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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Limited Prince Line"
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Mosavel, H., e D. I. Cole. "Lithostratigraphy of the Prince Albert Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup)". South African Journal of Geology 122, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2019): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0035.
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Abstract The Prince Albert Formation is a mudstone-dominated unit, which is located in the central and southwestern part of the Main Karoo Basin and the southernmost part of the Kalahari Basin in South Africa. It is Early Permian (Artinskian to early Kungurian) in age and is stratigraphically located between the underlying Dwyka Group and the overlying Whitehill Formation. In the Main Karoo Basin, its regional extent is limited to the cut-off boundary of the Whitehill Formation along a line from Hertzogville in the Free State to Coffee Bay in the Eastern Cape. Northeast of this boundary, it correlates with the lower part of the undifferentiated Ecca Group known as “Ecca Shales” and in the northern part of the basin, north of a line from Bloemfontein (Free State) to Harding (KwaZulu-Natal), with the Vryheid and Pietermaritzburg formations. The Prince Albert Formation is generally between 50 and 200 m thick, including the type area around Prince Albert, where a thickness of about 145 m was measured. It is thicker (230 to 497 m) in the region between Brandvlei and Jansenville and thins northeastwards to between about 30 and 60 m in the area between Kimberley and East London. In the Kalahari Basin, the formation is only 25 to 50 m thick, due to post-Karoo erosion of its upper part. The Prince Albert Formation contains fossils of marine invertebrates, palaeoniscoid fish, sharks, sponge spicules, foraminiferans, radiolarians, acritarchs, fragments of wood and leaves, together with ichnofossils in the form of fish trails, arthropod trackways and invertebrate burrows. High Rb/K ratios in the mudstones also indicate a marine shelf environment with suspension settling of mud being the predominant depositional process. Sedimentation was initiated during a major transgressive event following final melting of Dwyka Group associated ice sheets in southern Gondwana in the Late Palaeozoic. Water depths in the basin were probably about 400 m, but shallowed northeastward. In the proximal part of the basin northeast of Kimberley, sandstones in coarsening-upward successions represent prograding deltaic deposits derived from an adjacent source area to the north.
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Velayudhan, Sanal Kumar. "Sitaram Textiles Limited". Asian Case Research Journal 05, n.º 02 (dezembro de 2001): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927501000111.
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Sitaram Textiles is a state-owned textile mill in India. It serves a regional market with a limited product-line of cotton fabric. The mill was set up as an integrated textile mill. Severe price-competition from the unorganised powerloom sector has restricted its operations to producing yarn and processing of grey cloth. The weaving activity is contracted out to the small powerloom units. Competition for certain types of fabric is from large players. Changes in the environment have an adverse effect on its performance. New channel arrangements, evolving consumer tastes and an increase in competition are the noticeable changes in the environment. It has not been able to fully utilise its processing capacity. This has affected its profitability. The mill is planning modernisation of its facilities and is examining the option of entry into blended fabric market. The case examines the influences on product line decisions. The product line decisions are influenced by Sitaram Textiles' ability to compete, the requirements of the market and company objectives.
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Yuriy, Y. M. "Награницесостепью:посульскийрубежпереяславскойземли." Istoricheskii vestnik, n.º 24(2018) part: 24/2018 (29 de setembro de 2019): 66–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35549/hr.2019.2018.36652.
