Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Maladie rare d’origine génétique"
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Michaud, Vincent. "Nouvelles approches expérimentales pour mieux comprendre et diagnostiquer les albinismes oculocutanés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0461.
Texto completo da fonteAlbinism is a group of clinically heterogeneous genetic disorders. Ophthalmologic features are constant including nystagmus, foveal hypoplasia and chiasmal misrouting. Cutaneous features are more variable with hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and iris. In affected patients, hypopigmentation results directly from a defect in melanin synthesis in skin melanocytes. Ophthalmologic features are due to a signaling defect between the retinal pigmented epithelium and the neuronal retina during development. To date, twenty genes have been identified, defining twenty types of albinism, classified into three forms: oculocutaneous, ocular, or syndromic. Sequencing of these twenty genes confirms the diagnosis in 70% of cases, leaving a significant number of patients without genetic determinism. Among these, patients may bear one or two variants of unknown significance (VUS). This study focuses on 5 major genes which cause autosomal recessive oculocutaneous albinism: TYR, TYRP1, DCT, OCA2 and SLC45A2. The five corresponding proteins have a specific role in melanin synthesis either as a melanogenic enzyme (TYR, TYRP1 and DCT) or as a melanosomal pH regulator (OCA2, SLC45A2). Their precise functions in a given context (species, cell type, developmental stage) remain poorly documented.The first objective of this work is to improve the diagnosis of patients with albinism by multiple approaches of cohort analysis, functional tests and rescue test of VUS. The second objective is the design of melanocyte cell models knock-out (KO) for the 5 genes in order to study their molecular and pigmentary phenotype.First, we report the statistical analysis of a cohort of patients carrying two frequent missense variants in TYR gene classified as VUS. This study shows that the combination of these two missense variants is pathogenic if included in a haplotype with a promoter variant which has important implications in diagnosis strategies.Then we present solid strategies to characterize synonymous and missense variants of OCA2 gene classified as VUS. These analyses prove the pathogenic effect of these variants by increasing skipping of exon 10 of OCA2 gene. We also show that splicing anomalies can be detected from a simple blood sample.In order to increase knowledge on the role of each of the proteins encoded by the five genes of interest (TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, SLC45A2 and DCT), we designed MNT1 melanocyte cell models that are each KO for one of the 5 genes using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. We compare these 5 models by different analyses to assess their melanin production capacity and their molecular characteristics. A comparative proteomic assay allows us to reveal the common and specific regulations between these genes.Finally, the KO model for TYR is used in a rescue test to assess pathogenicity of TYR VUS. This test shows us that missense variants can be reclassified as benign or pathogenic depending on their ability to restore the pigmentary phenotype in this model.Analysis of these cellular models provides new knowledge on melanin biosynthesis physiology. The techniques developed for the analysis of variants will be transferred in a hospital setting to significantly improve diagnosis
Satre, Véronique. "Analyse génétique et fonctionnelle du gène OCRL1 associé au syndrome de Lowe". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10197.
Texto completo da fonteLowe syndrome is a rare X-linked disease characterized by congenital cataracts, renal Fanconi syndrome an mental retardation. The OCRL 1 gene encodes a 105 kDa PIP2 5-phosphatase localized in the trans Golgi network. 146 families were analyzed and 107 mutations were identified, 86 are new ones. Two mutations are an aminoacid in trame deletion, 27 are misssense mutations, 29 nonsense mutations, 23 are nucleotide deletion or insertion responsible of a frameshift, 19 are splicing mutations and 7 genomic deletions. Segregation analysis with microsatellite markers linked to the OCRL 1 gene showed three cases of germinal and somatic mosaicism among 18 families. Twenty three patients affected with Dent disease but without CLCN5 mutation were analyzed and 4 missense mutations, 1 splicing mutation and 1 genomic deletion were identified in the OCRL 1 gene. The PIP2 5-phosphatase activity in total fibroblast cellular extracts of 21 patient: affected with Lowe syndrome and 2 affected with Dent disease is greatly reduced compared to normal fibroblast. Western blot analysis of the OCRL 1 protein showed an important reduction for thé splicing mutations and the genomic deletion but a more variable quantity for the misssense mutations. OCRL 1 transcript are present in variable quantity in the patients affected with Lowe syndrome but also in the control patients. The preliminary clinical study of 55 patients with Lowe syndrome showed no evidence of a genotype phenotype correlation
Satre, Véronique. "Analyse génétique et fonctionnelle du gène OCRL1 associé au syndrome de Lowe". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00214166.
