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1
Dutta, Manas. "Exploring the Dynamics of Social Composition and Recruitment Procedures of Madras Army, 1807–61". History and Sociology of South Asia 11, n.º 1 (20 de dezembro de 2016): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2230807516666121.
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In recent years, there has been a proliferation of research on the history of the colonial armies in South Asia in general and the Madras Presidency in particular. This has been further accentuated with the emergence of the new military history that explicates the social composition and the diverse recruitment procedures of the Madras Army, hitherto unexplored under the East India Company around the first half of the nineteenth century in India. In fact, the very concept of raising an army battalion in the subcontinent underwent change to meet the potential challenges of the other European authorities, which existed during that time. The very composition of the Madras Army and its diverse recruiting policies made the presidency army capable of handling the emerging threat and maintaining the trading interests in the subcontinent of the East India Company. The Madras Army looked upon the epitome of disciplined military tradition since its inception. This article argues how the social composition and recruiting procedures came to be conglomerated to form a distinct military establishment in south India under the company rule.
2
Chakraborty, Arnab. "Negotiating medical services in the Madras Presidency: the subordinate perspectives (1882–1935)". Medical History 65, n.º 3 (1 de junho de 2021): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.15.
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AbstractThe historiography of western medicine in colonial India has predominantly been analysed from the perspectives of the elite services – the Indian Medical Service (IMS) and their recruits. Unfortunately, perceiving colonial medical practices through the lens of the IMS has remained inadequate to provide a nuanced understanding of the role played by Indians in the semi-urban and rural areas of colonial India. This article examines the contributions of local administration and the role played by the recruits of the Subordinate Medical Service. This article uses the Madras Presidency as its case study and focusses on the medical subordinates who were pivotal in establishing a western medical tradition in the region. This will shift the urban-centric focus and examine mostly the rural parts of the presidency, in particular, the district hospitals and dispensaries located in the districts, taluks and villages. The article analyses the transformation in the Madras medical administration from the late nineteenth century until 1935 to argue how subordinates were the ones controlling the local medical services, and thus pulling the strings of health administration in the presidency. This will also demonstrate the uniqueness of Madras and how it disseminated western medical care with an active participation and involvement of the local residents.
3
Hausman, Gary J. "Dimensions of Authenticity in Siddha Medical and Clinical Research". Asian Medicine 17, n.º 1 (14 de março de 2022): 115–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341509.
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Abstract The article discusses three methods of combining biomedicine with traditional medicine in pre-Independence Madras State in India, with comparative examples drawn from ethnographic studies in South India in the 1990s. In the mid to late 1920s, two officers of modern medicine from the Madras presidency were delegated to be trained in the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine to investigate the properties of the indigenous drugs of India using laboratory and physiological techniques. In the 1930s, Srinivasamurti, the first principal of the Government School of Indian Medicine in Madras, trialed a collaborative approach between clinical practitioners of ayurveda, siddha, and unani, and allopathic medical registrars with the ideal of developing a universal and synthetic textbook encompassing all medical systems on an equal setting. In the 1940s, a traditional practitioner was permitted to practice bone setting in the Government Hospital of Indian Medicine in Madras. These examples illustrate various dimensions of asymmetric relations between traditional and modern medicine in twentieth- and twenty-first-century India.
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Kabeer, K. A., J. H. Benjamin e V. Nair. "Notes on the distribution of some South Indian grasses". Indian Journal of Forestry 32, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2009): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-50394m.
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The paper deals with 15 grass species that have been wrongly reported in various earlier publications as occurring in Tamil Nadu. This lapse is due to wrong identifications and wrong interpretation of the word ‘Madras’ appearing on old collections and in literature. Various early collectors and authors used this word to mean different geographical areas, viz. (i) Madras Presidency of British period comprising most of Southern India (ii) Madras State of India after independence comprising present day Tamil Nadu, parts of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala (iii) the present day Tamil Nadu (old name Madras State) and (iv) the present day Chennai city (old name Madras City). This has created utter confusion about the actual distribution of these and many such plants. A detailed search and study of materials available in all relevant herbaria and critical evaluation of earlier literature revealed that the species mentioned in this paper even though reported as occurring in Tamil Nadu has never ever been collected from that area. The present paper aims at setting the records straight so that further confusion can be avoided.
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Raman, Anantanarayanan. "William Gilchrist's (1836) observations on mosquitoes in the Madras Presidency, India". Oriental Insects 47, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2013): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2013.871815.
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Elangovan, I. "Early Settlements of the Europeans and Establishment of English Domination in Madras Presidency". Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 9, S1-May (14 de maio de 2022): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v9is1-may.5936.
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The fall of the Vijayanagar kingdom was reverberated the whole of South India in a state of political chaos and consequent economic distress. From 1757 the British had used their control over South India to promote their own interests. But it would be wrong to think that the basic character of their rule remained the same throughout. It passed through several stages in its long history of nearly 200 years. The nature of British rule and imperialism, as also it policies and impact, changed with changing pattern of Britain’s own social, economic and political development. To begin with ever before 1757, the English East India Company was interested only in making money. It wanted a monopoly of the trade with India and the East,so that there would be no other English or European merchants or trading companies to compete with it. The Company also did not want the Indian merchants to compete with it for the purchase in India or sale abroad of Indian products.
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Branfoot, Crispin. "Architectural knowledge and the ‘Dravidian’ temple in colonial Madras Presidency". Architectural Research Quarterly 26, n.º 1 (março de 2022): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135522000343.
