Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Maladie des motoneurones"
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Leroy, Félix. "Atteinte différentielle de deux populations de motoneurones spinaux chez le souriceau SOD1 G93A (modèle de la maladie de Charcot)". Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T063/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn the second postnatal week, the locomotor behavior of mice changes from crawling to walking. This is made possible by profound changes in motor units. Yet, how the discharge properties of spinal motoneurons evolve during post-‐natal maturation and whether they have an effect on the motor unit maturation remains an open question. In neonates, the spinal motoneurons display two modes of discharge. For threshold pulses, 33% of the motoneurons have a discharge that start at the current onset and adapts during the pulse (“immediate firing motoneurons”). The remaining 66% motoneurons fire with a large delay and the discharge then accelerates throughout the pulse (“delayed firing motoneurons”). Though the delayed firing pattern is quite common in spinal motoneurons of neonates, the ionic mechanisms that elicit this mode of discharge have received little attention. Using the patch-clamp technique to record P6‐P10 mouse motoneurons in a spinal cord slice preparation, I characterized the ionic currents that underlie the delayed firing pattern. This is caused by a combination of an A-like potassium current that acts on a short time scale and a slow‐inactivating potassium current that delays the discharge on a much longer time scale. I then investigated how these two potassium currents contribute to the recruitment threshold and how they shape the F-I function of delayed motoneurons in neonatal mice. The slow inactivating potassium current induces memory effects that have a strong impact on motoneuron excitability and on its discharge. Building on these results, I tried to correlate the discharge pattern to known physiological sub‐types. The delayed firing motoneurons have a larger input conductance, a higher rheobase, a narrower action potential, a shorter AHP and a more complex dendritic arbor than the immediate firing motoneurons. Additionally, only a sub-‐population of the delayed firing motoneurons expressed the chondrolectin protein, a fast motoneuron marker. Based on this body of corroborating evidence, the immediate firing motoneurons would be slow type motoneurons whereas the delayed firing motoneurons would be fast type motoneurons. Finally, numerous electrical and geometrical abnormalities have been observed in spinal motoneurons of SOD1 G934 mice (model of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) during the second post-natal week but the results were somehow contradictory. In relation to the known differential sensitivity to the disease exhibited by slow and fast motoneurons, I investigated whether the immediate and delayed firing motoneurons are equally affected by the SOD1 mutation. This is not the case. I found that the SOD1 mutation induced a decrease in the rheobase and a hyperpolarization of the voltage threshold only in the immediate firing motoneurons, thereby making them more excitable than in WT mice. Furthermore, the dendrites of the immediate firing motoneurons are substantially shorter (about 35%) in the mutant than in the WT. In sharp contrast, the excitability of the delayed firing motoneurons is unchanged and the dendritic tree is nearly unaffected (the dendrites only undergo a 10% elongation). These results allow for reconsidering the link between hyperexcitability and degenerescence of the motoneurons
Bucher, Thomas. "Transfert de gènes dans le système nerveux central d'un modèle félin de maladie du motoneurone". Nantes, 2013. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=85eedf7d-ea2c-4e3e-a562-2d012f9787ad.
Texto completo da fonteSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are the most common motor neuron (MN) diseases characterized by the degeneration of the spinal cord MN, leading to often lethal progressive muscular atrophy, for which no cure is currently available. Among the most promising therapeutic approaches, a neuroprotective factor or a missing gene can be expressed or re-introduced in MN in a sustainable manner by gene therapy. Indeed, several studies have shown an unprecedented improvement of the lifespan of severe SMA mouse models after intravenous administrations of vector derived from adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9). However, before considering clinical application, efficiency and safety of such a strategy should be evaluated in large animal models, anatomically and physiologically more closely related to humans than rodents. The objective of this study was to test different strategies for gene transfer into the spinal cord of cats with a MN disease close to human type III SMA caused by the deletion of the LIX1 gene (limb expression 1). To identify an effective strategy for gene therapy in LIX1 cats spinal cord, we tested parallel to the intravenous administration of AAV9 vector, two AAV administration routes restricted to the central nervous system: intracerebral and intracisternal (in the cerebrospinal fluid) injections with two therapeutic transgenes candidates: the neuroprotective factor VEGF and the LIX1 gene. Our results showed that intracisternal injections of AAV9 lead to transgene expression in many MN throughout the spinal cord in both adult and newborn cats with limited peripheral transduction. This study could validate the use of intracisternal administration of AAV9 vectors in a therapeutic strategy for MN diseases in humans
Piazzon, Nathalie. "Rôle du complexe de Survie des MotoNeurones (SMN) dans la biogenèse des particules ARN/Protéines". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10063/document.
Texto completo da fonteSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by reduced levels of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMN protein is associated with the proteins Gemin 2 to 8 and unrip to form the SMN complex. Although the SMN protein is present in all cell types, SMA is restricted to a defect in motor neuron. SMN was recently proposed to have specific functions in mRNA transport and translation regulation in neuronal processes. The defective protein in Fragile X mental retardation syndrome (FMRP) also plays a role in transport of mRNPs and in their translation. In this study, we showed a link between the SMN complex and FMRP in neuronal cells suggesting a role for the SMN complex in these processes. Knowledges of the composition, interactions and functions of the SMN complex have advanced greatly in recent years. The emerging picture is that the SMN complex acts as a macromolecular chaperone of RNPs to increase the efficiency and fidelity of RNA–protein interactions, and to provide an opportunity for these interactions to be regulated. The second part of this study was to analyse the involvement of the SMN complex in the biogenesis of RNP different of UsnRNP. The specific defect of motor neuron led us to analyse the role of the SMN complex in the biogenesis of specific RNP to this cell types in particular the RNP BC200. Finally, we are also interested to the SMN complex involvement in the assembly and/or the function of the SRP particle, an ubiquitous particle
Bataillé, Stéphan. "Etude du rôle de l'acétylcholine et de l'acétylcholinestérase dans le développement des motoneurones spinaux et la protection contre un stress oxydatif". Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11027.
