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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Linhai nong chang"
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Jantaravinid, Jiraporn, Sukhum Jiamton, Chatchawan Srisawat, Bhoom Suktitipat e Napatara Tirawanchai. "Expression Pattern of Genes in Condyloma Acuminata Treated with Clinacanthus nutans Lindau Cream versus Podophyllin". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (17 de setembro de 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5579520.
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Clinacanthus nutans Lindua (C. nutans), a strong antiviral traditional medicine, can be used to treat condyloma acuminata (CA) caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). However, its molecular mechanism for CA elimination is unknown. Herein, we conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of C. nutans and its molecular mechanism compared with podophyllin, the gold standard treatment. Using a randomized block design, six patients were treated with C. nutans and podophyllin for four weeks. Efficacy of drugs was assessed by size reduction of the warts and HPV viral load quantification using droplet digital PCR. The gene expression profiling of CA was analyzed using NanoString Technology. After the podophyllin and C. nutans treatments, CA lesion sizes were reduced to 97.0% and 84.4% clearance, and the HPV viral loads were reduced by 74.0% and 46.6%, respectively. The gene expression pattern of immune profiling showed that 23 genes (i.e., HLA-DPB, CCL3, CXCL2, CXCR2, and OSM) were significantly differentially expressed by podophyllin, whereas 2 genes (IFNL1 and IRF2) were remarkably expressed by C. nutans. In inflammatory profiling, 108 genes (i.e., CXCL2, IL8, and STAT3) were highly expressed by podophyllin, but none of genes were observed to change expression by C. nutans. These results suggested that podophyllin may reduce the HPV infection through a mechanism related to proinflammatory response. In addition, C. nutans was found to suppress the HPV infection through mechanism related to the activation of immune response. This study shows novel therapeutic mechanisms of podophyllin and C. nutans. It is suggested that C. nutans might be used as an alternative treatment for CA treatment.
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ZASPA, Yurii. "HYDRODYNAMIC-WAVE CALIBRATION OF POTENTIALS IN MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS: NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS AND COHERENCE, COLLAPSE, EXPANSION AND EXCHANGE INTERACTION OF INERTIAL DISSIPATIVE-COLLECTOR DISTURBANCES IN NON-EQUILIBRIUM MEDIA IN THE COMPLEX SPACE. SPIRAL TURBULENCE AND COHERENT STRUCTURES OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL TIME". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 315, n.º 6(1) (29 de dezembro de 2022): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-315-6-89-97.
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The results of the hydrodynamic-wave calibration of the potentials in Maxwell’s equations and their analogs for the gravitational field, which combine Euler’s hydrodynamics, Maxwell’s electrodynamics, and d’Alembert’s wave apparatus with quantum principles, are given. The nonlinearity of the equations for the vector-potential with the velocity dimension ensures the interrelationship of different field forms and the cascade transport of energy by the disturbance spectrum. The obtained solutions of these equations for inertial dissipative-collector disturbances, which are characterized by a balance of local and convective acceleration, and also balance local dissipation (accumulation) with local metainertia. The vector-potential (wave function) of such forms includes a complex Euler exponent, the phase of which depends on the coordinates of the disturbances paired in the complex space – without distinguishing its real or imaginary half. Reasoned constancy of the phase, which ensures the coherent nature of the propagation of running field forms in complex space, as well as in topologically adequate three-dimensional time. The latter is considered in a cylindrical coordinate system that combines spiral and jet time forms. The correspondence of the components to the Laplace operator (in the spherical spatial coordinate system associated with the pair of disturbances) with respect to the near-acting centrifugal energy of repulsion and the long-range exchange energy of attraction, which collectively provide the mechanisms of collapse, expansion, and dynamic balance of the pair, has been revealed. Coherent resonant forms of motion with a three-dimensional topology of time are highlighted, which are widely represented, in particular, on the spectra of collider resonances, as well as on the spectra of technical, hydrodynamic, geophysical, and space turbulence. It is noted that such turbulence is described precisely by Maxwell’s equations in the hydrodynamic-wave calibration of potentials, and not by the Navier-Stokes equations, or by the truncated equations of magnetohydrodynamics, which completely ignore the displacement current in Maxwell’s equations. The obtained calculation results are confirmed by actual data in the systems of different levels of the organization. The main role of inertial dissipative-collector disturbances in the processes of dynamic thermoregulation of the Earth’s climate during the cyclical change of climatic optimums during ice ages has been established. In this context, criticism of the current noisy concepts of global warming, which exaggerate anthropogenic factors without taking into account the dominant natural factors, is presented. It is indicated that these factors should be considered in an expanded format of complex space and three-dimensional time without artificial constructions and self-limitations inherent, in particular, in modern standard physical models Lambda-CDM and SM.
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Lorenzo V, Felipe R., Rebecca Margraf, Sabina Swierczek, Kimberly Hickman, Karl Voelkerding e Josef Prchal. "A Novel EPO Gene Mutation In a Family With Autosomal Dominant Polycythemia". Blood 122, n.º 21 (15 de novembro de 2013): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.950.950.
