Bibliografias temáticas / Macro-comparison

Índice

Artigos de revistas
Teses / dissertações
Livros
Capítulos de livros
Trabalhos de conferências
Relatórios de organizações

Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Macro-comparison"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 22 de fevereiro de 2025

Crie uma referência precisa em APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, e outros estilos

Selecione um tipo de fonte:

Consulte a lista de atuais artigos, livros, teses, anais de congressos e outras fontes científicas relevantes para o tema "Macro-comparison".

Ao lado de cada fonte na lista de referências, há um botão "Adicionar à bibliografia". Clique e geraremos automaticamente a citação bibliográfica do trabalho escolhido no estilo de citação de que você precisa: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

Você também pode baixar o texto completo da publicação científica em formato .pdf e ler o resumo do trabalho online se estiver presente nos metadados.

Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Macro-comparison"

Nix, Wilfred A., e Andreas Scherer. "Single fiber macro versus concentric trigger macro EMG: A comparison of methods". Muscle & Nerve 15, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 1992): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880150211.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Mjøset, Lars. "Stein Rokkan’s Methodology of Macro-Historical Comparison". Comparative Sociology 14, n.º 4 (13 de outubro de 2015): 508–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341356.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Stein Rokkan (1921–1979) left behind him an unfinished, ambitious macro-historical research project aiming to explain mobilization sequences, democratic resilience, and party systems in 16 Western European countries. This article explicates the comparative methodology behind this project with reference to a philosophy of social science framework. The main features of the methodology are a series of intermediate, substantive, methodological elements in between formal theory (paradigms) and empirical observations. Each element is presented in detail: lists of variables, regional grid, typological-topological maps, and comparative case reconstructions. Problems due to under-specification of variables and ambiguities in Rokkan’s ideas about parsimonious systematizations are discussed, and two possible ways of revising the methodology are sketched. Among these, the contextualist option seems the most promising one.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Kim, Kwang-Dae, Youn Kyoung Cho, Sang Wook Han, Eun Ji Park, Dae Han Kim, Myung-Geun Jeong, Young Dok Kim, Jongwoo Moon, Eunmi Hong e Dong Chan Lim. "Porous Silica Particles as Oil Absorbents: Comparison of Meso-, Macro-, and Meso/Macro-Structures". Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 36, n.º 7 (24 de junho de 2015): 1751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bkcs.10330.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Gerke, R., M. Jonsson, M. Kliem, M. Kolasa, P. Lafourcade, A. Locarno, K. Makarski e P. McAdam. "Assessing macro-financial linkages: A model comparison exercise". Economic Modelling 31 (março de 2013): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.10.019.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Zarikoff, Brad, e David Malone. "A Comparison of RF Exposure in Macro- and Femtocells". Health Physics 105, n.º 1 (julho de 2013): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0b013e31828a9045.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Schwartz, Ilana, Alex P. Jonke, Mira Josowicz e Jiří Janata. "Polyaniline-Supported Atomic Gold Electrodes: Comparison with Macro Electrodes". Catalysis Letters 142, n.º 11 (11 de setembro de 2012): 1344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10562-012-0895-0.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Kürzel, Karlotta, Saskia Brix, Angelika Brandt, Nils Brenke, Peter Enderlein, Huw J. Griffiths, Stefanie Kaiser et al. "Pan-Atlantic Comparison of Deep-Sea Macro- and Megabenthos". Diversity 15, n.º 7 (28 de junho de 2023): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15070814.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Deep-sea benthic fauna is vital for a well-functioning marine ecosystem but is increasingly under threat from a changing environment. To monitor and conserve this fauna, an understanding of their large-scale spatial and bathymetric distribution and their environmental drivers is necessary. In this study, we conduct a multivariate analysis on abundance benthic fauna data collected at the phylum and multitaxon levels using an epibenthic sledge (EBS) across the Atlantic, and identify the environmental factors that affect such data. Our findings show a decrease in abundance with depth in most of the Atlantic but find relatively heterogeneous abundances with depth within the Southern Ocean. Principal component analyses indicate differences in environmental conditions south of the Antarctic Polar Front (~52° S), outlining contrasts in the quantities of macronutrients and physical factors. Despite this, community composition seemed markedly similar throughout the Atlantic with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current seemingly not affecting benthic community composition for higher taxonomic levels. Those differences that did occur were largely caused by benthic chlorophyll, benthic iron, and surface silicate through a Bio-ENV. Overall, we argue that further large-scale spatial and bathymetric distribution studies are important amid environmental changes that are driving shifts in benthic community abundance and composition.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Veprikova, E. B., e V. V. Kubichek. "Specific features of social and economic development of the Far-Eastern macro-region". POWER AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA 96, n.º 3 (2021): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2021-96-3-31-44.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The authors proposed the approach for assessing the state and development potential of the macro-region. The specificity of the Far-Eastern macro-region is revealed in comparison with the other macro-regions of Russia. The assessment includes the natural and resource potential of the macro-region, the availability of infrastructure, the habitability of the territory as well as the indicators of economic and social development. Competitive advantages and limitations in the development of the Far East are presented. Proposals on the directions of implementation of the public policy of spatial development of the Far-Eastern macro-region, including the social and economic potential and the limiting factors, are formulated.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Akdeniz, Fikri, e Hans Joachim Werner. "A Comparison of Alternative Estimators of Linearly Aggregated Macro Models". Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research 8, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 2012): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.18187/pjsor.v8i3.527.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Gundermann, T., S. Günther, D. Borin e S. Odenbach. "A comparison between micro- and macro-structure of magnetoactive composites". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 412 (15 de fevereiro de 2013): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/412/1/012027.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Macro-comparison"