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In around 1912 Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil, a young science teacher from French colonial Pondicherry in South India, visited the nearby town of Cuddalore in order to inspect the construction of a new Hindu temple. Since arriving in South India in 1909 he had been travelling to many temples and archaeological sites in order to understand the history of South Indian art. The modern temple that he visited in a suburb of Cuddalore at Tiruppappuliyur was not in fact new but a wholesale renovation of a nine-hundred-year-old shrine on a site sacred to Tamil Shaivas. This was just one of the many temples substantially rebuilt from the 1890s to the 1930s under the patronage of a wealthy merchant community, the Nattukkottai Chettiars, at a time of religious revival and growing Tamil cultural nationalism. The Nattukkottai Chettiars came from the villages and towns of Chettinadu, an arid region in southern Madras Presidency. This region was significant not only for being the provenance of the most prolific patrons of South Indian temple architecture in colonial Madras Presidency but also their builders, for many of the architects and craftsmen working on the temple at Tiruppappuliyur were from villages in Chettinadu. One of these men, M. S. Swaminathan of Pillaiyarpatti, was Jouveau-Dubreuil’s chief informant, one of the many ‘natives’ who were a critical and inextricable element of colonial knowledge production. The understanding of formal composition and terminology that Jouveau-Dubreuil learnt from contemporary architects and craftsmen and his observations of the evolution of architectural design contributed towards the first study of the Tamil temple for both a scholarly and wider public audience from the very earliest monuments of the seventh century through to those currently under construction. This article explores this architectural ‘renaissance’ in colonial Madras Presidency under Chettiar patronage and evaluates modern temple design through the pioneering scholarship of Jouveau-Dubreuil and his contemporaries.
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Good, Anthony. "The Car and the Palanquin: Rival Accounts of the 1895 Riot in Kalugumalai, South India". Modern Asian Studies 33, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1999): 23–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x99003200.
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The 1895 riot at Kalugumalai in the Tirunelveli District of Madras Presidency, South India, pitted the local Nadar community, then newly-converted to Roman Catholicism, against the main Hindu castes of Kalugumalai, particularly those associated with its Hindu temple and the Ettaiyapuram zamindari estate within which the town lay. It was the violent climax to a long-running dispute over the Nadars' right to take processions through the main streets, and one of the bloodiest episodes in a conflict which posed a severe threat to public order throughout South India in the late nineteenth century.
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Mahammadh, Vempalli Raj. "Plague Mortality and Control Policies in Colonial South India, 1900–47". South Asia Research 40, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2020): 323–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728020944293.
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Focused on colonial South India, this article presents and assesses detailed archival records of public health measures in response to plague outbreaks between 1900 and 1947. Starting in 1897 in the Madras Presidency, the colonial government strictly implemented anti-plague measures and introduced various health schemes and medical policies for plague prevention. However, despite partly vigorous government efforts, plague outbreaks could not be fully controlled. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the plague remains among South Asia’s most feared epidemics, with an outbreak in Surat in 1994 causing major havoc. Neither indigenous knowledge nor Western medical systems provided fully effective remedies regarding causation, cure and prevention of plague epidemics. Since the article gained new relevance in light of current struggles faced by India’s public health system in handling the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, some lessons from history emerge in the concluding discussion.
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Kanagarathinam, D. V., e John Bosco Lourdusamy. "Rise of Siddha medicine: causes and constructions in the Madras Presidency (1920–1930s)". Medical History 67, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2023): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.10.
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AbstractThis essay aims to situate the emergence of Siddha medicine as a separate medical system in the erstwhile Madras Presidency of colonial India within a broader socio-economic context. Scholars who have worked on Siddha medicine have stressed more on political dimensions like nationalism and sub-nationalism with inadequate attention to the interplay of various (other) factors including contemporary global developments, changes in the attitude of the colonial State and especially to the new promises held by the greater deference shown to indigenous medical systems from the 1920s. If the construction of ‘national medicine’ based on the Sanskrit texts and the accompanying marginalisation of regional texts and practices were the only reasons for the emergence of Siddha medicine as presented by scholars, it leaves open the question as to why this emergence happened only during the third decade of the twentieth century, though the marginalisation processes started during the first decade itself. This paper seeks to find an answer by analysing the formation of Siddha medical identity beyond the frameworks of nationalism and sub-nationalism. Further, it explicates how material factors served as immediate cause along with the other, and more ideational factors related to the rise of the Dravidian political and cultural movement.
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Coltman, Viccy. "A family affair: John Bacon’s monument to Jane Russell, 1810-13". Sculpture Journal: Volume 30, Issue 3 30, n.º 3 (1 de novembro de 2021): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/sj.2021.30.3.4.
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Focusing on John Bacon the younger’s monument to Jane Russell, this article illuminates death and memorialization in early nineteenth-century British India, with a social history focus regarding issues of gender and family. The monument in its first iteration was lost at sea in a shipwreck, and a later replacement is still in situ in St Mary’s Church at Fort St George, in the former Madras Presidency. The narrative arc traces the life cycle of a memorial to a young woman whose husband and father were leading English East India Company employees, including its commission by correspondence, execution in the metropolis and transport to the Indian subcontinent. Russell’s death and its commemoration in visual and material culture were, it is argued, a family affair on various interpretative strata, including but by no means limited to the iconography of her marmoreal ‘deathscape’.
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Gabriel, Theodore. "Caste conflict In Kalpeni Island". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51, n.º 3 (outubro de 1988): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00116489.
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Kalpeni is one of the islands of the enchantingly beautiful small archipelago known as Lakshadweep, a group of diminutive coral islands lying off the southwest coast of India, scattered on the Arabian sea 200 to 400 kilometres off the Kerala Coast. The islands, though small, are densely populated-inhabited by an interesting tribal people, who are engaged mainly in cultivation of the coconut tree, and as a side-line, in fishing. The archipelago is part of the Republic of India, and is ruled directly by the Central Government since 1958. The events narrated in this article, however, took place when the islands were attached for administrative purposes to the districts of Malabar and South Kanara of the Madras Presidency (as most of British South India was called in the colonial days). Kalpeni Island was situated in that part of this territory of which the District Collector of Malabar was the supreme authority.