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Abstract Familial polycythemia/erythrocytosis (ECYT by OMIM), characterized by an absolute increase in red cell mass, is a heterogeneous group of disorders that can be attributed to either intrinsic erythroid progenitor defects, resulting in their hyperproliferation (primary polycythemias), or from circulating extracellular factors such as erythropoietin (EPO) stimulating erythropoiesis (secondary polycythemias). Known primary familial causes include gain-of-function EPO receptor gene mutations. Secondary polycythemia causes include gene mutations that increase hemoglobin oxygen affinity (a, b, and g globins and 2, 3 bisphosphoglycerate mutase, and cytochrome b5 reductase). Several mutations result in alterations of the hypoxia-sensing pathway, which is a primary regulator of EPO production, and familial polycythemia. These include gain-of-function mutations of the HIF-2-a gene (HIF2A), and loss-of-function mutations of two negative regulators of HIFs (EGLN1/PHD2) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) genes. Some of these mutations exhibit overlapping features of both primary and secondary polycythemias, such as Chuvash polycythemia. No mutations of the EPO gene have yet been reported. Here we report a 5-generation Caucasian family with autosomal dominant polycythemia. The propositus (III-11) was initially seen 28 years ago at the age of 2 years old. He had moderately increased EPO levels, no splenomegaly, and normal leukocyte and platelet numbers. He was not hypoxic and his hemoglobin oxygen dissociation (P50) was normal. His 21 family members agreed to be tested and 10 were polycythemic, while 11 were normal. Later linkage analyses of 18 re-consented relatives examined the association of a polycythemic phenotype with polymorphisms of HIF2A, HIF1A, EPOR, PHD2, and VHL genes, ruling these out as the cause. Exome sequencing of 5 affected individuals revealed a novel nucleotide change in chromosome 7 at -136nt upstream of the EPO gene (NG_021471 -136 G>A) from the ATG initiation site. This variant has not been reported in any publicly available genome databases and none of the 8 unrelated Caucasian controls have this variant. To determine the distribution of this variant and its segregation, we screened 7 affected and 8 unaffected relatives; all 8 unaffected samples were negative for this EPO variant, while all 7 affected individuals were heterozygous for this variant in the 5’UTR of the EPO gene. The effect(s) of this 5’UTR variant on EPO gene transcription is being examined by Luciferase assay, as well as in an expression assay using HEK293 EPO producing cells. In brief, constructs containing the -136nt variant having either the G (wild-type) or A (mutant) nucleotide of the EPO gene have been made and inserted into the pGL3 vector for the luciferase assay. EPO transcript quantitation studies will be carried out using human EPO cDNA clones with or without the -136nt variant transfected into HEK293 cell line and analyzed under two different conditions, ambient and at 5% oxygen. EPO expression levels under these two different conditions will be determined at multiple time points. This is the first report of an EPO gene mutation associated with familial polycythemia; its functional impact is being studied. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Linhai nong chang"
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Gado, Djibo Abdouramane. "Exploration of Non-Linear and Non-Stationary Approaches to Statistical Seasonal Forecasting in the Sahel". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35130.
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Water resources management in the Sahel region of West Africa is extremely difficult because of high inter-annual rainfall variability as well as a general reduction of water availability in the region. Observed changes in streamflow directly disturb key socioeconomic activities such as the agriculture sector, which constitutes one of the main survival pillars of the West African population. Seasonal rainfall forecasting is considered as one possible way to increase resilience to climate variability by providing information in advance about the amount of rainfall expected in each upcoming rainy season. Moreover, the availability of reliable information about streamflow magnitude a few months before a rainy season will immensely benefit water users who want to plan their activities. However, since the 90s, several studies have attempted to evaluate the predictability of Sahelian weather characteristics and develop seasonal rainfall and streamflow forecast models to help stakeholders take better decisions. Unfortunately, two decades later, forecasting is still difficult, and forecasts have a limited value for decision-making. It is believed that the low performance in seasonal forecasting is due to the limits of commonly used predictors and forecast approaches for this region. In this study, new seasonal forecasting approaches are developed and new predictors tested in an attempt to predict the seasonal rainfall over the Sirba watershed located in between Niger and Burkina Faso, in West Africa. Using combined statistical methods, a pool of 84 predictors with physical links with the West African monsoon and its dynamics were selected, with their optimal lag times. They were first reduced through screening using linear correlation with satellite rainfall over West Africa. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to keep the most predictive principal components. Linear regression was used to get synthetic forecasts, and the model was assessed to rank the tested predictors. The three best predictors, air temperature (from Pacific Tropical North), sea level pressure (from Atlantic Tropical South) and relative humidity (from Mediterranean East) were retained and tested as inputs for seasonal rainfall forecasting models. In this thesis it has been chosen to depart from the stationarity and linearity assumptions used in most seasonal forecasting methods:
1. Two probabilistic non-stationary methods based on change point detection were developed and tested. Each method uses one of the three best predictors. Model M1 allows for changes in model parameters according to annual rainfall magnitude, while M2 allows for changes in model parameters with time. M1 and M2 were compared to the classical linear model with constant parameters (M3) and to the linear model with climatology (M4). The model allowing changes in the predictand-predictor relationship according to rainfall amplitude (M1) and using AirTemp as a predictor was the best model for seasonal rainfall forecasting in the study area.
2. Non-linear models including regression trees, feed-forward neural networks and non-linear principal component analysis were implemented and tested to forecast seasonal rainfall using the same predictors. Forecast performances were compared using coefficients of determination, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients and hit rate scores. Non-linear principal component analysis was the best non-linear model (R2: 0.46; Nash: 0.45; HIT: 60.7), while the feed-forward neural networks and regression tree models performed poorly.
All the developed rainfall forecasting methods were subsequently used to forecast seasonal annual mean streamflow and maximum monthly streamflow by introducing the rainfall forecasted in a SWAT model of the Sirba watershed, and the results are summarized as follows:
1. Non-stationary models: Models M1 and M2 were compared to models M3 and M4, and the results revealed that model M3 using RHUM as a predictor at a lag time of 8 months was the best method for seasonal annual mean streamflow forecasting, whereas model M1 using air temperature as a predictor at a lag time of 4 months was the best model to predict maximum monthly streamflow in the Sirba watershed. Moreover, the calibrated SWAT model achieved a NASH value of 0.83.
2. Non-linear models: The seasonal rainfall obtained from the non-linear principal component analysis model was disaggregated into daily rainfall using the method of fragment, and then fed into the SWAT hydrological model to produce streamflow. This forecast was fairly acceptable, with a Nash value of 0.58.