Rakhimova, Elena. "Comparison of macro and femto cells considering power consumption". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-177910.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Nowadays the traffic demand grows fast that requires careful chosen deployment strategy to increase capacity, but save investments. Another important subject is to save a power consumed mostly by base station itself and its backhaul network. So, what type of base stations must be chosen, what spectrum characteristics it has and what backhaul link is connected to it. All this aspects requires different approaches, as they have different capacity and cover characteristics. The motivation is to compare the solutions using different base station types and various backhaul solutions. The question if the spectral efficiency allows to increase the traffic throughput, it would decrease or increase power consumption and cost. The modern technologies propose several options, ones of them are macro cellar and femtocell network. The macro cell has a great ability to cover a big area, while the femtocell has a good capacity possibilities. Moreover, femtocell partially are paid and installed by end-users that decrease the installation and electricity cost for operators. However, operator can reuse existed sites which decrease investment cost of macrocellular network. So, the first milestone is to find the way how to fairly compare two different types of technologies. In this thesis the proposed scenario is composed in a very careful way to predict demand types, base stations possibilities and characteristics as well as the backhaul architecture. Then the more accurate model to deploy a femtocellular network has been described in detail. The more detailed cost strategy is introduced for backhaul solutions and described in detail. The power consumption calculations has been described in more clear way, to show the range of metrics, what value should it has: negative or positive. Some formulas is remade to reach more correct results. Another milestone is to bring all parameters to unique format that has been done to achieve right results. In the microwave backhaul solution, the topology case added and carefully described, because every topology case requires different formulas, in this thesis, the calculation steps for star and ring topologies presented. Steps how to calculate the base station radius depends on power characteristics of base station is provided. Since this thesis introduces improvements in several points, It is good guide to keep in track the received results and control the calculation process.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Moulianitakis, Feidias. "A techno-economic comparison between outdoor macro-cellular and indoor offloading solutions". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187034.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Mobile penetration rates have already exceeded 100% in many countries. Nowadays, mobile phones are part of our daily lives not only for voice or short text messages but for a plethora of multimedia services they provide via their internet connection. Thus, mobile broadband has become the main driver for the evolution of mobile networks and it is estimated that until 2018 the mobile broadband traffic will exceed the level of 15 exabytes. This estimation is a threat to the current mobile networks which have to significantly improve their capacity performance. Furthermore, another important aspect is the fact that 80% of the mobile broadband demand comes from indoor environments which add to the signal propagation the burden of building penetration loss. Keeping these facts in mind, there are many potential solutions that can solve the problem of the increasing indoor mobile broadband demand. In general, there are two approaches; improve the existing macro-cellular networks by for example enhancing them with carrier aggregation or enter the buildings and deploy small cell solutions such as femtocells or WiFi APs. Both the academia and the industry have already shown interest in these two approaches demonstrating the importance of the problem. Various research papers and reports have been produced describing the technologies and presenting their capability to satisfy the perpetual increase in mobile broadband demand. However, according to the best of our knowledge, no research has been done so far that compares the two different approaches with a techno-economic perspective. Hence, the contribution of this thesis project is a holistic techno-economic study of the two approaches (macrocells with carrier aggregation and small cells) to encounter the tremendous growth of indoor mobile broadband demand. In order to achieve this goal, an indoor deployment scenario is presented and the different indoor and outdoor solutions are applied and studied in terms of radio performance (capacity) as well as total cost of ownership. The final result of the project is a comparison of the two approaches as well as a proposed strategy to deal with the problem. The result will help network operators to plan the evolution of their networks, vendors to focus their production as well as regulatory bodies to set the rules and supervise operators’ deployments. The simulations have shown that all the examined technologies are capable of supporting the mobile broadband demand of the studied scenario but macrocells enhanced with carrier aggregation is the most cost effective solution. However, if the requirements for guaranteed data rate and thus the QoS provided increase then eventually MNOs will have to abandon outdoor solutions and extend their infrastructure inside the buildings where the mobile data traffic is mainly generated.
Graden av mobilpenetration har redan nått över 100% i många länder. Nuförtiden är mobiltelefoner en del av vårt dagliga liv inte bara för röstsamtal eller korta textmeddelanden men också för en lång rad multimediatjänster som de tillhandahåller via sin Internetuppkoppling. På grund av detta har mobilt bredband blivit den huvudsakliga drivkraften för utvecklingen av mobila nätverk och det uppskattas att fram till 2018 kommer den mobila bredbandstrafiken överstiga 15 exabyte. Denna uppskattning är ett hot mot de nuvarande mobila nätverken som måste öka sin kapacitet avsevärt. Utöver det är en annan viktig aspekt det faktum att 80% av efterfrågan på mobilt bredband kommer från inomhusmiljöer vilket ger spridningen av radiosignaler problem med minskad penetrationsförmåga orsakad av byggnaden. Med hänsyn till dessa faktorer finns det många potentiella lösningar som kan åtgärda problemet med den ökande efterfrågan på bredband i inomhusmiljöer. Generellt sett finns två tillvägagångssätt; förbättra de existerande makrocells-baserade nätverken exempelvis genom att förstärka dem med carrier aggregation alternativt att i byggnader installera lösningar baserade på små celler som femtoceller eller WiFi-accesspunkter. Både den akademiska världen och industrin har redan visat intresse för dessa två tillvägagångssätt vilket visar att detta är ett viktigt problem. Ett antal forskningsartiklar och rapporter har producerats vilka beskriver teknologierna och deras förmåga att tillfredställa den ständigt ökande efterfrågan på mobilt bredband. Med det sagt, enligt vår kunskap i dagsläget har dock ingen forskning hittills utförts som jämför dessa två tillvägagångssätt från ett teknoekonomiskt perspektiv. Följaktligen är det bidrag denna uppsats ger en holistisk teknoekonomisk studie av de två metoderna (makroceller med carrier aggregation och lösningar baserade på små celler) för att möta den mycket stora ökningen av efterfrågan på mobilt bredband inomhus. För att uppnå detta mål presenteras ett scenario med installation i inomhusmiljö och de olika lösningarna för inomhus- och utomhusmiljöer appliceras och studeras med hänsyn till radioprestanda (kapacitet) och även total ägandekostnad. Projektets slutgiltiga resultat är en jämförelse mellan de två metoderna och ett förslag på en strategi som kommer hjälpa nätverksoperatörer att planera utvecklingen av sina nätverk, leverantörer att fokusera sin tillverkning och tillsynsmyndigheter att upprätta regler samt övervaka att dessa efterföljs. Simuleringarna har visat att alla de granskade teknikerna klarar av att uppfylla efterfrågan på mobilt bredband i de studerade scenariona men att makroceller med carrier aggregation är den mest kostnadseffektiva lösningen. Men om kraven på garanterad datahastighet, och med det den QoS som tillhandahålls, ökar så kommer MNOs till slut att behöva överge utomhuslösningar och utöka deras infrastruktur inuti byggnader där den mobila datatrafiken i huvudsak genereras.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Lodhia, Prashant Twomey Janet. "A macro level environmental performance comparison dry machining process vs wet machining process /". Diss., A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2007. http://soar.wichita.edu/dspace/handle/10057/1146.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering.
"May 2007." Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 27, 2007). Thesis adviser: Janet Twomey. Includes bibliographic references (leaves 52-54).