Texto completo da fontePang, Xiaomeng. "Étude des conséquences de la déficience génétique en ß1,3-galactosyltransférase 6 (ß3GalT6) sur la pathogénie d’une maladie génétique rare, le syndrome d’Ehlers-Danlos (SED)". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0190/document.
Texto completo da fonteProteoglycans (PGs) play important roles in many physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. PGs are composed of linear heteropolysaccharide chains, called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are covalently attached to a core protein through a tetrasaccharide linkage. The addition of the third residue (galactose) of the linkage is catalyzed by ß1,3-galactosyltransferase 6 (ß3GalT6), a key glycosyltransferase in GAG initiation. Recently, mutations of ß3GalT6 have been associated to Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS), a group of rare and severe genetic connective tissue disorders. However, the role of ß3GalT6 defects in EDS pathogeny remains unknown. In my thesis, we showed that ß3GalT6 defective dermal fibroblasts of affected patients exhibited a marked reduction in GAG anabolism associated to a significant delay in wound closure compared to control cells. The ß3GalT6 gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that B3GALT6 gene deletion in control fibroblasts affects the synthesis of GAGs chains. Interestingly, GAG anabolism and cell migration were restored when ß3GalT6 is overexpressed in patient fibroblasts, which could be the starting point to the development of therapeutic strategies against the loss of GAG synthesis and defect of cell migration observed in EDS. This work provides a better understanding of the crucial role of ß3GalT6 in EDS pathogeny
Jolivet, Benjamin. "Rôle de la β1,3-Galactosyltransférase 6 (β3GalT6) dans la pathogénie d’une maladie génétique rare, les syndromes d’Ehlers-Danlos (SED)". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0085.
Texto completo da fonteProteoglycans (PGs) are major components of cell plasma membranes and extracellular matrix. These macromolecules play an important role in matrix organization of connective tissues and in cell signaling or embryonic and post-natal development. PGs are composed of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains covalently attached to a core protein through a tetrasaccharide linkage ßGlucuronic acid-ß1,3-Galactose-ß1,3-Galactose-ß1,4-Xylose-ß1-O-ß. The addition of the third residue (galactose) is catalyzed by the ß1,3-Galactosyltransferase 6 (ß3GalT6), a key glycosyltransferase in GAG initiation. Our group and others discovered that mutations of ß3GalT6 are associated to a spondylodysplastic form of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (spEDS), a severe connective tissue disorder characterized by skin and bone fragility, musculoskeletal malformations, delayed wound healing, joint hyperlaxity and intellectual disabilities. The objectives of this project is to understand the functional and structural consequences of ß3GalT6 mutations in the development of spEDS, (i) achieving the molecular and functional characterization of the recombinant human β3GalT6 and (ii) to develop cellular models (as ß3GalT6 KO cells) to study the impact of genetic deficiency on cells metabolism, precisely on GAGs synthesis. The first part of the project is dedicated to the determination of mutation impact on the ß3GalT6 function. For this, we produce and purify several truncated soluble forms of hß3GalT6 in fusion to Maltose Binding Protein. The enzymatic activity tests have determined a KM of 30 µM and a kcat of 0,05 min-1 on wild-type enzyme. ß3GalT6 mutants will be further analyzed using the same approach. The second part of the project is achieving to develop a ß3GalT6 deficient cell model using the CRISPR/Cas 9 technology. Deficient clones obtained present (i) a low level of RNA expression, (ii) an absence of galactosyltransferase activity and (iii) a defect on endogenous GAG synthesis or with exogenous substrate. We also analyze the capacity for WT β3GalT6 and two mutants (Asp207His and Gly217Ser) to restore GAGs synthesis in deficient cells. From this work, we better understand the implication of β3GalT6 in the pathology of spEDS and relationships between ß3GalT6 loss of function, cellular consequences of genetic defect. Those results linked with the severity of spEDS clinical symptoms observed in patients, would help clinicians with management and clinical monitoring of spEDS patients
Boucand, Marie-Hélène. "Les maladies rares d'origine génétique : pour une médecine de l'adaptabilité et une éthique de subjectivation". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30048.