Texto completo da fonteAmendola, Julien. "Développement postnatal d'un modèle murin de sclérose latérale amyotrophique : Acquisitions sensori-motrices, fonctionnement des réseaux lombaires et caractérisation des propriétés électriques et morphologiques des motoneurones". Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537888.
Texto completo da fonteFaye, Pierre-Antoine. "Cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSc) différenciées en motoneurones spinaux : vers des modèles cellulaires de neuropathies périphériques d'origine génétique". Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0051/document.
Texto completo da fonteInduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) are a highly interesting tool to create and observe the behavior of specific and unattainable cells from a patient. Our team is interested in genetic peripheral nerves disorders and especially in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). One of our objectives is the development of motor neurons models from patients using the iPSc strategy in order to better understand the pathophysiology of GDAP1-related neuropathies. This gene was found in 1998 to be mutated in an axonal form of CMT and encodes a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, which function remains unclear. We first obtained dermal fibroblasts (DF) from skin biopsies of a healthy person and of a homozygous patient carrying GDAP1 non-sense mutation (p.Gln163*). Then, we reprogrammed DFs into iPSc using non-integrative plasmids (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and l-Myc). After amplification, all quality controls were performed to conclude that our iPSc had the same properties and capacities than embryonic stem cells and a normal karyotype. Finally, we optimized protocols to successfully differentiate these iPSc into rosettes (structures full of neural progenitors), then into neurons and finally into motor neurons for control and GDAP1 patients. The first differences between control and patient cells were observed during the rosette formation, where a lot of patient cells were full of lipid droplets, and the rosette proportion was lower than the control cells. Mitochondria morphology was totally different in motor neurons between control and patient, where mitochondria had the same morphology than the mitochondria observed in patient nerve biopsies (round and accumulated). In order to reduce the time of differentiation, a cell sorting method was used (SdFFF). It allowed us to sort different progenitors (neural / endothelial). Generation of motor neurons using axonal CMT-patient-derived iPSc was a first crucial step to better understand the role of GDAP1 in this pathology. This cellular model of CMT4A should ultimately allow us to perform preclinical drug screening in order to identify candidate pharmacological treatments for CMT patients
Miressi, Federica. "Hereditary Peripheral Neuropathies : from Molecular Genetics to a cellular model of hiPSC-derived motor neurons". Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/56675caf-59b3-4af2-ae86-c5e356784128/blobholder:0/2020LIMO0053.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteCharcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common hereditary peripheral neuropathy. To date, more than 80 genes have been identified to be involved in CMT, but genetic diagnosis is achieved only in 30-40% of cases. This study presented two main objectives: first, we focused on CMT and associated peripheral neuropathies using molecular and bioinformatic approaches to optimize their genetic characterization ; secondly, we investigated impaired mechanisms in an axonal CMT form, by creating a human cellular model of human induced pluripotency stem cells (hiPSC) and their differentiation into motor neurons (MN).In the first part of the project, we developed a new bioinformatic tool, CovCopCan, to detect Copy Number Variations (CNV), starting from NGS data. Thanks to CovCopCan, two new CNV have been identified and we discuss their involvement in two complex cases of peripheral neuropathy. We also identified three genetic variations in a CMT patient highlighting that CMT can be a multilocus genetic pathology. In the second part of the project, we successfully generated a cellular model of MN for the study of GDAP1 gene and its associated CMT2H form. We reprogrammed dermal fibroblasts of five control subjects and two CMT patients, carrying two different homozygous codon-stop mutations in GDAP1, into human inducedpluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Then, we established a differentiation protocol to generate MN from hiPSC.MN with the GDAP1 p.Ser194* mutation were analyzed by expression, morphological, and functional tests. We confirmed the neural expression of GDAP1, and we suggested that oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment could be responsible for the pathological condition in CMT2H MN. Taken together, our results highlighted that both genetic and functional analyses are essential in the complete characterization of CMT disease
Calon, Maëliss. "Étude des bases moléculaires et cellulaires de la vulnérabilité des neurones moteurs dans l'amyotrophie spinale distale des membres inférieurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS282.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteIntracellular transport alterations can cause neurodegeneration or hinder the development of neural circuits. Dominant mutations in DYNC1H1 (dynein heavy chain) and its partner BICD2, two essential components of intracellular transport machinery, underlie a neurodevelopmental motor neuron disease called spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED). In this disease, motor neurons innervating the limbs are selectively affected, indicating a gradual dependence on intracellular transport among neuronal types and even motor neuron subtypes. My thesis work aimed to study the mechanisms responsible for motor neuron impairment in this disease. By analyzing the first mouse models carrying a SMALED-inducing point mutation in BICD2, I observed that this type of mutation can induce a loss of the BICD2 protein, unlike what is observed in patients. This mutation results in the in-utero death of homozygous embryos, but heterozygous animals, which correspond to the genetic configuration in patients, do not present a phenotype. These results suggest that mouse models of SMALED may, at least in some cases, imperfectly mimic the disease. I therefore developed a complementary human model based on the differentiation into motor neurons of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from SMALED patients. I showed that SMALED mutations do not impact the specification and survival of motor neurons. However, the axonal transport of vesicles involved in neurotrophic factor (NTF) signaling seems affected, as well as the response to GDNF, an NTF essential for muscle innervation and the survival of certain motor neuron groups. My results suggest that SMALED could be due to defects in axonal transport that disrupt the integration of NTF signaling, which is essential for the development and maintenance of locomotor circuits, particularly those controlling the limbs. The development of new conditions for the maturation of human motor neurons during my thesis will provide a better understanding of the links between retrograde signaling by NTF, the development of motor circuits and the deregulation of these pathways in diseases beyond SMALED
Haase, Georg. "Thérapie génique de maladies dégénératives des motoneurones et transfert de gènes dans le nerf lésé". Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD05.