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Njaka, Chinelo. "Constructing mixed race : racial formation in the United States of America and Great Britain". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/constructing-mixed-race-racial-formation-in-the-united-states-of-america-and-great-britain(de67baa1-d2a5-440d-adc7-3ddf3463be0a).html.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The aim of the thesis is to examine contemporary constructions of mixed race in the United States and Britain through the examination of two types of racial projects: the national census and voluntary and community organisations focused on mixed race. Using a combination of critical discourse analysis and qualitative interviews, the research analyses the ways in which mixed race is being described, conceptualised, and constructed through macro- and meso-level racial projects in each nation, in order to compare the racial formation processes that are occurring in the early twenty-first century's "mixed race moment". The thesis builds upon racial formation theory, which argues that the concept of "race" is never fully fixed, but rather is made through socio-historical processes that create, inhabit, transform, and destroy racialised notions over time and context (Omi and Winant 1986, 1994, 2015). The theory examines the struggles over racialised meanings that occur between macro-level and micro-level racial projects. This thesis aims to fill the gap left by this focus through examining racial projects that occupy the socio-political "middle ground" between macro- and micro-level projects: the "meso-level."The research examines the ways in which the state constructs mixed race in the United States and Britain. Each nation's census allowed for mixed race self identification in 2000 and 2001, respectively. The thesis examines the social, historical, and political processes that led to mixed race options at that particular time. It argues that the ways in which the census organisations report upon mixed race functions as a discursive practice that provides an official construction of mixed race through simultaneously reflecting and shaping racialised descriptions and narratives within each nation. The thesis examines the usefulness of "meso-level" projects by exploring the role of mixed race organisations in racial formation processes through the examination of six meso-level mechanisms of racialisation: social identity, social capital, collective action, idioculture, extended networks, and civil society (Fine 2012). Incorporating Michel Foucault's notion of "governmentality" (Gordon 1991), the thesis highlights the ways that mixed race organisations have interacted directly and indirectly with macro-level bodies during and after the addition of the mixed race census options as well as other routes of interaction specific to each national context. The thesis argues that the racialisation that occurs at the macro-level holds a "default" role with which mixed race organisations then engage. This highlights the relative roles of power the institutions have in each national context and the ways they are managed through relations fostered through governmentality. The thesis also examines the discourses used by mixed race organisations in the US and Britain as meso-level racial projects and poses the argument that the varied usage of multiple racialised paradigms leads to an increased relative fluidity in the constructions of mixed race than their respective macro-level projects. The systematic cross-national comparison of the ways mixed race is constructed in the US and Britain highlights the ways in which both macro-level and meso-level organisations articulate and promote racialised ideology through their relative levels of power in society. By analysing and comparing these racial projects and their interactions, the paradigms and discourses used reveal the particularities and overlaps by these organisations as they contest, negotiate, and accept formations of mixed race.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Aurino, Marta. "Les modèles de justice constitutionnelle : entre inadéquation et innovation : pour une analyse multidimensionnelle de la justice constitutionnelle comparée". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0433.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Cette thèse propose une réévaluation des modèles traditionnels de justice constitutionnelle par le biais d'une approche comparative et empirique. La distinction classique entre les modèles américain et européen, confrontée à la diversité croissante des systèmes de justice constitutionnelle dans le monde, révèle d'importantes limites conceptuelles. Pour dépasser ces frontières, deux orientations analytiques émergent : l'une visant à élaborer de nouveaux modèles théoriques basés sur des critères renouvelés, et l'autre visant à développer des outils d'analyse novateurs, mieux adaptés à la complexité actuelle. C'est cette seconde approche, moins explorée, qui constitue le coeur de ce travail. À partir d'une analyse empirique des systèmes de justice constitutionnelle à l'échelle mondiale, en utilisant la méthode des analyses de correspondances, un outil d'analyse multidimensionnelle a été conçu. Cet outil permet de représenter la diversité des systèmes juridiques dans une perspective fluide et évolutive, en prenant en compte les variations contextuelles ainsi que les interactions multiples influençant le contentieux constitutionnel. Plutôt que de classer les systèmes selon des critères rigides, il les positionne dans une dynamique ouverte, reflétant la complexité de leurs interactions. L'objectif central est de mieux comprendre le rôle du juge constitutionnel, en analysant son intervention au regard des normes de référence du contrôle de constitutionnalité, des modalités d'accès à la justice et des compétences des Cours constitutionnelles. En adoptant une méthodologie empirique et multidimensionnelle, ce travail transcende les cadres traditionnels pour embrasser la complexité et la multiplicité des réalités juridiques contemporaines tout en créant un outil didactique
This thesis proposes a reassessment of traditional models of constitutional justice through a comparative and empirical approach. The classical distinction between the American and European models, when confronted with the growing diversity of constitutional justice systems worldwide, reveals significant conceptual limitations. To address these challenges, two analytical pathways emerge: one aimed at developing new theoretical models based on revised criteria, and the other focused on creating innovative analytical tools better suited to contemporary complexities. It is this latter, less explored approach that forms the core of this work. Drawing on an empirical analysis of constitutional justice systems globally, and employing correspondence analysis methods, a multidimensional analytical tool has been developed. This tool allows for the representation of the diversity of legal systems in a fluid and evolving framework, accounting for contextual variations and the multiple interactions influencing constitutional litigation. Rather than classifying systems according to fixed criteria, it positions them within an open dynamic, reflecting the complexity of their interactions. The central objective is to better understand the role of the constitutional judge by examining their participation in the decision-making process, with a focus on constitutional review standards, access to justice, and the competencies of Constitutional Courts. By adopting an empirical and multidimensional methodology, this work seeks to transcend traditional frameworks in order to embrace the complexity and multiplicity of contemporary legal realities while creating a didactic tool

