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1
Sojka, Jerzy. "Synod w tradycji luterańskiej". Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne 32, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2023): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52097/lst.2023.1.149-165.
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The article presents the experience of synodal work from the Lutheran perspective. For this purpose, it presents the most important global synodal body of Lutheranism – the General Assemblies of the Lutheran World Federation, as well as the most important body of this type in the Polish context – the Synod of the Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession in Poland. Then, the powers of both these bodies are analyzed to show that they are not limited only to technical and organizational issues, but also extend to the area of defining the truths of faith. In the next step, the search for theological premises for synodal work was undertaken, focusing on the concept of the universal priesthood of all believers and the principles of the Lutheran hermeneutics of Holy Scripture. Finally, a specific example of a discussion on confirmation in the Polish Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession shows how the Lutheran synodal process can look like in practice. Finally, some indispensable elements for the success of the synodal process have been identified.
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Kroczek, Piotr. "Diocesan Synod from the Catholic and Lutheran Perspectives". Ecumeny and Law 8 (29 de dezembro de 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/eal.2020.08.01.
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The aim of the article is to verify the hypothesis that the institutions of diocesan synod in the perspective of the Roman Catholic Church and that of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in the Republic of Poland are very similar. The method to achieve the aim is the comparable analysis of the legal provisions of the fundamental laws of the Churches which refer to diocesan synod. The general conclusion is that the institutions of diocesan synod seen in the two perspectives are completely incompatible. They are different institutions.
3
Kuenning, Paul P. "New York Lutheran Abolitionists. Seeking a Solution to a Historical Enigma". Church History 58, n.º 1 (março de 1989): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3167678.
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Among nineteenth-century North American Lutherans the only corporate body to take an early, serious, and vigorous stand on behalf of the abolition of human slavery was a small group in upper New York State called the Franckean Evangelic Synod.1 On 25 May 1837, at a meeting held in a small country chapel in Minden township, Montgomery County, four Lutheran clergymen and twenty-seven lay delegates broke with the Hartwick Synod and formed the new association. It was named after the German Lutheran Pietist cleric and humanitarian August Hermann Francke (1663–1727). The abolitionist convictions of the Franckean Synod were embedded in the main body of its constitution. No minister who was a slaveholder or engaged in the traffic of human beings or advocated the system of slavery then existing in the United States could be accepted into the synod nor could a layperson practicing any of the above serve as a delegate to synodical meetings.2 By 1848 these restrictions were increased to include laity who “justified the sin of slavery” and clergy “who did not oppose” it.3 Such precise constitutional requirements in opposition to human slavery remain without precedent in the history of the Lutheran church.
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Sławinski, Wojciech. "Die Thorner Generalsynode von 1595". Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History 96, n.º 1 (1 de dezembro de 2005): 246–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/arg-2005-0112.
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This is a detailed analysis of the General Synod of the Polish Protestants in Toruń in 1595. The article discusses the following aspects of the synod: the participants of the synod; the synod’s aims and organization; the conflict about the Lord’s Supper; the case of the Lutheran pastor Paul Gericke from Poznan, who refused to agree to the synod’s decisions; the question of Trinitarianism; the canons of the Synod of Toruń ; political projects discussed at the synod; the participation of Orthodox churchmen; the role of the Prussian towns Gdańsk, Elbląg and Toruń .
5
Meriläinen, Juha. "‘Holy and Important Duty’ – The Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as a Preserver of the Finnish Language and Culture from the 1890s to 1920s". Journal of Migration History 5, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2019): 160–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00501007.
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From its establishment in 1892 until the 1920s the largest Finnish ethnic church in the United States, the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, better known as the Suomi Synod, was among the staunchest defenders of Finnish language and culture. The synod built a network of Sunday and summer schools, coordinated by the Michigan-based Suomi College, that not only offered religious instruction but also spread the Finnish language and national romantic ideals to immigrant children. Tightening immigration laws and increasing demands for national unity in the 1920s led many immigrant institutions, including the ethnic Lutheran churches, to Americanisation. A debate concerning a language reform also started in the Suomi Synod, but was rejected by the nationalistic-minded wing. Adherence to the Finnish language alienated the younger generation and led to a drastic but temporary decline in the church’s membership.
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Freeman, David Fors. ""Those Persistent Lutherans": the Survival of Wesel's Minority Lutheran Community, 1578-1612". Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis / Dutch Review of Church History 85, n.º 1 (2005): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187607505x00245.
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AbstractThis essay analyzes the various strategies Lutherans in the German city of Wesel pursued in securing their status as a minority church during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Through petitioning their magistrates, securing competent clergy, and obtaining support from their Lutheran Diaspora and a variety of external political authorities, the Lutherans eventually achieved their goals of public worship in their own church as part of the klevish Lutheran synod.
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Hintz, Marcin. "Synod as the Embodiment of the Church — the Evolution of Lutheran Understanding of Synodality". Ecumeny and Law 7 (24 de novembro de 2019): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/eal.2019.07.04.
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The concept of the synod plays a special role in the Evangelical ecclesiology. In the 20th century, the synod was radically defined as “the personification of the Church.” In the Evangelical tradition, however, there are equal Church management systems: episcopal, synodal-consistory, presbyterian (mainly in the Evangelical-Reformed denomination), and to a lesser extent congregational (especially observed in the so-called free Churches). Reformation theology understands the Church as a community of all saints, where the Gospel is preached purely and the sacraments are properly administered (Augsburg Confession — CA VII). The system of the Church does not belong to the so-called notae ecclesiae. An important theological doctrine of the Reformation is the teaching about the universal priesthood of all believers, which is the theological foundation of the idea of the synodal responsibility of the Church. In the 19th century synods concerned mainly clergy. In the 20th century, in the course of democratisation processes, most Evangelical Churches raised the importance of the synod in the overall management of the Church, and the Polish Lutheran Church introduced a provision into her law which stipulates that the synod is “the embodiment of the Church” and its supreme authority.
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Perry, Alan T. "Joint Assembly of the Anglican Church of Canada and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada". Ecclesiastical Law Journal 16, n.º 1 (13 de dezembro de 2013): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x13000902.
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In 2001 the Anglican Church of Canada's General Synod and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada's National Convention, meeting concurrently in Waterloo, Ontario, agreed to a relationship of Full Communion. Readers will be familiar with the Porvoo Communion and the associated Declaration. The Waterloo Declaration is similar in effect and borrows some wording from the Porvoo Declaration, the key difference being that, in the Canadian context, Anglican and Lutheran churches share the same territory, which provides greater opportunity for day-to-day collaboration.