The evaluation of the level of risk associated with each seasonal forecast was carried out using a simple risk measure: the probability of overtopping of the flood protection dykes in Niamey, Niger. A HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model of the Niger River around Niamey was developed for the 1980-2014 period, and a copula analysis was used to model the dependence structure of streamflows and predict the distribution of streamflow in Niamey given the predicted streamflow on the Sirba watershed. Finally, the probabilities of overtopping of the flood protection dykes were estimated for each year in the 1980-2014 period. The findings of this study can be used as a guideline to improve the performance of seasonal forecasting in the Sahel. This research clearly confirmed the possibility of rainfall and streamflow forecasting in the Sirba watershed at a seasonal time scale using potential predictors other than sea surface temperature.
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Dangarwala, Gaurav A. "A model of the change in viscosity of polyimide PMR-15 during cure". Ohio : Ohio University, 1993. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175284832.
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Hu, Yang. "Temporal Change in the Power Production of Real-world Photovoltaic Systems Under Diverse Climatic Conditions". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1481295879868785.
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Sguotti, Camilla [Verfasser], e Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Möllmann. "North Atlantic cod recovery under climate change and exploitation pressure, a non-linear approach / Camilla Sguotti ; Betreuer: Christian Möllmann". Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182537847/34.
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Sguotti, Camilla Verfasser], e Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] [Möllmann. "North Atlantic cod recovery under climate change and exploitation pressure, a non-linear approach / Camilla Sguotti ; Betreuer: Christian Möllmann". Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2019. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-96110.
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Allen, Michael James. "An Evaluation of Seasonality through Four Delineation Methods: A Comparison of Mortality Responses and the Relationship with Anomalous Temperature Events". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1405326473.
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Mitsova-Boneva, Diana. "Modeling the Impact of Land Cover Change on Non-point Source Nitrogen Inputs to Streams at a Watershed Level: Implications for Regional Planning". Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1218830340.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.Advisor: Xinhao Wang PhD (Committee Chair), David Edelman PhD (Committee Member), Jan Fritz PhD (Committee Member), William Shuster PhD (Committee Member). Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Apr. 18, 2010). Keywords: Land cover change; cellular automata; TN loading model; non-linear regression; open space conservation network. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Giuffria, Jonathon Michael. "Costs of Meeting Water Quality Goals under Climate Change in Urbanizing Watersheds: The Case of Difficult Run, Virginia". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81305.
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Urban environments have been identified as a non-point source contributor of nutrient loadings into watersheds. Interannual surges of nutrient loadings into local water systems are more damaging than mean interannual nutrient loadings. Virginia has outlined the need to reduce urban nutrient loadings. Mean interannual nutrient loadings and interannual nutrient loadings variability are expected to increase under climate change (CC). However, there are few studies that provide a predictive framework for abating nutrient loadings under CC. Thus, there is a lack of information regarding how effective water quality policy will be in the future. Using the Difficult Run watershed in Fairfax County, VA, as a site of study, we used mathematical programming to compare how the costs of abating nutrient loads differed under differing climates in the Mid-Atlantic. We first compared the costs of abating mean interannual nutrient loadings in the watershed based on historical climate conditions to those predicted for CC. We then evaluated how changes in the interannual variability of nutrient loadings for CC affect the costs of meeting watershed goals. We found that abating mean interannual nutrient loadings was substantially costlier for CC relative to meeting the same goals under historical climate conditions. Further, we found that the costs of abating interannual nutrient loadings variability increased under CC relative to meeting the same goals under historical climate. One implication of this study suggests that policy makers seeking to meet water quality goals over time must front-load supplemental BMPs today in order to offset the changes predicted for CC.Master of Science
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Qiao, Zhen. "Assessment of the mortality displacement in temperature-related deaths in Brisbane, Australia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/76280/1/Zhen_Qiao_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis is a population-based ecological study designed to investigate the issue of mortality displacement (or "harvesting" effect) in the assessment of temperature-related deaths in Brisbane, Australia. It examines the temperature impacts on mortality, and assesses the harvesting effects on the temperature–related deaths. This study contributes to the knowledge base of understanding the temperature-mortality relationship and assists in formulating and evaluating public health intervention strategies within the context of climate change.
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Guo, Yuming. "Estimating the effects of ambient temperature on mortality : methodological challenges and proposed solutions". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/59970/1/Yuming_Guo_Thesis.pdf.
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The health impacts of exposure to ambient temperature have been drawing increasing attention from the environmental health research community, government, society, industries, and the public. Case-crossover and time series models are most commonly used to examine the effects of ambient temperature on mortality. However, some key methodological issues remain to be addressed. For example, few studies have used spatiotemporal models to assess the effects of spatial temperatures on mortality. Few studies have used a case-crossover design to examine the delayed (distributed lag) and non-linear relationship between temperature and mortality. Also, little evidence is available on the effects of temperature changes on mortality, and on differences in heat-related mortality over time.
This thesis aimed to address the following research questions: 1. How to combine case-crossover design and distributed lag non-linear models? 2. Is there any significant difference in effect estimates between time series and spatiotemporal models? 3. How to assess the effects of temperature changes between neighbouring days on mortality? 4. Is there any change in temperature effects on mortality over time? To combine the case-crossover design and distributed lag non-linear model, datasets including deaths, and weather conditions (minimum temperature, mean temperature, maximum temperature, and relative humidity), and air pollution were acquired from Tianjin China, for the years 2005 to 2007. I demonstrated how to combine the case-crossover design with a distributed lag non-linear model. This allows the case-crossover design to estimate the non-linear and delayed effects of temperature whilst controlling for seasonality. There was consistent U-shaped relationship between temperature and mortality. Cold effects were delayed by 3 days, and persisted for 10 days. Hot effects were acute and lasted for three days, and were followed by mortality displacement for non-accidental, cardiopulmonary, and cardiovascular deaths. Mean temperature was a better predictor of mortality (based on model fit) than maximum or minimum temperature.