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With the start of the Pecheneg invasions at the end of the 10th century Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich of Kiev created a line of defense, composed of timber walls, enforced by a small number of walled towns. He populated these settlements with settlers from the northern regions. Even though they could only take on patrol duty, they managed to play a significant role in the defense of the realm. The Cuman expansion in the mid11th century saw the formation of the Pereyaslavl Land, whose princes took on complex defensive measures. Its first stages saw the blocking of the Cuman passageway across the Lower Sula with a system of outlying fortresses. This derailed the nomadic routs to the north, where new defensive regions where formed to control not only the fords, but the inner roads as well. Almost parallel to this (at a slightly later period) the empty frontier was populated by another group of steppe dwellers the Pereyaslavl Torqs. These proved an invaluable asset, due to their ability to patrol the inner roads and in take part in distant raids as light cavalry, capable of competing with the Cumans. To protect their families and property the Peryaslavl Torqs constructed highly original castles. In time the Torqs began to populate not only the defensive microregions, but also numerous Russian fortresses. As a result of all these measures, the Pereyaslavl Land turned into a strong defensive shield of the Rus, with its princes claiming and assuming the Kievan throne. The defensive systems of the southern frontier radically limited the damage from Cuman raids. Yet the Cuman threat was effectively ended by a series of expeditions, led by Russian princes, into the heart of the steppe. This led to the gradual decline of the Pereyaslavl shield, made even more rapid by the feudal fragmentation which followedС началом нашествий печенегов в конце 10 века князь Владимир Святославович Киевский создал линию обороны, состоящую из деревянных стен, укрепленных небольшим количеством обнесенных стеной городов. Он заселил эти поселения переселенцами из северных областей. Даже при том, что они могли только взять на себя патрульную службу, им удалось сыграть значительную роль в обороне королевства. Куманская экспансия в середине XI века ознаменовалась образованием Переяславской Земли, князья которой предприняли сложные оборонительные меры. На первых этапах он блокировал Куманский проход через нижнюю Сулу системой отдаленных крепостей. Это сорвало кочевые маршруты на север, где образовались новые оборонительные районы, контролирующие не только Броды, но и внутренние дороги. Почти параллельно этому (в несколько более поздний период) пустому фронтиру заселялась другая группа степняков Переяславские Торки. Они оказались бесценным активом, благодаря своей способности патрулировать внутренние дороги и принимать участие в дальних рейдах в качестве легкой кавалерии, способной конкурировать с куманами. Для защиты своих семей и имущества Перяславские Торки построили весьма оригинальные замки. Со временем Торки стали заселять не только оборонительные микрорайоны, но и многочисленные русские крепости. В результате всех этих мер Переяславская Земля превратилась в мощный оборонительный щит Руси, с ее князьями, претендующими и вступающими на киевский престол. Оборонительные системы южной границы радикально ограничили ущерб от набегов куманов. И все же Куманская угроза была успешно устранена серией экспедиций, возглавляемых русскими князьями, в самое сердце степи. Это привело к постепенному упадку Переяславского щита, еще более ускоренному последовавшей феодальной раздробленностью
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Kumar Kar, Sanjay, Piyush Kumar Sinha e Saurabh Mishra. "Sabarkantha Gas Limited: Challenges of Marketing Natural Gas". Asian Case Research Journal 20, n.º 01 (junho de 2016): 177–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927516500073.
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This case is set in June 2012 and brings out many operational issues and challenges faced by the management of Sabarkantha Gas Limited (SGL) to efficiently, effectively, and profitably market natural gas in Mehesana, Sabarkantha, and Gandhinagar districts of Gujarat, India. The company has been able to achieve some degree of success with its growing customer base, volume, and profitability. The business environment seems to be rapidly changing and SGL acknowledges the intensive competition in the near future, especially after the expiry of marketing exclusivity as granted by the regulatory body. Currently the company operates in small geographical territories but has the opportunity to expand. For SGL, economies of scale seems to be a big challenge. In India, the markets of some competing fuels are either artificially underpriced/subsidised and are cheap without consideration of environmental externalities. Marketing natural gas was found to be a challenging task. The company also faces emerging challenges like managing customer perception, customer acquisition and retention, price volatility, customer adoption cycle, and meeting customer expectations. Efficient management of such challenges could mitigate some of the business risks and improve the top-line and bottom-line. The opportunity of resolving pressing issues faced by SGL would keep the readers interested and allow them to test their knowledge on marketing and commercial strategy along with other functional strategies.
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Liu, Mengqi, Wenjie Bi, Xiaohong Chen e Guo Li. "Dynamic Pricing of Fashion-Like Multiproducts with Customers’ Reference Effect and Limited Memory". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/157865.
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We study a fashion retailer’s dynamic pricing problem in which consumers present reference effect and memory window. Based on the theory of Baucells et al. (2011), we propose a new reference-price updating mechanism in fashion and textile (FT) industry where consumers have a bounded memory window and anchor on the first and most recent price in any memory window. Moreover, we study the impacts of this mechanism on optimal pricing policy for a retailer selling multiple fashion-like products and analyze optimal price’s steady state, monotonicity, and convergence. For two-product case, we find that, for otherwise identical products, the steady-state price of a core product is lower than that of a noncore product. We compute the retailer’s loss of revenue if he incorrectly assumes the reference-price effect to be at the product level and prices the products individually. Further, as illustrated with numerical results, our model is a flexible way to make pricing strategy if the retailer can anticipate the length of consumers’ memory window.