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Hiebsch, Sabine. "Dutch Lutheran Women on the Pulpit". Church History and Religious Culture 103, n.º 3-4 (18 de dezembro de 2023): 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-10303014.
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Abstract In the course of the Twentieth century, the roles for women in Protestant churches in Europe expanded to include the possibility of participating in the church office of minister. For the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the year 2022 marked the centenary of women in the ordained ministry. On June 12, 1922, the Lutheran synod decided that, according to the existing regulations, women could also be admitted as candidates for the ministry. In 1929 Jantine Auguste Haumersen (1881–1967) became the first female Lutheran minister in the Netherlands and worldwide. This made the Lutheran church, after the Mennonites and the Remonstrants, the third denomination in the Netherlands where women could hold the office of minister. Utilizing a broad cultural analysis and based on recent extensive archival research this article describes the turning points in the development of women’s ordained ministry in the Lutheran Church in the Netherlands.
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Voss, R. K. E. "Religious Beliefs and Reproductive Counseling Practices in the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod". Christian Bioethics 21, n.º 2 (29 de maio de 2015): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cb/cbv004.
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Ingvarsdóttir, Kristín. "Icelandic Lutheran Synod of America and its missionary in Japan, 1916–1941". Scandinavian-Canadian Studies 29 (31 de dezembro de 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/scancan213.
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In 1910, despite low membership and limited funds, the Icelandic Lutheran Synod of America began directly supporting mission work in Asia. It first sponsored a Danish missionary who was serving in India and later commissioned one of its own members, Steingrímur Octavius Thorlakson (1890–1977), to carry out missionary work in Japan, where he ended up serving for 25 years, from 1916 to 1941. Although the synod’s Asia initiative was well known within the Icelandic community, as was Octavius himself during his lifetime, the venture has not become a substantial chapter of the history of Icelanders in North America. The aim of this article is twofold: first, to shed light on the background and nature of the Icelandic Synod’s missionary enterprise in Asia, and second, to examine the initiative and Octavius’ career from the perspective of mobility and international influences in the early 20th century. En 1910, malgré un faible effectif et des fonds limités, le synode luthérien islandais d’Amérique (Icelandic Lutheran Synod of America) entreprit de soutenir directement le travail missionnaire en Asie. Parrainant d’abord un missionnaire danois qui servait en Inde, le synode envoya ensuite comme missionnaire au Japon un de ses propres membres, Steingrímur Octavius Thorlakson (1890–1977), qui servit pendant 25 ans, de 1916 à 1941. Bien que le projet asiatique du synode était bien connu dans la communauté islandaise, tout comme l’était Octavius lui-même de son vivant, cette entreprise n’est pourtant pas devenue un chapitre important de l’histoire des Islandais en Amérique du Nord. Cet article a deux buts: d’abord, éclairer le contexte et la nature du projet missionnaire du synode islandais en Asie, et ensuite, examiner ce projet et la carrière d’Octavius du point de vue de la mobilité et des influences internationales du début du XXème siècle.
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Werth, Charles E. "The Wauwatosa Theology: John Philip Koehler and His Exegetical Methodology". Church History 55, n.º 2 (junho de 1986): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3167421.
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Wauwatosa is a suburb of the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was there that a particularly fascinating bit of twentieth-century church history was played out between 1900 and 1929. Three theological professors, J.P. Koehler, August Pieper, and John Schaller, headquartered in Wauwatosa sought to influence a generation of students preparing for the ministerium of the Wisconsin Synod of the Lutheran church. Short-lived and generally scorned, the Wauwatosa Theology is clothed in a comic-tragic story. Its rise and fall is contemporaneous with the rise and fall of its chief framer, John Philip Koehler.
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Veit, Walter F. "Missionaries and their ethnographic instructions". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 127, n.º 1 (2015): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs15007.
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When in the 1880s and 1890s German Lutheran missionaries were sent to Australia from their colleges in Hermannsburg in Lower Saxony and Neuendettelsau in Bavaria to work among the Australian indigenous peoples of the Northern Territory, they had no ethnological education to speak of. This was particularly true for Carl Strehlow who, born in 1871 and educated from 1888 to 1891 at the Lutheran Missionary College in Neuendettelsau, arrived in Adelaide in 1892 and went straight to work with Pastor Reuther among the Diari in Killalpaninna, south of Lake Eyre. From there, in 1894, he was sent to Hermannsburg to resurrect the abandoned Lutheran Mission Station of the Finke River Mission, owned by the South Australian Immanuel Synod. The records of the curriculum in Neuendettelsau show no subjects teaching the theory and practice of ethnology. However, his ethnographic work among the local tribes of the Arrernte and Loritja is today still considered a classic in the field. As a contribution to the history of research methodology in the field of ethnology, I intend to give a brief outline of 1) the early development of scientific research instructions in general, and 2) as a special case, Carl Strehlow’s learning process in form of letters with questions and answers between himself in Hermannsburg and his editors in Frankfurt.
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Balmer, Randall, e Mary Todd. "Authority Vested: A Story of Identity and Change in the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod". American Historical Review 106, n.º 3 (junho de 2001): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2692419.
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Boyd, Lois A., e Mary Todd. "Authority Vested: A Story of Identity and Change in the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod". Journal of American History 88, n.º 1 (junho de 2001): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2675026.
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Todd, Mary. "Authority Vested, A Story of Identity and Change in the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod". Pro Ecclesia: A Journal of Catholic and Evangelical Theology 10, n.º 2 (maio de 2001): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106385120101000215.
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van de Kamp, Jan. "Reformed and Lutheran Responses to Richard Baxter: Theological Heterodoxy and the Synod of Dort". Reformation & Renaissance Review 22, n.º 2 (3 de maio de 2020): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622459.2020.1760503.
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Van Der Pol, F. "Eentfoldich End Kortt Discours Van Henlegginge Der Huiden Riligionssverschillen, So Hier Alss Anders-Swaer in Der Evangelische Christenheitt Van Langerhandt40 Erressen". Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis / Dutch Review of Church History 74, n.º 2 (1994): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002820394x00174.