It is still unclear whether spatiotemporal models using spatial temperature exposure produce better estimates of mortality risk compared with time series models that use a single site’s temperature or averaged temperature from a network of sites. Daily mortality data were obtained from 163 locations across Brisbane city, Australia from 2000 to 2004. Ordinary kriging was used to interpolate spatial temperatures across the city based on 19 monitoring sites. A spatiotemporal model was used to examine the impact of spatial temperature on mortality. A time series model was used to assess the effects of single site’s temperature, and averaged temperature from 3 monitoring sites on mortality. Squared Pearson scaled residuals were used to check the model fit. The results of this study show that even though spatiotemporal models gave a better model fit than time series models, spatiotemporal and time series models gave similar effect estimates. Time series analyses using temperature recorded from a single monitoring site or average temperature of multiple sites were equally good at estimating the association between temperature and mortality as compared with a spatiotemporal model.
A time series Poisson regression model was used to estimate the association between temperature change and mortality in summer in Brisbane, Australia during 1996–2004 and Los Angeles, United States during 1987–2000. Temperature change was calculated by the current day's mean temperature minus the previous day's mean. In Brisbane, a drop of more than 3 �C in temperature between days was associated with relative risks (RRs) of 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.31) for non-external mortality (NEM), 1.19 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.41) for NEM in females, and 1.44 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.89) for NEM aged 65.74 years. An increase of more than 3 �C was associated with RRs of 1.35 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.77) for cardiovascular mortality and 1.67 (95% CI: 1.15, 2.43) for people aged < 65 years. In Los Angeles, only a drop of more than 3 �C was significantly associated with RRs of 1.13 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.22) for total NEM, 1.25 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.39) for cardiovascular mortality, and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.39) for people aged . 75 years. In both cities, there were joint effects of temperature change and mean temperature on NEM. A change in temperature of more than 3 �C, whether positive or negative, has an adverse impact on mortality even after controlling for mean temperature.
I examined the variation in the effects of high temperatures on elderly mortality (age . 75 years) by year, city and region for 83 large US cities between 1987 and 2000. High temperature days were defined as two or more consecutive days with temperatures above the 90th percentile for each city during each warm season (May 1 to September 30). The mortality risk for high temperatures was decomposed into: a "main effect" due to high temperatures using a distributed lag non-linear function, and an "added effect" due to consecutive high temperature days. I pooled yearly effects across regions and overall effects at both regional and national levels. The effects of high temperature (both main and added effects) on elderly mortality varied greatly by year, city and region. The years with higher heat-related mortality were often followed by those with relatively lower mortality. Understanding this variability in the effects of high temperatures is important for the development of heat-warning systems.
In conclusion, this thesis makes contribution in several aspects. Case-crossover design was combined with distribute lag non-linear model to assess the effects of temperature on mortality in Tianjin. This makes the case-crossover design flexibly estimate the non-linear and delayed effects of temperature. Both extreme cold and high temperatures increased the risk of mortality in Tianjin. Time series model using single site’s temperature or averaged temperature from some sites can be used to examine the effects of temperature on mortality. Temperature change (no matter significant temperature drop or great temperature increase) increases the risk of mortality. The high temperature effect on mortality is highly variable from year to year.
Livros sobre o assunto "Linhai nong chang"
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Jiangsu Sheng guo ying Linhai nong chang chang zhi bian zuan wei yuan hui. 臨海農場誌, 1960-1995. Jiangsu Sheng: Jiangsu Sheng guo ying Linhai nong chang chang zhi bian zuan wei yuan hui, 1998.
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Walker, James C. G. Numerical Adventures with Geochemical Cycles. Oxford University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195045208.001.0001.
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The dynamic, evolving Earth, and the mathematical representation of its geochemical changes are the subject of this timely, helpful handbook. Global warming, changes in the ocean, and the effects of fossil fuel combustion are just a few of the phenomena that make the development of geochemical models critical. But what computational methods will help to accurately carry out this task? This new text teaches the methodology of computational simulation of environmental change. The author presents interesting applications of his methods to describe the response of the ocean and atmosphere to the infusion of pollutants, the effect of evaporation on seawater composition, climate change, and many other aspects of the Earth's evolving ecosystem. He also presents simple approaches for solving non-linear systems, calculating isotope ratios, and dealing with chains of identical reservoirs. With creative programs that can be executed on any personal computer, Walker offers earth scientists the techniques necessary to address the key problems in their field.
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Berger, Tobias. Global Norms and Local Courts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807865.001.0001.
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What happens to transnational norms when they travel from one place to another? How do norms change when they move; and how do they affect the place where they arrive? This book develops a novel theoretical account of norm translation that is located in-between theories of norm diffusion and norm localization. It shows how such translations do not follow linear trajectories from ‘the global’ to ‘the local’. Instead, they unfold in a recursive back and forth movement between different actors located in different contexts. As norms are translated, their meaning changes; and only if their meaning changes in ways that are intelligible to people within a specific context, the social and political dynamics of this context change as well. This book analyses translations of ‘the rule of law’. It focuses on contemporary donor-driven projects with non-state courts in rural Bangladesh and shows how in these projects, global norms change local courts—but only if they are translated, often in unexpected ways from the perspective of international actors. Based on extensive fieldwork, this book reveals how grassroots-level employees of local non-governmental organizations significantly alter the meaning of global norms—for example when they translate secular notions of the rule of law into the language of Islam and Islamic Law—and only thereby also enhance participatory spaces for marginalized people. Such translations that change both global norms and local courts have been largely neglected by scholars and policy makers alike; they are the central theme of this book.
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Engels, Jens Ivo. Corruption and Anticorruption in the Era of Modernity and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.003.0012.
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Introducing a detailed discussion of the modernization or transition thesis, this chapter argues that understandings of anticorruption did indeed change dramatically around 1800. The revolutionaries declared war on corruption and deemed practices that had been common during the Ancien Régime—especially patronage and the use of public positions for private gain—as corrupt. The consequences of this for anticorruption were far-reaching: the public and the private were more sharply separated and all “old” practices (or recent ones construed as such) were attacked with “new” anticorruption rules. The belief grew that corruption could be eliminated. However, the chapter tells a non-linear story: the essential ambivalence of modernization is fully reflected in anticorruption discourse and efforts. The more closely modern societies are looking for corruption, the more corruption they will find. As the transgression of the public-private-boundary is unavoidable, the success even of present-day campaigns is very limited.