Texto completo da fonteDuque, Sandra. "Thérapie génique des maladies du motoneurone à l'aide de vecteurs dérivés des AAV". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077101.
Texto completo da fonteMotor neuron diseases (MND) such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are incurable degenerative disorders characterised by the selective loss of motor neurons (MNs) localised in the motor cortex, the brainstem and/or the spinal cord. To date, there is no treatment for these disorders because of the blood brain barrier (BBB) which hindered the crossing of the therapeutic molecules from the circulation flow to the central nervous System (CNS) parenchyma. New therapeutic strategies, based on gene transfer using viral vectors have thus been developed. This study aimed to evaluate new strategies for increasing the efficiency of MNs transduction using AAV vectors. The fîrst approach bypasses the problem of the BBB by injecting the viral vectors directly into brain areas at the origin of the descending spinal pathways. The injection of AAV vectors expressing therapeutic transgenes into these specific brain structures could indeed lead to the production and traffîcking of therapeutic proteins through descending pathways to the spinal cord by anterograde axonal transport mechanisms. The subsequent secretion of these proteins could thus influence the survival and the activity of the spinal cord MNs. The second approach is based on the systemic administration of a new serotype and genome AAV vectors, the self-complementary AAV9 vector. We identifîed the remarkable ability of AAV9 vectors to transduce cells of the CNS, including MNs, after a single intravenous injection in adult mice. This gene transfer strategy represents an efficient and non-invasive procedure to reach the CNS. This result raises thus great hopes for the treatment of MN disease and other neurological disorders
BORDET, THIERRY. "Administration par therapie genique de facteurs neurotrophiques dans les maladies degeneratives du motoneurone". Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066059.
Texto completo da fonteButtigieg, Dorothee. "Diversité des motoneurones au cours du développement normal et en situation pathologique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4046.
Texto completo da fonteMuscles are highly vulnerable whereas motor neurons innervating axial muscles are relatively resistant. Motor neurons also seem to differ in their response to several neurotrophic factors (NTF). I investigated the molecular mechanisms determining the distinct morphology and the differential NTF response of ALS-relevant motor neuron subsets. First, I demonstrated that mouse lumbar motor neurons innervating either axial muscles (MMC-MN) or hindlimb muscles (LMC-MN) display remarkable morphological differences. These differences involve a differential regulation of genes coding for Peripherin and Diacylglycerol kinase-b (DGK-β) which are regulated by the transcription factors FoxP1/HB9. Second, I showed that LMC-MN and MMC-MN respond differentially to the three neurotrophic factors HGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor), Artemin and CNTF (Ciliary NeuroTrophic Factor). Their differential survival is explained by the corresponding receptor gene expression in specific pools of MMC-MN and LMC-MN. Third, I studied lumbar motor neurons in two pathological conditions: 1) alteration of Golgi apparatus and axonal trafficking induced by loss of TBCE (Tubulin Binding Cofactor E) 2) the effect of KCC2 increase at motor neuron plasma membrane on inhibitory synaptic transmission after trauma.Finally, I developed a new FACS-based method for isolating human iPS (induced Pluripotent Stem Cell)-derived motor neurons with both an HB9::GFP reporter lentivirus and an antibody directed against the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75
Chabraoui, Fouzia. "Contribution à l'étude des autoanticorps anti-gangliosides dans les neuropathies périphériques et la maladie du motoneurone". Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO1T153.
Texto completo da fonteArentz-Dugay, Marie-Hélène. "Maladie du motoneurone familiale, degenerescence pallido-luyso-nigrique, et inclusions ressemblant a des corps de lewy". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR1M105.
Texto completo da fonteAebischer, Julianne. "Mécanismes de neurodégénérescence associés au processus inflammatoire dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22067.
Texto completo da fonteAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting primarily motoneurons in the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of the disease include general muscle weakness, rapidly evolving in an overall paralysis, leading to the death of the patient. The precise mechanisms responsible for the selective vulnerability of motoneurons remain largely unknown, impeding therefore the development of effective therapies. My thesis work led to the discovery of a novel motoneuron selective death pathway dependent on the activation of LT-βR by LIGHT. This death pathway might also be triggered by the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ). Interestingly, we have documented signs of activation of this pathway in ALS mice and sporadic ALS patients, with IFNγ being upregulated in astrocytes and motoneurons. Furthermore, a genetic approach has provided evidence of the functional involvement of this death pathway in the pathogenic process
Clerc, Zoé. "Identification des mécanismes moléculaires de neuroprotection modulés par l’activité dans deux maladies du motoneurone". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UNIP5087.
