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Morales, Lani, Lauren Yowell, Jonnatan Fajardo, Jacqueline Ibarra, Erika Romero, Yazley Hernandez e Amanda McClain. "“You Sort of Fit Together Like a Puzzle”: Across-Agency Partnership Attributes for Combating Food Insecurity in San Diego County". Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (junho de 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab035_071.
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Abstract Objectives Food insecurity (FI), a social determinant of health, disproportionally affects U.S. racial/ethnic minority households. Reducing FI can lower health inequities, especially in San Diego County, CA where 42% of Hispanic/Latinx households experience FI. Capacity-oriented approaches may reduce FI and improve diet and health in low-resource settings, but local data are needed to develop these approaches. The overarching goal of this study was to identify multi-level sources of existing capital (assets) in San Diego County to inform an integrated approach to reducing FI. Methods Framed by the Socioecological Model, we conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with key informants at stakeholder agencies (n = 10) providing food and nutrition services to low-income households across San Diego County. Data collection is ongoing. Interview audio recordings were transcribed, checked, and discussed among the team (primary investigator and student researchers). The student researchers iteratively coded transcripts. The team discussed coding in biweekly meetings. As part of the analytical process, the team referenced the literature to identify theories or frameworks that helped explain what they were observing. Analyses were conducted in NVivo 12. Results Preliminary findings demonstrated that across-agency partnerships may be influential sources of existing capital for addressing FI. The Parent and Harvey model was identified as a framework to better understand agency partnerships, as it outlined partnership attributes in the context of partnership outputs. In San Diego County, across-agency partnership attributes that appeared to make partnerships successful included communication (e.g., regular communication, information sharing), coordination (e.g., referrals), trust, and mutuality (e.g., common vision/mission). For example, partnerships enabled a centralized referral process for clients needing access to a variety of services across multiple agencies. Conclusions In San Diego County, across-agency partnerships may be uniquely influential to addressing FI. Future research should consider how to continue to leverage these partnership capacities to reduce FI. Funding Sources NIH-NHLBI; SDSU ENS Thom Mackenzie Student Research Grant; SDSU Student Undergraduate Research Program.
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Zawilińska, Bernadetta. "Apartament z widokiem na apartament z widokiem. Współczesny rozwój bazy noclegowej w powiecie tatrzańskim z perspektywy lokalnej społeczności". Prace Geograficzne, n.º 171 (novembro de 2023): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20833113pg.23.012.18112.
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An apartment with a view of an apartment with a view: Contemporary development of accommodation facilities in Tatra County from the perspective of the local community The rapid growth in the number of individual tourist trips to the towns and villages of Podhale, observed nowadays in combination with changes in visitor preferences, in particular the growing share of short stays, higher expectations in terms of standards offered by accommodation facilities and a greater interest in renting separate apartments, coincides with the growing demand for properties to be purchased in tourist resorts in Poland for investment purposes. These processes trigger the expansion of accommodation opportunities, particularly by increasing the number of facilities that offer apartments: houses for rent, self-catering apartment buildings, and aparthotels. Recognising the new trends in the development of accommodation facilities in Tatra County that lead to spatial, social, and economic changes, a study was carried out, aiming to: 1) verify the availability of accommodation facilities, in particular including the scale of the phenomenon of apartment rental of apartments (the data were obtained from available statistical and spatial databases, a field inventory and the Booking.com website), and 2) examine the problems caused by the contemporary development of the accommodation infrastructure in local communities (the data were obtained during interviews with representatives of local communities, n = 74). The study demonstrated well-developed accommodation facilities in Tatra County, characterised by uneven spatial distribution, a large share of informally operating facilities and a rich offer of apartments for rent. The development of accommodation facilities, triggered by mechanisms of the free market, helps to satisfy the fluctuating tourist demand, and consequently to maintain the economic function of tourism in the region. However, on the other hand, it causes numerous spatial and social conflicts. In particular, it leads to excessive intensification of development, dwindling of landscape values, and destruction of cultural heritage (including the vanishing of traditional architecture). Furthermore, it may result in reduced availability of accommodation facilities operated by local residents, as well as in tourism gentrification of Zakopane and loss of the traditional highland character of villages of the Podhale region.
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Bishop, Gale A. "A new crab, Zygastrocarcinus cardsmithi (Crustacea, Decapoda), from the lower Pierre Shale, southeastern Montana". Journal of Paleontology 60, n.º 5 (setembro de 1986): 1097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000022629.
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The third species belonging to Zygastrocarcinus from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior is represented by a single carapace collected from below the Groat Sandstone Bed, Gammon Ferruginous Member, Pierre Shale of Carter County, Montana. Comparison of Zygastrocarcinus cardsmithi n. sp. with the other North American congeners, Z. mendryki (Bishop, 1982) and Z. griesi Bishop, 1983, and with the Pacific Slope species Z. richardsoni (Woodward, 1896) suggests early separation of the Pacific Slope and Western Interior lineage having Z. cardsmithi as a possible ancestor to Z. mendryki and Z. griesi.
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Ateem, Salah, e Rachael Cullivan. "The use of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in the Acute Psychiatric Unit at Cavan General Hospital". BJPsych Open 7, S1 (junho de 2021): S309—S310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.818.
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AimsBenzodiazepines and Z-drugs are used frequently in acute psychiatric wards, however long-term administration can result in undesirable consequences. Guidelines recommend prescription of the lowest effective dose for the shortest period and if possible to prescribe “as required” rather than regularly. The 25-beded inpatient unit at Cavan General Hospital admits adult patients requiring acute care from the counties of Cavan and Monaghan. Admissions are accepted from four community mental health teams, two psychiatry of old age teams and the rehabilitation and mental health of intellectual disability teams. In order to evaluate the potential to improve our practice of prescribing benzodiazepine and Z-drugs, it was decided to evaluate current use.MethodThe NICE guidelines were consulted, and we retrospectively reviewed the use of these agents from mid-January to the end of May 2020. Demographic variables included age, gender, and county. Patients were stratified into three groups, the benzodiazepine group, the Z-drugs group, and the combined benzodiazepine and Z-drugs group. In each group therapeutic variables were recorded including the medication type, dose, frequency, prescriber, and duration of treatment. Other variables included psychiatric diagnoses, length of inpatient admission, status on admission, and recommendations on dischargeResultThere were 101admissions during that period, and 74 of them were prescribed these agents (n = 74; 73.3%). Fifty one (n = 51; 68.9%) received benzodiazepines only, twenty-three (n = 23; 31.1%) were prescribed Z-drugs, and twelve (n = 12; 16.2%) received both benzodiazepines and Z-drugs. Forty two patients (n = 42; 56.8%) were commenced on hypnotics in the APU, 23 patients (n = 23; 31.1%) already received hypnotics from the CMHTs, and the rest were prescribed by both. Thirty two patients (n = 32; 43.2%) were discharged on hypnotics. Patients admitted involuntarily and female patients had longer admissions (mean of 16.62 ± 3.26 days and 16.16 ± 2.89 days respectively). Schizophrenia and BPAD were the commonest diagnoses.ConclusionIt appears that large amounts of these agents are used in the Acute Hospital Setting which is not overly surprising given the severity of illness and clinical indications however improved awareness could still lead to more appropriate and hopefully reduced use. We therefore recommend:A formal audit including appropriate interventions i.e., educate staff and patients, highlight guidelines, and review subsequent practice.Train staff in safer prescribing practices including prn rather than regular use if appropriate.Regularly review discharge prescriptions indicating recommended duration of use.
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Estep, L. K., M. Zala, N. P. Anderson, K. E. Sackett, M. Flowers, B. A. McDonald e C. C. Mundt. "First Report of Resistance to QoI Fungicides in North American Populations of Zymoseptoria tritici, Causal Agent of Septoria Tritici Blotch of Wheat". Plant Disease 97, n.º 11 (novembro de 2013): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0486-pdn.
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The G143A mutation in cytb (cytochrome b gene) is associated with high levels of resistance to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI or strobilurin) fungicides that disrupt electron transport during cellular respiration (1). The G143A mutation in Zymoseptoria tritici (synonyms: Mycosphaerella graminicola and Septoria tritici), the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch of wheat (Triticum aestivum), was first reported in Europe in 2001 (1). Although Z. tritici has a global distribution (3), G143A mutants of Z. tritici have not been reported outside of Europe. We used PCR-RFLP (4) to estimate the frequencies of G143A mutants in Z. tritici populations at two locations in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon: the Hyslop Crop Science Field Research Laboratory (Hyslop Farm, HF), Benton County (44°37′52.85″ N, 123°11′55.19″ W) and research plots planted in a commercial wheat field in Washington County (45°33′58.53″ N, 123°00′11.78″ W) (North Valley Farm, NVF). Isolates originated from flag leaf collections from two cultivars (‘Bobtail’ and ‘Tubbs 06’) made in April and June of 2012 from plants in a replicated fungicide-treatment experiment, with isolates collected from both sprayed and unsprayed plots. Sixteen of the 169 isolates (9.5%) from HF possessed the G143A mutation (7 of 132 isolates from plots not receiving a QoI fungicide and 9 of 37 isolates collected from plots receiving two applications of the QoI azoxystrobin). One hundred forty six of the 175 isolates (83.4%) from NVF were G143A mutants (101 of 129 isolates from plots receiving no QoI fungicide and 45 of 46 isolates from plots receiving two applications of azoxystrobin). Results of phenotypic assays of a subset of 10 isolates from each location (5 mutants, 5 wild types from each location; 20 isolates altogether) supported a high level of resistance to azoxystrobin only in the G143A mutants. All 10 G143A mutants developed colonies after 8 days of growth on YMA plates amended with SHAM (2) and 1 ppm or 10 ppm azoxystrobin, with nine and eight G143A mutant isolates developing colonies on plates amended with 1 ppm and 10 ppm azoxystrobin, respectively. None of the wild-type isolates developed colonies on plates amended with SHAM and 1 ppm azoxystrobin, nor on plates amended with SHAM and 10 ppm azoxystrobin. All 20 isolates developed colonies on YMA plates lacking azoxystrobin, and treatments produced identical results across three replicates. These results are consistent with findings of higher levels of azoxystrobin resistance in G143A mutants compared to wild types in European populations (1). Isolates from HF and NVF differ in their previous exposure to QoI fungicides. The majority of the wheat area at HF is planted to breeding plots that are not sprayed with fungicide. Plots at NVF were planted in a commercial wheat field in a county where most wheat fields were treated with two to three applications of strobilurins each year over the past 4 years. Future monitoring for G143A mutants of Z. tritici throughout its range in North America will be necessary to assess whether strobilurin resistance will spread via wind-dispersal of ascospores or emerge de novo in treated fields. In Europe, stobilurins were first applied to wheat in 1996. G143A mutants of Z. tritici emerged de novo several times (4) and were widespread by 2007. References: (1) B. A. Fraaje et al. Phytopathology 95:933, 2005. (2) J. A. LaMondia. Tob. Sci. 49:1, 2012. (3) E. S. Orton et al. Mol. Plant Pathol. 12:413, 2011. (4) S. F. F. Torriani et al. Pest Manag. Sci. 65:155, 2008.
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Kampf, Anthony R., Travis A. Olds, Jakub Plášil, Joe Marty e Samuel N. Perry. "Feynmanite, a new sodium uranyl sulfate mineral from Red Canyon, San Juan County, Utah, USA". Mineralogical Magazine 83, n.º 02 (28 de maio de 2018): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2018.117.
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AbstractThe new mineral feynmanite, Na(UO2)(SO4)(OH)·3.5H2O, was found in both the Blue Lizard and Markey mines, San Juan County, Utah, USA, where it occurs as a secondary phase on pyrite-rich asphaltum in association with chinleite-(Y), gypsum, goethite, natrojarosite, natrozippeite, plášilite, shumwayite (Blue Lizard) and wetherillite (Markey). The mineral is pale greenish yellow with a white streak and fluoresces bright greenish white under a 405 nm laser. Crystals are transparent with a vitreous lustre. It is brittle, with a Mohs hardness of ~2, irregular fracture and one perfect cleavage on {010}. The calculated density is 3.324 g cm–3. Crystals are thin needles or blades, flattened on {010} and elongate on [100], exhibiting the forms {010}, {001}, {101} and {10$\bar{1}$}, and are up to ~0.1 mm in length. Feynmanite is optically biaxial (–), with α = 1.534(2), β = 1.561(2) and γ = 1.571(2) (white light); 2Vmeas.= 62(2)°; no dispersion; and optical orientation:X=b,Y≈a,Z≈c. It is weakly pleochroic:X= colourless,Y= very pale green yellow andZ= pale green yellow (X<Y<Z). Electron microprobe analyses (WDS mode) provided (Na0.84Fe0.01)(U1.01O2)(S1.01O4)(OH)·3.5H2O. The five strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobsÅ(I)(hkl)]: 8.37(100)(010), 6.37(33)($\bar{1}$01,101), 5.07(27)($\bar{1}$11,111), 4.053(46)(004,021) and 3.578(34)(120). Feynmanite is monoclinic, has space groupP2/n,a= 6.927(3),b= 8.355(4),c= 16.210(7) Å, β = 90.543(4)°,V= 938.1(7) Å3andZ= 4. The structure of feynmanite (R1= 0.0371 for 1879Io> 2σI) contains edge-sharing pairs of pentagonal bipyramids that are linked by sharing corners with SO4groups, yielding a [(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2]2–sheet based on the phosphuranylite anion topology. The sheet is topologically identical to those in deliensite, johannite and plášilite. The dehydration of feynmanite to plášilite results in interlayer collapse involving geometric reconfiguration of the sheets and the ordering of Na.
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Chen, Chia-Huei, Hui-Ya Chiu, Szu-Chia Lee, Hung-Yang Chang, Jui-Hsing Chang, Yen-Ju Chen, Lin Kang, Shang-Po Shen e Yung-Chieh Lin. "Growth of Very Preterm Infants in a Low-Resourced Rural Setting after Affiliation with a Human Milk Bank". Children 9, n.º 1 (5 de janeiro de 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9010080.
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The extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) of very preterm infants has been associated with long-term complications and neurodevelopmental problems. EUGR has been reported at higher rates in low resource settings. There is limited research investigating how metropolitan human milk banks contribute to the growth outcomes of very preterm infants cared in rural areas. The setting of this study is located at a rural county in Taiwan and affiliated with the Taiwan Southern Human Milk Bank. Donor human milk was provided through a novel supplemental system. A renewal nutritional protocol was initiated as a quality improvement project after the affiliated program. This study aimed to compare the clinical morbidities and growth outcome at term equivalent age (TEA) of preterm infants less than 33 weeks of gestational age before (Epoch-I, July 2015–June 2018, n = 40) and after the new implementation (Epoch-II, July 2018–December 2020, n = 42). The Epoch-II group significantly increased in bodyweight z-score at TEA ((−0.02 ± 1.00) versus Epoch-I group (−0.84 ± 1.08), p = 0.002). In multivariate regression models, the statistical difference between two epochs in bodyweight z-score changes from birth to TEA was still noted. Modern human milk banks may facilitate the nutritional protocol renewal in rural areas and improve the growth outcomes of very preterm infants cared for. Establishing more distribution sites of milk banks should be encouraged.
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Cicero, Kara I., Xolisile Dlamini, Yvonne Mavengere, Jessica Justman, Harriet Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, Mxolisi Dlamini, Simphiwe Ngwenyama et al. "Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance in Eswatini: A Study of an African Population". Blood 142, Supplement 1 (28 de novembro de 2023): 4767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-172435.