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Price, Pamela G. "Ideology and Ethnicity under British Imperial Rule: ‘Brahmans’, Lawyers and Kin-Caste Rules in Madras Presidency". Modern Asian Studies 23, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1989): 151–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00011446.
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Consolidated imperial rule tends to alter the relationships among indigenous elites. Some elite groups may adjust to the new regime by joining it or otherwise becoming collaborators in rule. Others may see a marked deterioration in their former ruling status and honor. Groups which cooperated politically during the pre-colonial period may experience new tensions and enter into relationships of a more adversary nature. It is sometimes difficult for observers of social and political change to see clearly the nature of the new conflicts among elites and the directions of cleavage. For this reason a lack of consensus pervades scholarly assessments of the meaning of the development of tensions between high-status non-Brahmans and Brahmans in south India early in the twentieth century. It is not clear why anti-Brahmanism emerged in the ideology of the Justice Party, a party of landholding interests.Was this development another example of the exacerbation of social distinctions under imperial rule, analogous to the Hindu-Muslim communalism which emerged in north India? Or, as one opinion has it, was the ideological change an opportunistic maneuver on the part of a group of politicians, encouraged by British officials anxious to foil the nationalist movement? This paper takes an approach more in line with the first alternative and sees the propagation of an ideology of ethnic antagonism as a result of processes of the reformation of group and personal identities. I link the reformation of group identity to the confusion in rules regarding group behavior which resulted from the imposition and operation of the imperial system of dispute management, the Anglo-Indian legal system.
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Vennela, R., e Richard Smith. "Bilingual English teaching in colonial India: the case of John Murdoch’s work in Madras Presidency, 1855–1875". Language & History 62, n.º 2 (4 de maio de 2019): 96–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2019.1641942.
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Mesthrie, Rajend. "The Origins of Colloquial South African Tamil". Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 7, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2007): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x0700700108.
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This paper is a demographic and dialectological study of spoken Tamil in South Africa. It is based on fieldwork conducted in KwaZulu-Natal (in Durban, Pietermaritzburg and Umkomaas) between 1990 and 1992. It provides information about Tamil speakers brought from the Madras Presidency to South Africa in the period 1860–1911. The paper aims to characterise the spoken variety that evolved on the plantations of Natal in terms of its dialectal ancestry. Is it a blend of features from the Tamil speaking areas in India, or are particular regions within Tamil Nadu more influential? The same question can be asked of social origins: are some caste varieties better represented than others in the South African offshoot? The paper proposes that South African Tamil is similar to the Northern dialect of Tamil. In terms of social dialectology the evidence is less clear, but a tentative claim is that the South African offshoot avoids the extremities of caste variants of India.
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Intelly e Dr Chander Parkash. "Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 in Sustaining Indian Economy". International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 04, n.º 04 (2022): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2022.v04i04.033.
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There are numerous overlapping laws in India that deal with financial loss and insolvency of both organisations and individuals. Under the current legal and institutional framework, lenders are unable to collect or restructure defaulted assets in a timely and effective manner, imposing an undue strain on the Indian credit system. The framework intended to combine a time-bound and scientific approach to insolvency resolution with the goal of maximising value for all stakeholders and balancing knowledge asymmetry, while also protecting the interests of all parties involved. In 2000, the amount of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) grew rapidly. Banks made indiscriminate loans between 2008 and 2014, resulting in a high number of NPAs, as revealed by Asset Quality Reviews of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), causing the government to act immediately. A Committee was formed, and its report, in which the IBC was recommended, was delivered in 2015. Following that, a bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha and referred to a Parliamentary Joint Committee for examination. On May 5, 2016, the Indian Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) was approved by both Houses of Parliament and received presidential assent on May 28, 2016. Indian insolvency rules have their origins in English law. Sections 23 and 24 of the Government of India Act 1800 established the first laws governing insolvency. In 1828, India passed a statute establishing the first expressly tailored insolvency legislation. This act was extended to include the Presidency towns of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. A few years later, the Indian Insolvency Act 1848 was introduced, which established a division between traders and non-traders. The High Courts were given jurisdiction over insolvency, with the High Courts' jurisdiction confined to presidential towns. This statute, known as the Presidency Towns Insolvency Act 1909, was enacted in 1909. Due to the absence of legislation governing insolvency in non-presidency areas before to 1907, the Provincial Insolvency Act was enacted in 1907 and was eventually succeeded by the Provincial Insolvency Act 1920, which is in force today.
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Mohamad, Tun Abdul Hamid. "In Search of a Suitable Model of Penal Code for Afghanistan". ICR Journal 4, n.º 2 (15 de abril de 2013): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v4i2.479.
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During the Moghul rule of what now constitutes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan, the courts there administered the Shariah to the exclusion of Hindu law. Islamic law gave way to English criminal law with the increase of British influence in the Indian sub-continent. Before 1860, English criminal law, as modified to suit local circumstances, was administered in the Presidency-Towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. The draft of the Indian Penal Code was prepared by the First Law Commission, chaired by Thomas Babington Macaulay. Its basis is the law of England. Elements were also derived from the Napoleonic Code and from Edward Livingston’s Louisiana Civil Code of 1825. Finally, the Indian Penal Code was passed into law on 6 October 1860. The Code came into operation on 1 January 1862.
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MacKenzie, John M. "The Scottish Deathscape in South Asia: Madras and Ceylon". Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 5, n.º 2 (20 de janeiro de 2022): 215–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/jiows.v5i2.116.