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Anjum, Rani Lill, e Stephen Mumford. Dispositionalism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0003.
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Since the advent of modern philosophy, causation has been treated as a relation between two separate events. Any worldly dynamism is then provided by the succession of essentially static events. Recent decades have seen a revival of interest in powers, but this has been hampered by an acceptance of many of the presuppositions of modern philosophy, most conspicuously those of Hume. Simply placing powers on top of the static Humean framework will not do. Causal dispositionalism offers a more dynamic notion, where an instance of causation involves a unified process rather than a relation between distinct events. This theory has a number of advantages. It can account for change as well as stability, long- and short-lived processes, genuine complexity and real emergence, non-linear interaction of causes, extreme context-sensitivity, and contrary powers. This is a more plausible framework for understanding causation in biology, ontologically and epistemically.
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Egger, Eva-Maria, Cecilia Poggi e Héctor Rufrancos. Welfare and the depth of informality: Evidence from five African countries. 25a ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/963-1.
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This study explores the relationship between household poverty and depth of informality by proposing a new measure of informality at the household level. It is defined as the share of activities (hours worked or income earned) without social insurance for wage workers in the household. We apply cross-sectional regressions to five urban sub-Saharan African countries, showing that a household head informality dummy obscures a non-linear relationship between the depth of household informality and welfare outcomes. In some countries, a small share of income from formal jobs is associated with at least the same welfare as a fully formal portfolio. By assessing transitions between household portfolios with panel data for urban Nigeria, we also show that most welfare differences are explained by selection and that movements in and out of formality cannot sufficiently change welfare trajectories. The results call for better inclusion of informal profiles to social insurance programmes.
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Brown, Kathryn. Dialogues with Degas. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350258730.
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Dialogues with Degas demonstrates the ongoing relevance of Edgar Degas to 20th- and 21st-century ideas and art practices. The first in-depth examination of this major artist’s impact on contemporary art, this book explores how contemporary practitioners have used Degas’s creativity as a springboard to engage imaginatively and critically with themes of colonialism, gender, race and class. Individual chapters are devoted to dialogues between Degas’s art and works produced by Frank Auerbach, Cecily Brown, Xinyi Cheng, Ryan Gander, Maggi Hambling, Damien Hirst, Howard Hodgkin, Chantal Joffe, Leon Kossoff, R.B. Kitaj, Juan Muñoz, Paula Rego, Jenny Saville, Yinka Shonibare, Cy Twombly and Rebecca Warren. Through close analyses of selected paintings, drawings, prints and sculptures, Kathryn Brown explores how Degas’s technical and compositional experiments have been extended or challenged in innovative ways. By experimenting with the materials and methods of existing works, contemporary artists generate visual palimpsests that make new demands of the viewer and prompt a reconsideration of ideas that have informed histories of 19th-century French art. The book overturns familiar conceptions of influence by eschewing a genealogical approach and prioritizing, instead, the analysis of non-linear encounters between artworks. This encourages a new conception of the agency of visual artefacts and of the conversations they are capable of entertaining with each other. While this study sheds new light on Degas’s art and that of his interlocutors, it also has methodological significance for the writing of art history.
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Bouchet, Freddy, Tapio Schneider, Antoine Venaille e Christophe Salomon, eds. Fundamental Aspects of Turbulent Flows in Climate Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855217.001.0001.
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This book collects the text of the lectures given at the Les Houches Summer School on “Fundamental aspects of turbulent flows in climate dynamics”, held in August 2017. Leading scientists in the fields of climate dynamics, atmosphere and ocean dynamics, geophysical fluid dynamics, physics and non-linear sciences present their views on this fast growing and interdisciplinary field of research, by venturing upon fundamental problems of atmospheric convection, clouds, large-scale circulation, and predictability. Climate is controlled by turbulent flows. Turbulent motions are responsible for the bulk of the transport of energy, momentum, and water vapor in the atmosphere, which determine the distribution of temperature, winds, and precipitation on Earth. Clouds, weather systems, and boundary layers in the oceans and atmosphere are manifestations of turbulence in the climate system. Because turbulence remains as the great unsolved problem of classical physics, we do not have a complete physical theory of climate. The aim of this summer school was to survey what is known about how turbulent flows control climate, what role they may play in climate change, and to outline where progress in this important area can be expected, given today’s computational and observational capabilities. This book reviews the state-of-the-art developments in this field and provides an essential background to future studies. All chapters are written from a pedagogical perspective, making the book accessible to masters and PhD students and all researchers wishing to enter this field. It is complemented by online video of several lectures and seminars recorded during the summer school.
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Linhai nong chang"
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Sinha, Somdatta. "Multiplicity in Non-Linear Systems". In Understanding Change, 222–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524644_16.
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Thompson, Denise D. P. "Non-linear Policy Change". In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3087-1.
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Dawson, Patrick. "Temporal Context and Non-linear Change at General Motors". In Reshaping Change, 84–104. 2nd edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in organizational change: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351264921-5.
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Fortescue, Michael. "The non-linear nature of diachronic change". In Competing Models of Linguistic Change, 17–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.279.03for.
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Gabbay, Dov M., Odinaldo T. Rodrigues e Alessandra Russo. "Structured Revision: Non-linear Methods for Information Change". In Revision, Acceptability and Context, 139–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14159-1_5.
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Hamzah, Amran, e Mark P. Hampton. "Resilience and Non-Linear Change in Island Tourism". In Island Tourism Sustainability and Resiliency, 287–311. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003280521-15.
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Rubin, Jessica Cira, Charlotte L. Land e Stacia L. Long. "Mobilising new understandings: an actor-network analysis of learning and change in a self-directed professional development community". In Non-Linear Perspectives on Teacher Development, 119–34. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003372097-8.