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Multiple myeloma and its precursor, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), both occur twice as often within Black populations compared to White populations, suggesting that racial factors may influence the development of MGUS, not the progression from MGUS to malignancy. The landmark epidemiologic study that described the natural history of MGUS was conducted among 21,463 of the 28,000 residents in Olmsted County, Minnesota, a 97% White population, and found the age-standardized prevalence (including light-chain, LC, MGUS) to be 4.2% (Dispenzieri, et al, Lancet, 2010). Although MGUS disproportionately affects Black individuals, few studies have been conducted on MGUS in Africa, and no prior study has evaluated MGUS in a Black African cohort inclusive of both sexes. Using a population-based biorepository from Eswatini, a small country in southern Africa, we further explored the racial disparities related to plasma cell dyscrasias. Our primary objective was to determine the prevalence of MGUS in Eswatini, as compared to that found in Olmsted County. Additionally, we aimed to determine the association between MGUS and HIV status. From 2016 to 2017, over 15,000 individuals from a nationally representative selection of households participated in the Second Eswatini Population-based HIV Impact Assessment survey, SHIMS2 (phia.icap.columbia.edu/countries/eswatini). After providing informed consent, interviews were conducted and blood samples were collected. Samples were tested for HIV, and if positive, also for CD4+ cell counts and the serologic presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The remaining plasma aliquots were stored and linked to their de-identified corresponding survey data for future research endeavors. For our current study, all adults over the age of 35 years who had SHIMS2 specimens stored were included in the sampling frame. We randomly selected 515 plasma samples from the sampling frame, with the sample size determined to produce a two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) with a width of 0.05 and power >80% for MGUS prevalence and comparison by HIV status. We performed protein electrophoresis with reflex immunofixation, as well as free light chain and creatinine quantification, and defined MGUS cases by the same criteria as the Olmsted County studies. If creatinine was greater than the upper limit of normal, then the renal reference range was used for free-light-chain ratios . Historical proportions and means were compared with z-tests and t-tests, respectively. To determine associations between categorical variables, odds ratios (OR) were calculated with logistic regressions or Fisher Exact tests. The study cohort (n=515) was 60% female (n=309) with a median age of 50 years (range 35-80); 199 (38.6%) were HIV-positive, of whom 82.4% (n=164) were on ART, and 8.5% (n=17) had a CD4+ cell count of <200 cells/ul. These numbers reflected the overall national estimates (Kingdom of Eswatini, SHIMS2 Final Report, 2019). The MGUS prevalence (including LC-MGUS) standardized for age and sex was 13.2% (95%CI: 10.5-16.5) (n=68), which was significantly greater than Olmsted County (RR 3.1, p<0.0001). Most (84%, n=57) MGUS cases were LC. Prevalence of non-light-chain (NLC) MGUS was 2.1% (n=11), which was similar to Olmsted County. Of the 11 participants with NLC MGUS, 4 were considered very low risk for progression to malignancy, 6 low risk, 1 intermediate risk, and 0 high risk by Mayo stratification (Rajkumar, et al., Blood, 2005). HIV status was not found to be significantly associated with MGUS (OR: 1.05, 95%CI: 0.62-1.77). However, within the HIV-positive cohort, the odds of MGUS were 69% lower among those on ART (OR: 0.31, 95%CI: 0.11-0.82) when adjusted for age, sex, and wealth quintile. Furthermore, MGUS was 2.8 times more frequent in those with untreated HIV when compared to those with treated HIV (95%CI: 1.1-7.2, p=0.031), and 2.3 times more frequent when compared to non-HIV (95%CI: 1.0-5.6, p=0.056); treated HIV was not significantly different from non-HIV (data not shown). In conclusion, the MGUS prevalence in Eswatini was more than three-fold higher than that in Olmsted County, largely due to those with LC-MGUS. The high rate of HIV in Eswatini did not explain the high prevalence of MGUS, as the majority of those with HIV were on ART and only untreated HIV was significantly associated with MGUS.
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Adeyemi, Oluwaseun, Rajib Paul e Ahmed Arif. "Spatial Cluster Analysis of Fatal Road Accidents From Non-Use of Seat Belts Among Older Drivers". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 de dezembro de 2020): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.374.
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Abstract Identifying county-level spatial clusters of fatal accidents due to non-use of seatbelt among drivers 65 years and older can help with injury prevention policies and targeted place-based interventions. We estimated the odds and identified hotspots of fatal accidents among drivers 65 years and older (n=57,715) based on a cross-sectional analysis of data from 2010 to 2018 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. The outcome variable was fatality status (fatal/non-fatal), and the main independent variable was seatbelt use (not used/used). Other covariates were drunk driving, distracted driving, and speeding while age, gender, and airbag deployment were used as confounders. Rural-urban status of accident location was used as an effect modifier. Odds ratios were calculated from logistic regression. The age-adjusted fatality rate was computed as the crude fatality rate per 100,000 population weighted by the average population composition by age-groups. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed by local Moran’s I, and cluster analysis was performed using the Moran’s I index-derived Z-scores. The median age-adjusted seatbelt-related fatality rate per county was 2.35 per 100,000 population (IQR: 5.60). Not wearing a seatbelt was associated with an 11-fold (Adjusted OR: 11.37; 95% CI: 10.18-12.70) increased odds of a fatal event in metropolitan counties and a 7-fold (Adjusted OR: 7.43; 95% CI: 6.10-9.04) increased odds in rural counties and small towns. Hot spots for seatbelt-related fatal road accidents were found in multiple counties in Texas, South Dakota, and Mississippi. Study findings can be used for county-specific interventions tailored to 65 and older for preventing fatal road accidents.
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Kimani, C. N., J. M. Mbaria, M. Suleiman, D. Gakuya e S. G. Kiama. "Antihyperglycemic activity of Zanthoxylum chalybeum stem bark extract in diabetic rats". Journal of Phytopharmacology 4, n.º 3 (25 de junho de 2015): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2015.4310.
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Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. (Rutaceae) stem bark is used by communities in Africa and Asia to manage diabetes mellitus. This study determined the anti-hyperglycemic effect of Z. chalybeum aqueous stem bark extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. The plant was obtained from Machakos County, Kenya and a stem bark extract prepared. Rats were divided into experimental (n=5), negative control (n=5) and positive control groups (n=5). Diabetes was induced in each rat in experimental groups by a single dose intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin at 45mg/kg body weight. The plant extract was administered orally to the experimental rats at dosages of 10, 100 and 1000mg/kg body weight for 14 days. The negative control group was left untreated while the positive control group was treated orally with glibenclamide (10mg/kg body weight). The effect of the extract on blood glucose, body weight, food and water intake and oral glucose tolerance were determined in all rats in the experimental and control groups. The aqueous stem bark extract exhibited significant antidiabetic activity compared to the untreated diabetic controls (P<0.05). Additionally, there was no significant difference between the extract fed diabetic rats and the normal controls. Furthermore, extract treated diabetic animals recorded a comparatively decreased weight loss which was dose dependent. These results suggest that the aqueous stem bark extract of Z. chalybeum possesses significant antihyperglycemic activity. This study thus corroborates the traditional use of the plant for the management of diabetes. However, further studies are required to identify the active ingredient(s) and determine the mode of action.
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Liu, Yu, Qiuyu Yao, Shuang Liang, Cheng Li, Xiangsheng Chen e Zhong Li. "Identification of the Pathogen Causing Leaf Spot in Zinnia elegans and Its Sensitivity to Five Fungicides". Pathogens 11, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2022): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121454.
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Zinnia elegans Jacq. is an important, globally cultivated ornamental plant. In August 2021, a leaf spot disease was observed in zinnia in Shibing County, Guizhou, China, with an incidence of approximately 60%. Pathogens were isolated and purified from the infected leaves by tissue isolation, and pathogen strain BRJ2 was confirmed as the pathogen causing the leaf spot. Based on morphology and ITS, TEF-1α, and TUB2 sequence analyses, the pathogen was identified as Nigrospora musae (McLennan and Hoëtte). The mycelial growth rate method was used to determine the in vitro toxicity of five fungicides to the pathogen. The results showed that 10% difenoconazole provided the strongest inhibitory effect on N. musae, with a concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) of 0.0658 mg/L; 75% trifloxystrobin·tebuconazole had the second greatest effect, with an EC50 of 0.1802 mg/L. This study provides the first report that N. musae caused leaf spot disease in Z. elegans and provides important guidance for the effective prevention and control of this disease in Guizhou.
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Kampf, Anthony R., Robert M. Housley, George R. Rossman, Hexiong Yang e Robert T. Downs. "Adanite, a new lead-tellurite-sulfate mineral from the North Star mine, Tintic, Utah, and Tombstone, Arizona, USA". Canadian Mineralogist 58, n.º 3 (1 de maio de 2020): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2000010.
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ABSTRACT Adanite, Pb2(Te4+O3)(SO4), is a new oxidation-zone mineral from the North Star mine, Tintic district, Juab County, Utah, and from Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA. The characterization of the species is based principally on North-Star holotype material. Crystals are beige wedge-shaped blades, up to about 1 mm in length, in cockscomb intergrowths. The mineral is transparent with adamantine luster, white streak, Mohs hardness 2½, brittle tenacity, conchoidal fracture, and no cleavage. The calculated density is 6.385 g/cm3. Adanite is biaxial (–), with α = 1.90(1), β = 2.04(calc), γ = 2.08(calc), 2V(meas) = 54(1)°. The Raman spectrum is consistent with the presence of tellurite and sulfate groups and the absence of OH and H2O. Electron-microprobe analyses gave the empirical formula Pb1.89Sb3+0.02Te4+0.98S6+1.04Cl0.02O6.98. The mineral is monoclinic, space group P21/n, with a = 7.3830(3), b = 10.7545(5), c = 9.3517(7) Å, β = 111.500(8)°, V = 690.86(7) Å3, and Z = 4. The four strongest X-ray powder diffraction lines are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]: 6.744(47), 3.454(80), 3.301(100), and 3.048(73). The structure (R1 = 0.022 for 1906 I > 2σI reflections) contains Te4+O3 pyramids that are joined by short (strong) Pb–O bonds to form sheets. Interlayer SO4 groups link the sheets via long Pb–O and Te–O bonds.
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Kampf, Anthony R., Travis A. Olds, Jakub Plášil, Peter C. Burns, Radek Škoda e Joe Marty. "Paramarkeyite, a new calcium–uranyl–carbonate mineral from the Markey mine, San Juan County, Utah, USA". Mineralogical Magazine 86, n.º 1 (13 de dezembro de 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2021.100.
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AbstractThe new mineral paramarkeyite (IMA2021-024), Ca2(UO2)(CO3)3⋅5H2O, was found in the Markey mine, San Juan County, Utah, USA, where it occurs as a secondary phase on gypsum-coated asphaltum in association with andersonite, calcite, gypsum and natromarkeyite. Paramarkeyite crystals are transparent, pale green-yellow, striated tablets, up to 0.11 mm across. The mineral has white streak and vitreous lustre. It exhibits moderate bluish-white fluorescence (405 nm laser). It is very brittle with irregular, curved fracture and a Mohs hardness of 2½. It has an excellent {100} cleavage and probably two good cleavages on {010} and {001}. The measured density is 2.91(2) g cm–3. Optically, the mineral is biaxial (–) with α = 1.550(2), β = 1.556(2), γ = 1.558(2) (white light); 2V = 60(2)°; strong r > v dispersion; orientation: Y = b; nonpleochroic. The Raman spectrum exhibits bands consistent with UO22+, CO32– and O–H. Electron microprobe analysis provided the empirical formula (Ca1.83Na0.20Sr0.03)Σ2.05(UO2)(CO3)3⋅5H2O (+0.07 H). Paramarkeyite is monoclinic, P21/n, a = 17.9507(7), b = 18.1030(8), c = 18.3688(13) Å, β = 108.029(8)°, V = 5676.1(6) Å3 and Z = 16. The structure of paramarkeyite (R1 = 0.0647 for 6657 I > 2σI) contains uranyl tricarbonate clusters that are linked by Ca–O polyhedra to form heteropolyhedral layers. The structure of paramarkeyite is very similar to those of markeyite, natromarkeyite and pseudomarkeyite.
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Kampf, Anthony R., Jakub Plášil, Barbara P. Nash e Joe Marty. "Ammoniomathesiusite, a new uranyl sulfate–vanadate mineral from the Burro mine, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA". Mineralogical Magazine 83, n.º 1 (29 de maio de 2018): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2018.112.
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AbstractThe new mineral ammoniomathesiusite (NH4)5(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5)·4H2O, was found in the Burro mine, San Miguel County, Utah, USA, where it occurs as a secondary phase on asphaltum/quartz matrix in association with ammoniozippeite, gypsum, jarosite and natrozippeite. The mineral forms pale yellow to greenish-yellow prisms, up to ~0.3 mm long, with pale-yellow streak and bright yellow–green fluorescence. Crystals are transparent and have vitreous lustre. The mineral is brittle, with Mohs hardness of 2½, stepped fracture and two cleavages: excellent on {110} and good on {001}. The calculated density is 3.672 g/cm3. Ammoniomathesiusite is optically uniaxial (–) with ω = 1.653(2) and ε = 1.609(2) (white light). Pleochroism is: O = green-yellow, E = colourless; O > E. Electron microprobe analyses yielded the empirical formula [(NH4)4.75(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5)·4(H2.07O). The five strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]: 10.57(46)(110), 7.10(62)(001), 6.41(100)(101), 3.340(35)(240) and 3.226(44)(141). Ammoniomathesiusite is tetragonal, P4/n with a = 14.9405(9), c = 7.1020(5) Å, V = 1585.3(2) Å3 and Z = 2. The structure of ammoniomathesiusite (R1 = 0.0218 for 3427 I > 2σI) contains heteropolyhedral sheets based on [(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5)]5– clusters. The structure is identical to that of mathesiusite, with ${\rm NH}_{\rm 4}^{\rm +} $ in place of K+.
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Dunn, Pete J., Donald R. Peacor, Alan J. Criddle e Robert B. Finkelman. "Laphamite, an arsenic selenide analogue of orpiment, from burning anthracite deposits in Pennsylvania". Mineralogical Magazine 50, n.º 356 (junho de 1986): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1986.050.356.11.
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AbstractLaphamite, ideally As2(Se,S)3, is monoclinic, P21/n, with a = 11.86(1), b = 9.756(9), c = 4.265(9) Å, β = 90.17°, V = 493.5 Å3, Z = 4, D (calc.) = 4.60, D (meas.) = 4.5(1) g/cm3. Microprobe analysis yielded: As 47.0, Se 43.7, S 8.7, sum = 99.4 wt. %. In plane polarized light in polished section at about 3200 K laphamite is moderately bireflectant from white to grey. Reflection pleochroism is absent but fiery red internal reflections are characteristic as are golden yellow reflections along scratches. Anisotropy is moderate with grey rotation tints, masked in some sections by internal reflections. Reflectance spectra in air and oil between 400 and 700 nm are given. Colour values for the CIE illiminant C in air are, for R1 followed by R2: Y% 29.0, 33.5, λd 480, 478; Pe% 9.1, 8.7. Laphamite forms dark red crystals, up to 5.0 mm, associated with orpiment, arsenolite, and an unnamed phase, NH4AlF4, in a burning coal waste-dump at Burnside, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania.
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Kampf, Anthony R., Jakub Plášil, Travis A. Olds, Barbara P. Nash e Joe Marty. "Uranoclite, a new uranyl chloride mineral from the Blue Lizard mine, San Juan County, Utah, USA". Mineralogical Magazine 85, n.º 3 (31 de março de 2020): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2021.33.