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Imperial deaths were given the status of martyrdoms in the cause of what European contemporaries considered the advance of civilisation. In many cases burials stimulated the overblown architecture of commemoration discovered in many places in the Indian Ocean world. There could well have been at least 1,000 cemeteries and church graveyards in South Asia, as well as grandiloquent memorials in cathedrals and churches throughout the region. While there are many examples from the eighteenth century, these practices became particularly striking in the nineteenth, which was an era in which the obsession with data produced a plethora of directories of memorial inscriptions and related lives. Some of these were officially inspired while others were produced by undertakers and those fascinated by documentation. From these we learn about imperial lives, careers, localised origins, and social and familial contexts. However, both these directories and the memorials which they documented were much more than the sentimental appropriation of colonial space. They also reflected ethnic and religious diversity, becoming indicators of the ‘four nations’ as well as of the contrasting Christian denominations of the United Kingdom. This was perhaps particularly true of Scots, whose geographical, social and religious affiliations can be charted through many examples in the Madras Presidency of South India and of the colony of Ceylon. They help to demonstrate that a full understanding of ethnic diversities can be derived from the study of the ‘deathscape’ of the imperial world.
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K, Anish K. "Conceptions of Community, Nation and Politics: The Ezhavas of South Malabar, India and their Quest for Equality". CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 3, n.º 1 (6 de maio de 2022): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v3i1.357.
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This article discusses caste reforms, anti-caste ideas, and thoughts on nationalism amongst Ezhavas of South Malabar in the Madras Presidency. The discourses of equality, the right to the public, the process of community formation, ideology, and the mode of struggle for emancipation are examined. The question of caste, by what means the aspirations of the lower castes were addressed in the uniting project of reformed Hinduism and nationalism is addressed. By capturing disagreements, conflicts, consensus, and the politics of ‘sub-nationalities’ within the ‘national,’ the generic view of national movement as a single, homogeneous consensus project is contested. Towards the end, the article contends that Ezhavas’ assertions imply the presence of an “autonomous anti-caste movement” in the South Malabar region. This article also proposes that the dichotomy of colonialism versus nationalism, and the portrayal of South Indian politics as a sectarian competition for British patronage, limits the opportunity to comprehend localised movements and their vernacular expressions.
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Mocherla, Ashok Kumar. "We Called Her Peddamma: Caste, Gender, and Missionary Medicine in Guntur: 1880–1930". International Journal of Asian Christianity 3, n.º 1 (28 de fevereiro de 2020): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-00301005.
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The medical work carried out by Dr. Anna Sarah Kugler in the town of Guntur (1880–1930), which was a part of the Telugu speaking region of the erstwhile Madras Presidency, as a foreign medical missionary associated with the mission field of the then General Synod of the Lutheran Church in America, constitutes a significant phase in the history of medicine and gender in South India. Despite bringing about visible changes in gender perceptions of medical professions, strangely, she or her work finds no mention in the social science literature on history of medicine in modern South India in general and coastal Andhra Pradesh in particular. This paper explores the nature and patterns of definitive changes that gender roles and patriarchal structures among the Telugus residing in coastal Andhra Pradesh have undergone after coming under the influence of a mission hospital in Guntur established by Dr. Anna Sarah Kugler. By doing so, it also brings out an analysis on how this medical institution transformed the firmly-held traditional perceptions and stereotypes on the sources of illness, disease, and treatments, and in turn laid the foundation for modern medicine to establish itself in South India.
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Saravanan, Velayutham. "Tribal Revolts in India with Reference to Salem and Baramahal Districts of Madras Presidency during the Late 18th Century". Artha Vijnana: Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 41, n.º 1 (1 de março de 1999): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21648/arthavij/1999/v41/i1/115900.
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Rama Gopalakrishnan, Divya. "Gomastahs, Peons, Police and Chowdranies: The Role of Indian Subordinate in the Functioning of the Lock Hospitals and the Indian Contagious Diseases Act, 1805 to 1889". NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 30, n.º 1 (10 de fevereiro de 2022): 29–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00048-022-00324-z.
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AbstractRecent scholarship on the social history of health and medicine in colonial India has moved beyond enclavist or hegemonic aspects of imperial medicine and has rather focused on the role of Indian intermediaries and the fractured nature of colonial hegemony. Drawing inspiration from this scholarship, the article highlights the significance of the Indian subordinates in the lock hospital system in the nineteenth century Madras Presidency. This study focuses on a class of Indian subordinates called the “gomastah”, who were employed to detect clandestine prostitution in Madras to control the spread of venereal disease. It also underlines the role of other native and non-native subordinates such as Dhais, Chowdranies and Matrons, the ways in which they became indispensable for the smoother operation of the Contagious Diseases Act and the lock hospitals on a day-to-day basis. By emphasising how Indian subordinates were able to bring in caste biases within colonial governmentality, adding another layer to the colonial prejudices and xenophobia against the native population, it underlines the fact that there was not a one-way appropriation or facilitation of the coloniser’s knowledge or biases by the colonised intermediaries. Rather, it argues for an interaction between them, and highlights the complexities of caste hierarchies and prejudice within the everyday colonial governmentality. Moreover, the article focuses on the consequent chaos and inherent power struggle between different factions of colonial staff.
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Arora, Saurabh. "Gatherings of Mobility and Immobility". Transfers 4, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2014): 8–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2014.040103.