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Liu, Jierui, Lyuchao Liao, Jengshyang Pan, Fumin Zou, Guoqian Wang e Qiqin Cai. "Non-linear Random Change Differential Evolution for Multi-objective Resource Allocation Problem". In Advances in Smart Vehicular Technology, Transportation, Communication and Applications, 51–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04585-2_7.
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Sheng, Hu, YangQuan Chen e TianShuang Qiu. "Non-linear Transform Based Robust Adaptive Latency Change Estimation of Evoked Potentials". In Fractional Processes and Fractional-Order Signal Processing, 233–42. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2233-3_12.
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Liu, Wei. "Emerging Technologies in Scar Management: Remodeling of Post-surgical Linear Scar Using Microplasma Radiofrequency". In Textbook on Scar Management, 465–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_53.
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AbstractLinear scar is a common problem in all fields of surgery as it leads to unpleasant appearance that is not socially acceptable. In particular, linear scars in the exposed areas such as face, neck, and upper extremities cause significant psychological disturbance to patients who need proper medical assistance to release their suffering. The author proposed tissue remodeling strategy on an existed linear scar using FMRT (fractional microplasma radiofrequency technology) to render gross view of a linear scar less visible or non-visible by changing the scar tissue architecture. Similar concept is also applied to the intervention of an early-stage wound to significantly alter the natural process of wound healing via FMRT-mediated change of the histological architecture of a wound, and thus to prevent the formation of a grossly visible linear scar. This chapter introduces the general background information, FMRT concept, and its application on linear scar treatment and prevention with the presentation of several typical cases.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Linhai nong chang"
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Sergeev, V. P., M. P. Kalashnikov, A. R. Sungatulin, O. V. Sergeev, A. V. Voronov e V. V. Neyfeld. "CHANGE OF WEAR RESISTANCE OF SILVER FRICTION PAIRS DURING DEPOSITION OF Cu-Mo-S FILMS". In Physical Mesomechanics of Materials. Physical Principles of Multi-Layer Structure Forming and Mechanisms of Non-Linear Behavior. Novosibirsk State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1353-3-287.
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Pazhin, A. A., E. E. Deryugin e M. O. Eremin. "CHANGE IN THE MALLEABILITY OF A SQUARE-SECTION BEAM DURING DEFORMATION BY A THREE-POINT DEFLECTION". In Physical Mesomechanics of Materials. Physical Principles of Multi-Layer Structure Forming and Mechanisms of Non-Linear Behavior. Novosibirsk State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1353-3-28.
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Umamaheswari, R., A. Joseph Arul Pragasam, P. Sagayaraj e P. Anitha. "Second harmonic generation in Thiourea doped L-Threonine Non Linear Optical single crystal". In 2010 Recent Advances in Space Technology Services and Climate Change (RSTSCC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rstscc.2010.5712804.
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Belijar, G., L. Hermette, M. Kozako e M. Hikita. "Drastic Change in Non-Linear Resistive Materials I(V) Characteristics". In 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Integrated Power Packaging (IWIPP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwipp.2019.8799097.
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Tyler, Matthew L., e Manfred Morari. "Change detection using non-linear filtering and likelihood ratio testing". In 1997 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.1997.7082658.
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Sankaranarayanan, Sriram. "Automatic abstraction of non-linear systems using change of bases transformations". In the 14th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1967701.1967723.
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"SEVA: A non-linear mathematical framework for climate change vulnerability assessment". In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.k8.tonmoy.
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Perez-Aparicio, Jose L., e Roberto Palma. "NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION OF RAM MEMORIES BASED ON PHASE-CHANGE THERMOELECTRIC". In 10th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Smart Structures and Materials. Patras: Dept. of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics University of Patras, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/150123.9951.451159.
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Rahmes, Mark, Dean Fagan e George Lemieux. "Dental non-linear image registration and collection method with 3D reconstruction and change detection". In SPIE Medical Imaging, editado por Thomas G. Flohr, Joseph Y. Lo e Taly Gilat Schmidt. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2254817.
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Ahrens, Denise, e Sebastian Traub. "Non-linear Regression Model for Fitting Experimental Emissions Data". In ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2023-101631.
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Abstract The measurement and reporting of non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) emissions is now integral to aircraft engine emission certification. Akin to other gaseous emissions, CAEP11 sets a new LTO based standard. So far, the question how nvPM emission can be corrected for ambient conditions has to remain open. Addressing this, combustor rig tests may be consulted, where performance parameter such as Air-to-fuel ratio, pressure and temperature can be varied independently. However, results from selected tests may be misleading as nvPM emissions may show measurement uncertainties within actual sensitivities. The paper provides a novel approach utilising experimental data to investigate the prevailing sensitivities at different operation conditions and derive applicable correction factors. This methodology makes use of the fundamental assumption that each change measured in nvPM emissions is explainable with the relative change in combustor AFR, the combustion chamber inlet pressure P3, and combustor inlet temperature T3, for a given combustor design running on the same fuel. Computing the relative changes between all measurements of the same test for all performance and emission parameters enables the fitting of a nonlinear regression model to the experimental data. The fitted function consists of the product of the relative change of the performance parameters to the power of polynomial exponents. The methodology has the potential to be applied to a wide variation of emissions data obtained from different sources as combustor rig tests as well as from engine emission tests. The paper concludes with a first application of the methodology to experimental engine emissions data and a short discussion on AFR sensitivity. In order to set-up a more broadly applicable model nvPM pathways and mechanisms and their dependencies must be better understood helping to identify relevant parameters, e.g. characteristic AFR in the nearfield of the fuel spray nozzle.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Linhai nong chang"
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Agarwala, Matthew, Matt Burke, Jennifer Doherty-Bigara, Patrycja Klusak e Kamiar Mohaddes. Climate Change and Sovereign Risk: A Regional Analysis for the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, abril de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012885.