Texto completo da fonteRare diseases have only recently been identified. They set up quite a lot of diagnostic difficulties because not well-known yet by the medical profession .They sometimes occure by (ou bien with? With symptoms we named as being disqualifying because mainly subjective and without any outbreak possibly objective or evident by biology or medical imaging.Our work is at the crossroad of philosophy and social psychology. Week-end worked on the base of actual experience of 16 sick patients cases who took part in our research through semi-managed talks. So,main themes of their actual current experience could be identified : the pathological of the suffering person, the models of representation,the images used to express the genetics and the rare case, the link with the medical profession and the social experience of the diseases. For the patients concerned,these rare diseases are neither diseases nor handicaps but in-between cases.Taking into account that 80% of rare diseases have a genetique genetic origine origin ,we explored how this theory involves in the way it is lived. The imaginary of genetics still is still very pregnant,calling forth the causal linear origin of the disease and all hopes for recovery .It is often connected to a representation of the error,the fault or the malformation that happened at the time of fecondation. It is with all these representations that patients will have to rebuild their life,upset by the disease against which unfortunately more often most of the time ,no therapy exists yet. This research lead us to view a therapy that would combine a therapy of uncertainty and admit the limits of medical knowledge. In the end, this therapy should be able to become the therapy of an adaptation supporting the adaptability work of the patient who has to find his way to keep being a human person. in spite of the limits compelled by the disease. All along this sometimes very long way, the exchange of knowledge and an amazing solidarity among the patients within the associations back up the patient's capacities to rebuild himself as a subject, giving him the possibility of living his fate as a destiny
Bonnart, Chrystelle. "Etude fonctionnelle de LEKTI et de sa nouvelle cible, l'élastase 2 pancréatique". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/698/.
Texto completo da fonteNetherton syndrome (NS) is a severe autosomal recessive skin condition characterized by congenital erythoderma, a specific hair shaft defect (Trichorrhexis invaginata) and a broad range of atopic manifestations. In 2000, we identified SPINK5 as the defective gene in NS. SPINK5 encodes LEKTI, a Kazal-type protease inhibitor, which is expressed in the granular layer of the epidermis. In order to understand the role of LEKTI in skin homeostasis, we undertook structural and functional studies. We showed that LEKTI is expressed as three high molecular weight precursors rapidly cleaved by furin in the intracellular compartment of keratinocytes prior to its secretion. Proteolytic maturation of LEKTI gives rise to a panel of proteolytic fragments carrying their own inhibitory capacity profile against epidermal kallikreins (KLK) 5, 7 and 14. In order to investigate the role of LEKTI in vivo, and to understand the pathophysiological events underlying NS, we have genetically engineered mice with a targeted disruption of Spink5. Spink5 deficient newborn mice suffer from severe skin erosions due to excessive desmosomal component cleavage by unregulated KLK5 and KLK7. In addition, we have identified by mass spectrometry a new epidermal proteinase, pancreatic elastase 2 (Ela2), which is hyperactive in the absence of LEKTI. In order to understand its biological role and to investigate its specific contribution to the development of the NS phenotype, we engineered Ela2 transgenic mice. The study of these mice demonstrates that Ela2 is involved in several aspects of the NS phenotype, and thus identifies Ela2 as a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of this orphan disease
Folon, Lise. "Étude de l'impact des variants génétiques rares sur l'obésité monogénique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDBSL/2023/2023ULILS059.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteObesity is a complex multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component. Unlike common obesity, which is a polygenic disease, monogenic forms of obesity are caused by a single rare genetic variant with a strong and deleterious effect. These monogenic forms are rare, early-onset and generally very severe, affecting around 5% of individuals with obesity. Most rare mutations associated with monogenic obesity are found in genes within the leptin-melanocortin pathway, which is crucial for the regulation of food intake. Identifying these genes is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of obesity and developing new treatments.I initially studied rare heterozygous variants of the PCSK1 gene, which encodes the prohormone convertase 1 (PC1/3) enzyme. PC1/3 is involved in the leptin-melanocortin pathway. Biallelic mutations in PCSK1 cause early-onset obesity with severe endocrinopathy. Patients with PCSK1 deficiency (heterozygous or homozygous) can now be treated with setmelanotide injections to promote weight loss. However, the impact of rare heterozygous variants of PCSK1 on obesity and their relevance in precision medicine are still not well-defined. In the RaDiO study, which included 9,320 participants, 65 rare heterozygous variants of PCSK1 were identified and assessed in vitro. These variants were classified into five groups based on the