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AbstractThe new mineral uranoclite (IMA2020-074), (UO2)2(OH)2Cl2(H2O)4, was found in the Blue Lizard mine, San Juan County, Utah, USA, where it occurs as tightly intergrown aggregates of irregular yellow crystals in a secondary assemblage with gypsum. The streak is very pale yellow and the fluorescence is bright green–white under 405 nm ultraviolet light. Crystals are translucent with vitreous lustre. The tenacity is brittle, the Mohs hardness is ~1½, the fracture is irregular. The mineral is soluble in H2O and has a calculated density of 4.038 g⋅cm–3. Electron microprobe analyses provided (UO2)2(OH)2.19Cl1.81(H2O)4. The six strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]: 8.85(38)(002), 5.340(100)(200, 110), 5.051(63)($\bar{2}$02), 4.421(83)(112, 004, 202), 3.781(38)($\bar{2}$12) and 3.586(57)(014, $\bar{2}$04). Uranoclite is monoclinic, P21/n, a = 10.763(8), b = 6.156(8), c = 17.798(8) Å, β = 95.656(15)°, V = 1173.5(18) Å3 and Z = 4. The structure is the same as that of synthetic (UO2)2(OH)2Cl2(H2O)4 in which the structural unit is a dimer consisting of two pentagonal bipyramids that share an equatorial OH–OH edge. The dimers are linked to one another only by hydrogen bonding. This is the second known uranyl mineral containing essential Cl and the first in which Cl coordinates to U6+.
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Nowicki, Saskia, Zaydah R. deLaurent, Etienne P. de Villiers, George Githinji e Katrina J. Charles. "The utility of Escherichia coli as a contamination indicator for rural drinking water: Evidence from whole genome sequencing". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 1 (22 de janeiro de 2021): e0245910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245910.
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Across the water sector, Escherichia coli is the preferred microbial water quality indicator and current guidance upholds that it indicates recent faecal contamination. This has been challenged, however, by research demonstrating growth of E. coli in the environment. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing to investigate the links between E. coli and recent faecal contamination in drinking water. We sequenced 103 E. coli isolates sampled from 9 water supplies in rural Kitui County, Kenya, including points of collection (n = 14) and use (n = 30). Biomarkers for definitive source tracking remain elusive, so we analysed the phylogenetic grouping, multi-locus sequence types (MLSTs), allelic diversity, and virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of the isolates for insight into their likely source. Phylogroup B1, which is generally better adapted to water environments, is dominant in our samples (n = 69) and allelic diversity differences (z = 2.12, p = 0.03) suggest that naturalised populations may be particularly relevant at collection points with lower E. coli concentrations (<50 / 100mL). The strains that are more likely to have originated from human and/or recent faecal contamination (n = 50), were found at poorly protected collection points (4 sites) or at points of use (12 sites). We discuss the difficulty of interpreting health risk from E. coli grab samples, especially at household level, and our findings support the use of E. coli risk categories and encourage monitoring that accounts for sanitary conditions and temporal variability.
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Muhangi, Lawrence, Swaib A. Lule, Harriet Mpairwe, Juliet Ndibazza, Moses Kizza, Margaret Nampijja, Esther Nakazibwe, Macklyn Kihembo, Alison M. Elliott e Emily L. Webb. "Maternal HIV infection and other factors associated with growth outcomes of HIV-uninfected infants in Entebbe, Uganda". Public Health Nutrition 16, n.º 9 (18 de março de 2013): 1548–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013000499.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the associations between maternal HIV infection and growth outcomes of HIV-exposed but uninfected infants and to identify other predictors for poor growth among this population.DesignWithin a trial of de-worming during pregnancy, the cohort of offspring was followed from birth. HIV status of the mothers and their children was investigated and growth data for children were obtained at age 1 year. Length-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-length Z-scores were calculated for each child; Z-scores <−2 were defined as stunting, underweight and wasting, respectively.SettingThe study was conducted in Entebbe municipality and Katabi sub-county, Uganda.SubjectsThe sample consisted of 1502 children aged 1 year: HIV-unexposed (n 1380) and HIV-exposed not infected (n 122).ResultsPrevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was 14·2 %, 8·0 % and 3·9 %, respectively. There was evidence for an association between maternal HIV infection and odds of being underweight (adjusted OR = 2·32; 95 % CI 1·32, 4·09; P = 0·006) but no evidence for an association with stunting or with wasting. Young maternal age, low maternal education, low birth weight, early weaning and experiencing a higher number of episodes of malaria during infancy were independent predictors for stunting and underweight. A higher number of living children in the family was associated with wasting.ConclusionsMaternal HIV infection was associated with being underweight in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. The success of programmes for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission means that an increasing number of infants will be born to HIV-infected women without acquiring HIV. Therefore, viable nutritional interventions need to be identified for this population.
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Kampf, Anthony R., Jason B. Smith, John M. Hughes, Chi Ma e Christopher Emproto. "New Minerals from the Redmond Mine, North Carolina, USA: II. Cubothioplumbite and Hexathioplumbite, Two New Minerals Containing the Cubane-Like [Pb4(OH)4]4+ Structural Unit". Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology 61, n.º 3 (1 de maio de 2023): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/2200070.
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Abstract The new minerals cubothioplumbite (IMA2021-091) and hexathioplumbite (IMA2021-092), both with the ideal formula [Pb4(OH)4]Pb(S2O3)3, were found in the Redmond mine, Haywood County, North Carolina, USA, where they occur together in a highly unusual secondary assemblage that comprises a variety of rare Pb-Zn-Cu sulfates, thiosulfates, and carbonates. Cubothioplumbite has the following properties: yellow equant crystals to about 0.5 mm; white streak; adamantine luster; brittle; Mohs hardness 3; conchoidal fracture; no cleavage; 5.748 g/cm3 calculated density; isotropic with n > 2.00. Hexathioplumbite has the following properties: colorless hexagonal prisms to about 1 mm; white streak; adamantine luster; brittle; Mohs hardness 2½; curved fracture; no cleavage; 5.531 g/cm3 calculated density; uniaxial (−) with ω = 2.005(5) and ε = 1.995(5). Electron probe microanalyses provided the empirical formulae [Pb4(OH)4]Pb(S2O3)2.72(SO4)0.28 and [Pb4(OH)4]Pb(S2O3)2.68(SO4)0.32 for cubothioplumbite and hexathioplumbite, respectively. Cubothioplumbite is cubic, Pa, a = 14.9179(13) Å, V = 3319.9(9) Å3, and Z = 8. Hexathioplumbite is hexagonal, P63, a = 10.7213(10), c = 8.6541(6) Å, V = 861.49(17) Å3, and Z = 2. The structures of cubothioplumbite (R1 = 0.0354 for 1090 I > 2σI) and hexathioplumbite (R1 = 0.0791 for 1062 I > 2σI) both contain cubane-like [Pb4(OH)4]4+ structural units.
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Valadez, Joseph James, Sima Berendes, Jackline Odhiambo, William Vargas, Baburam Devkota, Richard Lako e Caroline Jeffery. "Is development aid to strengthen health systems during protracted conflict a useful investment? The case of South Sudan, 2011–2015". BMJ Global Health 5, n.º 4 (abril de 2020): e002093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002093.
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IntroductionIs achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 (building peaceful societies) a precondition for achieving SDG 3 (health and well-being in all societies, including conflict-affected countries)? Do health system investments in conflict-affected countries waste resources or benefit the public’s health? To answer these questions, we examine the maternal, newborn, child and reproductive health (MNCRH) service provision during protracted conflicts and economic shocks in the Republic of South Sudan between 2011 (at independence) and 2015.MethodsWe conducted two national cross-sectional probability surveys in 10 states (2011) and nine states (2015). Trained state-level health workers collected data from households randomly selected using probability proportional to size sampling of villages in each county. County data were weighted by their population sizes to measure state and national MNCRH services coverage. A two-sample, two-sided Z-test of proportions tested for changes in national health service coverage between 2011 (n=11 800) and 2015 (n=10 792).ResultsTwenty-two of 27 national indicator estimates (81.5%) of MNCRH service coverage improved significantly. Examples: malaria prophylaxis in pregnancy increased by 8.6% (p<0.001) to 33.1% (397/1199 mothers, 95% CI ±2.9%), institutional deliveries by 10.5% (p<0.001) to 20% (230/1199 mothers, ±2.6%) and measles vaccination coverage in children aged 12–23 months by 11.2% (p<0.001) to 49.7% (529/1064 children, ±2.3%). The largest increase (17.7%, p<0.001) occurred for mothers treating diarrhoea in children aged 0–59 months with oral rehydration salts to 51.4% (635/1235 children, ±2.9%). Antenatal and postnatal care, and contraceptive prevalence did not change significantly. Child vitamin A supplementation decreased. Despite significant increases, coverage remained low (median of all indicators = 31.3%, SD = 19.7) . Coverage varied considerably by state (mean SD for all indicators and states=11.1%).ConclusionHealth system strengthening is not a uniform process and not necessarily deterred by conflict. Despite the conflict, health system investments were not wasted; health service coverage increased.
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Baker, C. A., e L. Jones. "A New Potyvirus found in Passiflora incence in Florida". Plant Disease 91, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2007): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-2-0227a.
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During March of 2004 (Alachua County) and again during February of 2006 (Highlands County), specimens of the plant Passiflora incence (passionfruit) with chlorotic symptoms were submitted to the Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL for diagnosis. Cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusions seen in epidermal strips of plant leaves stained in Luxol brilliant green and calcomine orange but not seen in those stained in Azure A indicated the presence of a potyvirus infection. Leaf dips made for electron microscopy also showed virus particles consistent with a potyvirus infection. Reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR using degenerate potyvirus primers (4) produced a target ≈1.7-kb potyvirus band. Approximately 1.4 kb of the PCR fragments from both specimens was sequenced and was 100% identical. The 1.4-kb fragment contained the 3′ end of the NIb region, the coat protein, and the beginning of the 3′UTR. A GenBank BLAST search found that the two most similar potyviruses were Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), also known as serotype A of Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Molecular analysis of the 1.4-kb sequence using MegAlign (DNASTAR, Madison, WI) indicated a 73% identity with BCMNV and 68.8% with SMV. Analysis of the coat protein showed the highest identity (87%) with BCMNV, and for the NIb region, the highest identity occurred with SMV at 78%. In double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA, the virus did not react with antisera to either BCMV or BCMNV (BioReba). In sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-immunodiffusion tests, however, the virus reacted heterologously with antiserum to Peanut stripe virus, now considered a member of the serotype B group of BCMV (1). In host range studies, this virus induced systemic chlorosis in Chenopodium quinoa but did not cause symptoms on any other host inoculated, including eight leguminous species and Nicotiana benthamiana. N. bethamiana is susceptible to BCMV and three other known Passiflora potyviruses, Passionfruit crinkle virus (PCV), Passionfruit woodiness virus (PWV), and Passionfruit mottle virus (PFMoV) (2,3). The cylindrical inclusions of this virus seen with the light microscope appeared as loosely aggregated medium length plate or needle-like structures as opposed to long, compact, bundle-shaped aggregates (PFMoV and PCV) or short plate-like structures (PWV) (2,3). The virus did not react with antisera (W. Zettler, University of Florida) to the three aforementioned passionfruit potyviruses in SDS-immunodiffusion tests. This virus, like PCV, PWV, and PFMoV, is related to the Bean common mosaic virus group. However, based on cylindrical inclusion morphology, host range, serology, and genetic sequencing, the virus appears to be a new potyvirus infecting Passiflora and is tentatively named Passiflora chlorosis virus. The sequence was deposited in GenBank as Accession No. DQ860147. References: (1) A. A Brunt et al. Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version 20, August 1996. (2) C. A. Chang. Phytopathology. 82:1358, 1992 (3) C. A. Chang et al. Plant Prot. Bull. 38:339, 1996. (4) A. Gibbs and A. Mackenzie. J. Virol. Methods 63:9, 1997.
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Kampf, Anthony R., Jason B. Smith, John M. Hughes, Chi Ma e Christopher Emproto. "New Minerals from the Redmond Mine, North Carolina, USA: III. Cherokeeite and Cuprocherokeeite, Two New Minerals Containing [Pb2(Zn,Cu2+)(OH)4]2+ Chains". Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology 61, n.º 3 (1 de maio de 2023): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/2300001.
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Abstract The new minerals cherokeeite, [Pb2Zn(OH)4](SO4)·H2O (IMA2022-016), and cuprocherokeeite, [Pb8Zn3Cu2+(OH)16](SO4)4·4H2O (IMA2022-086), were found in the Redmond mine, Haywood County, North Carolina, USA, where they occur together in a highly unusual secondary assemblage that comprises a variety of rare Pb-Zn-Cu sulfates, thiosulfates, and carbonates. Cherokeeite has the following properties: colorless to pale pink prisms or blades to about 1 mm; white streak; vitreous luster; brittle; Mohs hardness 2½; splintery fracture; at least two perfect cleavages; 5.011 g/cm3 calculated density; biaxial (+) with α = 1.745(5), β = 1.770(5), γ = 1.805(5), and 2V = 85(2)°. Cuprocherokeeite has the following properties: light blue prisms or blades to about 1 mm; very pale bluish-white streak; vitreous luster; brittle; Mohs hardness 2½; irregular, curved fracture; probably two good cleavages; 5.032 g/cm3 calculated density; biaxial (+) with α = 1.760(5), β = 1.770(5), γ = 1.800(5), and 2V (meas.) = 65(3)°. Electron probe microanalyses provided the empirical formulae [Pb2.00Zn1.00(OH)4](SO4)0.85(S2O3)0.15·H2O and [Pb8.14(Zn2.52Cu2+1.34)(OH)16][(SO4)3.07(S2O3)0.93]·4H2O for cherokeeite and cuprocherokeeite, respectively. Cherokeeite is monoclinic, P21/n, a = 17.1697(7), b = 6.47173(19), c = 17.5304(12) Å, β = 115.440(8)°, V = 1759.06(19) Å3, and Z = 8. Cuprocherokeeite is monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.6828(5), b = 9.4629(5), c = 14.7876(8) Å, β = 94.798(4)°, V = 1768.53(15) Å3, and Z = 2. The structures of cherokeeite (R1 = 0.0425 for 2681 I > 2σI) and cuprocherokeeite (R1 = 0.0741 for 2411 I > 2σI) both contain edge-sharing chains of octahedra decorated by Pb2+ cations, which are strongly bonded to the chains via short Pb–O bonds. In cherokeeite, the octahedral cations are all Zn, whereas in cuprocherokeeite, one in every four cations is Cu2+.
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Bhavnani, Suresh K., Weibin Zhang, Yong-Fang Kuo, Brian Downer, Timothy Reistetter e Rodney Hunter. "303 Social Network Analysis of Patient Sharing Among Providers: Implications for Analyzing Disparities in Cancer Screening". Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 8, s1 (abril de 2024): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2024.276.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Many providers share patients resulting in networks where clinical information is exchanged, and which can impact the quality and efficiency of care. Here we analyzed the network properties of a primary care service area (PCSA) in Harris County TX, motivating our ongoing analysis of how they are associated with disparities in cancer screening. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Data.All providers (n=731, Medicare 2018) from the PCSA with the most providers in Harris County TX, with gender, specialty, and the number of shared patients. Method. Modeled the data as a network consisting of provider nodes, connected in pairs by edges if they shared >11 patients (an empirically-determined threshold). Analyzed the network structure using (1) modularity maximization and its significance to identify densely-connected communities; (2) degree centralization to measure whether a few providers shared many patients, and betweenness centralization to measure whether a few providers connected densely-connected communities; and (3) chi-squared to measure if pairs of connected providers tended to be of the same gender compared to disconnected provider pairs. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The results (Fig. 1, http://www.skbhavnani.com/DIVA/Images/Fig-1-SNA-Network.jpg [http://www.skbhavnani.com/DIVA/Images/Fig-1-SNA-Network.jpg]) revealed a fragmented network with 120 small components (connected subnetworks, not part of any larger connected subnetwork), and 1 large component. The large component (n=244) had strong and significant modularity (Q=0.73, z=53.13, P<.001) with communities of providers that shared more patients than expected by chance; low degree centralization (dc=0.11) suggesting that no provider dominated patient sharing, in addition to high and significant betweenness centralization (bc=0.5, P<.01) suggesting that a few providers were responsible for connecting the densely-connected communities; and a significant gender bias (X2=10.05, df=1, P< .01) among those that shared patients, versus those that did not. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The analysis revealed a specific type of vulnerability (betweenness) for network fragmentation, and a gender bias in how patients were shared. These results motivated our ongoing analysis on how the network properties are associated with disparity in cancer screening within PCSAs across Texas.
