultrasons, soit simultanément (enzyme + ultrasons) soit de manière séquentielle (enzyme → ultrasons ou ultrasons → enzyme). Le choix des systèmes enzymatiques et de leurs combinaisons avec les ultrasons s'est basé sur leur efficacité, leur facilité d'utilisation et leur caractère novateur par rapport aux travaux existants. Enfin, les combinaisons retenues ont été optimisées à l'aide d'un plan d'expérience (Definitive Screening Design) en ajustant six paramètres comprenant chacun trois niveaux : amplitude des ultrasons, pH, ratio enzyme/substrat, ratio solide/liquide, durée et température.La combinaison simultanée « protéase alcaline-ultrasons » a été retenue et optimisée pour les marcs de framboise, de fraise et de mûre. Elle a permis d’extraire, dans un solvant aqueux et en une seule étape, la totalité de leurs composés phénoliques, ayant préservé 75% de leur capacité antioxydante, ainsi que 75% de l’huile présente dans ces marcs. Concernant le marc de cassis, la combinaison simultanée « protéase acide-ultrasons » optimisée a permis l’extraction de 75% des polyphénols totaux (dont la totalité des anthocyanes), ainsi que 50% de l’huile.Les extraits obtenus ont également démontré des propriétés prébiotiques, favorisant la croissance de bactéries probiotiques (Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, Lactobacillus rhamnosus), les positionnant comme des candidats potentiels pour l'industrie nutraceutique. Ils pourraient être intégrés dans des compléments alimentaires visant à maintenir ou rétablir l'équilibre du microbiote intestinal
Since 2010, 100 million tons of red fruits have been produced globally each year. 20% of wastes result from their first industrial transformation, which includes the seeds and the skins, known as pomace. While spreading and animal feeding are common ways to valorise these wastes, they are also a potential source of hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds (fibres, proteins, polyphenols, minerals & poly-unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, tocols). Therefore, it is interesting to design simultaneous extraction processes to extract simultaneously all of these biomolecules to fully exploit their biological activities.This thesis aimed to achieve two goals. The first goal was to develop an innovative extraction process by combining the use of an enzyme(s) with the use of ultrasounds to extract simultaneously, in an aqueous medium, the hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds of red fruit pomaces. The second goal was to assess in vitro the prebiotic properties of the extracts.The thesis was divided into four successive steps: (i) the characterisation of the proximate compositions of the raspberry, strawberry, blackberry and black currant pomaces, (ii) the design of one or several eco-extraction process(es), (iii) the global chemical characterization of the “eco-extracts” and (iv) the in vitro assessment of their potential prebiotic properties.The design of the eco-extraction process was divided into three steps. First, three enzymes (a cocktail of glycohydrolases, an acid protease and an alkaline protease) were tested, alone or sequentially combined. Secondly, the selected enzymatic systems were associated with ultrasounds, either simultaneously (enzyme + ultrasounds) or sequentially (enzyme → ultrasounds and ultrasounds → enzyme). The choice of the enzymatic system(s) and their combination with ultrasounds was based on their extraction efficiencies, ease of implementation and innovative character compared to existing literature. Finally, the selected combination(s) were optimised by an experimental design (Definitive Screening Design) by adjusting six parameters comprising three levels: ultrasound amplitude, pH, enzyme/substrate ratio, solid/liquid ratio, extraction time and temperature.The simultaneous combination “alkaline protease-ultrasounds” was selected and optimised for the raspberry, strawberry and blackberry pomaces. All of the polyphenols, with 75% of their antioxidant capacities, and 75% of the oil present in the pomaces were extracted in a single step in an aqueous medium. The optimised simultaneous combination “acid protease-ultrasounds” extracted 75% of the polyphenols, with the totality of the anthocyanins, and 50% of the oil of the black currant pomace.The eco-extracts demonstrated prebiotic properties towards probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, Lactobacillus rhamnosus) by favouring their growth. This makes them potential candidates for the nutraceutical industry. The eco-extracts could be integrated into dietary complements to maintain or restore the intestinal microbiota balance