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Climate change is an existential threat to the world economy, with complex, evolving and nonlinear dynamics that remain a source of great uncertainty. There is a bourgeoning literature on the economic impact of climate change, but research on how climate change affects sovereign risks is limited. This paper provides forward-looking regional analysis of the effects of climate change on sovereign creditworthiness, probability of default and the cost of borrowing for the Caribbean economies. Our results indicate that there is substantial variation in the sensitivity of ratings to climate change across the region which is due to the non-linear nature of ratings. Our findings improve the identification and management of sovereign climate risk and provides a forward-looking assessment of how climate change could affect the cost of accessing international finance. As such, it leads to a suite of policy options for countries in the region.
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Hill, Christopher. Abrupt Climate Change and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: sensitivity and non-linear response to Arctic/sub-Arctic freshwater pulses. Collaborative research. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), junho de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1184378.
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Melo-Velandia, Luis Fernando, Camilo Andrés Orozco-Vanegas e Daniel Parra-Amado. Extreme weather events and high Colombian food prices: A non-stationary extreme value approach. Banco de la República, dezembro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1189.
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Given the importance of climate change and the increase of its severity under extreme weather events, we analyze the main drivers of high food prices in Colombia between 1985 and 2020 focusing on extreme weather shocks like a strong El Ni˜no.We estimate a non-stationary extreme value model for Colombian food prices. Our findings suggest that perishable foods are more exposed to extreme weather conditions in comparison to processed foods. In fact, an extremely low precipitation level explains only high prices in perishable foods. The risk of high perishable food prices is significantly larger for low rainfall levels (dry seasons) compared to high precipitation levels (rainy seasons). This risk gradually results in higher perishable food prices. It is non linear and is also significantly larger than the risk related to changes in the US dollar-Colombian peso exchange rate and fuel prices. Those covariates also explain high prices for both perishable and processed foods. Finally, we find that the events associated with the strongest El Ni˜no in 1988 and 2016 are expected to reoccur once every 50 years.
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Balza, Lenin, Sofía Castro Vargas, Nicolás Gómez Parra, Raul Alberto Jimenez Mori, Osmel Manzano e Tomás Serebrisky. Does Income Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean Drive Disproportionate Energy Consumption? Inter-American Development Bank, abril de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012883.
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We examine the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Latin America and the Caribbean using panel data from 1971 to 2019. Employing both parametric and non-parametric methods, we find a robust positive correlation between Latin America and the Caribbean's economic activity and energy consumption. Specifically, a 1% increase in income is associated with a 0.4% increase in total energy use in the short term, rising to a 0.9% in the long term. Further analysis highlights that Latin America and the Caribbean countries consistently display higher income elasticities compared to other global regions and this relationship exhibits discernible non-linearities. A temporal breakdown indicates an increased correlation in Latin America and the Caribbean post-1991 confirming the non-linear, region-specific, and temporally evolving characteristics of the income-energy relationship. Our results are robust to multiple methodological approaches and to variations in how income and consumption are measured. These findings hold significant implications for energy policy in the region, especially in the context of climate change mitigation efforts.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. Defining and Measuring Diplomatic Influence. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), fevereiro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.032.
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This review found no sources of straightforward indicators for use in measuring diplomatic influence. The literature and evaluations found to recommend the use of tailor-made evaluations to account for “differences in diplomatic settings, diplomatic activities and policy fields”. They hinge on developing a theory of change alongside questions and evaluation criteria that are context-specific. They rely on assessing intermediate goals as a ‘proxy’ for the immeasurable long-term influence, and causal contributions (contributed to a result) rather than causal attributions (caused a result). It was also frequently mentioned that programme designers tend to design programmes to support diplomatic influence without specific and measurable objectives because influencing processes are by nature non-linear. In these cases, evaluations will be correspondingly unable to provide specific and measurable indicators of achievement.
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Hefetz, Abraham, e Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, outubro de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.
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The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. Examples of 'Systems Thinking' Projects in International Development. Institute of Development Studies, março de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.067.
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A “systems thinking” (ST) approach generally recognises that international development processes are complex, inter-related, non-linear, and constantly changing. They involve many different types of actors, all with different levels of power. ST change methods try to mirror these qualities, and move away from more conventional project design and implementation that use simple linear input-output-impact project logic. Thus, this rapid literature review seeks to find out what are some examples of ‘systems thinking’ projects in international development. The aim of this rapid review is to provide concrete examples of how ST shows up in the project design and management processes that are typically used by people working in the international development sector. These include project management arrangements, evaluation indicators, results frameworks, budget allocations and procurement, country diagnostics, and the foundational analysis that informs project design. The examples found were mostly extracted from donor project documents. Different definitions of ST may emphasise different elements. An attempt was made to find a range of projects from different sectors, and to go beyond projects that exemplified “Market Systems Development” and “Adaptive Management,” for which there are already repositories of project examples (see Further Resources).The inclusion of the projects in this review does not imply that they were successful, only that they contain some evidence of ST in them. Most of the projects identified have a further library of documents, including evaluations, that give more detailed information about their successes and failures.
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Alonso-Robisco, Andrés, José Manuel Carbó e José Manuel Carbó. Machine Learning methods in climate finance: a systematic review. Madrid: Banco de España, fevereiro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/29594.
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Preventing the materialization of climate change is one of the main challenges of our time. The involvement of the financial sector is a fundamental pillar in this task, which has led to the emergence of a new field in the literature, climate finance. In turn, the use of Machine Learning (ML) as a tool to analyze climate finance is on the rise, due to the need to use big data to collect new climate-related information and model complex non-linear relationships. Considering the proliferation of articles in this field, and the potential for the use of ML, we propose a review of the academic literature to assess how ML is enabling climate finance to scale up. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a structure of application domains in a highly fragmented research field, aiming to spur further innovative work from ML experts. To pursue this objective, first we perform a systematic search of three scientific databases to assemble a corpus of relevant studies. Using topic modeling (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) we uncover representative thematic clusters. This allows us to statistically identify seven granular areas where ML is playing a significant role in climate finance literature: natural hazards, biodiversity, agricultural risk, carbon markets, energy economics, ESG factors & investing, and climate data. Second, we perform an analysis highlighting publication trends; and thirdly, we show a breakdown of ML methods applied by research area.