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Sabelli, C., P. Orlandi e G. Vezzalini. "Coquandite, Sb6O8(SO4).H2O, a new mineral from Pereta, Tuscany, Italy, and two other localities". Mineralogical Magazine 56, n.º 385 (dezembro de 1992): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1992.056.385.16.
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AbstractCoaquandite, a new antimony oxy-sulphate hydrate, occurs as spheroidal knobs of silky fibres or, rarely, as tiny transparent colourless lamellar crystals on stibnite at the Pereta mine, Tuscany, Italy; it is associated with klebelsbergite, peretaite, valentinite, sulfur, gypsum, stibiconite, and senarmontite. Coquandite is triclinic P1, with a 11.434(7), b 29.77(4), c 11.314(4) Å, α 91.07(7)°, β 119.24(3)° γ 92.82(1)° . It has a cell volume of 3352(5)Å3 with Z = 12 and a calculated density of 5.78 g cm−3. The crystals, elongated along [001] and flattened on {010}, display polysynthetic twinning with (010) as the twin plane. Optically, they are biaxial (+) with z ≈ c, 2V ≫ 60° n = 2.08(5). The strongest lines of the X-ray powder pattern are [d in Å, (I), (hkl)] 14.84(50)(020), 9.27(41)(111, 110), 6.81(67)130, 3.304(93)(090), 3.092(100)(330).Coquandite has also been found at the Cetine mine, Tuscany, Italy, and at the Lucky Knock mine, Tonasket, Okanogan County, Washington, USA. 22 microprobe chemical analyses (elemental microanalysis for H) gave Sb2O3 88.91, SO3 8.35, CaO 0.04, Na2O 0.03, H2O 1.43, total 98.76 wt.%, corresponding to the empirical formula (Sb + S = 7) Sb5.98Ca0.01Na0.01O7.96(SO4)1.02.0·78H2O, and to the idealised formula Sb6O8(SO4).H2O. The I.R. spectrum, which confirms the presence of water in the formula, is given.A partial structural arrangement is also given: the Sb polyhedra lie in nine layers perpendicular to [010] and form 'hexagonally' shaped groups surrounded by SO4 tetrahedra.
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Kļavinska, Antra. "ETHNONYMS IN THE SYSTEM OF PROPER NAMES OF LATGALE". Via Latgalica, n.º 5 (31 de dezembro de 2013): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2013.5.1639.
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Proper names, including ethnonyms (folk, tribal and other ethnic community names), is an<br />essential component of any language lexis, which particularly brightly reveals a variety ofextralinguistic processes.<br />The aim of the paper is to analyze the conformity of ethnonym transonymization (the change of proper name class) and deonymization (the change of proper name into<br />appellative) in the culture of Latgale, and linguistic techniques and extralinguistic factors.<br />Linguo-culturological approach has been used in the research, and the link between cultural-<br />historical and social processes in the research of linguistic processes has been taken into<br />account. Determining the origin of ancient ethnonyms, the researchers of the Baltic languages<br />acknowledge a transonymization model typical to the Balts: hydronym → name of region<br />→ ethnonym (Zinkevičius 2005, 186–187). This paper attempts to reveal various ethnonym<br />(denoting mostly foreigners) transonymization models in the system of proper names of<br />Latgale, nominating motivation, and the types of word-formation.<br />It seems that the ethnonyms that denote the neighbouring nations (Estonians,<br />Lithuanians, Russians) most frequently turn into other proper names. Transonymization<br />models have been identifi ed as follows:<br />1) ethnonym → anthroponym → oikonym (or ethnonym → oikonym → anthroponym),<br />for example, l ī t a u n ī k i ‘the Lithuanians’ → L ī t a u n ī k s ‘a surname’ →<br />L ī t a u n ī k i ‘a village in Preiļi county’;<br />2) ethnonym → microtoponym, for example, ž y d i ‘the Jews’ → Ž y d a p ū r s<br />‘a marsh in Vārkava county’;<br />3) ethnonym → anthroponym, for example, č y g u o n i ‘the Roma people’ →<br />Č y g u o n s ‘a nickname for a dark-haired man’;<br />4) ethnonym (→ oikonym) → ergonym, for example, l a t g a ļ i ‘The Baltic tribe’ →<br />“L a t g a ļ i” ‘a farm in Mērdzene rural municipality of Kārsava county’.<br />Transonymization of ethnonyms in the culture of Latgale is motivated by historical<br />and social processes. Transonymization processes present the evidence of Latgalians’ stereotypical perception of foreigners, compact settlement of different ethnic groups in<br />Latgale, and historical events.<br />Various types of word-formation are used in the transonymization process:<br />1) semantic, i.e., only the meaning changes, the morphemic system of lexeme is notchanged, for example, ethnonym p o ļ a k i → oikonym P o ļ a k i (→ surname P o ļ a k s<br />(the male singular form of the ethnonym));<br />2) morphological, typically suffixes are added to ethnonyms (sometimes phonetic<br />changes in the root occur), for example, i g a u n i ‘the Estonians’ → surnames I k a u n ī k s<br />(ikaun-+-nīk-s); I g o v e n s (igov-+ - en-s);<br />3) syntactical, forming compound words, for example, the ethnonym k r ī v i<br />‘the Russians’ has motivated the oikonym K r ī v a s o l a <Krīva sola ‘Russian Village’,<br />K r ī v m a i z e s <Krīvu maizes ‘Russian bread’;<br />4) formation of analytical forms, where one of the components has ethnonymic<br />semantics and the second component is a nomenclature word (hill, meadow, marsh, lake,<br />etc.), for example, Ž y d a p ū r s ‘Jew’s marsh’, an attributive adjective, for example, a<br />village M a z i e L ī t a u n ī k i ‘small Lithuanians’, a substantive of other semantics, for<br />example, a meadow Č i g o n e i c a s j ū s t a ‘Gypsy’s belt’.<br />Proper names of foreign origin motivated by ethnonyms have taken their stable<br />place in the system of proper names of Latgale, for example, L a t i š i, a village in Pušmucova<br />rural municipality of Cibla civil-parish (in Russian латыши ‘the Latvians’).<br />Proper names of ethnonymic semantics, used to name various phenomena and<br />realities, are often included in the lexicon of various dialects of Latvian and even other<br />languages. If to assume the fact that ethnonyms are proper names, then it can be concluded<br />that the appellatives mentioned above have appeared in deonymization process: ethnonym<br />→ appellative. Moreover, the material of Latgalian dialects confirms the existence of deethnonymic<br />proper names, for example, a lot of different realities are associated with the<br />ethnonyms denoting Roma people: č y g u o n i ‘participants of masquerade parade’;<br />č y g o n k a 1) a sort of winter apples, the apple of this sort (dark green and red); 2) the railroad;<br />3) achimenes (flower, Achimenes); 4) mushrooms: wild champignon (Rozites caperata) or<br />ugly milkcap (Lactarius necator); č y g u o n a s a u l e ‘the moon’. Appellativeness of<br />ethnonyms has an associative character. The names are reflecting the Latgalians’ stereotypical<br />perception of appearance, occupation, character traits, and traditions of foreigners as alien<br />and different, however, acceptable and assimilable phenomena.
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Barsosio, Hellen C., John N. Gitonga, Henry K. Karanja, Doris K. Nyamwaya, Donwilliams O. Omuoyo, Everlyn Kamau, Mainga M. Hamaluba et al. "Congenital microcephaly unrelated to flavivirus exposure in coastal Kenya". Wellcome Open Research 4 (15 de novembro de 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15568.1.
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Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) was first discovered in East Africa in 1947. ZIKV has caused microcephaly in the Americas, but it is not known whether ZIKV is a cause of microcephaly in East Africa. Methods: We used surveillance data from 11,061 live births at Kilifi County Hospital in coastal Kenya between January 2012 and October 2016 to identify microcephaly cases and conducted a nested case-control study to determine risk factors for microcephaly. Gestational age at birth was estimated based on antenatal ultrasound scanning (‘Scanned cohort’) or last menstrual period (‘LMP cohort’, including births ≥37 weeks’ gestation only). Controls were newborns with head circumference Z scores between >-2 and ≤2 SD that were compared to microcephaly cases in relation to ZIKV exposure and other maternal and newborn factors. Results: Of the 11,061 newborns, 214 (1.9%, 95%CI 1.69, 2.21) had microcephaly. Microcephaly prevalence was 1.0% (95%CI 0.64, 1.70, n=1529) and 2.1% (95%CI 1.81, 2.38, n=9532) in the scanned and LMP cohorts, respectively. After excluding babies <2500 g (n=1199) in the LMP cohort the prevalence was 1.1% (95%CI 0.93, 1.39). Microcephaly showed an association with being born small for gestational age (p<0.001) but not with ZIKV neutralising antibodies (p=0.6) or anti-ZIKV NS1 IgM response (p=0.9). No samples had a ZIKV neutralising antibody titre that was at least fourfold higher than the corresponding dengue virus (DENV) titre. No ZIKV or other flavivirus RNA was detected in cord blood from cases or controls. Conclusions: Microcephaly was prevalent in coastal Kenya, but does not appear to be related to ZIKV exposure; the ZIKV response observed in our study population was largely due to cross-reactive responses to DENV or other related flaviviruses. Further research into potential causes and the clinical consequences of microcephaly in this population is urgently needed.
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McDonald, V., S. Lynch e A. Eskalen. "First Report of Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum, and N. parvum Associated With Avocado Branch Canker in California". Plant Disease 93, n.º 9 (setembro de 2009): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-9-0967b.
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In 1953, branch cankers on California avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees were attributed to a Botryosphaeria anamorph, Dothiorella gregaria (teleomorph B. ribis) (2), and the disease was known as Dothiorella canker. Since this time, it has been suggested that this fungus should probably be classified as Fusicoccum aesculi Corda (teleomorph B. dothidea) (3). To our knowledge, B. dothidea is the only reported Botryosphaeriaceae species causing Dothiorella canker on avocado in California. Between the summer of 2008 and the winter of 2009, five trees from each of eight avocado orchards in five counties (San Diego, Riverside, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo) were surveyed for Dothiorella canker symptoms to verify the associated Botryosphaeriaceae species. Typical Dothiorella canker symptoms observed included darkened and friable bark with a dried, white, powdery exudate. Underneath the bark, cankers were variable in shape and some penetrated into the heartwood. Small sections of tissue (0.5 cm2) were excised from two to four separate cankers per tree and placed onto potato dextrose agar amended with tetracycline (0.01%) (PDA-tet). The most frequently isolated fungi, based on general growth pattern, speed, and colony color, were in the Botryosphaeriaceae with the following percent recovery by county: Riverside–40 and 100% (site 1 and 2, respectively); San Diego–60% (site 3); Ventura–42 and 53% (site 4 and 5, respectively); Santa Barbara–33% (site 6); and San Luis Obispo–32 and 60% (site 7 and 8, respectively). Pycnidia of Botryosphaeriaceae species were also observed on old diseased avocado tree branches. Sequenced rDNA fragments (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2, amplified with ITS4 and ITS5 primers) were compared with sequences deposited in GenBank. Four different Botryosphaeriaceae species were identified and included Neofusicoccum australe, B. dothidea, N. luteum, and N. parvum, with species nomenclature based on the work of Crous et al. (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted in the greenhouse on 1-year-old avocado seedlings, cv. Hass, with one randomly chosen isolate from each of the Botryosphaeriaceae species noted above. Four replicate seedlings were stem-wound inoculated with a mycelial plug and covered with Parafilm. Sterile PDA plugs were applied to four seedlings as a control. Over a period of 3 to 6 months, seedlings were assessed for disease symptoms that included browning of leaf edges and shoot dieback. Mean vascular lesion lengths on stems were 64, 66, 64, and 18 mm for B. dothidea, N. parvum, N. luteum, and N. australe, respectively. Each fungal isolate was consistently reisolated from inoculated seedlings, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. australe, N. luteum, and N. parvum recovered from branch cankers on avocado in California. These results are significant because Botryosphaeriaceae canker pathogens are known to enter the host plant through fresh wounds (pruning, frost, and mechanical). With high-density planting becoming more common, which requires intensive pruning, the transmission rate of these pathogens could increase in California avocado groves. References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (2) F. F. Halma and G. A. Zentmyer. Calif. Avocado Soc. Yearb. 38:156, 1953. (3) W. F. T. Hartill and K. R. Everett. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 30:249, 2002.
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Crichton, Wilson A., e Harald Müller. "Centennialite, CaCu3(OH)6Cl2.nH2O, n ≈ 0.7, a new kapellasite-like species, and a reassessment of calumetite". Mineralogical Magazine 81, n.º 5 (outubro de 2017): 1105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.157.
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AbstractThe new mineral centennialite (IMA 2013-110), CaCu3(OH)6Cl2·nH2O, was identified from three cotype specimens originating from the Centennial Mine, Houghton County, Michigan, USA, where it occurs as a secondary product, after acid water action upon supergene Cu mineralization in association with, and essentially indivisible from, other copper-containing minerals such as calumetite and atacamite family minerals. It forms as pale to azure blue encrustations, often taking a botryoidal form. Centennialite is trigonal, , a = 6.6606(9) Å, c = 5.8004(8) Å, V= 222.85(6) Å3, Z= 1. The strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are dobs/Å [I%] (hkl), 5.799 [100] (001), 2.583 [75] (201), 2.886 [51] (111), 1.665 [20] (220), 1.605 [17] (023), 1.600 [15] (221), 1.444 [11] (222). The X-ray refined structure forms a kagome net of planar coordinated CuO4 units with Jahn-Teller coordinated Cl apices to form octahedra that edge-share to in-plane adjacent and flattened CaO6 octahedra, which are centred about the lattice origin. All oxygen sites are protonated and shared between one Ca-octahedron and one CuO4 planar unit. Three protonated sites are linked, by hydrogen-bonding to Cl sites, which sit on the triad axis. Each lattice has one Cl above and one below the Ca-Cu polyhedral plane. Consequently, the layers are stacked, along ⟨001⟩, with two Cl sites between layers. In addition to this kapellasite-like topology, an extra c/2 site is identified as being variably water-hosting and extends the coordination of the Ca-site to 8-fold, akin to the body-diagonal Pb-Cu sheet in murdochite. Centennialite conforms to the description of the ‘Unidentified Cu-Ca-Cl Mineral’ noted in Heinrich's Mineralogy of Michigan and is almost certainly identical to the supposed hexagonal basic calcium-copper hydroxychloride monohydrate of Erdös et al. (1981). We comment upon relationships between calumetite and centennialite and propose a substructure model for a synthetic calumetite-like phase that is related directly to centennialite.