Ce travail est une contribution à l'étude de la dégradation enzymatique des pigments anthocyaniques de jus de fruits rouges par différentes préparations pectinolytiques industrielles d'Aspergillus niger. Cette dégradation est due à la présence d'activités secondaires de type glycosidasique: [Bêta]-glucosidases, [Bêta]-galactosidases, [Alpha]-rhamnosidases et [Alpha]-arabinosidases. L'hydrolyse des sucres en position 3 et/ou 5 conduit à la libération de l'anthocyanidine, molécule instable, qui se scinde via la forme chalcone en dérivés du benzaldéhyde et de l'acide benzoïque issus des noyaux A et B de l'aglycone, une étude systématique par HPLC de la décoloration enzymatique de différents pigments anthocyaniques a permis d'établir leur schéma de dégradation en montrant notamment que l'hydrolyse des anthocyanes diglycosylées en 3 ou en 3 et 5 s'effectue de façon séquencée par des [Bêta]-glycosidases spécifiques. Par chromatographie d'interaction ionique et hydrophobe, une fraction protéique enrichie en activités anthocyanasiques a été isolée. La détermination des caractéristiques cinétiques (Km, Vmax), montre que les [Bêta]-glucosidases et les [Bêta]-galactosidases ont une affinité légèrement supérieure pour les dérivés glycosylés de la cyanidine comparativement à ceux de la malvidine. Ces activités anthocyanasiques sont fortement inhibées par la [Delta]-gluconalactone et la [Delta]-galactonolactone mais faiblement par le glucose et le galactose

AbstractPrior to the Fukushima Daiichi accident, radiocesium released during previous nuclear accidents was deposited in periods when fruit was growing on fruit trees and radiocaesium deposited onto surface of soil and leaf was assumed to be the main route of transfer into fruit trees. In contrast, fruit trees in Japan were in their dormancy phase, so radiocesium was deposited onto external branches of the trees and onto orchard soils after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March 2011. While data had previously been compiled on root to fruit transfer, there were few studies identifying and quantifying the relative importance of external deposition and translocation compared with root to fruit transfer. This study quantified the transfer rate (TRf) of 137Cs applied to leaves and calyx into Japanese persimmon, which is an important fruit crop in Fukushima prefecture. The study examined the effects of leaf position on branches where radiocesium was administered and of fruit load on the transport of 137Cs into fruit before bud burst. When 137Cs was applied to leaves, derived TRf were higher after radiocesium application at the fruit growing stage than at the young fruit stage. There was no significant difference in TRf in mature fruit when contamination occurred via calyx or via leaves. However, the TRf via calyx contamination was higher at the young fruit stage, whereas the TRf via leaves result in an opposite trend. The TRf was dependent on the distance between fruit and the contaminated leaves. The effect of fruit thinning was verified contaminating the central of 5 consecutive fruiting shoots (bearing one fruit per each). The TRf of 137Cs from leaves into fruit on the contaminated fruiting shoot was higher where fruits on the shoots adjacent to the central one were picked off (fruit thinning) than where no fruit thinning was applied. The TRf of 137Cs into fruit on the uncontaminated fruiting shoot was lower than in fruits of contaminated shoots. There was a significant correlation between the amount of 137Cs and 40K as well as the concentration in the fruit on the contaminated fruiting shoot. TRf and aggregated transfer factors (Tagf-b) of 137Cs into fruits were also studied after application of radiocesium at dormancy to apical fruiting mother shoots or to 2-year-old lateral branches. When the apical fruiting mother shoot was contaminated, the TRf of the combined mature fruits collected from uncontaminated fruiting mother shoots was less than a quarter of the TRf of fruit growing on the contaminated apical mother shoot (on the same 2-year-old lateral branch). In contrast, when the 2-year-old lateral branch was contaminated, the TRf and Tagf-b into fruit were similar for both the fruit on both the apical and other fruiting mother shoots. These results indicate that the transfer of 137Cs to other parts of the fruit from the apical fruiting mother shoot is limited, whereas from the 2-year-old lateral branches, the transfer of 137Cs to fruit is similar on all the fruiting mother shoots. The results as well as the comparative experiment of fruit loads were consistent with the hypothesis that the transfer of 137Cs was controlled by the sink strength and activity of fruits. Tagf-b values of 137Cs applied to apical fruiting mother shoot and 2-year-old lateral branch into fruits before bud burst were about 10−3 to 10−4 m2 kg−1 based on dry and fresh weights, respectively. A significantly higher concentration of 137Cs and Tagf-b values were derived when fruit thinning was carried out than when fruits were not thinned. Refraining from intensive fruit thinning may be a useful remediation option that could reduce 137Cs activity concentrations in Japanese persimmon fruits.