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Krynicka, Tatiana. "Starożytny łaciński centon: próba przybliżenia na przykładzie „Centonu weselnego” Auzoniusza". Vox Patrum 57 (15 de junho de 2012): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.4137.
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The term „cento” comes from the Latin cento, which means „a cloak made of patches,” „patchwork,” as the Greek does. Poems of Homer and Vergil were favorite sources for the ancient cento poets, who rearranged their fragments into totally different stories. The oldest preserved Latin cento is the tragedy „Medea” composed by Hosidius Geta from the fragments of Vergilian poetry circa 200 AD. We know, however, about other centos having been written before that date. Altogether, sixteen Virgilian and one Ovidian cento have been preserved. Thirteen of them, including the earliest and the latest of all extant Latin centos, are contained in the Codex called Salmasianus. Since the terminus ante quem for this manuscript is 534 AD, we assume that all preserved centos have been written between 200 AD, the broadly acknowledge date for Medea, and 534 AD. Ancient Virgilian centos mainly deal with well-known classical myths (8 of 13). Four of them have Christian themes, two treat trivial matters of everyday life, two are wedding-poems. The involvement of Decimus Ausonius Magnus (ca 310-394), a renowned teacher, rhetorician and poet, with the cento is not limited to being the author of a Virgilian cento, which he composed as a response to a similar poem by the Emperor Valentinian I (321-375). Ausonius is the only ancient author we know to have described cento in more detail and to have laid down the rules of the genre. In the introductory letter to the Cento nuptialis, addressed to his friend Axius Paulus, Ausonius maintains that verses of an original text, taken over to the cento, may be divided at any of the caesurae which occur in hexameter. No section longer than one line and a half should be taken over. The quotation may not be changed, although its meaning may change according to the new context. Ausonius compares activity of the cento poets to playing the game of stomachion. Doing so he emphasizes unity within cento and its playfulness as the particularly important traits of the genre. Ancient authors usually followed the technical rules put forth by Ausonius, although not all of them would have agreed with him about the similarity between writing a cento and playing a game. While some twentieth century scholars had treated cento with undeserved contempt, the research of the last decades has given it its honour back. Centos still require our attention, especially that, through their analysis, we may try to obtain a more faithful portrait of the well educated ancient reader. This reader knew his Virgil by heart, worshipped Virgil as the divinely inspired prince of Latin poetry, and preferred Virgil’s words to his own when he ventured to describe his world.
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Sangraula, Prem Prasad. "An Impact of Profitability Indicators of Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited (SCBL)". Damak Campus Journal 12, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2023): 46–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dcj.v12i1.66907.
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This study has complemented in the field of study of the dissertation research results of the study indicated the “Impact of Earning Per Share, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Net Profit Margin and Price Earnings Ratio on Market Value Per Share of Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited (SCBL)” and Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited (SCBL) in overall financial profitability position and its statement and financial events in the real service life of service provide bank. This dissertation research report work is different from other research work as this work is on effectiveness utilization and management of profit in the expansion of bank challenges on a particular sector. The main objective of this study is to analyze the trend, structure of Earning Per Share, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Net Profit Margin and Price Earnings Ratio on Market Value Per Share significance relation through hypothesis and the study made over the period 2017/18 to 2021/22 taken as a sample year. The statistical methods of trend analysis and descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and hypothesis test were used to analyze the study outcomes.
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Asiimwe, Hillary, Mary Nomugisha, Benon Kyabarongo, Pereez Nimusima e John Rwakihembo. "Price Wars and Sales Performance at Century Bottling Company Ltd, Mbarara, Uganda". International Journal of Business Strategies 7, n.º 1 (15 de março de 2022): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ijbs.959.
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Purpose: Even when price war has seen massive interest among scholars, it is still unclear how it affects sales performance. This study examined the relationship between price war and sales performance among carbonated drink manufacturers in Uganda: a case of Century Bottling Company Limited.
Methodology: Mixed methods design was used in this study. The population comprised of 210 employee managers and outlet managers. With the aid of Krejie and Morgan (1970)’s table, a sample size of 169 respondents was selected. Questionnaire was used to collect primary data in line with the positivism design and obtained a response rate of 55.0%. Pilot testing however preceded the final survey and we were able to check the relevancy of the instruments which was confirmed through the validity and reliability statistics that we achieved. Zero-order Pearson correlation was used to test the hypotheses.