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Mandadi, Ravi. "Comparison of Current On-line Payment Technologies". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7383.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The purpose of this thesis work was to make a survey of current on-line payment technologies and find out which are they and how do they work? Compare and analyze them from a security point of view, as well as a usability point of view. What is good? What is bad? What is lacking?

To achieve this purpose, an overview of the current on-line payment technologies was acquired through academic books and papers, Internet sites, magazines. Basic cryptographic and security related techniques were studied for the security analysis of current on-line payment systems.

In this work, various current on-line payment systems were classified into two groups [Macro and Micro on-line payment systems]. This classification was based on the mode of on-line payment transactions. To analyze these on-line payment systems, a set of payment system requirements were formed [Security Issues, Usability Issues, Anonymity, Scalability etc].

Under the category of Macro payment system, Credit Card payment system, Debit Card payment system, Stored Value Card payment system, Electronic Check payment system, Electronic Cash payment system, Electronic account transfer payment system and mobile payment system transactions were examined.

Under the category of Micro payment system, Hash Chain based Payment System, Hash Collisions and Hash sequences based Payment Systems, Shared Secrete Keys based Payment Systems and Probability based payment systems were examined.

Based on the requirements of payment system, these on-line payment systems were analyzed and compared. In the analysis phase, the advantages and drawbacks of these payment systems were figured out.