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AbstractThe archives of the town of Kampen in Overijssel (the Netherlands) contain an early 17th-century manuscript by an unknown author. The manuscript is about an ecclesiastical conflict in the period preceding the Synod of Dort (1618-1619). The document might be related to peace efforts as also made by Hugo Grotius in the dispute between Remonstrants and Contraremonstrants. The author does not aim at a doctrinal decision or strict definition, but at accommodation and tolerance. The idea of an evangelical-Lutheran contribution to solve the party conflict in order to reach a conciliation between Lutherans and Reformed also strikes one as 'Grotiaans'. Another feature which makes this document look like the efforts of Grotius is the link between political and ecclesiastical peace. People should accept each other as citizens, despite their religious differences. The document contains a couple of indications which provide a profile of the author. This profile is applied to the border province of Overijssel, with concentration on the town of Kampen. The author may have been the headmaster of a Latin School. In 1617, this school in Kampen was run by Marcus Gualtherus, a scholar from Weinheim in the Lower Palatinate, near Heidelberg. He studied at Heidelberg. His scholarship, his Palatine origin, his many-sided contacts, all this corresponds with features of the treatise. The author shows familiarity with theological issues within the Lutheran Church in Germany. In his proposal, the five articles of the Remonstrants should be approached with the help of the Palatine experience. The writer of the treatise refers to the 16th-century Lutheran creeds and reformers like Luther, Bucer and Zwingli. He indicates the important role of the CA in achieving unity among Lutherans in Germany. This confession is quoted repeatedly as a model for the Protestants in the Netherlands. At the synod a final draft could be formulated with the aid of the Book of Concord. A final text might be endorsed by all evangelical churches. With the acceptance of this document upon which all parties agree, a general concordia of the whole of evangelical Christendom will have been established.
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BORCHARDT, PIETRA, e MÔNICA DE FATIMA BIANCO. "MEANINGS OF VOLUNTEER WORK: A STUDY WITH MEMBERS OF A LUTHERAN INSTITUTION". RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie 17, n.º 5 (outubro de 2016): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712016/administracao.v17n5p61-84.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: To understand the meanings of volunteer work among members of a lutheran protestant church. Originality/gap/relevance/implications: This research adds to the field of knowledge of the meanings of work, especially because of the specific context studied. In addition, it extends the discussion on volunteering, by entering the management of religious institutions that are supported by the help of volunteers. Key methodological aspects: A qualitative approach to research was adopted and data were gathered in documents, interviews, and non-participant observation of the board meetings of a lutheran church synod in Southeast Brazil. The perspective used to analyze data was that the production of meanings is also a means for interpreting. Besides, using associating ideas mapping technique allowed the identification of categories based on the content and logical sequence of discourse. Summary of key results: The study found eight meanings of work: identification with the lutheran ethics; integrity and image of the institution; unit; conditions and willingness to participate; incentive from others; relation with the profession; pleasant relationship between a board of directors; and monitoring, support, and recognition. Key considerations/conclusions: The study revealed a better understanding for volunteering at a religious organization on how to think about ways to manage it. Also, it was realized that the experiences and interaction with others shape the individual and his or her relationship with the church, and that the meaning of work has a different relationship to each religion.
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Mikkola, Sini. "Luther, Same-Sex Marriage, and the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Finland: A Gender-Sensitive Historical Analysis". Religions 11, n.º 1 (18 de janeiro de 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11010048.
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The issue of whether to accept same-sex relationships as marriages has been under discussion worldwide in recent years, including in the Nordic countries, such as Finland. While in other Nordic countries, the Lutheran churches officiate same-sex marriages, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (ELCF) has rejected it on theological grounds that are largely based on Reformation Era sources. This article examines the constitution committee report that was used as the basis of the decision made by the General Synod of the ELCF in May 2018 to not accept same-sex marriages. Through close reading of the report and performing content analysis from a gender-sensitive historical perspective, the article claims that the validity of the arguments of the report can be called into question, due to the lack of a hermeneutical awareness of the differences between the sixteenth and the twenty-first centuries, and the highly selective use of the sources from the Reformation Era in the document. The article concludes by pointing out that making use of the Reformation heritage in theology, instead of replicating the arguments of the sixteenth century, would have produced a theologically and historically more solid report, which could well have been in favor of extending the view on marriage in the ELCF.
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Emery-Hall, Sarah M. "Faith and Loyalty under Fire: The Michigan Congregations of The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, 1914-20". Yearbook of German-American Studies 41 (1 de dezembro de 2006): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/ygas.v41i.18904.
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Selderhuis, Herman J. "Die Bedeutung der Reformation Luthers für die kirchenrechtliche Entwicklung in den Niederlanden". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 102, n.º 1 (1 de setembro de 2016): 381–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.26498/zrgka-2016-0115.
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Abstract The Impact of Luther’s Reformation on the development of Church Law in the Netherlands. This essay describes how essential the specific history of the reformation in the Netherlands was for the developments of reformed church law in that country. The Dutch reformation was relatively late and was more Calvinistic than Lutheran. Calvin’s model of structuring the church, the essential effect of the refugee situation of many reformed believers and the fact that the revolt as well as the reformation were movements mainly ,from below‘, result in a church polity with the following characteristics: self-government of each individual congregation, active involvement of all church members, independence towards political authorities and a presbyterial-synodical church organisation. This church model was reached through a series of synodical meetings that started in the 1560ies and came to a conclusion at the Synod of Dordt in 1618/1619.
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Hill, Christopher. "The Nordic and Baltic Churches". Ecclesiastical Law Journal 3, n.º 17 (julho de 1995): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00000429.
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In October 1992 representatives of the British and Irish Anglican Churches, together with their counterparts from the Nordic and Baltic Lutheran Churches signed an historic agreement near Porvoo in Finland which, if accepted by all these churches, will bring about their closer communion. The Porvoo Common Statement and a supporting dossier of Essays on Church and Ministry in Northern Europe were published in 1993 (Together in Mission and Ministry, Church House Publishing, London). The Porvoo Common Statement is now being considered by the General Synod which will be asked to accept a core Joint Declaration. This begins by a mutual acknowledgement of each other's churches as part of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. A second acknowledgement follows concerning the mutual presence of the Word of God and the Sacraments of baptism and the eucharist;then acknowledgements of the common confession of the apostolic faith and the ministry as both an instrument of grace and as having Christ's commission.
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Hillis, Bryan, e Robert F. Scholz. "Press toward the Mark: History of the United Lutheran Synod of New York and New England, 1830-1930." Journal of American History 83, n.º 4 (março de 1997): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2952953.
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Walz, Jeff, e Steve Montreal. "The Political Attitudes and Activities of Missouri Synod Lutheran (LCMS) Clergy in 2001 and 2009: A Research Note". Review of Religious Research 58, n.º 1 (13 de agosto de 2015): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13644-015-0228-z.
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Сорокин, Максим. "On the History of the Holy Synod Library: The Sale of the Theological Part from the Book Collection to Germany in the 1930s". Theological Herald, n.º 1(40) (15 de março de 2021): 300–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/gb.2021.40.1.015.