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Malm, Dan, Bengt Fridlund, Helena Ekblad, Patric Karlström, Emma Hag e Amir H. Pakpour. "Effects of brief mindfulness-based cognitive behavioural therapy on health-related quality of life and sense of coherence in atrial fibrillation patients". European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 17, n.º 7 (1 de março de 2018): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474515118762796.
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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a brief dyadic cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) programme on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as well as the sense of coherence in atrial fibrillation patients, up to 12 months post atrial fibrillation. Methods: A longitudinal randomised controlled trial with a pre and 12-month post-test recruitment of 163 persons and their spouses, at a county hospital in southern Sweden. In all, 104 persons were randomly assigned to either a CBT ( n=56) or a treatment as usual (TAU) group ( n=55). The primary outcome was changes in the HRQoL (Euroqol questionnaire; EQ-5D), and the secondary outcomes were changes in psychological distress (hospital anxiety and depression scale; HADS) and sense of coherence (sense of coherence scale; SOC-13). Results: At the 12-month follow-up, the CBT group experienced a higher HRQoL than the TAU group (mean changes in the CBT group 0.062 vs. mean changes in the TAU group −0.015; P=0.02). The sense of coherence improved in the CBT group after the 12-month follow-up, compared to the TAU group (mean changes in the CBT group 0.062 vs. mean changes in the TAU group −0.16; P=0.04). The association between the intervention effect and the HRQoL was totally mediated by the sense of coherence ( z=2.07, P=0.04). Conclusions: A dyadic mindfulness-based CBT programme improved HRQoL and reduced psychological distress up to 12 months post atrial fibrillation. The sense of coherence strongly mediated the HRQoL; consequently, the sense of coherence is an important determinant to consider when designing programmes for atrial fibrillation patients.
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Kampf, Anthony R., Jason B. Smith, John M. Hughes, Chi Ma e Christopher Emproto. "New Minerals from the Redmond Mine, North Carolina, USA: I. Redmondite, Hydroredmondite, and Sulfatoredmondite, Three Minerals Containing the Novel [Pb8O2Zn(OH)6]8+ Structural Unit". Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology 61, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2023): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/2200059.
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Abstract The new minerals redmondite (IMA2021–072), [Pb8O2Zn(OH)6](S2O3)4, hydroredmondite (IMA2021–073), [Pb8O2Zn(OH)6](S2O3)4·2H2O, and sulfatoredmondite (IMA2021–089), [Pb8O2Zn(OH)6](SO4)4·6H2O, were found in the Redmond mine, Haywood County, North Carolina, USA, where they occur together in a highly unusual secondary assemblage that comprises a variety of rare Pb-Zn-Cu sulfates, thiosulfates, and carbonates. The properties of redmondite are as follows: colorless to shades of brown, transparent equant rhombs to about 1 mm; white streak; adamantine luster; brittle; Mohs hardness 2; conchoidal fracture; no cleavage; 5.757 g/cm3 calculated density; biaxial with α = 1.96–1.97, β = 1.97–1.98, γ = 1.97–1.98; extreme dispersion. The properties of hydroredmondite are as follows: colorless, transparent prisms, blades, and tablets up to about 1 mm; white streak; adamantine luster; brittle; Mohs hardness 2; curved and stepped fracture; good cleavages on {101} and ; 5.124 g/cm3 calculated density; biaxial (+) with α = 1.830(5), β = 1.880(calc), γ = 1.950(calc), 2Vmeas = 83(1)°. The properties of sulfatoredmondite are as follows: colorless, transparent wedge-shaped crystals to about 2 mm; white streak; adamantine luster; brittle; Mohs hardness 2; curved, irregular fracture; no cleavage; 5.173 g/cm3 calculated density; biaxial (+), α = 1.780(5), β = 1.850(calc), γ = 1.860(calc), 2Vmeas = 40(3)°; moderate r > v dispersion. Electron probe microanalyses provided the empirical formulae: Pb8.16Zn1.00S6+3.97S2−3.97O20H5.79, Pb8.00Zn1.00S6+4.00S2−4.00O22H9.98, and Pb8.00Zn0.99S6+4.00S2−0.89O29.11H17.98 for redmondite, hydroredmondite, and sulfatoredmondite, respectively. Redmondite is monoclinic, P21/c, a = 9.1672(4), b = 10.6576(4), c = 14.0620(10) Å, β = 101.173(7)°, V = 1347.83(12) Å3, and Z = 2. Hydroredmondite is monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.5991(9), b = 9.2819(4), c = 12.9774(9) Å, β = 90.443(6)°, V = 1517.57(16) Å3, and Z = 2. Sulfatoredmondite is monoclinic, C2/m, a = 17.294(2), b = 7.3668(9), c = 12.7271(18) Å, β = 110.622(9)°, V = 1517.5(4) Å3, and Z = 2. The crystal structures of redmondite (R1 = 0.0346 for 2061 I > 2σI), hydroredmondite (R1 = 0.0346 for 3022 I > 2σI), and sulfatoredmondite (R1 = 0.0344 for 1661 I > 2σI) are all based on the same [Pb8O2Zn(OH)6]8+ structural unit.
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Kampf, Anthony R., John M. Hughes, Barbara P. Nash e Joe Marty. "Bicapite, KNa2Mg2(H2PV145+O42)·25H2O, a new polyoxometalate mineral with a bicapped Keggin anion from the Pickett Corral mine, Montrose County, Colorado, U.S.A." American Mineralogist 104, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2019): 1851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-7027.
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Abstract Bicapite, KNa2Mg2(H2PV145+O42)·25H2O, is a new mineral species (IMA2018-048) discovered at the Pickett Corral mine, Montrose County, Colorado, U.S.A. Bicapite occurs as square tablets up to about 0.2 mm on edge on montroseite-corvusite-bearing sandstone. Crystals are dark red-brown, often appearing black. The streak is orange, and the luster is vitreous. Bicapite is brittle, has a Mohs hardness of 1½, and displays one excellent cleavage on {100}. The measured density is 2.44(2) g/cm3. Bicapite is uniaxial (+), ω = 1.785(5), ε ≈ 1.81 (white light); pleochroism is red-brown; E > O, slight. The electron probe microanalysis and results of the crystal structure determination provided the empirical formula (based on 67 O apfu) (K1.23Na2.23Mg1.48)Σ4.94[H2.51P1.02(V13.915+Mo0.076+)Σ13.98O42]·25H2O. Bicapite is tetragonal, I4/m, with a = 11.5446(12) Å, c = 20.5460(14) Å, V = 2738.3(6) Å3, and Z = 2. The strongest four lines in the diffraction pattern are [d in Å (I) (hkl)]: 10.14 (100) (002,101); 2.978 (29) (134,206); 2.809 (11) (305); and 2.583 (11) (420,008). The atomic arrangement of bicapite was solved and refined to R1 = 0.0465 for 1008 independent reflections with I > 2σI. The structural unit is a [H2PV125+O40(V5+O)2]7– heteropolyanion composed of 12 distorted VO6 octahedra surrounding a central PO4 tetrahedron and capped on opposite sides by two VO5 square pyramids; the structural unit is a modification of the α-isomer of the Keggin anion, [XM12O40]n–. Charge balance in the structure is maintained by the [KNa2Mg2(H2O)25]7+ interstitial complex. The name bicapite is in recognition of this being the only known mineral with a structure based on a bicapped Keggin anion. The discovery of bicapite and numerous other natural polyoxometalate compounds in the Colorado Plateau uranium/vanadium deposits make that the most productive region found to date for naturally occurring polyoxometalate compounds.
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Obradovic Salcin, Lejla, Zeljka Karin, Vesna Miljanovic Damjanovic, Marko Ostojic, Andrea Vrdoljak, Barbara Gilic, Damir Sekulic, Maja Lang-Morovic, Josko Markic e Dorica Sajber. "Physical Activity, Body Mass, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in the Split-Dalmatia County (Croatia)". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 18 (4 de setembro de 2019): 3237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183237.
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Physical activity, body mass, and dietary habits are known to be important determinants of overall health status, but there is an evident lack of studies that examine these issues specifically in preschool children. The aim of this study was to identify associations that may exist between adhering to the Mediterranean diet (MD), levels of physical activity (PA), and body composition indices in apparently healthy preschool children from southern Croatia. Participants were 5- to 6-year-old preschoolers from the Mediterranean part of the country (the Split-Dalmatia County; n = 260, 126 females). Adherence to the MD was observed by the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED), PA level was evaluated by the Preschool-age Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire (Pre-PAQ), and responses were collected from the parents. The participants’ waist circumferences (in cm), waist-to-hip ratios, and body mass index (in kg/m2, and in a z-score calculated relative to the normative value for age and sex) were used as indicators of body composition. All children were of the same age and tested over a one-month period of the same year as a part of the regular examination undertaken before attending elementary school. With only 6% of the children having a low KIDMED score, adherence to the MD was high. MD adherence was higher in girls (Chi-square = 15.31, p < 0.01) and children who live on the coast of the Adriatic Sea (Chi-square = 18.51, p < 0.01). A mixed effects logistic regression (with kindergarten as random factor) identified sedentary activity to be negatively associated with MD adherence (OR per point: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44–0.91). High adherence to the MD in the studied sample may be attributed to regulated feeding in kindergarten. Considering that most Croatian elementary schools do not provide food to their students, MD adherence should be investigated later in life and also in other parts of the country where the MD is culturally less prevalent.
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Meltzer, Lisa, Sarah Rizvi e Julie Chapman. "634 Impact of Changing School Start Times on Drowsy Driving and Teen Motor Vehicle Crashes: A Longitudinal Examination". Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (1 de maio de 2021): A248—A249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.632.
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Abstract Introduction Early high school start times are associated with insufficient adolescent sleep, which in turn is associated with motor vehicle crashes [MVC]. This analysis examined the impact of a 70-minute delay in high school start times on student-reported drowsy driving and department of transportation MVC rates before and for 2 years after start time changes. Methods Self-reported sleep duration and drowsy driving data were drawn from a longitudinal study of changing high school start times (n=2099–4092/year) in the Cherry Creek School District (Arapahoe County [AC]). The Colorado Department of Transportation provided frequency/timing of weekday MVC data for teen (16–18 years) and adult drivers in AC and four neighboring counties in metro Denver (Other Counties [OC]). MVC rates per 1000 licensed drivers were calculated. Outcomes are reported for three school years: 2016–17 (pre-change), 2017–18 (post change), and 2018–19 (follow-up). Chi-square analyses examined drowsy driving frequency (at least once/week vs. less than once/week) by sufficient weeknight sleep duration (<8 hours vs. 8+ hours). Two-proportion z-tests compared MVC rates by county, as well as teens vs. adults. Results Compared to pre-change (29.3%), fewer students reported drowsy driving at post-change (20.3%) and follow-up (23.7%). Students who reported insufficient sleep also reported more frequent drowsy driving across all years (p’s<0.001 to 0.037). AC’s teen crash rate decreased from 78.9/1000 to 76.6/1000 post-change, with a further reduction to 68.7/1000 at follow-up. Pre-change crash rates did not differ between counties (p=0.444); however, they were significantly lower in AC vs. OC at both post-change (p=0.048) and follow-up (p=0.046). Adult crash rates remained consistent over three years in both counties. Morning crash rates per hour did not differ pre-change; at both post-change and follow-up OC’s morning crash rates peaked one hour earlier than AC’s (7:00-7:59am vs. 8:00-8:59am). Conclusion This study extends previous reports by finding that later school start times are associated with decreased drowsy driving and fewer teen motor vehicle crash rates for up to 2 years post-change. Early school start times is an important public policy that benefits adolescent sleep, health, and well-being through decreased drowsy driving and motor vehicle crashes. Support (if any) Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Evidence for Action Program
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Yang, Hexiong, Tommy Yong e Robert T. Downs. "Ferrobobfergusonite, □Na2Fe2+5Fe3+Al(PO4)6, a new mineral of the bobfergusonite group from the Victory Mine, Custer County, South Dakota, USA". Canadian Mineralogist 59, n.º 3 (1 de maio de 2021): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2000064.
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ABSTRACT A new mineral species, ferrobobfergusonite, ideally □Na2Fe2+5Fe3+Al(PO4)6, has been found in the Victory Mine, Custer County, South Dakota, USA. It is massive and associated with ferrowyllieite, schorl, fillowite, arrojadite, quartz, and muscovite. Broken pieces of ferrobobfergusonite are blocky or tabular with single crystals up to 0.9 × 0.7 × 0.4 mm. No twinning or parting is observed macroscopically. The mineral is deep green-brown and transparent with a pale green-yellow streak and vitreous luster. It is brittle and has a Mohs hardness of ∼5, with perfect cleavage on {010}. The measured and calculated densities are 3.68(1) and 3.69 g/cm3, respectively. Optically, ferrobobfergusonite is biaxial (+), with α = 1.698 (2), β = 1.705 (2), γ = 1.727 (2) (white light), 2V (meas.) = 65(2)°, 2V (calc.) = 60°, with orientation of the optic axes α ∧ X = 16°, β = Y, with X = yellowish brown, Y = brown, and Z = deep brown. The dispersion is very strong with r > v. The calculated compatibility index based on the empirical formula is 0.017 (superior). An electron microprobe analysis yielded an empirical formula (based on 24 O apfu) of (Na1.72□1.28)Σ3.00(Fe2+3.50Mn0.89Mg0.44Ca0.13)Σ4.96(Fe3+0.77Al0.23)Σ1.00Al(PO4)6. Ferrobobfergusonite is isostructural with bobfergusonite, a member of the alluaudite supergroup. It is monoclinic, with space group P21/n and unit-cell parameters a = 12.7156(3), b = 12.3808(3), c = 10.9347(3) Å, β = 97.3320(10)°, and V = 1707.37(7) Å3. The crystal structure of ferrobobfergusonite contains six octahedral M (= Fe2+, Mg, Mn2+, Al, Fe3+) sites and five X (= Na, Mn2+, Ca) sites with coordination numbers between 6 and 8. The six MO6 octahedra share edges to form two types of kinked chains extending along [101], with one consisting of M1–M4–M5 linkages and the other of M2–M3–M6 linkages. These chains are joined by PO4 tetrahedra to form sheets parallel to (010), which are linked together through corner-sharing between PO4 tetrahedra and MO6 octahedra in the adjacent sheets, leaving open channels parallel to a, where the large X cations are situated. The M cations are strongly ordered over the six sites, with M1, M2, M3, and M4 being dominantly occupied by Fe2+, and M5 and M6 by Fe3+ and Al, respectively. Among the five X sites, the X1 site is filled with Mn2+ and Ca, whereas the X2–X5 sites are partially occupied by Na.
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Hodges, Jason R., Martha Villavicencio, Jeremie H. Estepp e Jane S. Hankins. "Fetal Hemoglobin Level during Hydroxyurea Therapy Varies By Neighborhood". Blood 132, Supplement 1 (29 de novembro de 2018): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-119165.