It was found from the study that the credit card based payment systems are the most widely used means of conducting on-line payments. It is evident that credit card based payment systems satisfy stakeholder requirements the best, as they offer more flexible payment options, having a large user-base, benefit from familiarity and simplicity of use and also allow international payments. The other on-line payment systems lack this flexibility

It can also be extracted from the study that users want more simplified, convenient and secure on-line payment systems. Thus the futuristic on-line payment systems will have all secure payment options into one system.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Lodhia, Prashant. "A macro level environmental performance comparison: dry machining process vs wet machining process". Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/1146.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The metal cutting process, known as conventional machining process, utilizes cutting fluids to provide lubrication, cooling and easy chip removal. The long-term effects of cutting fluids disposal into the environment are becoming increasingly evident. Research has also proven the health hazards on manufacturing workers who come in direct contact with cutting fluids. The formulation of stringent rules and restrictions on use and disposal of cutting fluids has increased the cost associated with cutting fluids use to between 7% and 17% of total manufacturing cost. The dry machining process considered in this thesis, using diamond-coated tools for the machining of aluminum eliminates cutting fluids from the cutting process. The improvement in tool life in dry machining and complete elimination of cutting fluids from the process are known benefits of the diamond-coated tools. Even though these advantages have been documented, no one to date has considered the environmental impacts of the entire life cycle of either wet or dry machining. In this research, a macro level life cycle analysis (LCA), a systems analysis tool for evaluating environmental impacts over the life span of a product or process, is used to compare environmental performance of the conventional or wet machining process using uncoated carbide tools and the dry machining process using diamond-coated carbide tools at a macro level. A cost analysis of these machining processes is also included here to provide more informed guidelines for the local Wichita aircraft manufacturers and for the manufacturing industry in general. The results indicate that the dry machining surpasses the wet machining process in terms of environmental impacts at a macro level
Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Singh, Ankita. "Study and Comparison of Macro cell Path Loss Prediction Models for Efficient Radio Network Planning". Thesis, 2018. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/9896/1/2018_MT_216EE1275_ASingh_Study.pdf.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Radio network planning needs proper channel characterization and hence approximation of path loss propagation is its key aspect. Path loss is a phenomenon that happens due to the attenuation suffered by the signal as the propagation over the transmitting medium. Wireless systems deployment is expensive; therefore, path loss models propagate dare necessary for the predicting signal strength received(RSS) at the transmitter from a given distance; estimation of radio coverage areas of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS); frequency tests; interference analysis, without conducting huge propagation measurements which are time taking and costly. Thus, predicting the path loss is critical to properly address the lack of signal strength at various places within the coverage region. Empirical path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, COST-231-Hata are less sensitive to change in physical geometry like environmental structures; local terrain profiles; and weather conditions of the site. Artificial Intelligence came to the fore in understanding the past data to make future predictions and is suggested as an alternative approach in this field. In this work, propagation quantities like transmitting to receiving antennas distance, transmitted power and elevation of terrain, clutter height, latitude and longitude are used as inputs to develop path loss model based on AI techniques such as Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Radial Basis Function (RBF)and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANIFS)to predict the path loss in macro cell environment. The performance of these AI based models is compared with widely followed HATA model. The experimental results are provided on the recently released dataset containing the RSS values of GSM network working at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. Mean Square Error (MSE) and R-square fit is achieved between the reading values and the outputs of model as a performance measure. ANFIS model’s performed better compared to other AI models in the prediction of path loss as it is the hybrid model which utilize the advantages of neuro-fuzzy.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Sheu, Ellit G., e 許光宏. "An Application of Insurance in Additive Model：United States''s, Japan''s,Taiwan''s,England''s and germnany''s Life Insurance Model between Premiums and Macro-variables comparison". Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30575053005772070665.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

碩士
國立政治大學
保險學研究所
82
An Application of Insurance in Additive Model：United States''s, Japan''s,Taiwan''s,England''s and germnany''s Life Insurance Model between Premiums and Macro-variables comparison.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Xu, Guang-Hong, e 許光宏. "An Application of Insurance in Additive Model：United States''s, Japan''s,Taiwan''s,England''s and germnany''s Life Insurance Model between Premiums and Macro-variables comparison". Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17758067386172180060.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Livros sobre o assunto "Macro-comparison"

Rostowski, Jacek. Exit in the framework of macro-economic shocks and policy responses during transition: A cross-country comparison. Warsaw: Center for Social and Economic Research, 1995.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Silva, Luiz A. Pereira da. e World Bank, eds. Can the distributional impacts of macroeconomic shocks be predicted?: A comparison of the performance of macro-micro models with historical data for Brazil. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2004.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Pereira da Silva, Luiz A., Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Phillippe G. Leite e Paulo Picchetti. Can the Distributional Impacts of Macroeconomic Shocks Be Predicted? A Comparison of the Performance of Macro-Micro Models with Historical Data for Brazil. The World Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3303.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

El Zarka, Dina. Arabic Intonation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.77.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

This overview of intonation in Arabic compares the intonational systems of selected Arabic dialects from Morocco in the West to Kuwait in the East. The formal comparison will mainly be carried out within the framework of autosegmental-metrical (AM) theory, taking the phonetic micro-prosody of the identified pitch accents as a tertium comparationis. Furthermore, the intonation systems will be compared with respect to prosodic phrasing. The second part of the overview is devoted to the functions of intonation in Arabic. In this section, the comparison will be based on a wider range of descriptions, including work carried out within other theoretical frameworks. The section will identify the role of metrical and tonal structures and the way they interact with syntax, information structure, and sentence mode in different varieties of Arabic. The concluding section will provide a preliminary typological picture of Arabic prosody with respect to the macro-rhythmic properties of Arabic.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Sil, Rudra. Triangulating Area Studies, Not Just Methods. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846374.003.0013.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