severity of their impact on the enzymatic activity of PC1/3. Association analysis results revealed that rare variants inducing a complete loss of function significantly increased the risk of obesity and body mass index (BMI), whereas variants in other groups with partial or neutral effects on PC1/3 activity had no impact on adiposity. We observed that in silico prediction tools were unreliable in detecting mutations leading to a complete loss of function.Subsequently, I focused on rare variants of the DYRK1B gene. Although this gene is not directly involved in the leptin-melanocortin pathway, pathogenic variants of DYRK1B have been described in several patients with central obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and coronary artery disease. However, the impact of rare DYRK1B variants has not been assessed on a large scale. In the RaDiO study, which included 9,353 participants, 65 rare variants in DYRK1B were detected. Following in vitro analysis of each variant, we identified 20 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (P/LP) according to the criteria of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Among these P/LP variants, six showed an effect leading to a complete loss of function of DYRK1B (P/LP-full). Association analyses showed that P/LP-full variants of DYRK1B were strongly associated with increased BMI and fasting glucose levels, as well as a heightened risk of obesity and T2D, whereas P/LP variants had only a modest effect on adiposity and no impact on glucose homeostasis.In conclusion, the use of functional genetics has demonstrated that only heterozygous variants of PCSK1 and DYRK1B with a complete loss of function cause monogenic obesity. For DYRK1B, obesity is additionally associated with T2D. These results underscore the critical significance of assessing the functional impact of mutations in vitro for genetic diagnosis and the potential selection of appropriate treatments. We have demonstrated that in silico prediction tests are currently not precise enough
Antonio, Marie de. "Statistiques et modèles de survie pour améliorer la connaissance d’une maladie rare, la dystrophie myotonique The DM-Scope registry: a rare disease innovative framework bridging the gap between research and medical care Unraveling the myotonic dystrophy type 1 clinical spectrum: a systematic registry-based study - Implications for disease classification". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS096.
Texto completo da fonteMyotonic dystrophy (DM) is considered one of the most complex neuromuscular diseases. Although research work over the past 30 years has permitted a better understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms, the unusual nature of its genetic anomalies, its multisystemic expression and its broad clinical spectrum do not allow, at the moment, optimal patient management. The purpose of my work was to deepen our knowledge of this rare disease and to clarify its natural history. The first part of my manuscript is dedicated to the presentation of the DM-Scope Registry, on which all my thesis work is based. After the description of the concept, the functioning and the data collection platform, the manuscript features the characteristics of the DM1 cohort, from which our analyses were conducted : the clinical spectrum covered, multisystemic impairment, genotype/phenotype correlations, interrelations between symptoms and comparison to myotonic dystrophy type II (DM2). In the second part, we focus on the major progress achieved through the existence of DM-Scope and the analyses conducted during my thesis: (i) detailing the natural history of the disease, in particular proposing a new classification; (ii) highlighting the phenotype’s determining factors such as gender, mutation size, interrelations between symptoms. This work has led to recommendations for care, in particular for the transition from child to adult, but also the validation of important inclusion criteria for clinical trials such as gender. DM-Scope provides access to available biological samples for basic research studies and validates new therapeutic approaches. DM-Scope is now a worldwide leader and an essential tool in translational research in DM. The DM-Scope concept can be transferred to any other population and can be used for care management in other rare diseases. Finally, we present the development of a survival model built from the DM-Scope cohort. This model has three specificities: (i) it is applicable to high dimensional data, in such cases as DM-Scope, where there is a large number of measurements; (ii) it takes into account competitive risks, when patients are simultaneously exposed to several events. In our registry, the study of respiratory-related deaths is biased if competing events such as heart disease deaths are not taken into account ; (iii) it models the heterogeneity between patient groups probably due to divergent care, called \og centres effects \fg{}. DM-Scope data analysis requires such specificity of frailty models due to its multicentric coverage (55 centres). This model can be transferred and applied to other data, considering the following : more and more large-scaled registries are being used ; a majority of survival analyses includes censorship caused by the occurrence of the event of interest ; multicentre studies have become increasingly common
Jabot-Hanin, Fabienne. "Recherche des facteurs génétiques contrôlant la réponse à l’infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis et le développement d’une tuberculose maladie". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB253/document.