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Статья посвящена судьбе богословской части библиотеки Святейшего Синода. Рассматривается вопрос продажи этого книжного собрания в Германию, прослеживается судьба русских книг после неудачи с проектом создания Института восточных церквей, а также показывается новое применение уникального для Германии книжного собрания на кафедре истории и богословия христианского Востока богословского факультета Университета им. Фридриха-Александра в Эрлангене. Главным источником исследования являются архивные материалы организации, поддерживающей деятельность лютеранских общин в диаспоре, - «Мартин Лютер Бунд» в Эрлангене, а именно переписка с «Международной книгой» как на немецком, так и на русском языках. По итогам работы с документами автор полностью описывает судьбу богословских книг библиотеки Священного Синода от начала 30-х гг. XX в. до настоящего времени. The article is devoted to a destiny of the theological part of the Holy Synod Library. The author considers an issue of selling this book collection to Germany, tracing the fate of Russian books after the failure of establishing the Institute of Oriental Churches, and also shows the use of the book collection, unique for Germany, at the Department of History and Theology of the Christian East of the Theological Faculty of the Friedrich-Alexander University in Erlangen. The main source of the research is the archival materials of the organization Martin-Luther-Bund in Erlangen, supporting activities of the Lutheran communities in the diaspora, in particular, the correspondence with the «International Book» in both German and Russian has been considered. Based on the results of his work with the documents, the author fully describes the fate of theological books of the Holy Synod Library from the beginning of the 1930s to this day.
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Nauss, Allen. "Leadership Styles of Effective Ministry". Journal of Psychology and Theology 17, n.º 1 (março de 1989): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164718901700109.
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Societal changes in the last half century have raised expectations for today's pastoral ministry. However, ministerial studies to date have revealed no clear picture of effective ministry. Following Malony's (1976) suggestion, this study attempts to identify leadership style as a primary theme. Selected parish office holders were asked first to rate the performance of 310 parish pastors in three districts of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod on the Ministerial Function Scale (MFS). Scores were obtained for the original six factors of the MFS (Preacher-Priest, Administrator, Community and Social Involvement, Personal and Spiritual Model, Visitor-Counselor and Teacher) and also for a seventh factor of Evangelist added for this research project. Multiple regression analyses of the parishioners’ ratings of the pastors on the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire yielded squared coefficients of correlation ranging from .39 to .74 in developing predictive formulae for effectiveness in the seven functions and an overall effectiveness rating. Different styles of effective ministry including primarily sets of leader behaviors were projected for each of the functions. Implications are suggested for seminary and in-service ministerial training.
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Hulmi, Sini. "Liturgy: Local and Contextual or Controlled from Above? A Nordic Perspective: Liturgical Renewal and Development in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland in the Past Three Decades". Studia Liturgica 49, n.º 1 (março de 2019): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0039320718808942.
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Is the liturgy local and contextual and growing from below, or is it controlled from above? Does the liturgy belong to the people and to the congregation, and are they allowed to use it in their own way? Or is the liturgy the property of the Church, which gives strict orders for its use? Is it powerful men and women, meaning those people with authority, and the institutions (for example, the Church Synod and the Bishops’ Conference) who define the methods and ways in which liturgy is enculturated? Or do the ways of inculturation involve development from below, from the common people, even the poorest and most humble believers, at the congregational level? The balance between these two aspects—top-down and bottom-up worship—has repeatedly shifted over the last three decades, and there have been tensions between them in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. The goal of this essay is to clarify the reason for this confusing situation related to authority, fixed orders and the creative development of liturgical life.
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Mocherla, Ashok Kumar. "We Called Her Peddamma: Caste, Gender, and Missionary Medicine in Guntur: 1880–1930". International Journal of Asian Christianity 3, n.º 1 (28 de fevereiro de 2020): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-00301005.
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The medical work carried out by Dr. Anna Sarah Kugler in the town of Guntur (1880–1930), which was a part of the Telugu speaking region of the erstwhile Madras Presidency, as a foreign medical missionary associated with the mission field of the then General Synod of the Lutheran Church in America, constitutes a significant phase in the history of medicine and gender in South India. Despite bringing about visible changes in gender perceptions of medical professions, strangely, she or her work finds no mention in the social science literature on history of medicine in modern South India in general and coastal Andhra Pradesh in particular. This paper explores the nature and patterns of definitive changes that gender roles and patriarchal structures among the Telugus residing in coastal Andhra Pradesh have undergone after coming under the influence of a mission hospital in Guntur established by Dr. Anna Sarah Kugler. By doing so, it also brings out an analysis on how this medical institution transformed the firmly-held traditional perceptions and stereotypes on the sources of illness, disease, and treatments, and in turn laid the foundation for modern medicine to establish itself in South India.
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Rybin, D. V. "«Pastoral works» in the memories of A.F. Koni: problems of freedom of conscience in the Russian Empire on the eve of the First russian revolution". Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, n.º 4 (30 de dezembro de 2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-4-29-35.
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This publication examines the unexplored topic of the Senate jurisprudence regarding the legal status of Lutheran priests in the Baltic States at the end of the XIX century. The author defines the significance of the policy of state pressure on Protestant pastors in the context of the general attack of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Synod on non-Orthodox religious organizations under K. Pobedonostsev. Consideration of the issue from the position of the higher court of the Empire has not previously been undertaken in the scientific literature. During the preparation of the work, mainly narrative material was used the memoirs of the Chief Prosecutor of the Senate. Due to the small number of cases and the semi-secret nature, the materials of the Senate were not particularly reflected in the collections of decisions and sentences. The problem-chronological approach was applied to study this subject. As a result, the reasons of the weak pressure on Protestant pastors the author associates with the deep rootedness of Lutheranism in the popular environment, the brutal activity of the police and the church, fears of a quarrel with the Lutheran countries of Europe, etc. Few sentences against pastors who seduced the Orthodox into another faith reached the Criminal Cassation Department of the Senate, where they met with resistance a group of senators led by the famous lawyer, humanist A.F. Koni. Among the numerous schismatic and sectarian affairs that A.F. Koni, as chief prosecutor and senator, draw attention to the so-called pastoral affairs, which have not been sufficiently researched in the domestic scientific literature, and yet they well illustrate the church-state policy of the Russian state on the outskirts of the empire on the eve of the first Russian revolution. The author concludes that pastoral affairs are interesting not only from the point of view of the struggle of Russian infidels and the domestic educated intelligentsia for freedom of conscience in Russia, but they also allow to look from the inside at the work of the bureaucratic apparatus of the empire, to understand the work (internal kitchen) of the Governing Senate: internal intrigues, the indirect influence of the monarch and the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod on senators and, accordingly, the decision on religious matters, informal consultations of the Minister of Justice with the chief prosecutor of the criminal cassation department (probing the atmosphere in the case, including through an intermediary), the selection of a senator-rapporteur on a particular important case, etc. Thanks to A.F. Koni, attempts to persecute pastors did not develop, and after 1900 the persecution of priests on religious grounds in the Baltics stopped. The subject is interesting and requires further development and study.