This chapter revisits trade-offs that qualitative researchers face when balancing the different expectations of area studies and disciplinary audiences. One putative solution to such trade-offs, mixed-method research, emphasizes the triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods. CAS, as defined above, essentially encourages a different form of triangulation—the pooling of observations and interpretations across a wider array of cases spanning multiple areas. This kind of triangulation can be facilitated by cross-regional contextualized comparison, a middle-range approach that stands between area-bound qualitative research and (Millean) macro-comparative analysis that brackets out context in search of causal laws. Importantly, this approach relies upon an area specialist’s sensibilities and experience to generate awareness of local complexities and context conditions for less familiar cases. The examples of cross-regional contextualized comparison considered in this chapter collectively demonstrate that engagement with area studies scholarship and the pursuit of disciplinary knowledge can be a positive-sum game.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Balzaretti, Ross. Chestnuts in Charters. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0027.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

This chapter responds to a point which Chris Wickham raised in his recent review of my book on Dark Age Liguria: did chestnut cultivation show any economic specialization in this region in the early medieval period? Chestnuts figured a great deal in that book, which drew briefly on the surviving charter documentation for the region. In this chapter a more detailed analysis of charters from the tenth and eleventh centuries develops an answer to the question of specialized production with a comparative study in which the Genoese evidence is set alongside similar charter evidence from Milan and its region, where chestnuts were also cultivated for food. The Genoa–Milan comparison puts into practice Wickham’s advocacy of comparative method at the micro as well as at the macro scale, for regions where comparison has not historically been the norm. The comparison suggests that chestnuts were more important to the Genoese than the Milanese economy, in part for local climatic reasons but also, perhaps, because of fundamental political and social differences between these two cities. It will be shown that some charters show that the production of chestnuts was to some degree specialized, how it was specialized and what the consequences of that specialization were for each economic system.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Macro-comparison"

Cuhls, Kerstin, e Terutaka Kuwahara. "Basic Macro Comparison". In Outlook for Japanese and German Future Technology, 41–97. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-99773-0_2.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Saraswady, D., V. Sai Prithiv e S. Shanmugavel. "Comparison of Integrated Micro and Macro Mobility Protocols". In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 214–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30176-9_28.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Verkhlyutov, Vitaly M., Evgenii O. Burlakov, Vadim L. Ushakov e Boris M. Velichkovsky. "Comparison of Simulated Macro- and Mesoscopic Cortical Traveling Waves with MEG Data". In Advances in Cognitive Research, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroinformatics, 700–708. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71637-0_81.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Nelhans, Gustaf. "Performance-Based Evaluation Metrics: Influence at the Macro, Meso, and Micro Level". In Peer review in an Era of Evaluation, 173–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75263-7_8.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

AbstractThis chapter aims to critically engage with the performative nature of bibliometric indicators and explores how they influence scholarly practice at the macro, meso, and individual levels. It begins with a comparison between two national performance-based funding systems in Sweden and Norway at the macro level, within universities at the meso level, down to the micro level where individual researchers must relate these incentives to knowledge building within their specialty. I argue that the common-sense “representational model of bibliometric indicators” is questionable in practice, since it cannot capture the qualities of research in any unambiguous way. Furthermore, a performative notion on scientometric indicators needs to be developed that takes into account the variability and uncertainty of the aspects of research that is to be evaluated.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Heike, Hans-Dieter, Kai Beckmann, Achim Kaufmann, Harald Ritz e Thomas Sauerbier. "A Comparison of a 4GL and an Object-oriented Approach in Micro Macro Simulation". In Social Science Microsimulation, 3–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03261-9_1.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Campbell, David F. J. "The Empirical Macro-Model: How to Measure Democracy and the Quality of Democracy in Global Comparison". In Global Quality of Democracy as Innovation Enabler, 75–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72529-1_2.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Karimi, Sahar. "Comparison Sites: Simplified or Directed Effort? Macro-Study on Retailers’ and Intermediaries’ Online Channel: An Abstract". In Creating Marketing Magic and Innovative Future Marketing Trends, 1079. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45596-9_198.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Nagano, Akiko, Alexandra Bagasheva e Vincent Renner. "Chapter 1. Towards a competition-based word-formation theory". In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 1–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.284.01nag.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

This chapter provides an overview of the study of competition in word-formation theories, drawing on the findings of the ten chapters collected in this volume and other recent contributions. It explores recurrent issues regarding (i) the triggers and outcomes of competition, (ii) the variety of competing forms, and (iii) the synonymy condition for competition. With respect to the first set of research questions, a binary typology of form-based and meaning-based resolutions is identified, with each pole providing multiple ways to resolve competition. Next, for the form-related research questions, the distinction between macro‑ and micro-level competition is significant. Finally, the synonymy condition is reassessed through a careful comparison between morphologically simplex and complex lexemes, leading to a definition of competing rivals in word-formation as a set of formally suppletive morphological processes that produce propositional, near, or sense synonyms.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Morais, Eduardo Charters, László Gergely Vigh e János Krähling. "Fragility Estimation and Comparison Using IDA and Simplified Macro-Modeling of In-Plane Shear in Old Masonry Walls". In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 277–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42402-6_23.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Tummers, Anna, Arie Wallert, Robert G. Erdmann, Katja Kleinert, Babette Hartwieg, Dorothy Mahon, Silvia Centeno, Roger Groves, Andrei Anisimov e Joris Dik. "Case Study 2: The New York Malle Babbe (‘Mad Barbara’): Original, Studio Work or Forgery?" In Cultural Heritage Science, 99–126. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59489-2_4.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