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Khan, Mahreen. Lessons from Adaptive Programming. Institute of Development Studies, setembro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.142.
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The aim of adaptive programming (AP) is to produce adaptive, flexible, iterative, responsive, problem-driven, politically smart, locally led programmes which are effective and efficient and meet donor requirements for accountability. This is a rapid desk review of recent literature on AP including academic and grey sources. Section 2 covers the main challenges and barriers to successful implementation of AP. Key success factors are covered in Section 3. Selecting the appropriate monitoring and evaluation tools such as outcome harvesting or adapted versions of Value for Money to assist in measuring outcomes and embedding learning is key to successful AP, particularly in governance programmes, where results are usually long-term, non-linear and causality can be difficult to specifically trace back to the donor-funded intervention. Section 4 details three case studies from the governance arena as this report was requested to assist in designing adaptive governance programmes. Thus, the State Accountability and Voice Initiative (SAVI) from Nigeria, Chakua Hatua from Tanzania, and Within and Without the State (WWS) from conflict regions are included to show how flexible indicators, donor communication and negotiation, empowering teams and adopting monitoring and evaluation tools assisted in successful AP outcomes in different locations and political contexts. The challenges faced and drawbacks of certain processes were fed into efficient feedback loops fostering cross-communication, adaptation, and modification to ensure procedures and policies were changed accordingly. Sources used are primarily from the previous 5 years, as per K4D norms, unless the work is seminal, such as the ODI Report (2016) Doing Development Differently, which encouraged over 60 countries to sign up for the AP methodology. This review found a substantive body of literature on AP methodology the relative recency of academic attention on AP in the development less evidence is available on case studies of AP in the development sector, as there are not many ongoing projects and even fewer have been completed and results assessed (ICF, 2019). There is also a lack of case studies on how dynamic, empowered, innovative teams successfully apply adaptive programming ideas, particularly providing behavioural insights about such teams (Cooke, 2017) as well as little attention to precipitating and sustaining behaviour change in institutions over the longer term (Power, 2017).
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Moghimi, Gholamreza, e Nicos Makris. Response Modification of Structures with Supplemental Rotational Inertia. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, janeiro de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/tihv1701.
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Tall, multistory, buildings are becoming increasingly popular in large cities as a result of growing urbanization trends (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2018). As cities continue to grow, many of them along the coasts of continents which are prone to natural hazards, the performance of tall, flexible buildings when subjected to natural hazards is a pressing issue with engineering relevance. The performance of structures when subjected to dynamic loads can be enhanced with various response modification strategies which have been traditionally achieved with added stiffness, flexibility, damping and strength (Kelly et al. 1972; Skinner et al. 1973, 1974; Clough and Penzien 1975; Zhang et al. 1989; Aiken 1990; Whittaker et al. 1991; Makris et al. 1993a,b; Skinner et al. 1993; Inaudi and Makris 1996; Kelly 1997; Soong and Dargush 1997; Constantinou et al. 1998; Makris and Chang 2000a; Chang and Makris 2000; Black et al. 2002, 2003; Symans et al. 2008; Sarlis et al. 2013; Tena-Colunga 1997). Together with the elastic spring that produces a force proportional to the relative displacement of its end-nodes and the viscous dashpot that produces a force proportional to the relative velocity of its end-nodes; the inerter produces a force proportional to the relative acceleration of its end-nodes and emerges as the third elementary mechanical element (in addition to the spring and dashpot) capable for modifying structural response. Accordingly, in this report we examine the seismic performance of multistory and seismically isolated structures when equipped with inerters. In view that the inerter emerges as the third elementary mechanical element for the synthesis of mechanical networks, in Chapter 2 we derive the basic frequency- and time-response functions of the inerter together with these of the two-parameter inertoelastic and inertoviscous mechanical networks. Chapter 3 examines the response of a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) structure where the first story is equipped with inerters. Both cases of a stiff and a compliant support of the inerters are examined. The case of two parallel clutching inerters is investigated and the study concludes that as the compliance of the frame that supports the inerters increases, the use of a single inerter offers more favorable response other than increasing the force transferred to the support frame. Chapter 4 examines the seismic response analysis of the classical two-degree-of-freedom isolated structure with supplemental rotational inertia (inerter) in its isolation system. The analysis shows that for the “critical” amount of rotational inertia which eliminates the participation of the second mode, the effect of this elimination is marginal on the structural response since the participation of the second mode is invariably small even when isolation systems without inerters are used. Our study, upon showing that the reaction force at the support of the inerter is appreciable, proceeds with a non-linear response analysis that implements a state-space formulation which accounts for the bilinear behavior of practical isolation system (single concave sliding bearings or lead-rubber bearings) in association with the compliance of the support of the inerter. Our study concludes that supplemental rotational inertia aggravates the displacement and acceleration response of the elastic superstructure and as a result, for larger isolation periods (Tb > 2.5s) the use of inerters in isolation systems is not recommended. Chapter 5 first examines the response analysis of a SDOF elastoplastic and bilinear structure and reveals that when the yielding structure is equipped with supplemental rotational inertia, the equal- displacement rule is valid starting from lower values of the pre-yielding period given that the presence of inerters lengthens the apparent pre-yielding period. The analysis concludes that sup- plemental rotational inertia emerges as an attractive response modification strategy for elastoplastic and bilinear SDOF structures with pre-yielding periods up to T1 = 1.5sec. For larger pre-yielding periods (say T1 > 2.0sec), the effectiveness of inerters to suppress the inelastic response of 2DOF yielding structures reduces; and for very flexible first stories; as in the case of isolated structures examined in chapter 4, the use of inerter at the first level (isolation system) is not recommended. Finally, chapter 6 shows that, in spite of the reduced role of inerters when placed at floor levels other than the first level (they no-longer suppress the induced ground acceleration nor they can eliminate the participation of higher modes), they still manifest a unique role since it is not possible to replace a structure with solitary inerters at higher levels with an equivalent traditional structure without inerters.