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Armentrout, Don S. "All One Body: The Story of the North Carolina Lutheran Synod, 1803–1993. By Raymond M. Bost and Jeff L. Norris. Salisbury, N.C.: Historical Committee, North Carolina Synod, 1994. vi + 441 pp. $29.95." Church History 64, n.º 2 (junho de 1995): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3167961.
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Illenseer, Louis Marcelo. "LINGUAGEM INCLUSIVA: RELATO DE DUAS EXPERIÊNCIAS SOBRE A COMPOSIÇÃO MUSICAL SACRA E JUSTIÇA DE GÊNERO". REFLEXUS - Revista Semestral de Teologia e Ciências das Religiões 12, n.º 19 (26 de junho de 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20890/reflexus.v12i19.715.
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Este artigo apresenta, analisa e discute questões relacionadas à justiça de gênero utilizando como critério transversal a utilização de linguagem inclusiva de gênero nos processos de composição de música sacra. Para tanto, são apresentados relatos referentes a dois eventos distintos que envolvem a temática: 1) o Musisacra, festival de música sacra do Sínodo Espírito Santo a Belém, da Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil (IECLB); e 2) encontros de produção de recursos litúrgicos da organização ecumênica Red Crearte. Os relatos demonstram a importância e a necessidade do tratamento transversal da linguagem inclusiva nos processos de criação musical como ferramenta para a construção da justiça de gênero nas relações entre mulheres e homens.This article presents, analyzes and discusses questions related to gender justice, using as a transversal criterion the use of gender inclusive language in the processes of sacred music composition. For this purpose, reports on two different events involving the theme are presented: 1) Musisacra, sacred music festival of the Espírito Santo Synod to Belém, of the Evangelical Church of Lutheran Confession in Brazil (IECLB); and 2) meetings for the production of liturgical resources of the ecumenical organization Red Crearte. The reports demonstrate the importance and necessity of the transversal treatment of inclusive language in the processes of musical creation as a tool for the construction of gender justice in the relations between women and men.
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Blikstad, Emmaline. "Identity, Belonging, and Christian Community in Protestant Responses to the Aryan Paragraph in Nazi Germany". Florida Undergraduate Research Journal 2, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2023): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.55880/furj2.1.06.
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Examining Christianity and its representative denominations and groups in Nazi Germany has led scholars to try to construct how these Christian groups interacted with a government which institutionalized the death of millions. The focus of past scholarship has centered on debates over the extent to which institutional Protestant Christianity and individual Protestants opposed Adolf Hitler’s regime and Nazism. The focus of this thesis examines how four Protestants or Protestant groups employed definitions of what made one a Jewish Christian, what being Jewish meant, and who was included within the larger Christian community in their 1933 responses to the Aryan paragraph. These responses originated from the Lutheran pastor, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the General Synod of the Protestant Church of the Old Prussian Union, the faculty of theology at the University of Marburg, and the German Christian movement. Though each response to the Aryan paragraph utilized a unique definition of Jewish Christians and Christian community, they all reveal a Protestant church unprepared to answer the questions of belonging and identity posed by its society. In their search for a unified answer to the question of whether a baptized Jew belongs in the Protestant church, Protestants displayed that they had no unified answer. The consequences of not belonging in Nazi Germany could and did lead to discrimination, persecution, and genocide.
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Kuhn, Malcus Cassiano, e Arno Bayer. "O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO PENSAMENTO PROPORCIONAL NAS ESCOLAS PAROQUIAIS LUTERANAS DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL NA PRIMEIRA METADE DO SÉCULO XX". Cadernos de Pesquisa 23, n.º 2 (1 de setembro de 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2229.v23n2p89-106.
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O artigo aborda o desenvolvimento do pensamento proporcional nas escolas paroquiais luteranas do Rio Grande do Sul na primeira metade do século XX. Em meados de 1900, o Sínodo Evangélico Luterano Alemão de Missouri, hoje Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil, iniciou sua missão nas colônias alemãs gaúchas, fundando congregações religiosas e escolas. Estas escolas estavam inseridas num projeto comunitário que buscava ensinar a língua materna, a matemática, valores culturais, sociais e, principalmente, religiosos. Baseando-se na história cultural e na análise de conteúdo, analisaram-se a Segunda e a Terceira Aritmética da série Concórdia, editadas pela Igreja Luterana para suas escolas paroquiais. Verificou-se que no estudo da regra de três simples direta foi explorada a dedução da unidade para a multiplicidade, a dedução da multiplicidade para a unidade e a dedução da multiplicidade para a multiplicidade. Estas formas de desenvolvimento do pensamento proporcional foram aplicadas na regra de três simples inversa, na regra de três composta, na repartição proporcional e na regra de companhia ou regra de sociedade. Observou-se ainda que a proposta pedagógica da Terceira Aritmética traz o estudo da regra de três simples e composta antes de desenvolver os conceitos de razão e de proporção.Palavras-chave: Pensamento Proporcional. Ensino da Matemática. Escolas Paroquiais Luteranas.THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROPORTIONAL THINKING IN THE LUTHERAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURYAbstract: The article discusses the development of the proportional thinking in the Lutheran parochial schools of Rio Grande do Sul in the first half of the twentieth century. In mid-1900, the Synod Evangelical Lutheran German of Missouri German, today Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil, started his mission in the gaucho German colonies, founding religious congregations and schools. These schools were included in a community project that sought to teach the mother tongue, the Mathematics, and cultural, social, and principally religious values. Based on the cultural history and content analysis, analyzing the Second and the Third Arithmetic of the Concordia series, edited by the Lutheran Church for their parochial schools. Verifying that in the study of three simple direct rule was exploited the deduction of the unit for the multiplicity, the deduction of the multiplicity for the unity and the deduction of the multiplicity for the multiplicity. These forms of development of the proportional thinking were applied in the three simple inverse rule, in the three composite rule, in the proportional apportioning and in the company rule or rule of society. It was also observed that the pedagogical proposal of the Third Arithmetic brings the study of the three simple rule and composed before developing the concepts of ratio and proportion.Keywords: Proportional Thinking. Mathematics Teaching. Lutheran Parochial Schools. EL DESARROLLO DEL PENSAMIENTO PROPORCIONAL EN LAS ESCUELAS PARROQUIALES LUTERANAS DEL RIO GRANDE DEL SUL EN LA PRIMERA MITAD DEL SIGLO XXResumen: El artículo aborda el desarrollo del pensamiento proporcional en las escuelas parroquiales luteranas del Rio Grande do Sul, en la primera mitad del siglo XX. En mediados de 1900, el Sínodo Evangelico Luterano Alemana del Missouri, hoy Iglesia Evangelica Luterana del Brasil, comenzó su misión en las colonias alemanas gauchas, fundando congregaciones religiosas y escuelas. Estas escuelas estaban incluidas en un proyecto comunitario que trataba de enseñar la lengua materna, la matemática, los valores sociales, los culturales y sobre todo los religiosos. Balseándose de la historia cultural y el análisis de contenido, se analizó la Segunda y la Tercera Aritmética de la serie Concordia, editado por la Iglesia Luterana para suyas escuelas parroquiales. Se encontró en esto estudio de la regla de tres simple directa fue explotado la deducción de la unidad a la multiplicidad, la deducción de la multiplicidad a la unidad y la deducción de la multiplicidad a la multiplicidad. Estas formas de desarrollo del pensamiento proporcional fueron aplicadas en la regla de tres simple inversa, en la regla de tres compuesta, en la repartición proporcional y en la regla de compañía o regla de la sociedad. Se observó todavía que la propuesta pedagógica de la Tercera Aritmética aporta el estudio de la regla de tres simple y compuesta antes de desarrollar los conceptos de razón y proporción.Palabras clave: Pensamiento Proporcional. Enseñanza de la Matemática. Escuelas Parroquiales Luteranas.