Texto completo da fonteAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are two motor neuron (MN) diseases characterized by progressive muscle denervation, which can be fatal due to respiratory failure. In ALS, fast motor neurons (fMNs) are primarily affected, while in SMA, both fMNs and slow motor neurons (sMNs) degenerate. Subjecting adult mouse models of ALS (B6SJL-Tg(SOD1-G93A)1Gur/J) and type 3 SMA (FVB/NRj-SmnDelta7/Delta7, huSMN2+/+) to high-intensity swimming exercise, which activates fMNs, induced specific neuroprotection of fMNs in both diseases, while training to low-intensity running exercise, which activates sMNs, induced neuroprotection of sMNs in SMA only. These data suggest that only vulnerable MN populations activated by exercise are capable of implementing adaptations that enable them to survive. To test this hypothesis, we set out to develop two complementary mRNA isolation approaches, one focusing on fMNs and the other on exercise-activated MNs.The first consist on a CRE recombinase dependant-AAV9-based expression of a tagged Poly-A Binding Protein (PABP) under the control of the Calcitonin related Polypeptide Alpha (Calca), a spinal fMN marker. This adapted ctag-PAPERCLIP technique allows to immunoprecipitate mRNA from fMN in generated heterozygous Calca-CRE ALS and SMA mouse models. To this end, we developed three CRE-dependent PABP-Flag expression plasmids, two plasmids were selected for their expression efficiency and specificity after in vitro transfection of a murine MNal MN1 cell line and encapsidated in AAV9. Unfortunately, after intrathecal or intramuscular injection in non-mutant Calca-CRE mice in quantities ranging from 1,5E9 to 3,3E11 Vg per mouse, these two AAV9-PABP-Flag showed weak PABP-Flag expression efficiency, associated with a non-CRE-dependent leak of expression, therefore non-specific to fMN. Hence, this strategy could not be used in our study. The second approach consist on laser capture microdissection (LCM) of sMNs innervating three hindlimb muscles and activated by exercise labeled by the C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC), a depolarization-dependant trans-synaptic retrograde tracer. Once more, neither the application of swimming exercise at different times, before and after intramuscular injection of TTC, nor the limitation of neuromuscular activity by immobilization succeeded in modifying TTC-labeled MNal populations, suggesting that TTC does not allow specific selection of exercise-activated MNr. We therefore decided to collect fMNs mRNA using Fluorogold (FG), a pan MN retrograde tracer, and to apply a somatic area filter >900µm² to the selected MN.This analysis suggested the development of specific cellular adaptations to swimming that contribute to the survival of vulnerable fMNs, such as modulation of RNA metabolism, protein homeostasis, neuronal excitability and synaptic functions. These adaptations would be initiated in part by fine modulation of the MAP Kinase signaling pathway involving effectors specific to each disease. Finally, our study suggests a major coordinating role, common to both diseases, for the PALM2-AKAP protein kinase A anchoring fusion gene. This work provides a better understanding of the neuroprotective mechanisms activated by exercise, a prerequisite for the development of new effective therapies
DUONG, HONG TUAN FRANCOIS. "Contribution a l'evaluation et a la comprehension du mecanisme d'action d'un compose synthetique dans le traitement des maladies du motoneurone : etudes in vivo et in vitro (doctorat : pharmacologie et biologie cellulaire)". Strasbourg 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR15121.
Texto completo da fonteLesbordes, Jeanne-Claire. "Thérapie génique des maladies motoneuronales par les facteurs neurotrophiques : approches virale et non-virale". Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05CD06.
Texto completo da fonteAttarian, Shahram. "La Sclérose latérale amyotrophique : investigation micro-électromyographique longitudinale des atteintes spinales et corticales". Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20685.
Texto completo da fonteGUIDO, LUCA. "IL PERCORSO DELLE CURE PALLAITIVE DOMICILIARI NEL PAZIENTE AFFETTO DA MALATTIE NEURODEGENERATIVE DEL MOTONEURONE". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11571/1468346.
Texto completo da fonteIn the world of palliative cares, the neurodegenerative motor neuron diseases (NMND) show specific features and complexity respect other diseases. This means that a specific welfare path may be created. By the experience of care and healthy assistance of the patient affected by NMND at their own home, the study has as primary goal the ambition to propose a model of clinical home healthcare assistance that is focused on the patient, that may reinforce the link between specialistic centre and home assistance and that may be sustainable. During this path, another goal is to identify cut-off and markers that may be used to reveal the right moment in which Palliative Care become a need for the patients.
GUIDO, LUCA. "IL PERCORSO DELLE CURE PALLAITIVE DOMICILIARI NEL PAZIENTE AFFETTO DA MALATTIE NEURODEGENERATIVE DEL MOTONEURONE". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11571/1468343.
Texto completo da fonteIn the world of palliative cares, the neurodegenerative motor neuron diseases (NMND) show specific features and complexity respect other diseases. This means that a specific welfare path may be created. By the experience of care and healthy assistance of the patient affected by NMND at their own home, the study has as primary goal the ambition to propose a model of clinical home healthcare assistance that is focused on the patient, that may reinforce the link between specialistic centre and home assistance and that may be sustainable. During this path, another goal is to identify cut-off and markers that may be used to reveal the right moment in which Palliative Care become a need for the patients.