Texto completo da fonteTuberculosis remains a major public health concern, with approximately 10.4 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths due to the disease in 2015 according to WHO. While an estimated one third of the world population is estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, only about 10% of infected individuals go on to develop a clinical disease. Among them, half will declare the disease in the 2 years following infection, which is generally considered as primary tuberculosis. The other patients will develop the disease more distant in time of primary infection, sometimes several tens of years latter; these are classical pulmonary forms in adults. In humans, the role of genetic factors have been demonstrated in the development of active tuberculosis, in pulmonary forms as in disseminated forms in childhood, et also in the control of M.tuberculosis infection. Nevertheless, most of these genetic factors remain to identify. The first aim of my PhD was to identify genetic factors controlling in vitro interferon-gamma production phenotypes (IGRA) after exposure to M.tuberculosis in a sample of 590 subjects who were in contact with a proven tuberculous patient in Val-de-Marne, Paris suburbs, and in a second time, to try to replicate the findings in a south African familial sample where the tuberculosis is highly endemic. For this purpose, I first performed genome-wide genetic linkage analysis for several quantitative IGRA phenotypes. They led to identify 2 major loci (p<10-4) replicated in South-Africa and linked to the interferon-gamma production induced by live BCG for the first one, and for the second one, by the specific part of the ESAT6 antigen of M.tuberculosis (absent from most of environmental mycobacteria and from BCG), independently of intrinsic ability to respond to mycobacteria. The second step was an association study in the identified linkage regions. A variant associated to the specific ESAT6 phenotype was found (p<10-5), which was significantly contributing to the linkage peak (p<0.001) and previously reported as eQTL of ZXDC gene. The second objective of my PhD was the identification of rare genetic variants underlying the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in infected individuals. To this end, I compared exome data from 120 tuberculous patients and 136 infected individuals without any clinical symptoms. All of them were from Morocco. This study resulted in the lighting of BTNL2 gene, very closed to the HLA region, in which around 10% of patients had a rare loss of function variant whereas the controls didn’t have any
Guimier, Anne. "Identification des bases moléculaires et étude physiopathologique de maladies cardiaques rares en pédiatrie". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB241.
Texto completo da fonteRare diseases are defined in Europe by a prevalence of less than 1/2,000 individuals and represent more than 7,000 different diseases of which 80% are genetic. Most have a paediatric onset. My project involved the study of rare cardiac disorders in familial cases with recurrence in siblings, focusing on congenital heart disease in the context of heterotaxia (laterality defects) and sudden unexpected death due to cardiac arrest in infancy and the neonatal period. Whole exome sequencing was used as a tool for disease gene discovery in these families with the hypothesis of autosomal recessive inheritance. This strategy led to the identification of 3 novel disease genes. I performed functional validation for two of these genes in different models, confirming their involvement in each disease. 1) Loss of function of MMP21 and cardiac malformations due to left-right patterning defects during embryonic development. MMP21 encodes a metallopeptidase for which I demonstrated a highly specialized role in the generation of left-right asymmetry at the node using zebrafish. This gives new insight into the molecular mechanisms at the origin of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. Interestingly, all mammals have a left-sided heart, but some species have lost the Mmp21 gene, indicating that there are different pathways leading to left-right determination in vertebrates. 2) Hypomorphic mutations in PPA2 cause sudden cardiac arrest in infants. PPA2 is a nuclear gene encoding the mitochondrial pyrophosphatase and using a yeast model we showed that this enzyme is essential for the mitochondrial energy transducing system and biogenesis. I described a novel clinical spectrum for a mitochondrial disease responsible for unexpected cardiac arrest in infancy. 3) PLCD3 loss of function and fatal cardiomyopathy by cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis in neonates. Exome sequencing in one familial case with 2 siblings presenting fatal cardiomyopathy led to the identification of compound heterozygous mutations in PLCD3, a gene previously implicated in a similar pathology in a mouse model. Identification of further cases with mutations in this gene will be needed in order to confirm the role of PLCD3 in the disease. In total, these studies are crucial from a clinical point of view for the genetic counseling of the affected families and they contribute to the elucidation of biological mechanisms of embryonic development and left-right determination (MMP21), mitochondrial function (PPA2) and post-natal cardiomyocyte survival (PLCD3)
Ney, Michel. "Rôle de l'inclusion de l'exon 7 de BIN1 dans la faiblesse musculaire des patients atteints de dystrophie myotonique". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ077/document.