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In retelling the history of “criminal tribe” settlements managed by the Salvation Army in Madras Presidency (colonial India) from 1911, I argue that neither the mobility–immobility relationship nor the compositional heterogeneity of (im)mobility practices can be adequately captured by relational dialecticism espoused by leading mobilities scholars. Rather than emerging as an opposition through dialectics, the relationship between (relative) mobility and containment may be characterized by overlapping hybridity and difference. This differential hybridity becomes apparent in two ways if mobility and containment are viewed as immanent gatherings of humans and nonhumans. First, the same entities may participate in gatherings of mobility and of containment, while producing different effects in each gathering. Here, nonhumans enter a gathering, and constitute (im)mobility practices, as actors that make history irreducibly differently from other actors that they may be entangled with. Second, modern technologies and amodern “institutions” may be indiscriminately drawn together in all gatherings.
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Dr. Ranjit Kumar Meena. "Rebellion of Tribe Koya, Rampa or Manyam". Knowledgeable Research: A Multidisciplinary Journal 1, n.º 08 (1 de abril de 2023): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.57067/pprt.2023.1.08.36-45.
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The film, based on the story of South Indian cinema superstars Ram Charan and Junior NTR's film 'RRR', can be seen in the film based on the story of the British rule. It is being told that the film is based on the story of the life and rebellion of two revolutionaries Alluri Sitaram Raju and Komaram Bhima. In fact, during the British rule, the main focus of the British was to exploit the resources here. In this sequence, the Madras Forest Act of 1882 was introduced to exploit the forest resources and land here. With the help of this law, local forest dwellers were banned from using their own resources. The tribals were forbidden to cut trees for firewood. Due to this law, the tribal communities there were unable to cultivate under the 'Traditional Podu Krishi Krishi system'. Explain that the 'Podu Krishi system' is a kind of 'Jhoom farming'. So this way this forest law became the reason for Rampa's rebellion. Initially, the leaders of this rebellion, including Alluri Sitaram Raju and Komaram Bhima are prominent - used to use Gandhian methods of non -cooperation and civil disobedience. But when the deaf English government did not understand this language, these revolutionaries took up arms against colonial rule. Thus 'Rampa Rebellion', also known as 'Manyam Rebellion', was a tribal rebellion launched at the Godavari branch of the 'Madras Presidency under British India. It started in August 1922 and continued till imprisonment and was killed in May 1924.
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Nikitin, Dmitrii. "The Indian National Congress in the Memoirs of the British missionary G. Lunn". Genesis: исторические исследования, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2022): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.2.35137.
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The subject of this article is the memoirs of the British Methodist missionary Henry Lunn about his stay in India and the activities of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1887-1888. On the basis of G. Lanna's letters from the Madras presidency, his memoirs and newspaper publications, the ideas of a metropolitan resident about the socio-political life of India and the participation of the Christian community in it, the role and place of the INC in the national movement, the weaknesses and advantages of ideas and demands, the formation of oppositional INC currents are revealed. The composition and features of the social development of the Christian population of South India are considered. В The main conclusion of the study is that the British rule in India entailed significant changes in the spiritual sphere of Indian society, which resulted in an increase in the Christian population in the country and a wide spread of missionary activity. The Christian community, relatively small in comparison with others, was socially active, its representatives played a significant role in the formation of the INC and its activities in the early years of its existence. This was reflected in the memoirs of G. Lannes, who considered the emergence of the INC as a consequence of the progress brought to India by British rule and defended the idea of the need for the INC to cooperate with the colonial administration.
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ALAGIRISAMY, DARINEE. "The Self-Respect Movement and Tamil Politics of Belonging in Interwar British Malaya, 1929–1939". Modern Asian Studies 50, n.º 5 (6 de março de 2015): 1547–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x14000304.
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AbstractThis article explores ideas of belonging that gained prominence among Indian Tamils in interwar British Malaya by revisiting a transnational dialogue that has been under-represented in the community's history. Through an analysis of the developments that unfolded during and in the decade following Periyar E. V. Ramasamy's first visit to Malaya in 1929, it positions the diaspora within the politics of a reform movement that had a profound impact on Tamil cultural and political consciousness in two colonial societies. Having originated in the former Madras Presidency, the Self-Respect movement entered Malaya at a time when both societies were engulfed in momentous change. Led by the middle class, the movement's subsequent ‘Malayanization’ raised salient questions of political allegiance as it was adapted, challenged, and ultimately reapplied to India in the interest of defending the Tamil homeland. Through an analysis of the contentious loyalties that Malayan Self-Respecters encouraged, and the responses that surfaced in the process, this article will demonstrate that the movement opened up critical new discursive spaces through which the diaspora engaged with its ‘home’ and ‘host’ societies.
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Shankar, Devika. "A Harbor That Never Was". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 44, n.º 1 (1 de maio de 2024): 148–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-11141591.
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Abstract Through a focus on an abandoned harbor development project in Tuticorin in southeastern India, this article interrogates the factors shaping port development in the first quarter of the twentieth century. Tuticorin—which at the time was the second-busiest port in the Madras presidency—had emerged as the likeliest site for an ambitious port development scheme, thanks largely to its intimate relationship with both Colombo and the plantations of Ceylon just across the Gulf of Mannar. Within just a few years, however, this project would be abandoned abruptly after being declared unrealistic and impractical. What made Tuticorin's development appear almost inevitable at one point, only to be deemed completely unviable a couple of decades later? This article uses the rise and fall of port development schemes at Tuticorin in the early decades of the twentieth century to examine wider developments in the colonial economy and to interrogate the infrastructural networks and environmental forces underpinning both the hopes for port modernization and their eventual success or failure around the Indian Ocean.
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G, Shanmugam. "100 years of the Devine Teacher - Student relationship among the three Generations of Indian Geoscientists (1920s – 2020s): A remarkable Story of Knowledge transfer from T. N. Muthuswami Iyer “TNM” through A. Parthasarathy to G. Shanmugam and beyond". Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists 1, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2022): 2–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51710/jias.v1i1.221.