Findings: The study results showed a strong positive and significant relationship between promotional pricing and sales performance (r = .522, p= 0.000). Also Penetration pricing was found to have a moderate positive and significant association with sales performance(r = .369, p= 0.000). Last but not least, the study confirmed existence of a strong positive and significant relationship between Oligopoly pricing and sales performance at Century Bottling Company Limited (r = .573, p= 0.000).
Recommendations: The study recommends that century bottling company limited consider the actual situations of different manufacturers when implementing its promotional strategies in order not to suffocate them, increase the number of sales outlets to ensure increased trades and selling, since it enables the company to access many customers and also to revisit its pricing strategy where customers like low-priced commodities and offer customer discount features according to different selling contexts.
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Kumar, Vinod, e Vivek Gautam. "Maruti Suzuki India Limited: the Celerio". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 5, n.º 1 (3 de março de 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-03-2014-0058.
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Subject area Marketing, new product launch and innovations. Study level/applicability Postgraduate students. Case overview Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. (MSIL), established in February 1981, formerly known as MarutiUdyog Limited, is a subsidiary of Japanese automobile Manufacturer Suzuki. It has a market share of 37 per cent in passenger car segment in India. Its product portfolio ranges from entry-level Alto to hatchbacks like A-Star, Zen Estilo, etc. to sedans like SX 4 to sports utility vehicles like Grand Vitara. MSIL is always known for delivering value on these lines – low cost of acquisition, high fuel economy, less maintenance hassles and wide service network. MSIL is planning to launch its much awaited hatchback Celerio with revolutionary auto gear shift technology for the first time in India at an affordable price. Promotional campaign is yet to be completed. Online trends reflect the consumer trends of any country. During the Auto Expo Week, Maruti Suzuki Celerio became the most searched hatchback on Google in the subcontinent according to a report published by the Indian Express citing the Google Trends Report. One of the key success factor is communicating the right message to the customers so as to attract them. So, MSIL's challenge is to plan a product launch so as to spread awareness. Expected learning outcomes To discuss the ways in which the product may be differentiated, to acquaint students with the process of developing a slogan for the introduction of Celerio to the existing market, to explain the concept of segmentation to the students, to familiarize students with communication mix and to give the students an idea about need of digital communication to promote the product. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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PACZKOWSKI, SZYMON. "THE POLISH-SAXON EPISODE IN THE LIFE OF GREGOR JOSEPH WERNER". Eighteenth Century Music 16, n.º 2 (20 de agosto de 2019): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478570619000198.
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Musicological literature devoted to the life and works of Gregor Joseph Werner (1693–1766) has remained very limited. Researchers have usually been motivated to discover more about him for two reasons: the fact that from 1728 he was Kapellmeister at the court of the Esterházy princes in Eisenstadt, and that while there he met and worked with the great Joseph Haydn. It is no exaggeration to claim that Werner is usually mentioned only because of this association: he has found his way into music history on account of his connection with Haydn. However, this approach leaves too much room for a superficial assessment of Werner's achievements as a composer. Haydn valued his music and commented on it favourably. His private music collection included Werner's Good Friday oratorios and arrangements of the Lamentations of Jeremiah. In a striking testament to the respect he had for Werner's music, Haydn also arranged six of Werner's fugues for string quartet, writing his own musical introductions, and published them with Artaria in Vienna in 1804 as VI Fugen in Quartetten auf zwey Violin, Viola und Violonzell von G. J. Werner Weyland Kapelmeister S. D. des Fürsten N. Esterházy etc. / Aus besonderer Achtung gegen diesen berühmten Meister nun herausgegeben von dessen Nachfolger J. Haydn, a volume dedicated to Prince Nicholas Esterházy II.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Limited Prince Line"
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Del, Castillo Maria. "Effects of price and geological uncertainty over the life of mine and iltimate pit limit". Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123326.