Mouisel, Etienne. "Individualisation de l’entraînement physique chez la souris : influence du fonds génétique sur l’adaptation musculaire, applications aux maladies du motoneurone". Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2007. http://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2007/2007EVRY0011.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThe remarkable plasticity of skeletal muscle in response to physiological stress or diseases leads to consider physical exercise as a therapeutically approach. After validation of motor capacity model (Critical Speed, CS) in healthy mice, we used this index to define a short individualized training protocol. Surprisingly, the results showed improvements of CS and oxidative muscular capacity, both parameters being dependent on the genetic background. These data lead us to suggest that exercise could be regarded as a therapeutically approach in mouse models of neuromuscular disorders and in particular motor neuron diseases. After validating the CS as a reliable parameter to evaluate the motor capacities of mouse models of hereditary spastic paraplegia, spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we have shown that physical training was able to delay motor defect in a mouse model of ALS. This last observation opens exciting therapeutic prospects
Grondard, Clément. "Analyse des effets de l'exercice physique dans des modèles souris de maladies humaines sévères touchant le motoneurone". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066146.
Texto completo da fonteAppert-Collin, Aline. "Etude du mécanisme d'action cellulaire et moléculaire d'un composé synthétique, le xaliprodène, dans le traitement des maladies du motoneurone". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13091.
Texto completo da fonteCorti, S. P. "Studio di sottopopolazioni cellulari staminali neuronali nello sviluppo di una terapia cellulomediata per le malattie del motoneurone". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/32490.
Texto completo da fonteVlaar, Tim. "Association des activités professionnelles et de l’exposition aux métaux avec deux maladies neurodégénératives à partir du Système National des Données de Santé". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS529/document.
Texto completo da fonteFew French studies have examined the role of chemical exposures other than pesticides in neurodegenerative diseases. There are still uncertainties regarding the role of environmental or occupational exposure to metals in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and the excess risk of motor neuron disease (MND) among military personnel who can be exposed to lead and other products. We have examined these questions in France through nationwide incidence studies within national health insurance databases (Système National des Données de Santé, SNDS). We observed an increased PD incidence (2010-2014) in areas characterized by high proportions of workers in agriculture, metallurgy and textile sectors; occupational exposure to pesticides, metals, or solvents respectively may contribute to these associations. Furthermore, we observed a 16% increased incidence of MND (2010-2016) among men aged 50 years and older covered by the national military social security fund (Caisse nationale militaire de sécurité sociale) compared to men from the general population. This excess risk is possibly explained by smoking and occupational factors. Finally, we used biomonitoring data from mosses obtained in rural regions to investigate the role of atmospheric deposition of metals (copper, iron, mercury, manganese, lead, zinc) in PD. Its incidence (2010-2015) was 4% higher in areas where overall metal concentrations in mosses were the highest. There was a statistically significant positive association for copper and mercury. Using different indicators to assess exposure to metals, our work highlights the complexity of studies on the etiologic role of chemicals whose exposure determinants are both environmental and occupational
Corcia, Philippe. "Facteurs de susceptibilité génétique dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : applications à l'étude des gènes SMN et SOD1". Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON1T019.
Texto completo da fonteChali, Farah. "Innovation physiothérapeutique dans l'amyotrophie spinale infantile : du modèle animal au patient". Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T075.
Texto completo da fonteObjective: Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a group of autosomal recessive neurodegenerative diseases differing in their clinical outcome, characterized by the specific loss of spinal motor‐neurons, caused by insufficient levels of SMN protein expression. No cure is presently available for SMA. While physical exercise might represent a promising approach for alleviating SMA symptoms, the lack of data dealing with the effects of different exercise types on diseased motor‐units still precludes the use of exercise in SMA patients. Methods: We have evaluated the efficiency of two long‐term physical exercise paradigms, either based on high intensity swimming or on low intensity running, in alleviating SMA symptoms in a mild type 3 SMA‐like mouse model. Results: We found that a 10‐month physical training induced significant benefits in terms of resistance to muscle damages, energetic metabolism, muscle fatigue and motor behavior. Both exercise types significantly enhanced motor‐neuron survival, independently of SMN expression, leading to the maintenance of neuromuscular junctions and skeletal muscle phenotypes, particularly in the soleus, plantaris and tibialis of trained mice. Most importantly, both exercises significantly improved neuromuscular excitability properties. Besides, all these training‐induced benefits are quantitatively and qualitatively related to the specific characteristics of each exercise, suggesting that the related neuroprotection is strongly dependent on the specific activation of some motor‐neuron subpopulations. Interpretation: Taken together, the present data show significant long‐term exercise benefits in a mild type 3 SMA context and provide important clues for designing rehabilitation programs in patients
Lorenzo, Louis-Etienne. "Expression et colocalisation des récepteurs glycine, GABAa, et de la géphyrine sur des motoneurones des noyaux crâniens résistants ou vulnérables à la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique : Etudes immunocytochimiques en microscopie confocale et électronique". Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22055.
Texto completo da fonteGordon, Paul H. "Sclérose latérale amyotrophique : mortalité, facteurs prédictifs de la survie". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829569.
Texto completo da fonteBourefis, Annis-Rayan. "Novel FUS and CHCHD10 models to investigate pathogenic mechanisms in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS177.