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The divine teacher-student relationship that covers 100 years of knowledge transfer is the underpinning of this remarkable personal story. Importantly, this narrative is about an Indian genius and a geologic pioneer, Professor T. N. Muthuswami Iyer, known as TNM. The first generation (1920s-1960s) TNM began his teaching career as a crystallographer and a mineralogist at the University of Madras-Gundy Campus (Chennai) in 1924, and continued at the Presidency College (Madras), Sager University (Madhya Pradesh), and Annamalai University (Tamil Nadu). One of his early students at Presidency was A. Parthasarathy, who later studied at the Imperial College in London (UK) and earned his Ph.D. in Engineering Geology from the London University (UL) in 1954. The second generation (1940s-1980s) Prof. Parthasarathy became the Head of Applied Geology section in the Civil Engineering Department at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay in 1964. The third generation (1960s-2020s) G. Shanmugam earned his B.Sc. in Geology and Chemistry from Annamalai University with a First Class (1965) and started teaching science in a local high school in his hometown of Sirkazhi, Tamil Nadu. TNM, who was the Head of Geology at Annamalai University in 1965, motivated G. Shanmugam to quit his teaching job and pursue M.Sc. in Applied Geology at IIT Bombay. Shanmugam earned his M.Sc. in Applied Geology at IIT Bombay under the guidance of Prof. Parthasarathy. Education and training at IIT Bombay propelled Shanmugam to receive his second M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in the USA. His Ph.D. research under the guidance of Prof. Kenneth R. Walker at University of Tennessee on Ordovician tectonics and sedimentation in the Southern Appalachians led to securing a research position with Mobil Oil Company in Dallas, Texas in 1978. Because of his global research on multiple domains while at Mobil and as post-retirement consultant since 2000 for oil companies in India and China, Shanmugam has to his credit 382 published works that include three Elsevier books on process sedimentology and petroleum geology, with the first two books were translated into Chinese language. He has authored 6 invited Encyclopedia Chapters for Elsevier and McGraw Hill Book Companies and has delivered 89 lectures worldwide during 1980-2021 period. He won the top "Special Prize" from Springer Journal of Palaeogeography in 2020 for "Excellent Papers" based on Science Citation Index (SCI) of five articles published during 2012-2018. Shanmugam's efforts in knowledge transfer during the COVID-19 global pandemic included giving virtual lectures on Zoom, Google Meet, and WebEx platforms to academia (e.g., Royal Holloway, University of London, IIT Bombay, and Ohio University). Shanmugam organized 23 onsite workshops on "Deep-water sandstone petroleum reservoirs" worldwide, which included (1) the UK Government Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Edinburgh, UK, (2) Reliance Industries Ltd., Kakinada, India, (3) Hardy Oil, Chennai, India, (4) Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Mumbai and Kajuraho, India, (5) Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, (6) Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED) of PetroChina, Beijing, China, and (7) China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China. The T. N. Muthuswami - A. Parthasarathy - G. Shanmugam lineage, spanning over 100 years, is unique and phenomenal in knowledge transfer among geoscientists. On the economic front, TNM and his lineages contributed directly to the petroleum, atomic mineral, cement, gemstone, and geothermal energy industries, among many others. The acronym "TNM" for T. N. Muthuswami Iyer is just perfect for a Transformational, Neoteric and a Motivating teacher and a noble soul!
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Harnetty, Peter. "Land and Caste in South India: Agricultural Labour in the Madras Presidency During the Nineteenth Century. By Dharma Kumar. New Delhi: Manohar, 1992. Pp. xl, 211. Rs. 200." Journal of Economic History 53, n.º 3 (setembro de 1993): 675–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700013656.
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"A Roundtable on Rupa Viswanath'sThe Pariah Problem: Caste, Religion, and the Social in Modern Indiaand the Study of Caste". Modern Asian Studies, 22 de fevereiro de 2021, 1–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x20000281.
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AbstractIn this roundtable discussion, five scholars of modern India with diverse methodological training examine aspects of Rupa Viswanath's 2014 book,The Pariah Problem: Caste, Religion, and the Social in Modern India, and assess its arguments and contributions. This book has made strong challenges to the scholarly consensus on the nature of caste in India, arguing that, in the Madras presidency under the British, caste functioned as a form of labour control of the lowest orders and, in this roundtable, she calls colonial Madras a ‘slave society’. The scholars included here examine that contention and the major subsidiary arguments on which it is based. Uday Chandra identifiesThe Pariah Problemwith a new social history of caste and Dalitness. Brian K. Pennington links the ‘religionization’ of caste that Viswanath identifies to the contemporary Hindu right's concerns for religious sentiment and authenticity. Lucinda Ramberg takes up Viswanath's account of the constitution of a public that excluded the Dalit to inquire further about the gendered nature of that public and the private realm it simultaneously generated. Zoe Sherinian calls attention to Viswanath's characterization of missionary opposition to social equality for Dalits and examines missionary and Dalit discourses that stand apart from those that Viswanath studied. Joel Lee extends some of Viswanath's claims about the Madras presidency by showing strong parallels to social practices in colonial North India. Finally, Viswanath's own response addresses the assessments of her colleagues.
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Vajravelu, E., e J. Joseph. "Additions to the Flora of Anamalai Hills, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu". Nelumbo, 20 de maio de 2024, 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v13/1971/75717.
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The paper deals with an additional list of 163 species comprising 61 families of flowering plants and Pteridophytes, to the Flora of Anamaiai Hills, - "A Survey of the Flora of the Anamalai Hills in the Coimbatore District, Madras Presidency by C.E.C. Fischer in Rec. bot. Surv. India 9(1) : 1-218, 1921".