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Mining operations are highly affected by risk, where commodity price and geology can be considered as the most relevant ones, as they will define the pit's design and the operation's ability to meet production plans. Considering these uncertainties at an early stage is key for project success, and doing so by including managerial flexibility to annually re-evaluate the project allows a more realistic approach, and increases the operation's ability to react timely to change.The current study presents a real-option based evaluation approach to assess the effects of commodity price and geological uncertainty over the performance of a mining operation and the potential life of mine and consecutive pit limit modifications that may occur. The case study presented shows the value of flexibility when dealing with stochastic scenarios, in contrast with conventional evaluation methods. It was found that the stochastic method better assesses the project's potential to expand and provide useful information that traditional methods ignore. A Geometric Brownian motion with Poisson jumps model is used to forecast price, and direct block simulation is used to model geological uncertainty. The model was optimized using the commercial software ILOG-Cplex. Results show that including the option to stop mining, or expand increase the operation's value, but only if expensive infrastructure relocations are prevented, which makes it necessary to study these options at an initial stage, as they allow management to prepare for changes and provides a clearer image of the project's real potential.Les opérations minières sont hautement affectées par les risques. Le prix des métaux et la géologie sont considérés comme ayant le plus d'impact puisqu'ils définissent le design de la mine et la capacité des opérations à atteindre les plans de production. La planification sous incertitude est utilisée pour créer un projet performant sous ces risques de sorte que les objectifs de production seront encore atteints. À cette fin, considérer de la flexibilité dans les opérations et dans la gestion ajoute un bénéfice important afin de répondre profitablement aux changements.Cette thèse présente une approche basée sur l'analyse par options réelles pour évaluer les effets de l'incertitude des prix des métaux et de la géologie sur les performances des opérations minières, la durée potentielle de la vie de la mine et les modifications de la taille définitive du site d'excavation. L'étude de cas présentée montre la valeur qu'ajoute la flexibilité lorsque des simulations de géologie sont considérées, par opposition aux méthodes conventionnelles. Il a été constaté que la méthode présentée permet une meilleure évaluation du potentiel d'expansion du projet et fournie des informations importantes que les methodes traditionnelles ignorent. Les résultats montrent qu'inclure l'option d'arrêt ou d'expansion de la mine à chaque année augmente la valeur des opérations, mais seulement si les dépenses de relocalisation d'infrastructures importantes sont prévues. Ceux-ci rendent nécessaire l'étude de ces options dans une étape initiale puisqu'ils permettent aux gestionnaires de se préparer aux changements et produisent une meilleure vue du potentiel du projet.
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Fekih-Salem, Radouane. "Modèles Mathématiques pour la compétition et la coexistence des espèces microbiennes dans un chémostat". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00940100.
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Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse mathématique des modèles de compétition de plusieurs espèces microbiennes sur une seule ressource dans un chémostat. L'objectif est de modéliser et démontrer la coexistence des espèces par divers mécanismes pour mieux rendre compte de la biodiversité que l'on trouve dans la nature, ainsi que dans les bioréacteurs. Nous nous somme intéressés principalement à trois mécanismes de coexistence : 1. La compétition inter-spécifique entre les populations de micro-organismes et intra-spécifiques entre les individus de la même espèce. 2. La floculation où l'espèce la plus compétitive inhibe sa propre croissance par la formation des flocs pour pouvoir coexister avec les autres espèces. En fait, ces bactéries en flocs consomment moins du substrat que les bactéries isolées puisqu'elles ont un moins bon accès au substrat, étant donné que cet accès au substrat est proportionnel à la surface extérieur du floc. 3. La densité-dépendance dont le modèle peut être construit à partir du modèle de floculation, en supposant que la dynamique de floculation est plus rapide que la croissance des espèces. Dans ce modèle densité-dépendant le taux de croissance dépend non seulement de la densité du substrat, mais aussi, de la densité de la biomasse, et le taux de prélèvement de la biomasse n'est pas constant mais dépend aussi de la densité de la biomasse. Enfin, nous avons étudié un modèle de digestion anaérobie à trois étapes avec dégradation enzymatique du substrat (matière organique), dont une partie peut être sous forme particulaire. L'analyse mathématique montre que le modèle peut présenter la quadri-stabilité avec lessivage d'aucune, d'une ou de deux espèces selon la condition initiale. L'étude mathématique du comportement qualitatif de différents modèles du chémostat, nous a permis de mieux comprendre la compétition et la coexistence des espèces microbiennes.
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Yi, Ju Chien, e 簡憶茹. "How On-line Time-Limited Price Discount Affects the Effect of Advertisement". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02324221078304641305.