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Abstract Background Place is a contributor to overall health in the United States. Health disparities exist in relation to spatial variables, and minorities and people who live below the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) experience the greatest burden. Most individuals with sickle cell disease in the U.S. are minorities, signaling an increased likelihood of exposure to the deleterious impact of social determinants of health. Because the impact of social determinants of health outcomes is not well investigated in sickle cell disease, we sought to create a model to investigate the relationship between contextual factors and clinical outcomes. Specifically, we investigated the variability of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) level during hydroxyurea therapy in a longitudinal cohort of patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). We hypothesized that patients living in neighborhoods with lower Economic Hardship Index (EHI) would have lower HbF in comparison with those living in places with higher EHI scores. Methods We included patients with SCA who are participants of the longitudinal natural history study, Sickle Cell Clinical Research and Intervention Program (Hankins et al. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018 May 24:e27228.), who 1) lived in Shelby County, Tennessee, 2) were treated with hydroxyurea, and 3) had at least one HbF value recorded. Using ArcGIS, participant addresses were geocoded then aggregated by U.S. Census Block Group (CBG). Geospatial analysis was conducted to identify clustering of HbF values using Cluster and Outlier Analysis (Anselin Local Moran's I), High/Low Clustering (Getis-Ord GeneralG), and Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*). Geographically-weighted regression was used to test explanatory variables for identified clusters. The main outcome variables were peak, minimum, and average HbF during hydroxyurea therapy at the CBG level. Mean HbF the average of all HbF lab values for the duration of treatment, the peak HbF was recorded at hydroxyurea maximum tolerated dose, and minimum HbF was the lowest record value during treatment. Spatial regression was used to examine factors associated with HbF at the individual level (demographics, genotype, and duration of hydroxyurea therapy). Results A total of 202 SCCRIP participants (HbSS N=187; HbSβ0-Thalassemia, N=14; other, N=1) were identified during the years 1996 and 2017. The median age (range: 0.8-25.3 years) was 12 years. Participant addresses were geocoded within 147 (23.4%) of the 628 CBGs within Shelby County. Mean (SD) duration of hydroxyurea therapy was 5.4 (±4.8) person-years, mean, maximum, and minimum HbF was 23.6% (SD±10.8), 52.2% (SD±25.9) and 12.9% (SD±9.7), respectively. Thirty-nine percent of participants lived in a census block group with high to very high EHI scores (i.e., increased economic hardship as measured by U.S. Census data) and 19.3% lived within a CBG where >40% of households fall below the federal poverty level (FPL). Age was a significant predictor of peak [(F(1,200)=191.34, p<0.001, R2=.489], mean [(F(1,200)=118.99, p<0.001), R2 =0.373], and minimum HbF [(F(1,200)=58.33, p<0.001, R2=.226]. However, mean age was randomly distributed throughout the study area without significant clustering at the CBG level (Observed General G=0.0068, z-score=0.313, p=0.754). Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) found significant clustering of HbF values at the CBG level (Figure): higher HbF clustered with CBGs above the FPL and lower HbF clustering with CBGs below the FPL. While there was differential HbF clustering at the CBG level when stratified by EHI, the geographically weighted regression did not find a significant relationship between EHI and HbF levels. Conclusion Geospatial analysis indicates geographic variation in HbF% levels among individuals with SCA living in Shelby County, TN. Clustering of higher HbF trended towards neighborhoods with lower EHI while clustering of lower HbF trended toward neighborhoods with higher EHI, suggesting a role of the environment on response to hydroxyurea therapy. Although this study did not investigate the mechanism whereby economic hardship may influence HbF production during hydroxyurea therapy, our findings suggest a possible link between poverty and medication adherence. Our findings point toward the importance of tailoring hydroxyurea therapy to contextual factors, such as neighborhood types, informing community-level interventions. Disclosures Estepp: Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy; NHLBI: Research Funding; ASH Scholar: Research Funding; Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding. Hankins:Novartis: Research Funding; Global Blood Therapeutics: Research Funding; bluebird bio: Consultancy; NCQA: Consultancy.
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Kampf, Anthony R., Mark A. Cooper, Aaron J. Celestian, Barbara P. Nash e Joe Marty. "Thebaite-(NH4), (NH4,K)3Al(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O), a new phosphate–oxalate mineral from the Rowley mine, Arizona, USA". Mineralogical Magazine 85, n.º 3 (16 de março de 2021): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2021.26.
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AbstractThebaite-(NH4), (NH4,K)3Al(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O), is a new mineral species (IMA2020-072) from the Rowley mine, Maricopa County, Arizona, USA. It occurs in an unusual bat-guano-related, post-mining assemblage of phases that include a variety of vanadates, phosphates, oxalates and chlorides, some containing NH4+. Other secondary minerals found in association with thebaite-(NH4) are antipinite, vanadinite and at least one other new mineral. Crystals of thebaite-(NH4) are colourless blades up to ~0.1 mm in length. The streak is white, lustre is vitreous, Mohs hardness is 1½–2, tenacity is brittle and fracture is splintery. There are two good cleavages in the [010] zone, probably {100} and {10$\bar{2}$}. The calculated density is 2.093 g⋅cm–3. Thebaite-(NH4) is optically biaxial (–) with α = 1.490(2), β = 1.534(2), γ = 1.570(2) (white light); 2V = 82.7(5)°; slight r > v dispersion; and orientation X = b, Y ^ c = 13° in obtuse β. Electron microprobe analysis gave the empirical formula [(NH4)2.12K0.69Na0.20]Σ3.01(Al0.84Fe3+0.11V3+0.04)Σ0.99(C2O4)[(P0.98Si0.02)O3OH]2(H2O), with the C, N and H contents constrained by the crystal structure. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of NH4 and C2O4. Thebaite-(NH4) is monoclinic, P21/c, with a = 11.156(9), b = 6.234(6), c = 18.651(16) Å, β = 102.928(15)°, V = 1264.2(19) Å3 and Z = 4. The structural unit in the crystal structure of thebaite-(NH4) (R1 = 0.0612 for 863 Io > 2σI reflections) is a double-strand chain of corner-sharing AlO6 octahedra and PO3OH tetrahedra decorated by additional PO3OH tetrahedra and C2O4 groups. The decorated chains connect to one another through bonds to NH4+ and K+ and through hydrogen bonds.
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Kampf, A. R., S. J. Mills, M. S. Rumsey, J. Spratt e G. Favreau. "The crystal structure determination and redefinition of matulaite, Fe3+Al7(PO4)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8(H2O)8·8H2O". Mineralogical Magazine 76, n.º 3 (junho de 2012): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.3.05.
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AbstractMatulaite was first described by Moore and Ito (1980) from the Bachman mine, Hellertown, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, USA. Its ideal formula was reported as CaAl18(PO4)12(OH)20·28H2O, based on wet-chemical analysis. Re-examination of both existing cotype specimens of matulaite revealed no material matching the powder or single-crystal X-ray diffraction data reported for the species. Other samples examined from the type locality, as well as from the LCA pegmatite in North Carolina, USA, and Fumade, Tarn, France, provided material crystallographically consistent with matulaite: P21/n, a = 10.604(2), b = 16.608(4), c = 20.647(5) Å , b = 98.848(7)° and Z = 4. Electron microprobe and crystal structure analysis of newly studied material from the type locality showed the ideal formula of matulaite to be Fe3+ Al7(PO4)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8(H2O)8˙8H2O. The chemical composition reported by Moore and Ito (1980) was most probably determined on a mixture of mostly kobokoboite and afmite, with lesser amounts of crandallite. As there is no matulaite on any of the existing cotype specimens of the species, the two specimens used to obtain the new chemical analyses, powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and the structure determination are designated as neotypes. The neotypes have also been used to obtain crystal morphology and new measurements of the physical and optical properties of the species. The neotypes and new data have been approved by the CNMNC, proposal 11-F. The crystal structure of matulaite contains seven-member chain segments of AlO6 octahedra decorated by PO4 tetrahedra. The PO4 tetrahedra also link to isolated FeO6 octahedra, resulting in a 'pinwheel' Fe(PO4)6 group. The linkage of octahedra and tetrahedra defines a thick layer parallel to {001}. The only linkage between layers is via hydrogen bonding to interlayer water molecules.
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Appleman, Daniel E., Howard T. Evans, Gordon L. Nord, Edward J. Dwornik e Charles Milton. "Delindeite titanosilicates and lourenswalsite, two new from the Magnet Cove region, Arkansas". Mineralogical Magazine 51, n.º 361 (setembro de 1987): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1987.051.361.08.
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AbstractDelindeite and lourenswalsite are two new barium titanosilicate minerals found as microscopic crystals in miarolitic cavities in nepheline syenite in the Diamond Jo quarry, Hot Spring County, Arkansas. Delindeite is found as aggregates of flake-like crystallites in compact spherules, light pinkish grey in colour, with a resinous, pearly lustre. The flakes are biaxial positive with average n ∼ 1.813; the measured density is 3.3 g/cm3. Electron diffraction revealed a monoclinic unit cell in space group C2/m or subgroup, with a = 21.617(13), b = 6.816(5), c = 5.383(3) Å, β = 94.03(5)° (refined from X-ray powder data). The strongest X-ray lines are (hkl, dobs, Irel): (200, 10.80, 100); (311, 3.54, 24); (6̄01, 3.083, 28); (601, 2.888, 31); (2̄21, 2.806, 20); (910, 2.262,18). The crystals are submicroscopically twinned on (100) and also produce additional continuous diffraction streaks parallel to a*, which double the b and c axes. The formula derived from electron and ion probe analyses (H2O by difference), as constrained by density and molar volume data, is approximately (Na,K)2.7(Ba,Ca)4(Ti,Fe,Al)6Si8O26(OH)14, with Na > K, Ba ≫ Ca, Ti ≫ Fe,Al; Z = 1. Lourenswalsite occurs as very thin hexagonal plates in rosettes, silver grey to light brownish grey in colour. The crystals are biaxial negative with very low 2V angle. Indices of refraction are nα = 1.815, nβ ≈ nγ = 1.840; the measured density is 3.17 g/cm = 1.840; the measured density is 3.17 g/cm3. X-ray and electron diffraction show a sharp pseudohexagonal lattice with a = 5.244 Å, but extremely diffuse diffraction streaks normal to the hk0 plane. In these streaks a period of 20.5 Å can be discerned. A hexagonal unit cell with a = 5.244(2) Å, c = 20.49(3) Å can be refined from the powder diffraction data but does not account for some lines, probably because of extreme layer disorder as shown by precession single-crystal patterns. The strong X-ray powder lines are (002, 10.22, 20); (-, 3.93, 20); (111, 2.608, 100); (300, 1.5145, 80); (220, 1.3111, 25). The formula given by microprobe analyses, constrained by density and molar volume data, is approximately (K,Ba)2(Ti,Mg,Ca,Fe)4(Si,Al,Fe)6O14(OH)12 with K > Ba, Ti ≫ (Mg,Ca,Fe), Si > Al > Fe; Z = 1. These minerals are formed under oxidizing weathering conditions, and iron is assumed to be in the Fe3+ state.
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Joo, Julia H., Sanghee Hong, Lisa A. Rybicki, Betty K. Hamilton e Navneet S. Majhail. "Community Health Status and Long-Term Outcomes in 1-Year Survivors of Autologous and Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation". Blood 138, Supplement 1 (5 de novembro de 2021): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-148035.
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Abstract Background: Race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) have been associated with access to and outcomes after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The role of health disparity factors beyond race/SES in HCT outcomes, however, has not been well described. This is especially true for long-term HCT survivors, for whom local socio-demographic factors may have a greater impact on outcomes because patients may no longer be under close monitoring of their transplant center. The County Health Rankings and Roadmaps (CHRR) provides updated aggregated information from several publicly available datasets to comprehensively describe the health status of US counties. A recent report demonstrated an association between community health status and 1-year non-relapse mortality in a CIBMTR cohort of allogeneic HCT recipients (Hong et al., Cancer 2021). We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study to investigate the association between community health and long-term outcomes in 1-year autologous and allogeneic HCT survivors. Methods: Our study included 1,812 consecutive adult patients from Cleveland Clinic's BMT Program database who received their first allogeneic or autologous HCT between 2003 and 2017 and survived at least 1 year after their transplant. We used patient community risk score (PCS) as the surrogate for community health. PCS was nationally standardized and calculated as the sum of weighted Z-scores of the 23 county-level community health factors considered in CHRR. The 23 factors fell under 4 categories of health factors: health behavior (tobacco and alcohol use, etc.), clinical care (access and quality of care), social and economic factors (education, community safety, etc.), and physical environment (environmental quality and built environment). Higher PCS indicate worse community health. We evaluated the association of PCS with overall survival (OS), relapse, and non-relapse mortality (NRM) with Cox or Fine and Gray regression separately for autologous and allogeneic HCTs. Considered co-variables included pre-transplant sociodemographic data, disease diagnosis, and transplant factors. Results: Autologous HCT recipients (n=1,313) lived in 133 of 3,141 CHRR counties, 90% in Ohio. Similarly, allogeneic recipients (n=499) were from 88 counties, 88% in Ohio. Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. The median (range) PCS scores for autologous and allogeneic HCT recipients were 0.03 (-0.85, 0.97) and 0.03 (-0.85, 0.58), respectively. For comparison, the PCS for the complete US CHRR dataset ranged from -1.43 to 2.54 and ranged from -1.6 to 2.0 in the prior CIBMTR study that included allogeneic HCT recipients (Hong et al., Cancer 2021). PCS was not associated with OS, relapse, or NRM for autologous or allogeneic HCT recipients in univariable analysis, nor were the four categories of health factors that contribute to the total PCS (Table 2). In addition, race and estimated median household income were not associated with mortality. Similar findings were noted in multivariable analysis. Conclusion: In our single center study, PCS was not associated with OS, relapse, or NRM in allogeneic or autologous HCT recipients who survived at least 1 year after HCT. A limitation of our analysis is that our cohort represented a single center with regional representation, where long-term follow up care is provided through a dedicated survivorship clinic and there is a strong emphasis on psychosocial support. A national cohort with greater geographical diversity is needed to better define the association of community factors and outcomes in long-term HCT survivors. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Hamilton: Syndax: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Equilium: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Majhail: Anthem, Inc: Consultancy; Incyte Corporation: Consultancy.
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Smiley, R. W., G. P. Yan e Z. A. Handoo. "First Record of the Cyst Nematode Heterodera filipjevi on Wheat in Oregon". Plant Disease 92, n.º 7 (julho de 2008): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-7-1136b.
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Plant and soil samples from an irrigated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) field near Imbler (Union County), OR were evaluated for root diseases during April 2007. The field exhibited patches with as much as 90% plant mortality. Previous crops were winter wheat (2004), chickpea (Cicer arietinum, 2005), and spring wheat (cv. Jefferson, 2006). Stubble was baled and removed, and the field was cultivated before replanting to winter wheat cv. Chukar in October. Patches of stunted seedlings (three- to five-leaf stage) appeared in March 2007. Stunted seedlings exhibited chlorotic or necrotic lower leaves, healthy younger leaves, few or no tillers, rotting of lower culms and crowns, and light brown roots with little or no branching. Signs and symptoms of fungal pathogens (Pythium spp., Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia solani AG-8, and Typhula incarnata) were present on affected plants. Most small grain fields in Union County are infested with Heterodera avenae (4) but none of the roots, on either healthy or stunted plants, exhibited the bushy branching pattern typical of sites where H. avenae females penetrate and encyst. Extraction of motile nematodes (Whitehead tray method) from soil revealed high populations of Pratylenchus neglectus (6,560/kg of soil), Tylenchorhynchus spp. (2,369/kg of soil), and a species initially thought to be H. avenae (3,098 juveniles/kg of soil). Cysts were also extracted. During PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism identification (1) of H. avenae collected in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, four restriction enzymes applied to amplified DNA of cysts from the Imbler field consistently revealed a pattern identical to that of a H. filipjevi DNA standard and distinct from patterns of H. avenae, H. schachtii, and H. latipons. DNA standards were obtained from R. Rivoal, INRA, Rennes, France. Morphological evidence confirmed that the specimens were H. filipjevi, a member of the ‘H. avenae Group’ of cereal cyst nematodes (2,3). Measurements of second-stage juveniles (n = 15) included length of body (range = 530 to 570 μm, mean = 549, st. dev. = 13.0), stylet (22.5 to 24.5, 23.2, 0.6) with anchor-shaped basal knobs, tail (52.5 to 62.5, 57.4, 2.7), and hyaline tail terminal (30 to 38, 33.5, 2.6). The lateral field had four lines of which the inner two were more distinct. Shapes of the tail, tail terminus, and stylet knobs were also consistent with H. filipjevi. Cysts (n = 10) were lemon shaped and light brown. The cyst wall had a zigzag pattern. The vulval cone was bifenestrate with horseshoe-shaped semifenestra. The cysts were characterized by body length including neck (range = 718 to 940 μm, mean = 809.7, st. dev. = 61.8), body width (395 to 619, 504, 71.2), L/W ratio = (1.1 to 2.2, 1.4, 0.3), neck length (75 to 140, 103.2, 22.1) and width (50 to 95, 71.4, 10.9), fenestra length (50 to 65 μm, 56.5, 6.6) and width (27 to 40, 29.0, 3.8), heavy underbridge (60 to 80, 69, 8.5), vulval slit (7.5 to 8.5, 7.8, 0.4), and many bullae. As described for H. filipjevi, cysts hatched much more readily and at lower temperatures than populations of H. avenae. Detection of H. filipjevi in Oregon represents a new record for the occurrence of this species in the United States and for North America. The pathotype and resistance genes for incorporation into wheat, barley, and oat are being identified. References: (1) S. Bekal et al. Genome 40:479, 1997. (2) Z. A. Handoo. J. Nematol. 34:250, 2002. (3) R. Holgado et al. J. Nematol. Morphol. Syst. 7:77, 2004. (4) R. W. Smiley et al. J. Nematol. 37:297, 2005.