Texto completo da fonteAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs), with a very rapid clinical course. It leads to muscle weakness and atrophy progressing to paralysis, with respiratory failure being the major cause of death within years following clinical diagnosis. Two major genes mutated in ALS patients are the RNA-binding protein FUS (FUSed in sarcoma), implicated in RNA metabolism, and coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain 10 (CHCHD10), which plays a role in mitochondria stability. Both these genes have been investigated through different model systems, from small invertebrate models to patient biopsies. However, the major phenotypic features obtained in these models are complex and often controversial. The objective of this work is to provide new insights on the implication of these genes in ALS through the use of new models.To investigate the pathogenic mechanisms induced by FUS and CHCHD10, we generated and characterized two novel stable non-sense mutant zebrafish models for the orthologues of these genes and highlighted several ALS phenotypic features. We demonstrated, for the FUS model but not for CHCHD10, reduced lifespan, locomotor disabilities, aberrant motor axons, disorganized neuromuscular junction (NMJ), muscle and mitochondrial alteration, as well as molecular changes. These findings indicate that loss of fus expression is responsible for the occurrence of distal pathological signs at the NMJ, thus supporting a “dying-back” neuronopathy, in which early disease hallmarks start at the level of the NMJ and progress towards MN cell bodies
Frugier, Tony. "Création et caractérisation de modèles murins de l'amyothérapie spinale". Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05N093.
Texto completo da fonteLefebvre, Omar Cynthia. "Défauts intrinsèques de motoneurones spinaux dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites issues d’individus atteints de différentes formes de Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS507.
Texto completo da fonteAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor neurons death (MNs). Despite several hypothesis trying to explain this selective loss, the exact reasons of MNs degeneration remain unidentified mainly due to the disease heterogeneity. In this respect, the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are opening up opportunities to model not only familial but also sporadic forms of ALS. In comparison to previously published studies, which focus only on one type of ALS mutation, my thesis had the objective to compare in a same experimental context multiple forms of ALS in order to distinguish similarities and discrepancies inherited by the mutation. Using iPSC obtained from genetic forms of ALS patients (C9ORF72, SOD1, TARDBP) as well as control subjects, we generated pure cultures of human MNs. While ALS MNs were not sensitive to death after few weeks of culture, electrophysiological functional studies revealed a patient-dependent late alteration in MNs excitability. Early defects were also reported, with observations of generic and mutation-specific protein aggregates. Interestingly, some accumulations were localized at the axonal initial segment (AIS) region, which is important for maintaining axonal identity and crucial for action potentials’ initiation. Physical and/or molecular alterations were reported at the AIS in ALS MNs, suggesting that AIS perturbation could be an early event in MN degeneration by disruption of ALS patients’ MNs integrity and functionality
CANZI, LAURA. "Human stem cells for the treatment of motorneuron diseases: regenerative potential, translatability and development of new biotechnologies. Cellule staminali umane per la cura delle malattie degenerative del motoneurone". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/19217.
Texto completo da fonteBellouze, Sarah. "Mécanismes moléculaires de la fragmentation de l' appareil de Golgi dans les maladies du neurone moteur". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4080.
Texto completo da fonteFragmentation of the Golgi apparatus represents one of the earliest and most constant pathological changes in neurodegenerative diseases. To understand the molecular mechanisms of these changes I investigated two experimental models of motor neuron diseases. 1. pmn mice with progressive motor neuronopathy. The pmn mice were chosen since they suffer from a very aggressive form of motor neuron degeneration and since their molecular defects represents a missense mutation in a Golgi-localized tubulin chaperone TBCE, as shown by previous (Martin et al 2002, Schäfer et al 2007). In the last years, we identified severe Golgi abnormalities in motor neurons of pmn mice and dissected out their functional relevance and molecular mechanisms. According to immunolabelings and 3D membrane modelings, Golgi fragmentation and atrophy in lumbar pmn motor neurons resembled those reported in human ALS and proceeded with similar kinetics. Electron microscopy illustrated that Golgi cisternae were progressively transformed into small vesicles. Biochemical analyses revealed : 1/ a cytosolic redistribution of tethering factor such as GM130, 2/ a decrease in β-COP protein level and 3/ a massive increase in the Golgi v-SNARE proteins GS15 and GS28 controlling vesicle fusion. These pathological changes were due to loss of TBCE expression since they could be rescued by transgenic expression of wildtype TBCE but not mimicked by sciatic nerve axotomy. They involved defective dynamics of Golgi-derived microtubules rather than accumulation of misfolded tubulins as shown by the differential effects of TBCE-depletion, Nocodazole and a folding-incompetent tubulin mutant
Chiot, Aude. "Implication des macrophages périphériques dans la Sclérose latérale Amyotrophique". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS595.
Texto completo da fonteMicroglial cells and peripheral macrophages participate to motor neuron degeneration in ALS. However, the precise role of the peripheral macrophages surrounding motor neuron axons had not been discriminated from the role of CNS microglia. Although microglia and peripheral macrophages share common characteristics both populations have different developmental origins and are located in different cellular environments, which could lead to specific implications in the disease. In this study, we aimed to characterize the implication and the site of action of peripheral macrophages in ALS. We first confirmed the activation of peripheral macrophages in the sciatic nerve of two different mouse lines (expressing mutant SOD1) with different disease progression. We also showed for the first time the presence of macrophages surrounding motor neuron axons in the ventral root of a human ALS case. We showed that infiltration of macrophages in the spinal cord was minimal during the disease and was dependent on disease progression. Our transcriptional analyses showed major differences between microglia and peripheral macrophages even though both populations displayed a complex inflammatory profile. Finally, replacement of mutated macrophages by cells more neurotrophic or less neurotoxic led to an improvement of several pathophysiological markers and delayed symptomatic stage of the disease in ALS mice. In conclusion, we provide new evidence suggesting an active role of peripheral macrophages in ALS, supporting future therapeutic strategies by targeting peripheral macrophages
Mouilleau, Vincent. "Etude des mécanismes du développement de la moelle épinière humaine par la mise en place de modèles in vitro dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS407.