Texto completo da fonteMyotonic dystrophy of type 1 (DM1), is an inherited genetic disease affecting around 1 in 8000 person. Patients suffering from DM1 develop essentially muscle disorders such as muscle weakness, muscle loss and atrophy. The cause of DM1 is explained by the mutation of a gene called “DMPK“.During my thesis, I discovered that the alternative splicing of BIN1 mRNA was altered in the muscle of DM1 patients. Indeed, the BIN1 exon 7, which is normally absent in healthy muscle, is aberrantly expressed in DM1 muscle. By using a mouse model, I found that the forced expression of BIN1 exon 7 was responsible of the alteration of both muscle structure and function. Notably, we found a decrease in muscle fibers area (atrophy) and an increase of muscle weakness, compared to wild-type mice. Therefore, this work will help in the understanding of the disease mechanism and could explain the causes of muscle weakness and atrophy, which have never been elucidated to this date
Rai, Ghadi C. "Système de connaissance expert dédié à la recherche translationnelle dans les maladies rares". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5057/document.
Texto completo da fonteAbout 6,000 to 8,000 distinct rare diseases exist today and are estimated to affect 6-8% of the world population. The vast majority of them are genetic and for most of them there is no cure. The genomic revolution has increased the hope of specific treatments based on the gene for many diseases. New technologies have emerged, changing drastically data scale produced in biomedical research. In these conditions, treatment and analysis of data are far from trivial and mere routine, despite spectacular advances in computer technology.This thesis reports the creation of bioinformatics systems, capable of helping researchers and clinicians to identify mutations responsible for certain diseases and to develop new therapies. Thus, the Human Splicing Finder and UMD-Predictor systems predict the effect of a mutation on splicing and protein, respectively. Both bioinformatics systems have been validated through high quality reference datasets, and may help clinicians to properly annotate variations of unknown significance. In addition, this thesis offers two new systems for therapeutic purposes: the Skip-E system identifies optimal candidates AONs for exon skipping therapies, and NR-Analyser, a system that predicts premature termination codons potentially candidates to nonsense readthrough therapies.These different systems are part of a larger project dedicated to translational research. With its predictive and therapeutic aspects, this thesis is part of a research strategy matching with the objectives of the IRDiRC (International Rare Diseases Research Consortium)
Delahaye-Sourdeix, Manon. "Moving beyond Genome-Wide Association Studies". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10238.
Texto completo da fonteGenome-wide association (GWA) studies consist in testing up to one million (or more) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for their association with cancer risk in thousands of individuals, without requiring any prior knowledge on the functional significance of these variants. These studies have been valuable for establishing etiological hypotheses and understanding the underlying genetic architecture of human diseases. However, most of the heritable factors of these traits remain unexplained. Part of this variation may come from rarer variants that are not targeted by current genotyping arrays or variants with moderate to low effects for which detection by current GWA studies is impractical. In this context and as illustrated in this thesis, GWA studies can now serve as starting points towards further discoveries, looking for new strategies to study both rarer variants and rarer diseases. We have specifically explored these approaches in the context of lung cancer, head and neck cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma. The use of bioinformatics to combine recent GWA study results with other sources of information, the integration of different types of genomic data as well as the investigation of the interrelationship between germline and somatic alterations represent the main opportunities pursued in this thesis work
Rivière, Jean-Baptiste. "Recherche des facteurs génétiques à l’origine de la maladie de Parkinson dans la population canadienne-française du Québec". Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4706.