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Karthikeyan, S. "A Contribution to the Family Gramineae of the "Flora of the Presidency of Madras"". Nelumbo, 20 de maio de 2024, 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v13/1971/75655.
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This paper deals with the grasses added to the region since the publication of the Flora of the Presidency of Madras (Fischer, 1934 & 1936). Altogether 78 grasses are enumerated. From a careful study of the collections deposited in the herbarium of the Southern Circle, Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore (MH), seven new records for the area are reported here.
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Dutta, Manas. "The Dalit Soldiers and the Colonial Apparatus: Lived Experiences of the Paraiyans in the Madras Presidency Army, 1801–1895". Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 1 de maio de 2022, 2455328X2210943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x221094391.
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The article deals with the Paraiyans, one of the Dalit sub-caste of the Madras Presidency, and their transformation from a marginalized group to one which was believed to be one of the worthwhile recruits for the colonial army. The narrative delves on their exalted status as a military subaltern within the general set up of the army department and also traces their subsequent socio-political positions in the southern society under the colonial rule after the 1880s. Despite their primary dependence on agriculture for their survival, several of them preferred to be enlisted in the army under the colonial rule in India for better livelihood and social standing. The official/archival documents highlighted that the Madras Presidency army had given much benefit to them and became a source of their social occupational mobility. Thus, It has been given them a new sense of identity and power and their empowerment as a caste.
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Palanki, Satheesh. "Smallpox Under the Raj: Resistance Policies and the Indigenous Response in Colonial Malabar, 1800–1900". Studies in History, 14 de julho de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02576430231183518.
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This paper explores British efforts to combat smallpox in Malabar from 1800 to 1900 ce. Despite intense efforts, smallpox persisted due to fractured state policies, native resistance and public apathy. Epidemics such as smallpox, cholera, malaria and fevers posed serious threats to British colonial efforts in the Indian subcontinent, hindering colonial expansion. Smallpox, in particular, was prevalent throughout much of the region, including South India, for centuries. In Malabar, which was part of the Madras Presidency, the prevalence of smallpox presented significant challenges to the British during their colonial expedition, lasting well into the twentieth century. To sustain their rule, the British were compelled to implement several policies to combat the epidemic. British Malabar, one of the districts of Madras Presidency located on India’s western coast, had been rocked by the persistence of contagious diseases in the region. 1 Smallpox caused millions of deaths and was considered one of the most severe and virulent of the diseases, responsible for more victims than all other diseases combined. Survivors often experienced disfigurement, therefore, it held a unique place in Indian and British attitudes towards disease, treatment and prevention. 2 It was intertwined with religious beliefs and rituals. However, scholarly works on smallpox are limited in Malabar during the British colonial period. 3 Vaccination was considered the most benevolent part of the European medicine under the civilizing mission in India.
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Balakrishnan, N. P. "New Plant Records from South India". Nelumbo, 20 de maio de 2024, 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v6/1964/76331.
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The present paper reports twenty-five species of Angiosperms, not previously reported from the area coming under the Flora of the Presidency of Madras by Gamble. They are : Parabaena sagittata Miers, Abelmoschus crinitus Wall., Tetrastigma bracteolatum (Wall.) Planch., Moghania prostrata (Roxb.) Mukerjee, Mucuna nigricans (Lour.) Steud., Pimpinella bracteata Haines, Thladiantha cordifolia (Bl.) Cogn., Paederia foetida L., Richardia scabra L., Anaphalis adnata DC., Lysimachia altemifolia Wall., L. decurrens Forst. f., Evolvulus nummularius L., Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl, Verbena officinalis L., Polygonum barbatum L. ssp. gracile Danser, P. orientate L., Bridelia pubescens Kurz, Cudrania cochinchinensis (Lour.) Kudo and Masam., Boehmeria scabrella Gaud., Ficus auriculata Lour., F. rumphii Bl., Habenaria furcifera Lindl., Alocasia fornicata (Roxb.) Schott and Arundinella bengalensis (Spr.) Druce. Important synonyms, detailed descriptions with chief distinguishing characters and diagrams for a few species are also presented.
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Sekhar, Chakali Chandra. "Famine, Caste Differences and Missionary Christianity in Colonial India: Burning Hunger". South Asia Research, 6 de maio de 2023, 026272802311630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02627280231163075.
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This article sheds light on the conditions of Dalits, their experience of caste differences, discrimination and destitution during the Great Famine of 1876–78 in Rayalaseema, one of the Telugu-speaking regions of Madras Presidency. It highlights how existing caste practices defined and shaped famine relief measures, re-entrenching caste hierarchies. The caste location of Dalits aggravated the severity of their living conditions and social life in the village space and in relief works organised by the colonial government, which further reinforced caste inequalities and institutionalised social distancing. Consequently, Dalits experienced hunger, destitution and further marginalisation in society. During such conditions, the humanitarian concerns and charitable activities of missionaries had a profound impact on Dalits.
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Raman, Anantanarayanan, e Chitra Narayanaswamy. "The College of Agriculture, Saidapet, Madras: the First Formal Agricultural-Education Facility in India". Madras Agricultural Journal 104, n.º .1-4 (23 de dezembro de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000389.