Texto completo da fonteDuring development, motor circuit formation depends on the specification of thousands of distinct motor neuron (MNs) subt-types generated at precise positions along the rostro-caudal axis (R-C) of the spinal cord. Depending on their location, MNs acquire distinct properties such as the position of their cell bodies or the specificity of their axonal projections towards their target muscle. . MNs subtypes are in registry with the different segments of the spinal cord: cervical, brachial, thoracic, lumbar and sacral. Within these segments, MNs are organized into motor columns, each one innervating a group of target muscles with common motor functions. Inside these columns, MN cell bodies clusters in motor pools correspondong to MNs innervating a single muscle. The formation of this diversity depends largely on the large family of transcription factors encoded by the Hox genes. During development, MN subtypes are sequentially specified from from the first born cervical MNs to the lastest born the sacral MNs. This temporal specification arises from the progressive differentiation of axial progenitors that undergo sequential changes in their competence over time. However, the mechanisms undelying these changes in competence remains poorly understood in animal models due to the complexity of living systems (rare cells embeded in complex tissues, influence of mulitple extrinsic signals on the population of interest) and impossible to study in humans. To address this question, I took advantage of the opportunities offered by the in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. First, I characterized in the human embryo, the expression profile of HOX transcription factors that identify subtypes of spinal MNs located at different R-C levels in the spinal cord. Then, I developed a strategy to generate, from human stem cells, progenitors acquiring typical characteristics of axial progenitors. This allowed me to show that these in vitro derived axial progenitors change competence over time as observed in vertebrate animal modelss and can sequentially generate different populations of MNs. I then to identied molecular mechanisms underlying these temporal changes and showed that their manipulation alllows the first efficient generation of different populations of human MNs. These populations of MNs displaying different vulnerabilities in diseases, such as spinal muscular atrophy or lateral amyotrophic sclerosis, grantingaccess to these cells might allow the discovery of new therapeutic strategies in the future
Querin, Giorgia. "Unravelling the tangle of motor neuron diseases : insights from neuroimaging and neurophysiology Spinal cord multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging for survival prediction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Multimodal spinal cord MRI offers accurate diagnostic classification in ALS The spinal and cerebral profile of adult spinal-muscular atrophy: a multimodal imaging study The motor unit number index (MUNIX) profile of patients with adult spinal muscular atrophy Presymptomatic longitudinal cord pathology in c9orf72 mutation carriers: longitudinal neuroimaging study". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS329.
Texto completo da fonteMotor neuron diseases (MNDs) are characterized by dysfunction and loss of ventral horn MNs in the spinal grey matter (GM). Nevertheless, different MNDs such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) present with specific clinical presentations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most powerful approach at the brain and spinal cord (SC) level to extract quantitative data on degeneration. At the same time, neurophysiological techniques including motor unit number index (MUNIX) could represent a useful tool to map MN loss. The objective of this project was to combine SC and brain MRI with MUNIX to better characterize degeneration in MNDs, with the aim of identifying possible markers of disease progression. In ALS patients, we showed that SC MRI parameters improve diagnostic and prognostic prediction. Secondly, we longitudinally analyzed a wide population of pre-symptomatic carriers of the c9orf72 mutation, detecting early and progressive cervical WM degeneration. Finally, we considered a cohort of SMN1-related adult SMA patients who underwent a SC and brain MRI protocol combined with MUNIX. We detected isolated cervical GM atrophy not associated with WM pathology. After 24 months observation time, significant MUNIX modifications were demonstrated, suggesting that neurophysiological techniques could be an effective biomarker of disease progression
Gerber, Yannick. "Approche physiologiques et pharmacologiques dans un modèle murin de la sclérose latérale amytrophique". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON13511.
Texto completo da fonteAmytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a selective death of motoneurons. Pathogenesis and mechanisms of selective vulnerability are not yet fully understood although there is growing evidences that ALS is a complex multi-factorial disease that involves several partners such as neuron, glial and muscle cells. Transgenic mice over-expressing a human mutated form of the gene coding for SOD1 develop a dominantly inherited adult-onset paralytic disorder that mimics human ALS symptoms. The precise description of the SOD1G93A mice locomotor pattern using a gait analysis method allowed us to refine symptoms onset at two months of age. This is one month earlier than described in the literature. We correlate these functional modifications to histological alterations of (1) the glial component of the spinal cord, and (2) muscles. From this referent study, we have then developed and evaluated a physiological and pharmacological in vivo approaches. In our first study, we have characterized the effect of different intensities of physical exercise on SOD1G93A mice. Our study not only demonstrates the crucial role of the environment but also that exercise does not have an impact on the survival of SOD1G93A mice. In the second part of our work, we report an increase in SOD1G93A mice survival when they had been chronically treated with a low dose of gacyclidine, an anti-glutamatergic molecule. At higher dose, this molecule seems to be detrimental.In a parallel study, we have carried out the anatomical description of serotonin and one of its receptor in the adult human spinal cord. We observe topographic similarities with rodents and primates, thus validating their further use as animal models, to study motor pathologies such as ALS
El, Mendili Mohamed-Mounir. "Analysis of the structural integrity of the spinal cord in motor neuron diseases using a multi-parametric MRI approach". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066575/document.