AbstractQuite a few of the most innovative and best-known paintings by Frans Hals exist in several variants. Attributing some of these versions or imitations is a notoriously difficult challenge. A case in point is the Malle Babbe painting at the Metropolitan Museum in New York, which has a rich attribution history: it has been called an original Frans Hals, a work by one of his sons, an early imitation with a forged signature and even a modern forgery (Fig. 4.1). This case study sheds new light on its attribution by comparing its style, technique and materials in depth to the well-known original by Frans Hals in Berlin, to the Malle Babbe forgery created by Han van Meegeren at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, and by relating it to relevant primary sources and seventeenth-century art theory. New technical research was done on all three paintings specifically for this study, including infrared reflectography (IRR), macro X-ray fluorescence scanning (MA-XRF), hyperspectral imaging or reflectance imaging spectroscopy (HI/RIS) and lead isotope analysis. Advanced digital tools were developed to aid the comparison (sn.pub/3xs1ac; https://images.erdmann.io/Draper/?manifest=/NICAS/Frans_Hals/image_manifest_MB.json).

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Macro-comparison"

Chaiwongkhan, Udornphan, Samakom Matathong, Tomoaki Sato e Phichet Moungnoul. "Comparison of Frequency Reuse Schemes for LTE Micro-Macro Cells". In 2018 15th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecticon.2018.8620028.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Ling, Wang, e Zheng Yi. "Comparison of Macro Prediction for Traffic Accident between Beijing and Tianjin". In 2012 Fourth International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences (ICCIS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccis.2012.105.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Jordi, C., A. Schmidt, G. Kovacs e Paolo Ermanni. "Comparison of dielectric materials for the activation of a macro-scale hinge configuration". In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, editado por Yoseph Bar-Cohen e Federico Carpi. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.880431.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Sewraj, Keshav, e Matthys M. Botha. "Comparison of macro basis function sets for antenna array analysis with the MoM". In 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apusncursinrsm.2018.8608458.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Janardhana, Ranjith, Zeynel Guler, Fazli Akram e Nathan Jackson. "Comparison of Mechanical Behavior of Macro and Micro-Sized Ecoflex 0030 and 0031". In ASME 2024 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2024-144921.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Abstract Dynamic system applications such as soft robotics, energy harvesters, smart skin, and wearable sensors, require highly stretchable elastomer materials. Ecoflex is a silicone elastomer that is increasing in demand but, the mechanical properties at the micro-scale for Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems (MEMS) are not fully understood. Ecoflex also has different formulations which have varying properties, and the material can be mixed with composites or varying ecoflex formulations to alter the mechanical properties. In this work, we illustrate the comparison of mechanical properties of micro and macro-sized samples of ecoflex 0030 and 0031 under uniaxial tensile test. Additionally, the mechanical response of the micro-sized specimens is studied by varying mixing ratios of two different formulations of ecoflex (0030 and 0031). Material properties of produced samples are investigated by subjecting samples to batch-to-batch repeatability test, cyclic loading, Mullins effect, and stress recovery test. Results demonstrate that the micro-sized samples exhibit higher stiffness in comparison to macro-sized samples. Blending ecoflex 0030 with higher a concentration of 0031 enhanced the ultimate strength and stretchability of the micro-sized sample in case of 1: 3 and 2: 3 (based on the 0030: 0031 ecoflex).

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Pomper, Kurt. "FREE-STANDING SUPERMARKET CONSTRUCTION IN AUSTRIA ECONOMIC MACRO-COMPARISON OF THE STUDIED CONSTRUCTION TYPE". In 13th SGEM GeoConference on INFORMATICS, GEOINFORMATICS AND REMOTE SENSING. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/bb2.v2/s09.026.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Sheikh, Muhammad Usman, e Jukka Lempiainen. "Performance comparison of Dual-Cell HSDPA and Long Term Evolution in macro cellular network". In 2012 35th IEEE Sarnoff Symposium. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sarnof.2012.6222747.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Sathya, Vanlin, Aasawaree Deshmukh, Manan Shah e Mehmet Yavuz. "Battery Life: Performance Analysis and Comparison between Wi-Fi, CBRS, and Macro Deployment System". In 2024 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnc59896.2024.10556253.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Dufková, Kateřina, Jean-Yves Le Boudec, Miroslav Popović, Milan Bjelica, Ramin Khalili e Lukáš Kencl. "Energy consumption comparison between macro-micro and public femto deployment in a plausible LTE network". In the 2nd International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2318716.2318730.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Cézard, P., V. Favier e R. Bigot. "Finite element simulations of thixoforging by using a micro-macro constitutive equation and comparison with experiments". In 10TH ESAFORM CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL FORMING. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2729669.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Macro-comparison"