Texto completo da fonteParkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurological disorder with significant genetic predisposing factors which are extremely heterogeneous. Investigations of familial forms of the disorder revealed causative mutations in six different genes, namely SNCA, LRRK2, Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 and GBA, and functional analyses of these gene products pinpointed dysfunction of key molecular pathways involved in the neurodegenerative process of the disorder. Further sequencing and genome-wide association studies indicated that some of these genes, including LRRK2, also contain variants predisposing to sporadic forms of PD. Despite these significant breakthroughs, the vast majority of PD genetic predisposing factors remain unknown. Our goal was to identify mutations predisposing to PD in the French Canadian (FC) population from a cohort mostly composed of late-onset sporadic cases. We therefore sequenced the two exons of LRRK2 that contain most of the pathogenic mutations and we performed a case-control association study. Sequencing analysis did not reveal any reported or novel mutations and the case-control association study did not provide any positive signal, thus indicating that common variants in LRRK2 are unlikely to be a significant cause of late-onset PD in the FC population. Because of the allelic and non-allelic genetic heterogeneity observed for PD, we hypothesized that dozens of genes may carry rare pathogenic mutations. The second part of this research project was therefore aimed at identifying new PD causative genes by direct sequencing of genes functionally associated with the known causative gene pathways. Our screening uncovered several rare mutations likely pathogenic in the PICK1 and the MFN1 genes. PICK1 is involved in internalization of AMPA receptors whereas MFN1 is one of the core components of the mitochondrial fusion/fission machinery. Although these observations will need to be replicated, our findings support the previously suspected pathogenic role for glutamate excitotoxicity and imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson’s disease. They further emphasize the value of inbred populations in genetic studies of PD and provide new clues to the molecular pathogenesis of the disorder.
Belzil, Véronique Valérie. "Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8494.
Texto completo da fonteAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common of motor neuron diseases, affecting 4-6 individuals per 100,000 individuals worldwide. ALS is characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy caused by the degeneration of neurons located in the motor cortex, brain stem and spinal cord. This fatal disease generally has an adult onset and progresses over a three to five year period. While 10% of patients affected have a family history of the disease, 90% of cases do not and are considered sporadic. The finding of mutations in the zinc/copper superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1) gene 19 years ago in about 15-20% of familial ALS (FALS) patients and approximately 2% of overall cases developed the interest of identifying rare genetics variants causing the disease. The ALS research field experienced a rapid progression during the last four years as mutations in new genes have been identified. While mutations in some of those new genes have been clearly linked to ALS, the role of others is still questionable and so far has not been positively replicated in other populations. Importantly, a significant portion of cases still need to be genetically explained and, unfortunately, there is still no effective treatment to cure, attenuate or prevent the disease. The aim of this Ph.D research project was to identify new ALS mutated genes while analysing the causative role of other newly identified genes in a large familial and sporadic ALS cohort of different origins. The results presented here are categorized into three different sections. First, the contribution of FUS mutations to familial, sporadic and juvenile ALS is analysed. Specifically, new FUS mutations are reported in ALS cases and the proportions of variants present in the tested familial and sporadic ALS cohorts are assessed. In addition, a new mutation is reported in a juvenile ALS patient, and this interesting case is discussed. Second, new genetic avenues are explored for the SOD1 gene. Precisely, a new and complex SOD1 mutation is reported in a French ALS family. Moreover, the possibility that other ALS mutated genes influence SOD1 splicing events is evaluated. Third, the contribution of new candidate genes is evaluated. Precisely, the contribution of OPTN, SIGMAR1 and SORT1 genes to the ALS phenotype is assessed. Hopefully, our different findings combined with recent developments in genetics and molecular biology will permit a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms involved in the disease and will lead to the identification of the right targets in order to develop appropriate therapeutics for ALS patients.