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Koenning, S. R., J. W. Frye, S. C. Butler e T. C. Creswell. "First Report of Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in North Carolina and Increased Incidence of Soybean Rust on Soybean in 2006". Plant Disease 91, n.º 5 (maio de 2007): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-5-0637a.
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Asian soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & Sydow, was first detected in the continental United States in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Louisiana on 6 November 2004 (3) and in kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in Florida during February 2005 (1). Soybean rust was first confirmed in North Carolina in commercial soybean fields in Brunswick, Columbus, and Robeson counties on 25 October 2005 (2). Subsequently, the disease was detected in soybean in 18 counties, but not in kudzu, even when it was growing adjacent to infected soybean. During 2006, soybean rust was first detected in North Carolina in soybean on 14 September 2006 from a sample from Columbus County that was submitted to the North Carolina State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (NCSU-PDIC). Thus, the first detection of soybean rust in North Carolina occurred almost 6 weeks earlier in 2006 than in 2005. Subsequently, in 2006, soybean rust was found in soybean in 42 counties in North Carolina through survey, sentinel plot monitoring, and samples submitted to the NCSU-PDIC. In addition, what appeared to be soybean rust was observed in two samples of kudzu collected on 3 and 6 November 2006 from Moore (35.28313°N, 79.38020°W) and Johnston (35.42742°N, 78.18154°W) counties of North Carolina. The diagnosis of P. pachyrhizi in kudzu was confirmed visually and by ELISA protocol supplied with the EnviroLogix QualiPlate kit (Portland, ME). ELISA tests for each kudzu sample were run in triplicate. PCR was also conducted on infected kudzu samples with a protocol previously reported (1). The PCR master mix that was used came from a dilution scheme based on previous PCR work completed by G. Z. Abad. A total of 24 reactions were run, including four 1-kb molecular markers, four positive controls, four negative controls, and four infected kudzu leaf tissue samples. The results of all diagnostic techniques confirmed the presence of P. pachyrhizi in diseased kudzu. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pachyrhizi in kudzu in North Carolina. References: (1) P. F. Harmon et al. Online publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-0613-01-RS. Plant Health Progress, 2005. (2) S. R. Koenning et al. Plant Dis. 90:973, 2006. (3) R. W. Schneider et al. Plant Dis. 89:774, 2005.
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Zhesheng, Ma, Li Guowu, N. V. Chukanov, G. Poirier e Shi Nicheng. "Tangdanite, a new mineral species from the Yunnan Province, China and the discreditation of ‘clinotyrolite’". Mineralogical Magazine 78, n.º 3 (junho de 2014): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2014.078.3.06.
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AbstractTangdanite, ideally Ca2Cu9(AsO4)4(SO4)0.5(OH)9·9H2O and monoclinic, is a new mineral species (IMA No. 2011-096) occurring in the Tangdan and Nanniping mines, southeast Dongchuan copper mining district, Dongchuan County, Kunming City Prefecture, Yunnan Province, P. R. China (26°11’N 103°51’E). The mineral is found in the oxidized zone (gossan) of an As-bearing Cu sulfide deposit and is clearly of supergene origin. Associated minerals are chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, covellite, tennantite, enargite, cuprite, malachite, azurite, copper and brochantite. Crystals form radiating or foliated aggregates of flaky crystals up to 3 mm, flattened parallel to (100) and elongated along [001]. It is emerald green with a light green streak, translucent and has a pearly to silky lustre. It is sectile having perfect cleavage on {100} although neither parting nor fracture was observed. No fluorescence in long- or short-wave ultraviolet radiation was observed. The hardness is VHN50 42.0−43.6, mean 42.8 kg mm−2 (2−2½ on the Mohs scale). The density measured by pycnometry is 3.22 g cm−3 (Ma et al., 1980). The calculated density from the empirical chemical formula is 3.32 g cm−3. The compatability index gives 1 − (Kp/Kc) = −0.041 (good). The empirical formula (based on 36 O a.p.f.u) of tangdanite is Ca2.05Cu9.08(As1.03O4)4(S0.63O4)0.5(OH)9·9H2.04O. The simplified formula is Ca2Cu9(AsO4)4(SO4)0.5(OH)9·9H2O. The strongest five reflections in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å(I) (hkl)] are: 4.782(100) ( 1 1), 4.333(71) (6 0 2), 5.263(54) ( 0 2), 3.949(47) (8 0 2) and 2.976(46) ( 1 1). The unit-cell parameters are a = 54.490(9), b = 5.5685(9), c = 10.4690(17) Å, β = 96.294(3)o, V = 3157.4(9) Å3, Z = 4. Its structure was solved and refined in space group C2/c, with R = 0.110.
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Baker, C. A., I. Kamenova, R. Raid e S. Adkins. "Bidens mottle virus Identified in Tropical Soda Apple in Florida". Plant Disease 91, n.º 7 (julho de 2007): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-7-0905a.
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Tropical soda apple (TSA) (Solanum viarum Dunal), a plant native to South America, was first identified in Florida in 1988 (4). It rapidly became a noxious weed in pastures throughout the state and it is known to be a reservoir for Cucumber mosaic virus, Potato leafroll virus, Potato virus Y (PVY), Tobacco etch virus (TEV), Tomato mosaic virus, and Tomato mottle virus, viruses that infect important vegetable crops in Florida (3). During a routine survey of Florida weeds during May of 2004, a TSA plant with chlorotic, young leaves found near Okeechobee, FL was determined to be infected with a potyvirus by using a commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). The results of a host range study indicated this potyvirus was neither PVY nor TEV. The virus caused local lesions in Chenopodium amaranticolor and systemic symptoms in C quinoa, Coreopsis sp. (C. A. Baker, unpublished), Helianthus annus, Nicotiana benthamiana, Petunia × hybrida, Verbena hybrida, and Zinnia elegans. It did not infect Gomphrena globosa, N. glutinosa, Pisum sativum, or Phaseolus vulgaris (1). Cylindrical inclusions consistent with those observed in plants infected with Bidens mottle virus (BiMoV) were observed in Z. elegans. Immunodiffusion tests with antiserum to BiMoV (Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida) gave a reaction of identity with leaf extracts of the symptomatic zinnia, a known sample of BiMoV originally isolated from Bidens pilosa and a recent isolate of BiMoV from lettuce in Belle Glade, FL (C. A. Baker and R. Raid, unpublished). A partial polyprotein gene fragment (GenBank Accession No. EF467235) was amplified from total RNA of an inoculated C. quinoa plant by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with previously described degenerate potyvirus primers (2). Analysis of the RT-PCR product sequence confirmed the host range results and indicated that the potyvirus infecting TSA was neither PVY nor TEV. However, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of a 247-bp portion of the RT-PCR product were 94 and 98% identical, respectively, with the coat protein sequence (GenBank Accession No. AF538686) of Sunflower chlorotic spot virus (SCSV). SCSV is a tentative potyvirus species described from Taiwan that is not yet recognized as an accepted species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. On the basis of our concurrent host range, inclusion body, and serological data, it is likely that SCSV is in actuality the previously described and currently accepted potyvirus species BiMoV, for which no previous sequence data existed. As part of a comprehensive viral disease management plan, it is recommended that TSA plants growing in and around lettuce-production areas be controlled along with other weed hosts of this virus. References: (1) A. A. Brunt et al., eds. Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20 at http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/ , 1996. (2) A. Gibbs and A. J. Mackenzie. Virol. Methods 63:9, 1997. (3) R. J. McGovern et al. Int. J. Pest Manag. 40:270, 1994. (4) J. J. Mullahey et al. Weed Technol. 7:783, 1993.
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Blanton, T. L., e J. E. Olson. "Stress Magnitudes from Logs: Effects of Tectonic Strains and Temperature". SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, n.º 01 (1 de fevereiro de 1999): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/54653-pa.
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Summary An improved method of calibrating in-situ stress logs was validated with data from two wells. Horizontal stress profiles are useful for hydraulic fracture design, wellbore stability analysis, and sand production prediction. The industry-standard method of estimating stresses from logs is based on overburden, Poisson's ratio, and pore pressure effects and gives an estimate of minimum horizontal stress. The model proposed here adds effects of temperature and tectonics and outputs of minimum and maximum horizontal stress magnitudes, which are particularly important to the successful completion of horizontal and deviated wells. This method was validated using data collected from a GRI research well and a Mobil well. Seven microfrac stress tests in GRI's Canyon Gas Sands Well of Sutton County, Texas, provided a means of comparing the predictive capability of different methods. First, one of the seven stress tests was selected as a calibration standard for the stress log. Then the results obtained from the two calibration methods were compared to stress magnitudes from the other six stress tests. This process was repeated using each of the seven stress tests as a calibration standard and comparing predictions to the other six. In every case, the method incorporating tectonic strain and thermal effects produced significantly more accurate values. The Mobil well is located in the Lost Hills Field in California, and pre-frac treatment breakdown tests were used to calibrate a log-derived stress profile. All of the data were used simultaneously to get a best fit for the log-derived stress. The log and its fracture height growth implications compared favorably with available fracture diagnostic data, and maximum horizontal stress values were consistent with published values for a similar, nearby reservoir. Introduction Advances in well completion technology have made accurate profiles of horizontal stresses more important to successful field development. Data on in-situ stress have always been important to hydraulic fracture design, wellbore stability analysis, and sand production prediction. More recent work has shown that accurate stress profiles can be used to optimize fracturing of horizontal wells and designing multizone fracture treatments. In fracturing horizontal wells, stress profiles can be used to select zones for the horizontal section that optimize fracture height.1 For multizone fracturing, the success of advanced limited-entry techniques depends on having accurate profiles of horizontal stresses.2 Theory Conventional Method. The industry-standard method3-9 of calculating stresses from logs is based on the following equation: σ h m i n = μ 1 − μ ( σ v e r t − α p p ) + α p p . ( 1 ) The shmin formula is obtained by solving linear poroelasticity equations for horizontal stress with vertical stress set equal to the overburden and horizontal strains set to zero. The only deformation allowed is uniaxial strain in the vertical direction. Overburden stress, svert, is determined from an integrated density log. Poisson's ratio, m, is calculated from compressional and shear wave velocities given by an acoustic log. When independent measures of horizontal stress magnitudes are available from microfracs or extended leak-off tests, there is often a discrepancy between the log-derived and measured values, leading to the conclusion that the uniaxial strain assumption inherent to Eq. (1) is inadequate. In order to improve the estimated stress values, an adjustment (calibration) is made by adding an additional stress term to Eq. (1), thereby shifting the profile to match the measured values.4-8 For the purposes of this article, a constant shift with depth is used, stect which in some cases has been referred to as tectonic stress.5 Eq. (1) then becomes what we term here the conventional method stress equation: σ h m i n = μ 1 − μ ( σ v e r t − α p p ) + α p p + σ t e c t , ( 2 ) where σ t e c t = { σ h m i n ′ − μ ′ 1 − μ ′ ( σ v e r t ′ − α p ′ p ′ ) − α p ′ p ′ } . ( 3 ) The primes indicate parameter values at the calibration depth, z¢ where a measure of the minimum horizontal stress, σhmin′, is available. When measured values are available for several zones, slightly different calibration techniques are used, such as multiplying the log-based stress by a constant factor and adding a "tectonic" gradient.6 These calibrations have physical implications. When horizontal stress is applied as in Eq. (2), the zero lateral strain boundary conditions used to derive Eq. (1) are no longer appropriate. If we assume the strain in the direction orthogonal to the applied tectonic stress is zero (plane strain), the normal strain in the direction of the applied calibration stress, [epsiv] (z), can be written as ε ( z ) = E ( z ) 1 − μ ( z ) 2 σ t e c t , ( 4 ) where E and m are functions of depth. Given that typical geologic sequences are layered in elastic moduli, Eq. (4) implies that a constant tectonic stress calibration [exemplified in Eqs. (2) and (3)] results in horizontal strains that may be discontinuous across layer boundaries, which is a nonphysical consequence of the conventional log-derived stress calibration approach.
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Tjosvold, S. A., e S. T. Koike. "First Occurrence of Downy Mildew on Digitalis purpurea (Common Foxglove), Caused by Peronospora digitalidis, in California and the United States". Plant Disease 86, n.º 10 (outubro de 2002): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.10.1176c.
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In California, Digitalis purpurea (common foxglove) and D. grandiflora (yellow foxglove) are grown as cutflower, potted, and landscape plant commodities. In the spring of 2002, after seasonably wet and cool weather, severe downy mildew was observed on potted common foxglove plants in commercial nurseries in coastal California (Santa Cruz County). Initial symptoms on leaves consisted of light green, rectangular areas that were vein-delimited and measured 2 to 5 × 8 to 12 mm. Such spots later became chlorotic. As disease progressed, chlorotic spots coalesced and turned necrotic. The purple-gray sporulation of the pathogen could be seen primarily on abaxial leaf surfaces. However, in some cases, extensive fungal growth developed on adaxial surfaces of lower leaves. Conidiophores branched dichotomously and measured 278 to 520 μm long from the lower end to the first branches and 11 to 14 μm across at the widest part of the swollen base. Branch ends were slender with curved tips that measured 11 to 22 μm long. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid to ovoid, and measured 22 to 31 μm × 17 to 19 μm. Oospores were not observed. The pathogen was identified as Peronospora digitalidis (1,2). Pathogenicity tests were not conducted. However, the consistent association of sporulation with symptoms, the internal hyphal growth giving rise to conidiophores, and the obligate nature of Peronospora pathogens clearly indicated that P. digitalidis was the causal agent of this disease. Field observations indicated that D. purpurea cvs. Alba and Apricot and Foxy hybrids were very susceptible, D. × mertonensis ( = D. grandiflora × D. purpurea) appeared to be moderately susceptible, and D. grandiflora grown in the same area was symptomless. One planting of Foxy hybrid was 100% infected, and the entire lot of several hundred plants was discarded. The disease also was found on Foxy hybrid seedlings grown in propagation greenhouses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew caused by P. digitalidis on cultivars of D. purpurea in California and the United States. This disease has been reported previously in Europe, Asia, and New Zealand (1,2). References: (1) G. Hall. Mycopathologia 126:47, 1994. (2) E. H. C. McKenzie and J. M. Dingley. N. Z. J. Bot. 34:263, 1996.