Texto completo da fonteDegenerative motor neuron diseases (MND) are characterized by a progressive dysfunction and loss of ventral horn motor neurons of the spinal grey matter. Beyond this common anatomical susceptibility, which is responsible for a progressive and diffuse weakness, other neurological systems are also impaired. The corticospinal tract (CST) degeneration is a classical feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is the most common adult onset motor neuron disease, but a more widespread multisystem involvement is now well recognized. In particular, early sensory system involvement has been demonstrated in animal models of ALS and also of survival motor neuron 1 gene linked spinal muscular atrophy (SMN1-linked SMA). In human patients, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as the most powerful approach at the brain level to extract quantitative data on neuronal loss, axonal degeneration and demyelination in degenerative conditions. Studies at the spinal cord levels are scarce mainly because of technical and methodological difficulties. The objective of the present thesis project was to use a multi-parametric MRI approach at the spinal cord level to analyze grey and white matter structures that are impaired in two most common MND, i.e. ALS and SMN1-linked SMA, their temporal alterations during the disease course and the functional correlates, as assessed by clinical and electrophysiological examinations
Mecca, Jordan. "Rôle des cellules souches musculaires dans la physiopathologie de l’amyotrophie spinale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS261.
Texto completo da fonteSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by motor neurons (MN) degeneration, muscle atrophy and paralysis leading to premature death in the most severe forms. SMA is due to a reduction of the ubiquitous protein called SMN resulting from homozygous mutations in SMN1 gene. Long considered as a purely neuronal disease, SMA appears now as a multisystemic disease affecting many peripheral tissues, including skeletal muscle and muscle stem cells (SC). With the first successes of AAV9-SMN-based gene therapy, uncertainties emerge about the long-term effects of these therapies, particularly regarding the integrity of the neuromuscular system. This work is in line with this problematic, and shed new light on the involvement of muscle SC in SMA pathophysiology. We observed a decreased number of SC in the muscles of SMA Type II patients, which could result from reduced ability of SMN-deficient SC to commit to quiescence and a loss of quiescent SC by apoptosis. Using the murine conditional KO model Pax7CreERT2/+;SmnF7/F7, we demonstrated that this SC-depletion induced by SMN deficiency leads, in the long term, to a selective loss of α-MN and phenotypic changes in muscle fibers. Finally, we showed a deregulation of miRNA expression profile in SMA mouse SC, and identified potential new therapeutic targets for the development of future combined therapeutic strategies, restoring SMN and preserving the neuromuscular system in the long term
Fard, Ghassemi Yasmin. "Développement et caractérisation de modèles C. elegans pour la maladie de Machado-Joseph". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18646.
Texto completo da fontePolyglutamine expansion diseases are a class of dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders that develop when a CAG repeat in the causative genes is unstably expanded above a certain threshold. The expansion of trinucleotide CAG repeats causes hereditary adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple forms of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). The most common dominantly inherited spinocerebellar ataxia is the type 3 (SCA3) also known as Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), an autosomal dominant, progressive neurological disorder. The gene causing MJD is ATXN3 (ATAXIN-3): MJD is caused by an abnormal CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the ATXN3 gene. Several recent studies have shown that this gene is associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In this study, we generated transgenic C. elegans strains expressing wild type or mutant human ATXN3 genes and tested them for recovery of locomotor phenotype, lifespan and neurodegeneration phenotypes upon treatment with compounds known to modulate ER stress and having neuroprotective roles. We observed differences between both transgenic lines and found that the motility defects, the reduced lifespan and the neurodegeneration can be rescued by methylene blue, guanabenz and salubrinal. These compounds were also able to prevent the oxidative stress and the ER stress response induced by mutant transgenic worms. We introduce novel C. elegans models for MJD based on the expression of full-length ATXN3 in GABAergic motor neurons. Using these models we discovered that chemical modulation of the ER unfolded protein response reduced neurodegeneration and could be a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of MJD.
Lissouba, Alexandra. "Modélisations de maladies des motoneurones en utilisant le poisson zébré". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21795.
Texto completo da fonteDuhaime, Sarah. "Caractérisation de nouveaux modèles TDP-43/TDP-1 de Caenorhabditis elegans pour la maladie sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25648.
Texto completo da fonteAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive and selective loss of motor neurons. ALS is incurable and there are no effective treatments available for people living with the disease. About 90% of the cases are sporadic whereas 10% are familial, and patients usually die two to five years after symptom onset. Many gene defects are associated with ALS, including mutations in genes encoding FUS, C9orf72, SOD-1 and TDP-43 proteins. We have developed a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model expressing human mutant TDP-43(Q331K) in GABAergic motor neurons. We have also obtained by mutagenesis and CRISPR-Cas9 physiologically accurate models based on mutations in tdp-1, the C. elegans ortholog of TARDBP. Our objective is to characterize these models and determine if they can recapitulate key aspects of the disease such as motor deficits and age-dependent neurodegeneration causing paralysis. We believe that the TDP-1 model will reflect more precisely the physiological expression of the gene in the human disease because of its mutation in an endogenous gene, the absence of overexpression and ubiquitous protein expression. Our results show that both TDP-43 and TDP-1 models have motor deficits, synaptic transmission impairments and age-dependent neurodegeneration. However, only the TDP-43 mutation seems to have an effect on lifespan. These models provide different physiological expression of mutant proteins and thus phenotypes of varying intensity levels. They will be useful tools to elucidate new pathogenic mechanisms of ALS as well as being good candidates for drug screening and developing therapeutic strategies.