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Similar to many other firsts in India, Madras city can boast of the first formally set up agriculturaleducation facility in Saidapet (then outskirts of Madras city) surrounded by the Long Tank on the one side and the Adayar River on the other. Saidapet has been a favourite locality from the 18th century for cultivation efforts of economically important plants such as Opuntia (the source plant to raise the scale insect Dactylopius for carminic-acid dye extraction) and Saguerus rumphii, the sago palm, better known as Anderson’s Nopalry. This was followed by the Lushington Gardens and Lobo’s Gardens in later decades. Through the persistent efforts of William Robertson and Charles Benson (graduates of the Royal Agricultural College of Cirencester, U.K.), an Experimental Farm was established first in Saidapet in 1865, which included a high-school level agricultureteaching facility. In 1876, it grew into a full-fledged Agricultural College, servicing the needs of trained agricultural personnel for the Madras Presidency until 1890. From 1890, importance of this College began to diminish gradually, mainly, because of the ad-hoc policies of the Government of Madras: for example, the 300 acre block allotted to the Experimental Farm in the 1860s was down to 20 acres in 1879. This reduction hampered experimental learning, an aspect which was valued as a prime driver of this institution by its earliest teachers Robertson and Benson. Like every other institution of the British days, apathy and disregard led this institution to degenerate, although until 1906 this College survived as an institution offering the Diploma in Agriculture, after a 3-year study involving a few agricultural subjects and some non- gricultural subjects as commented on by John Augustus Voelcker, who came on an inspection visit to Saidapet Agricultural College in 1889 as part of the agricultural reform efforts of Government of India. In 1906 the college was shifted to Coimbatore by the Government of Madras, where it metamorphosed into the Agricultural College and Research Institute, which was affiliated to the University of Madras in later years. It was upgraded and renamed as the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in 1971.
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Dixit, R. D., e B. Ghosh. "Notes on the Genus <i>Lindsaea</i> Dryand. Ex Smith - A Clarification and Three New RecordsNotes on the Genus <i>Lindsaea</i> Dryand. Ex Smith - A Clarification and Three New Records". Nelumbo, 21 de maio de 2024, 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v24/1982/75312.
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Lindsaea bouillodii is a confused taxon as regards to its identity, nomenclature and distribution as given by various workers in the past. The report of its occurrence in Madras Presidency by Beddome (1865, 1883). has been substantiated by its recent collection from Tamil Nadu. It is attempted to clarify the matter by providing key to the taxa confused with it, detailed description and illustrations. Three new recrods of species i.e, L. glandulifera V.A.V.R. and L. malayensis Holtt, for India and L. chienii Ching for Burma are reported. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided to facilitate identification.
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Connors, Scott Travanion. "Mass Petitioning, Education Reform, and the Development of Political Culture in Madras, 1839–1842". Historical Journal, 7 de junho de 2021, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x21000418.
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Abstract This article explores the emergence of reformist sentiment and political culture in Madras in the mid-nineteenth century. Moreover, it contributes to, and expands upon, the growing body of literature on colonial petitioning through a case-study of a mass petition demanding education reform. Signed in 1839 by 70,000 subjects from across the Madras presidency, the petition demanded the creation of a university that would qualify western-educated Indians to gain employment in the high public offices of the East India Company. Through an analysis of the lifecycle of this education petition, from its creation to its reception and the subsequent adoption of its demands by the Company government at Fort St George, this article charts the process by which an emergent, politicized public engaged with, and critiqued, the colonial state. Finally, it examines the transformative effect that the practice of mass petitioning had on established modes of political activism and communication between an authoritarian colonial state and the society it governed.
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HOWES, JENNIFER. "Tipu Sultan's female entourage under East India Company rule". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3 de dezembro de 2020, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135618632000067x.
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Abstract After the Fourth Mysore War, when the British were dismantling Tipu Sultan's establishment, the East India Company unexpectedly took charge of 601 women who resided permanently inside Srirangapatnam Palace. Along with Tipu's sons, they were moved 200 miles east, to Vellore Fort, in the Company-controlled territory of Madras Presidency. Documentation about these court women held in colonial archives describes moments when they behaved in unexpectedly difficult ways. Because historians have traditionally cast the women of Tipu Sultan's court as voiceless victims, their actions, as described in these colonial sources, have been overlooked. When examined, the descriptions show that they were using the domestic powers granted to them under Tipu Sultan's establishment to influence their treatment by the East India Company. By placing these accounts alongside the broader context of the Company's military history, it becomes apparent that the women of Tipu Sultan's female entourage fomented the events that led to the Vellore Mutiny of 1806.
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Venkatraman, V., e M. S. Fathima Begum. "The Upsurge of 1946: A Deadlock to the Constitutional Process of India as Revealed in the Political Writings of Madras Presidency". SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756406.
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"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 19 October 1910 - 21 August 1995". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 42 (novembro de 1996): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1996.0006.
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In August 1930 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar arrived in London at the age of 19 years and 10 months with the aim of studying for a doctorate at Cambridge. He had already published several papers, including one which had been communicated to the Royal Society by R.H. (later Sir Ralph) Fowler, F.R.S. During his sea journey he had made considerable progress towards the solution of the problem of the maximum mass of a white dwarf star, which was a key topic in the award of the Nobel Prize for Physics to him in 1983. How could he have done so much at such a young age? Although Chandrasekhar (known to all of his friends and colleagues as Chandra) was born in Lahore, in what is now Pakistan, his paternal ancestors were brahmins and small landowners in the Madras Presidency in south India. His grandfather, Ramanathan Chandrasekhar, was educated in an English school and subsequently obtained college degrees while working as a teacher; he eventually became a college vice-principal. The two oldest of his eight children were Chandra’s father, C. Subrahmanyan Ayyar and C. Ventakaraman (later Sir C.V. Raman, F.R.S. and Nobel Laureate). They were brilliant students who entered government service as accountants and auditors. Raman’s interest in science later led him to give up his secure employment to take up full-time research. Chandra’s father was assistant auditor to the Northwest Railways when Chandra was born on 19 October 1910. He was the third child and first son of C.S. Ayyar and his wife Sitalaksmi and he was to have three younger brothers and four younger sisters. In 1912 Chandra’s family moved to Lucknow and then his father became deputy accountant general in Madras, which meant that Chandra grew up where his family had its roots.