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Corder, Kirsten L., Helen E. Brown, Caroline HD Croxson, Stephanie T. Jong, Stephen J. Sharp, Anna Vignoles, Paul O. Wilkinson, Edward CF Wilson e Esther MF van Sluijs. "A school-based, peer-led programme to increase physical activity among 13- to 14-year-old adolescents: the GoActive cluster RCT". Public Health Research 9, n.º 6 (abril de 2021): 1–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/phr09060.
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Background Adolescent physical activity levels are low and are associated with rising disease risk and social disadvantage. The Get Others Active (GoActive) intervention was co-designed with adolescents and teachers to increase physical activity in adolescents. Objective To assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the school-based GoActive programme in increasing adolescents’ moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Design A cluster randomised controlled trial with an embedded mixed-methods process evaluation. Setting Non-fee-paying schools in Cambridgeshire and Essex, UK (n = 16). Schools were computer randomised and stratified by socioeconomic position and county. Participants A total of 2862 Year 9 students (aged 13–14 years; 84% of eligible students). Intervention The iteratively developed feasibility-tested refined 12-week intervention trained older adolescents (mentors) and in-class peer leaders to encourage classes to undertake two new weekly activities. Mentors met with classes weekly. Students and classes gained points and rewards for activity in and out of school. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was average daily minutes of accelerometer-assessed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at 10 months post intervention. Secondary outcomes included accelerometer-assessed activity during school, after school and at weekends; self-reported physical activity and psychosocial outcomes; cost-effectiveness; well-being and a mixed-methods process evaluation. Measurement staff were blinded to allocation. Results Of 2862 recruited participants, 2167 (76%) attended 10-month follow-up measurements and we analysed the primary outcome for 1874 (65.5%) participants. At 10 months, there was a mean decrease in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of 8.3 (standard deviation 19.3) minutes in control participants and 10.4 (standard deviation 22.7) minutes in intervention participants (baseline-adjusted difference –1.91 minutes, 95% confidence interval –5.53 to 1.70 minutes; p = 0.316). The programme cost £13 per student compared with control. Therefore, it was not cost-effective. Non-significant indications of differential impacts suggested detrimental effects among boys (boys –3.44, 95% confidence interval –7.42 to 0.54; girls –0.20, 95% confidence interval –3.56 to 3.16), but favoured adolescents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (medium/low 4.25, 95% confidence interval –0.66 to 9.16; high –2.72, 95% confidence interval –6.33 to 0.89). Mediation analysis did not support the use of any included intervention components to increase physical activity. Some may have potential for improving well-being. Students, teachers and mentors mostly reported enjoying the GoActive intervention (56%, 87% and 50%, respectively), but struggled to conceptualise their roles. Facilitators of implementation included school support, embedding a routine, and mentor and tutor support. Challenges to implementation included having limited school space for activities, time, and uncertainty of teacher and mentor roles. Limitations Retention on the primary outcome at 10-month follow-up was low (65.5%), but we achieved our intended sample size, with retention comparable to similar trials. Conclusions A rigorously developed school-based intervention (i.e. GoActive) was not effective in countering the age-related decline in adolescent physical activity. Overall, this mixed-methods evaluation provides transferable insights for future intervention development, implementation and evaluation. Future work Interdisciplinary research is required to understand educational setting-specific implementation challenges. School leaders and authorities should be realistic about expectations of the effect of school-based physical activity promotion strategies implemented at scale. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN31583496. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 9, No. 6. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. This work was additionally supported by the Medical Research Council (London, UK) (Unit Programme number MC_UU_12015/7) and undertaken under the auspices of the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (Cambridge, UK), a UK Clinical Research Collaboration Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding from the British Heart Foundation (London, UK), Cancer Research UK (London, UK), Economic and Social Research Council (Swindon, UK), Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research (Southampton, UK) and the Wellcome Trust (London, UK), under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged (087636/Z/08/Z; ES/G007462/1; MR/K023187/1). GoActive facilitator costs were borne by Essex and Cambridgeshire County Councils.
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Cai, Z. Y., Y. X. Liu, G. H. Li, Y. F. Wang e M. Zhou. "First Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Black Leaf Spot of Rubber Tree in China". Plant Disease 99, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2015): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-14-0954-pdn.
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We first reported Alternaria heveae (E.G. Simmons ) to be the pathogen that caused black leaf spot of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) in Heikou county in July 2014 (1). Black leaf spots that resembled the symptoms caused by A. heveae were observed on the leaves of rubber trees of the whole propagule collection nursery in Jingping County (22°68′ N and 103°05′ E) of Yunnan Province. Black foliar spots (0.1 to 2 mm in diameter) surrounded by a yellow halo with lesions slightly sunken on the leaf surface were observed. To confirm whether the disease was caused by the same pathogen, 5-mm2 sections were removed from the leading edge of the lesion and were surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol, air-dried, plated on potato carrot agar (PCA), and incubated at 28°C in the dark. Colonies of the fungus on PCA had round margins and little aerial mycelia with gray-black coloration after 6 days of growth on PCA (2). Medium brown conidia were found to be in short chains of two to eight spores, ovoid, obclavate, and obpyriform, with or without a short conical or cylindrical-shaped apical beak. Conidia ranged from 22.5 to 67.5 μm long (mean 39.9 μm) × 10 to 15 μm wide (mean 12.5 μm; 100 colodia were measured), with three to six transverse septa and zero to three longitudinal or oblique septa. Morphological characteristics matched the descriptions of A. alternata [(Fries) Keissler] (4).The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of one single-spore isolate, Ah02JP1, was amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4. The PCR product was sequenced directly and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KM111289). A BLAST search of the GenBank database revealed 100% similarity with A. alternata isolates KJ829535.1, KJ677246.1, and KF813070.1. Therefore, the pathogen was identified as A. alternata on the basis of its morphological characteristics and ITS sequence. Pathogenicity of a representative isolate, Ah02JP1 was confirmed using a field rubber tree inoculation method. Three rubber plants (the clone of rubber tree Yunyan77-4) were grown to the copper-colored leaf stage. Leaves were spray-inoculated (104 conidia per milliliter spore suspension) until drops were equally distributed using a manual pressure sprayer. Three rubber plants sprayed with sterile distilled water were used as controls. After inoculation, the plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain high relative humidity. The plastic bags were removed 2 days post-inoculation (dpi), and the plants were monitored daily for symptom development. Five days post-inoculation, spots similar to the original ones seen on the field trees developed on all inoculated leaves, while control leaves remained symptomless. A. alternata was re-isolated from spray-inoculated leaves, confirming Koch's postulates. A. alternata has been reported as the causal agent of leaf blight of rubber tree in India, which initially appeared as minute spots on leaves and enlarged with the growth of the leaves (3). However, in the present study, the symptoms (black leaf spots) remained small over time after inoculation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata on rubber tree in China. Correct identification of pathogens is essential for disease management strategies. This report will establish a foundation for the further study of Alternaria alternata to address the disease effectively. References: (1) Z. Y. Cai et al. Plant Dis. 98:1011, 2014. (2) E. Mirkova. J. Phytopathol. 151:323, 2003. (3) C. B. Roy et al. J. Plantation Crops 34:499, 2006. (4) T. Y. Zhang. Page 32 in: Flora Fungorum Sinicorum, Vol. 16: Alternaria. Science Press, Beijing, 2003.
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Cosic, J., K. Vrandecic, D. Jurkovic, J. Postic, L. Orzali e L. Riccioni. "First Report of Lavender Wilt Caused by Fusarium sporotrichioides in Croatia". Plant Disease 96, n.º 4 (abril de 2012): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-11-1046-pdn.
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In May 2011, samples of lavender plants (Lavandula × intermedia) showing wilt symptoms were collected from two commercial plantings in Slavonia County. Disease was observed on 20 to 30% of the plants. Symptoms of the disease consisted of chlorosis, stunting, wilting, and death. Vascular tissue of stems and roots exhibited brown discoloration. Isolations of the pathogen were made from the discolored tissues on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies were initially white, but with age became red, and red pigments were produced in agar. Microconidia were pear shaped, oval, and fusoid, and ranged from 4.5 to 14.0 × 2.8 to 4.7 μm. Macroconidia were curved, mostly three septate, and ranged from 21.8 to 24.3 × 2.9 to 3.9 μm. Morphology of colonies and conidia matched the description of Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. (1). Identity of the fungus was confirmed by examining a portion of the EF1-α gene using the degenerated primers EF1 and EF2 (2). BLAST searches of the obtained sequences showed a 100% homology with several isolates of F. sporotrichioides from GenBank. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 20 4-month-old rooted cuttings under greenhouse conditions. Each plant was planted in a separate pot containing 0.7 liter of sterile soil. Inoculum for artificial infection was prepared with sterilized mixtures of wheat and barley seeds (10 g of each). Seeds were inoculated with a F. sporotrichioides spore suspension (106 conidia/ml) and incubated at 22°C for 10 days. Noninoculated seeds served as controls. Ten seeds were placed under the soil surface around the root of each plant. Plants were irrigated and placed in a greenhouse (22°C and a 12-h day/night photoperiod). Sixteen days after inoculation, 80% of inoculated plants were wilted. Symptoms on infected plants were similar to those observed in the field. The pathogen was reisolated and confirmed from the infected vascular tissue, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. A previous paper reported lavender as host of F. solani in China (4) and F. oxysporum in Saudi Arabia (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium wilt of lavender caused by F. sporotrichioides. References: (1) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. Page 256 in: The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Hoboken, NJ, 2006. (2) K. O'Donnell et al. Appl Biol. Sci. 95:2044, 1998. (3) K. Perveen and N. Bokhari. Plant Dis. 94:1163, 2010. (4) Y. Z. Ren et al. New Dis. Rep. 15:55, 2007.
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Dung, J. K. S., L. M. Carris e P. B. Hamm. "First Report of Ustilago cynodontis Causing Smut of Cynodon dactylon in Washington State, United States". Plant Disease 98, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2014): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0560-pdn.
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Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) is an important warm-season perennial turf and forage grass that is typically grown in warm, tropical and subtropical climates. Smutted inflorescences of bermudagrass were observed and collected in Benton County, Washington, United States, in October of 2012 in an unmanaged, naturalized area located near the banks of the Columbia River and adjacent to large expanses of managed turf containing bermudagrass. The climate in this area is favorable to bermudagrass due to the relatively mild winters and hot, dry summers that usually occur in this region. The infected plants occurred in patches alongside healthy plants and several disease foci were observed along a 100-m transect of non-contiguous bermudagrass. The disease was severe wherever it occurred. Diseased inflorescences were covered with black-brown teliospores, distorted, and frequently failed to fully emerge and develop. Teliospores (n = 80) were irregularly globose to subglobose, 5.3 to 7.0 × 4.5 to 6.2 μm (mean 6.4 × 5.9 μm) and 6.2 to 8.8 × 5.3 to 7.0 μm (mean 7.0 × 6.5 μm), with a smooth wall approximately 1 μm thick, and were consistent with previous descriptions of Ustilago cynodontis teliospores (1,3). Teliospores germinated within 24 h when plated on 0.2% malt agar at 16°C and produced 4-celled basidia in a 3+1 arrangement, also consistent with U. cynodontis (3). Basidia gave rise to lateral and terminal, ovoid to long ellipsoidal basidiospores. Basidiospores budded or germinated by hyphae from which lateral or terminal aerial sporidia developed as previously described (3,4). DNA was extracted from sporidia of three single-spored isolates grown in malt extract broth. Complete nucleotide sequences of the 5.8S ribosomal RNA coding region and partial sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 were obtained from the three isolates using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The corresponding regions of the three aligned sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. KC920742 to KC920744) were identical and exhibited 99 to 100% identity with U. cynodontis strains previously deposited in GenBank (HM143013, AY740168, AF038825, and AY345000). Representative specimens were deposited in the WSU Mycological Herbarium as WSP 72345 to WSP 72348. This is the first report of U. cynodontis causing smut on bermudagrass in Washington State and represents the northernmost record of this fungus in North America (2). The occurrence of U. cynodontis in Washington State suggests that the pathogen may exist in other hot and dry areas of northwestern North America where bermudagrass is found associated with turf in recreational, landscape, or natural settings. References: (1) S. D. Brook. Trans. R. Soc. N. Z. 84:643, 1957. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Online. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases , April 18, 2013. (3) C. T. Ingold. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 83:251, 1984. (4) C. T. Ingold. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 89:471, 1987.
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Chen, R. S., W. L. Wang, J. C. Li, Y. Y. Wang e J. G. Tsay. "First Report of Papaya Scab Caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides in Taiwan". Plant Disease 93, n.º 4 (abril de 2009): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-4-0426c.
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In March of 2008, a leaf scab disease was observed in a papaya (Carica papaya L.) orchard at Guoshing, 24.03°N, 120.51°E, in Nantou County, Taiwan. Infected papayas developed symptoms of numerous, pale green, water-soaked areas, 0.5 to 1.5 mm. Infected leaves gradually turned white to gray on the upper surface and small, circular swellings were observed on the abaxial surface. Lesions may coalesce to cover more than 50% of the leaf, rendering them to fall prematurely. Lesions on the lower surface of the leaves were covered with olive-gray patches of mycelia and abundant conidia. Pieces (~2 × 2 mm) of diseased leaf tissue from margins of individual lesions were surface disinfected in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 1 min, rinsed in sterile water, plated on water agar, and incubated at 25°C. After 4 days, mycelium was isolated and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA). Five isolates (Cc-5 to Cc-9) were isolated and identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) de Vries based on the velvety, olive-brown with almost black reverse colony color and dimensions and color of conidia and conidiophores (1). Conidia formed in long branched chains that readily disarticulate, single celled, elliptical to limoniform, 2 to 9 (4.6) × 2 to 3 (2.2) μm. Conidia were pale-to-olive brown and smooth to verruculose. Ramoconidia were 0 to 1 septate, 6 to 14 (9.4) × 2 to 4 (2.7) μm, smooth or sometimes minutely verruculose. Conidiophores were pale-to-olive brown, macro- and micronemateus, smooth or sometimes verruculose, 68 to 244 (141.7) × 3.2 to 4 (3.9) μm. To confirm the identity of the fungus, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 4 regions and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA were sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. EU935608 and FJ362555), which had 99% homology to the ITS and mtSSU rDNA of C. cladosporioides (GenBank Accession Nos. EU497957 and AY291273, respectively). Pathogenicity tests were conducted in the greenhouse at 25°C with natural daylight conditions. Fungal isolate Cc-6 was used; it was grown on PDA for 6 days and a spore suspension was made (106 spores/ml). Three papaya seedlings (cv. Horng-Fe) were sprayed with the spore suspension and covered with plastic bags. Control treatments were sprayed with sterile water. After 2 days, the bags were removed. Symptoms developed on all inoculated seedlings 4 days after inoculation. In all cases, the typical scab symptom, pale green, water-soaked areas on the lower leaf surface, were observed. C. cladosporioides was reisolated from inoculated leaves following the procedure used for the original isolation. Control seedlings developed no symptoms. The five isolates are being maintained at the DBST, NCYU, Taiwan. Previously, papaya scab reported in China was caused by C. cariciolum Corda (2), C. caricinum C. F. Zhang et P. K. Chi (3), and C. cladosporioides (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. cladosporioides causing papaya scab in Taiwan. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971. (2) H.-H. Peng and Z.-Y. Zhang. J. Yunnan Agric. Univ. 12:23, 1997. (3) C.-F. Zhang. Ph.D. thesis. South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R.C., 1995. (4) Z. Y. Zhang et al. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum 14:1, 2003.