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Schiffman, Harold. "Losing the Battle for Balanced Bilingualism". Language Problems and Language Planning 11, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1987): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.11.1.06sch.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der verlorene Kampf um zweisprachiges Gleichgewicht bei den Deutschen in Amerika Diese Studie vergleicht die sprachliche Assimilierung von zwei verschiedenen Konfessionen deutsch-amerikanischer Kirchen, der Evangelischen Synode des Westens (später Teil der Evangelisch-Reformierten Kirche) und der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Synode von Missouri und anderen Staaten, heute allgemein bekannt als die "Missouri Lutheran Church." Trotz ihrer unterschiedlichen theologischen Ausrichtungen hatten diese beiden Körperschaften zunächst der Anglisierung gegenüber eine åhnliche Sprachhaltung eingenommen, im Laufe der Zeit war es jedoch die LCMS (Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod), die der Anglisierung aufgrund ihrer Betonung der theologischen Unverfälschtheit stärker widerstand. Doch nach 1882, als die deutsche Einwanderung das Hoch überschritten hatte und der Zustrom neuer Mitglieder abzunehmen begann, stellten beide Kirchen fest, daB ihre jüngeren, in Amerika geborenen Mitglieder allmählich anglisiert wurden, sodaB die Forderung nach englischsprachigen Gottesdiensten sich deutlicher bemerkbar machte. Beide Konfessionen unterhielten deutschsprachige Gemeindeschulen. Als Folge einer Fehlauffassung vom Wesen der Zweisprachigkeit glaubten sie jedoch, daB der Gebrauch von Englisch als Unterrichtssprache in den Säkularfachern der Erhaltung der deutschen Sprache so lange nicht abträglich sein würde, wie "religiose" Fächer weiter auf Deutsch unterrichtet würden. Die Sprachpolitik dieser Kirchen und dabei ihrer Schulen war versteckt auf Angleichung ausgerichtet, indem die Säkularfacher auf Englisch angeboten wurden und folglich Kinder daraus hervorgingen, die nicht mehr zweisprachig waren mit deutscher Sprachdominanz, sondern bei denen Englisch jetzt sprachdominant wurde. RESUMO La malvenka batalo por dulingva ekvilibro ce la germanaj usonanoj La anglalingvigo de du gravaj uson-germanaj protestantismaj konfesioj interese kontrastas. Malgraü siaj teologiaj malsimiloj, la du eklezioj komence sekvis similajn politikojn pri la angla lingvo, sed poste la Missouri-eklezio, pro sia teologia puremo, pli forte ol la Evangelia Sinodo rezistis la anglalingvigon. Post 1882, tamen, kiam la germana migrado al Usono preterpasis sian pinton kaj la enfluo de novaj anoj ekfalis, ambaü eklezioj rimarkis kreskantajn anglalingvigon ce siaj usone naskitaj anoj kaj postulojn je anglalingvaj ritoj. Ambaü eklezioj funkciigis germanlingvajn lernejojn, sed miskredis ke tiuj lernejoj povas instrui la "laikajn" fakojn anglalingve (kaj nur la "religiajn" fakojn germane) sen dangero al la plua vigleco de la germana. Tiu instrua praktiko estis, tamen, kasa relingvigilo: gi produktis ne germanpreferajn sed anglapreferajn kaj nur provizorajn dulingvulojn.
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Albers, James W. "Authority Vested: A Story of Identity and Change in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. By Mary Todd. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2000. xvi + 336 pp. $20.00 paper." Church History 71, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2002): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700096864.
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Albers, James W. "The Theology of Inexpediency Two Case Studies in “Moderate” Congregational Dissent in the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. By Jeffrey S. Nelson. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1998. xviii + 160 pp. $39.00 cloth." Church History 68, n.º 3 (setembro de 1999): 751–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170095.
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Howe, Daniel W. "Authority vested. A story of identity and change in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. By Mary Todd, foreword Martin E. Marty. Pp. xvi+336. Grand Rapids, Mich – Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans, 2000. £12.99 (paper). 0 8028 4457 X". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 52, n.º 4 (outubro de 2001): 702–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002204690182145x.
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DeBoer, Mark Daniel, James A. Platts-Mills, Rebecca J. Scharf, Joann M. McDermid, Anne W. Wanjuhi, Jean Gratz, Erling Svensen et al. "Early Life Interventions for Childhood Growth and Development in Tanzania (ELICIT): a protocol for a randomised factorial, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin, nitazoxanide and nicotinamide". BMJ Open 8, n.º 7 (julho de 2018): e021817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021817.