Abstract A Deep Breath at Dawn Morning has come at last. The rational light Discovers even the humblest thing that yearns For heaven; from its scaled and shadeless height, Figures its difficult way among the ferns, Nests in the trees, and is ambitious to warm The chilled vein, and to light the spider’s thread With modulations hastening to a storm Of the full spectrum, rushing from red to red. I have watched its refinements since the dawn, When, at the birdcall, all the ghosts were gone. The wolf, the fig tree, and the woodpecker Were sacred once to Undertaker Mars; Honor was done in Rome to that home-wrecker Whose armor and whose ancient, toughened scars Made dance the very meat of Venus’ heart, And hot her ichor, and immense her eyes, Till his rough ways and her invincible art Locked and laid low their shining, tangled thighs. My garden yields his fig tree, even now Bearing heraldic fruit at every bough. Someone I have not seen for six full years Might pass this garden through, and might pass by The oleander bush, the bitter pears Unfinished by the sun, with only an eye For the sun-speckled shade of the fig tree, And shelter in its gloom, and raise his hand For tribute and for nourishment (for he Was once entirely at the god’s command) But that his nature, being all undone, Cannot abide the clarity of the sun.

Covid-19 pandemic is a global health issue that adversely affected every sector of the world’s economy. Fruits are known to be a source of vitamins providing the body with necessary defense against infections (inclusive of Coronaviruses). Nigerians prefer to buy ready-to-eat (RTE) fruits than whole fruits due to their high prices. Consumer perception of RTE fruits sold in Ogun and Lagos, Nigeria during the Covid-19 pandemic months in 2020 and within January and March 2021 via an online survey were compared. Ogun and Lagos states were selected because they represent major entry routes for land and air travel into Nigeria respectively. 500 respondents were obtained with 49.7% each as male and female respectively in Ogun state while Lagos had 49.5% and 50.5% of the male and female gender. In addition, the predominant age group that responded to the questionnaire falls within 21 – 30 with 49.7% in Ogun state and 54.1% in Lagos state. 96.1% of the respondents in Ogun state had a tertiary education while 99% was recorded to possess tertiary education in Lagos state. 34% respondents took RTE fruits 2- 3 times a week, 31.2% less than once a week while only 2.8% took RTE fruits 4 – 5 times a week. From the survey, 84% of the respondents were aware that fruits possess needed vitamins to fight infections while only 87.4% of the respondent were aware of fruit borne poisoning and have knowledge of fruit borne pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiellaspp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Penicilliumspp, Aspergillusnigerand Rhizopusstolonifer. This study shows that fruit consumers neglected health consciousness in the purchase of RTE fruits in Ogun and Lagos in the first 3 months of 2021 compared to 2020. This negligence may result in a spike of another Covid-19 wave in Ogun and Lagos if the necessary food and health regulatory authorities fail to act timely. Also, the application of an effective hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) application reduces the chance of contamination of ready- to- eat fruits.