Barrett, Garry, Peter Levell e Kevin Milligan. A Comparison of Micro and Macro Expenditure Measures Across Countries Using Differing Survey Methods. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, outubro de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19544.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Milligan, Kevin, Peter Levell e Garry Barrett. A comparison of micro and macro expenditure measures across countries using differing survey methods. The IFS, outubro de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2024.0515.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Álvarez, Isabel, Nadia Albis, Diego Moraes e Henry Mora. Collaboration in Innovation between Foreign-Owned Firms and Local Organizations in Latin America: A Comparative Analysis. Inter-American Development Bank, julho de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005034.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

This paper explores patterns of collaboration in innovation between foreign firms and local partners in nine Latin American countries. Using microdata from the harmonized Latin American Innovation Surveys dataset (LAIS) and the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) for comparison, the approach considers factors at micro, meso, and macro-levels to identify and illustrate knowledge flows between local and foreign firms in host countries. The empirical evidence presented shows that technological strategies of foreign subsidiaries, sectoral innovation patterns, and national innovation conditions are key elements in shaping local innovation collaboration with foreign-owned firms. Nonetheless, micro and country-side effects still overshadow sector differences. This study indicates that when foreign investment is focused on creating and increasing the technological capabilities of an MNE, collaboration can strengthen the likelihood of positive knowledge spillovers in local economies. In the Latin American context, differences emerge depending on the types of partners engaged in collaboration, whether R&D, or other firms. National systems of innovation also come into play in defining collaboration patterns of foreign-owned firms, especially in systems with greater technological capabilities. This comparative perspective therefore provides new insights regarding attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI) and innovation policies in the region.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Orozco, Manuel. Worker Remittances: An International Comparison. Inter-American Development Bank, fevereiro de 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006617.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Analysis of a poll of nine of the major remittance recipient countries in order to understand the market of remittances, the major trends in money transfers and the macro-economic effects on their economies. It will review industry and market behavior in money transfers, pricing, as well as other comparative indicators in the following countries: Egypt (England/Saudi A.), Portugal (Europe), Greece (U.S./W.E.), Philippines (U.S.), Zimbabwe/Mozambique (South Africa.), Turkey (Germany), Pakistan, and India (US).

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Bover, Olympia, Laura Crespo, Sandra García-Uribe, Marina Gómez-García, Paloma Urcelay e Pilar Velilla. Micro and macro data on household wealth, income and expenditure: comparing the Spanish Survey of Household Finances (EFF) to other statistical sources. Madrid: Banco de España, março de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/36212.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

This paper assesses how magnitudes constructed from Spanish Survey of Household Finances (EFF) micro data compare with magnitudes from alternative sources, including the Financial Accounts of the Spanish Economy (FASE) and other income and consumption surveys. To do so, first we analyse the main differences among the sources and the main concepts that can be compared. For those magnitudes that are conceptually comparable, we quantify the extent to which the EFF magnitudes capture those from the other sources used. We document a high degree of conceptual and quantitative comparability. Our results show that aggregate non-financial assets and debts from the EFF are similar to the aggregated magnitudes from other sources. The composition of the financial asset portfolio held by households in aggregate terms is also similar across the sources, while the comparison for each individual financial asset category varies. In particular, listed and unlisted shares in the survey are the closest to their FASE counterparts. For income, the aggregate calculated on the basis of the EFF data is close to the aggregates calculated from several different sources. The results also show that the similarity between the EFF and other sources has improved across waves for some particular variables, for example, debt magnitudes.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

PR-312-10202-E01 Characterization of Natural Gas Pneumatic Device Types Vent Rates. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), fevereiro de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010554.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

For the onshore natural gas transmission compression and storage segments, natural gas pneumatic device venting is included as one of reportable sources required under Subpart W "Petroleum and Natural Gas Systems" of the GHG Mandatory Reporting Rule (MRR). In the natural gas transmission and storage industry, pneumatic devices are used to control process conditions such as temperature, pressure, flow and liquid level. A count and categorization into continuous high-, intermittent-, and continuous low-bleed pneumatic devices is required to calculate GHG emissions from pneumatic controllers. EPA has not specified a method to classify each pneumatic device, and Subpart W instructs reporters to "determine the type of pneumatic device using engineering estimates based on best available information." Thus, companies must determine which category is appropriate for each pneumatic device, and the device count must be updated annually. This report includes an introduction and background on the GHG Mandatory Reporting Rule (MRR) and pneumatic device source in Section 1. Section 2 provides a discussion of the project objectives and a discussion of the efforts to compile pneumatic device information. Section 3 provides a comparison of the default MRR GRI-EPA Tier 2 pneumatic device emission factors to other published rates. Section 4 explores pneumatic device types used in natural gas transmission and storage. Section 5 provides a summary of the Subpart W pneumatic device emission calculation methodology. Section 6 provides a summary of vendor survey results including the Excel calculation and device lookup tools. Sections 7 and 8 provide initial conclusions from the vendor survey and nomenclature and categorization issues, respectively. Section 8 also includes a discussion of factors that complicate classification and options to consider when resolving this for Subpart W reporting - and new complication associated with parallel definitions for Subpart OOOO control rule. The document includes a macro enabled spreadsheet that can be used to estimate emission rates from pneumatic controllers.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Oferecemos descontos em todos os planos premium para autores cujas obras estão incluídas em seleções literárias temáticas. Contate-nos para obter um código promocional único!