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IntroductionIn many developing areas in the world, a high burden of enteric pathogens in early childhood are associated with growth deficits. The tryptophan-kynurenine-niacin pathway has been linked to enteric inflammatory responses to intestinal infections. However, it is not known in these settings whether scheduled antimicrobial intervention to reduce subclinical enteric pathogen carriage or repletion of the tryptophan-kynurenine-niacin pathway improves linear growth and development.Methods and analysisWe are conducting a randomised, placebo-controlled, factorial intervention trial in the rural setting of Haydom, Tanzania. We are recruiting 1188 children within the first 14 days of life, who will be randomised in a 2×2 factorial design to administration of antimicrobials (azithromycin and nitazoxanide, randomised together) and nicotinamide. The nicotinamide is administered as a daily oral dose, which for breast-feeding children aged 0–6 months is given to the mother and for children aged 6–18 months is given to the child directly. Azithromycin is given to the child as a single oral dose at months 6, 9, 12 and 15; nitazoxanide is given as a 3-day course at months 12 and 15. Mother/child pairs are followed via monthly in-home visits. The primary outcome is the child’s length-for-age Z-score at 18 months. Secondary outcomes for the child include additional anthropometry measures; stool pathogen burden and bacterial microbiome; systemic and enteric inflammation; blood metabolomics, growth factors, inflammation and nutrition; hydrogen breath assessment to estimate small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth and assessment of cognitive development. Secondary outcomes for the mother include breastmilk content of nicotinamide, other vitamins and amino acids; blood measures of tryptophan-kynurenine-niacin pathway and stool pathogens.Ethics and disseminationThis trial has been approved by the Tanzanian National Institute for Medical Research, the Tanzanian FDA and the University of Virginia IRB. Findings will be presented at national and international conferences and published in peer-review journals.Protocol version5.0, 4 December 2017.Protocol sponsorHaydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Manyara, Tanzania.Trial registration numberNCT03268902; Pre-results.
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Carwardine, Richard. "Unity, Pluralism, and the Spiritual Market-Place: Interdenominational Competition in the Early American Republic". Studies in Church History 32 (1996): 297–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400015473.
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Following independence, Americans’ sense of the special status of their new nation drew succour not merely from their republican experiment but from the unique character of the nation’s religious life. Even before the Revolution Americans had witnessed an extraordinary proliferation of sects and churches, to a degree unparalleled in any single European state, as ethnic diversity increased and the mid-eighteenth-century revivals split churches and multiplied congregations. The Congregationalist establishment in New England and Anglican power in the middle and southern colonies uneasily confronted energetic dissenting minorities, including Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, English Baptists, and German Lutheran and Reformed groups. After 1776 it took some time to define a new relationship between church and state. Colonial habits of thought persisted and prompted schemes of multiple establishment or government support for religion in general. The Virginia Act for Establishing Religious Freedom in 1786 and, five years later, the First Amendment to the Federal Constitution did not succeed wholly in eliminating state authority from the sphere of religion; indeed, residual establishments persisted in Connecticut until 1818 and in Massachusetts until 1833. Yet an important shift was under way towards a ‘voluntary’ system of religious support, in which governmental authority in religion was replaced by increased authority for self-sustaining denominational bodies. After 1790 ecclesiastical institutions grew at an extraordinary pace, shaping the era labelled by historians the ‘Second Great Awakening’. As Jon Butler has reminded us, some 50,000 new churches were built in America between 1780 and 1860, sacralizing the landscape with steeples and graveyards and creating a heterogeneous presence that drew streams of European visitors curious to evaluate the effects of America’s unique experiment in ‘voluntarism’. By 1855 over four million of the country’s twenty-seven million people were members of one of over forty Protestant denominations, most of them recognizable by name as churches with an Old World ancestry but with features which made them distinctively American. Additionally, there were over one million Catholics.
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Weiduschadt, Patrícia, e Elias Krüger Albrecht. "Circulation and strategies from the magazine “The Young Lutheran” transnational perspective and intertwining stories (1950-1970)". Educar em Revista 39 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-0411.87131-t.
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ABSTRACT This study discusses a possible cultural exchange among young Lutherans associated with Missouri Synod in different countries worldwide. The discussion is based on the magazine “The Young Lutheran” (1929-1970), a periodical for young adults created by the Missouri Synod, the current Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil, to educate and mentor the social and religious life of their youths. The chosen timeframe is between 1950 and 1970, since it was a period of distribution and strategies aiming to foster such exchange. Thus, “The Young Lutheran was printed and published to accomplish the mission. This magazine was responsible for mediating questions and connections from different Lutheran youth realities. Through its pages, strategies were spread, such as reading plans, friendship circles, and youth trips, allowing the connection of young people from different parts of the world. For corpus analysis, we used the transnational theory and crossed histories (WERNER; ZIMMERMANN, 2003; SCHWRIEWER; CARUSO, 2005) to understand how the religious ideas and principles engaged in the dynamics reverberated within the Brazilian context, as well as how the interconnectivity occurred between realities. We can affirm that the Missouri Synod Lutheran institution, through the incorporated exchanges and experiences, pursued to standardize cultural, educational, and moral development of the youth unity. However, such actions were taken and adapted according to the local situation.
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"EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH OF FRANCE, General Synod". Ecumenical Review 43, n.º 4 (outubro de 1991): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6623.1991.tb02744.x.
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Ryökäs, Esko. "Kohti perinteitä: LCMS:n virkateologisen profiilin kirkastuminen globaalissa ekumeenisessa kontekstissa". Diakonian tutkimus, n.º 2 (20 de dezembro de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.37448/dt.126084.
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USA:n kaksi suurinta luterilaista kirkkoa ovat viime vuosikymmenien aikana lähentyneet muutamia muita kirkkoja, mutta samaan aikaan erkaantuneet yhä kauemmas toisistaan. Tämä näkyy selvästi, kun tarkastellaan käsitystä diakoneista, heidän virastaan ja heidän tehtävistään. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen nykytilannetta ja siihen johtanutta kehitystä Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (LCMS) -kirkossa. Keskeinen kysymys on ollut, ovatko diakonit maallikoita vai ovatko he Kirkon yhden viran jäseniä. Samalla on mietitty sitä, mitä tapahtuu Ordinaatiossa. Kaiken takana on kysymys siitä, mikä on Raamatun ilmoittama kanta ja miten se ymmärretään luterilaisessa tunnustuksessa. Abstract In recent decades, the two largest Lutheran churches in the USA have come closer to some other churches, but at the same time, they have separated further and further from each other. This is visible when I resolve the understanding of deacons, their ministry and their function. In this article, I examine the current situation and the developments that have led to it in the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (LCMS). The central question has been whether deacons are lay people or members of one office of the Church. At the same time, the question has been what is happening in Ordination. Behind everything is what is the truth announced by the Bible and how it is understood in the Lutheran confession.
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Maag, Karin. "Impact amid absence: The Synod of Dordt and the French Huguenots". In die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi 52, n.º 3 (18 de julho de 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ids.v52i2.2340.
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This contribution investigates the reasons behind the absence of delegates from the French Reformed (Huguenot) churches at the Synod of Dordt, setting the reasons for their absence in the broader political and religious context of the times. I argue that the connections between the French Reformed church and the Synod of Dordt were significant both before and after the synod met, but that the Huguenots had a rather different project in mind (religious reconciliation among Reformed Protestants and even possibly between Reformed and Lutheran Christians) when they considered the possibility of an international gathering of Reformed theologians. Although the Huguenot delegates were not present at Dordt and therefore could not directly affect the course of the synod’s meeting, their alternate vision for the meeting still persisted even via correspondence during the gathering. At the same time, the synod itself had an impact on the Huguenot church, given that the Canons of Dordt were ratified by the French national synods already by 1620.
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"Authority vested: a story of identity and change in the Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod". Choice Reviews Online 38, n.º 02 (1 de outubro de 2000): 38–0895. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.38-0895.
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Petkūnas, Darius. "The Publication of a Modern Lithuanian Language Lutheran Hymnal in the Soviet Period". Mokslo ir tikėjimo dialogai. Tiltai. Priedas: Mokslo darbai, 3 de janeiro de 2024, 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/mtd.v0i9.2594.
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During the ‘Khrushchev Thaw’, the Soviet government eased its anti-religious policies, and this opened up the possibility for the Lithuanian Lutheran Church to publish its first postwar hymnal. However, due to its too ‘modern’ language, the 1956 hymnal was not introduced in parishes, but was only intended for personal use. The demand for a hymnal in line with the modern Lithuanian language remained relevant. Therefore, the 1970 synod decided to prepare a hymnal, the texts of which would be closer to the old hymns in the 1936 Lithuania Minor hymnal. The hymnal was published in 1982, and was introduced for use in many parishes. The third edition appeared in 1988. The article describes the challenges the Church faced in preparing a hymnal during the Soviet period, both internally and from the atheist Soviet government, which viewed religious literature as the manifestation of a foreign ideology.
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"History of the First Dakota-District of the Evangelical-Lutheran Synod of Iowa and Other States". Annals of Iowa 48, n.º 5 (julho de 1986): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.9182.
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Kuhn, Malcus Cassiano, e Arno Bayer. "As frações nas aritméticas editadas para as escolas paroquiais luteranas gaúchas do século XX". #Tear: Revista de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia 7, n.º 2 (6 de dezembro de 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.35819/tear.v7.n2.a3086.
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Resumo: Em 1900, o Sínodo de Missouri, hoje Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil, iniciou missão nas colônias alemãs do Rio Grande do Sul, fundando congregações religiosas e escolas paroquiais. O artigo discute o estudo das frações nas aritméticas editadas pela Igreja Luterana para suas escolas. A investigação documental está baseada no referencial da pesquisa histórica e no conceito de cultura escolar. Analisando-se as edições da Segunda e Terceira Aritmética da série Concórdia, verificou-se que nas edições da Segunda Aritmética se prioriza o significado de fração pelo método de ensino intuitivo. Na Terceira Aritmética se desenvolvem as habilidades de cálculo escrito e mental, com foco nos algoritmos e procedimentos de cálculo das quatro operações com frações. As propostas de estudo das frações estão contextualizadas com práticas socioculturais, desenvolvidas nas comunidades em que as escolas paroquiais luteranas estavam inseridas, associadas com unidades dos sistemas de medidas e operações comerciais.Palavras-chave: História da Educação Matemática. Frações. Livros de Aritmética. Cultura Escolar.THE FRACTIONS IN THE ARITHMETIC EDITED TO THE GAUCHO LUTHERAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS OF THE 20TH CENTURYAbstract: In 1900, the Missouri Synod, today Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil, began mission in the German colonies of Rio Grande do Sul, founding religious congregations and parochial schools. The article discusses the study of the fractions in the arithmetic edited by Lutheran Church to their schools. The documentary investigation is basing on history research and on concept of school culture. Analyzing the editions of the Second and Third Arithmetic of the Concordia series, there was that in the editions of the Second Arithmetic to prioritize the meaning of fraction by intuitive teaching method. In the Third Arithmetic develop the mental and written calculation skills, focusing on algorithms and calculation procedures of the four operations with fractions. The proposals of study of the fractions are contextualized with socio-cultural practices developed in the communities where the Lutheran parochial schools were included, associated with units of measures systems and commercial operations.Keywords: History of the Mathematic Education. Fractions. Arithmetic Books. School Culture.
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Selderhuis, Herman J. "Die Bedeutung der Reformation Luthers für die kirchenrechtliche Entwicklung in den Niederlanden". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 102, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/zrgka-2016-0115.
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AbstractThe Impact of Luther’s Reformation on the development of Church Law in the Netherlands. This essay describes how essential the specific history of the reformation in the Netherlands was for the developments of reformed church law in that country. The Dutch reformation was relatively late and was more Calvinistic than Lutheran. Calvin’s model of structuring the church, the essential effect of the refugee situation of many reformed believers and the fact that the revolt as well as the reformation were movements mainly ,from below‘, result in a church polity with the following characteristics: self-government of each individual congregation, active involvement of all church members, independence towards political authorities and a presbyterial-synodical church organisation. This church model was reached through a series of synodical meetings that started in the 1560ies and came to a conclusion at the Synod of Dordt in 1618/1619.
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Zwemstra, H. M. "’n Beoordeling van die vernaamste kerklike en teologiese tradisies se bydrae tot die etiek van sosio-ekonomiese regte". In die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi 43, n.º 4 (26 de julho de 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ids.v43i4.246.
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An adjudication of the most prominent ecclesiastical and theological traditions to the ethics of socio-economical rights In this article the contribution of the Roman Catholic Church and that of the main protestant churches to the ethics of socio- economical rights is investigated and adjudicated. The Roman Catholic Church stresses the importance of socio-economic rights, but socio-economic rights are founded in natural law and not in Biblical principles. In the Lutheran tradition socio- economic rights are ascribed to the domain of the world, and no proper Biblical foundation is given. The World Alliance of Re- formed Churches gives a Biblical foundation to socio-economic rigths, but unfortunately it is influenced by political theology. The Testimony on Human Rights of the Reformed Ecumenical Synod is a comprehensive study on human rights in the re- formed tradition, and proper Biblical foundation is given to socio-economic rights.