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碩士開南大學
資訊及電子商務學系
97
In this period of economic slow-down, online sellers introduce numerous promotions to attract customers, such as coupons, drawing lots, and free gift. Pchome and Yahoo also provide sharp reduction in price in a limited short period of time and usually at the beginning of each hour. Using online questionnaire survey, this study examines how price discount margin affects advertisement effect that includes advertisement attitude, brand attitude, hit attitude and purchasing intention. The interference variables are genders and monthly discretionary income. The study reveals the followings: the price discount margin has significant impact on advertisement effect and has a positive influence both on the advertisement and brand of the product. Furthermore price discount margin will drive consumers to click the online advertisement and to raise their purchasing intentions. The study also shows that the brand attitude, hit attitude and purchasing intention are considerably influenced by the monthly disposable income. Under the interference of gender, the price discount margin has significant impact on brand attitude. That means facing the different price discount margin, male and female consumers will have different feelings on brand.
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Kozak, Terry F. "Plan Winnipeg's urban limit line affect on Westwood and Southdale single detached housing prices". 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/22873.
Texto completo da fonteLivros sobre o assunto "Limited Prince Line"
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Echenberg, Margo. The Fame of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463727044.
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The Fame of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz traces the meteoric trajectory of the Mexican Tenth Muse’s renown and studies how her worldly celebrity was altered posthumously by elegists in her Fama y obras póstumas [Fame and Posthumous Works] of 1700. In this study of a polyphonic, transatlantic volume, the didactic framework of early modern fame is pushed to its limits as panegyrists inscribe the nun into an evolving world-view that could trade in the fictions of the saintly exemplar, the Tenth Muse or a New World treasure, but could not preserve a woman’s renown on the grounds of authorship. Only by making her legible could she vie for the promise of posthumous fame. In flushing out the machinations of Sor Juana’s role as agent of her own celebrity as well as the negotiations of her contemporaries, this book opens new lines of inquiry in the study of early modern fame and print culture and the role of writers, panegyrists and editors as cultural agents in the transatlantic literary relationship between Mexico and Spain.
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Mowatt, Susan. BLACK/TIME/LINES/WHITE/TIME/LINES. University of Edinburgh, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ed.9781836450269.
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The output is a wall mounted artwork consisting of two wooden panels, each measuring 100cm x 100cm x 6cm, covered in vertical woven strips. The strips are long and narrow, woven on two warps using wool, linen, cotton, mohair, acrylic, chenille, silk, and polyester thread. The research challenges conventional understandings of tapestry and its historical associations, and explores its significance as an action in the 21st century. Mowatt invests the act of weaving itself to test the limits of weaving and its relations to painting, drawing, performance and installation art. The output was a large-scale work that consists, unusually, of multiple, discontinuous, woven elements, constructed using an innovative self-taught technique that uses a continuous weft thread woven on the absolute minimum of warp threads (two). The methodology employed challenges customary associations of tapestry with luxury and expense, to instead present it as an ongoing process of material use and re-use. The work was accepted for several tapestry exhibitions, all juried and international: Artapestry 4 (2015), which showed at four international venues, the Royal Scottish Academy (2016), Cordis International Tapestry Prize (2016), Karpit 3 (2017), and A Considered Place (2019), at Drum Castle. The output won the Cordis International Tapestry Prize in 2016, which is the biggest international prize for this artform.
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Montgomery, L. M. (Lucy Maud), 1874-1942. Anne of Green Gables (1000 Copy Limited Edition). AD Classic, 2016.
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Montgomery, L. M. (Lucy Maud), 1874-1942. Anne of Green Gables (100 Copy Limited Edition). Engage Books, 2018.
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Montgomery, L. M. (Lucy Maud), 1874-1942. Anne of Green Gables (100 Copy Limited Edition). Engage Books, 2019.
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Valmori, Niccolò. Reshaping Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782797.003.0003.
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Information and connections are essential elements of the life of market actors. In revolutionary times direct access to limited information and a strong network of connections in the political world are vital to thrive. The chapter analyses the double-sided dimension of information and political connections during the French Revolution through three case studies of merchants and bankers with interests at stake in France. Direct access to information concerning French political life allowed the banker Walter Boyd to enhance his position through his dealings with the wealthy financier Henry Hope; James Bourdieu paid a high price due to his connection with minister Jacques Necker; while the trajectory of Jean-Conrad Hottinguer demonstrates the ability of bankers to build long-lasting relations with political figures and clients during turbulent times.
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Hamilton, Tom. The Material World of a Household and Collection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800095.003.0002.
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This chapter demonstrates the significance of the Palais de Justice at the summit of Parisian office-holding society and as a centre of information and communication in the capital. It situates L’Estoile in the social hierarchy of the Palais, analysing his duties in its Chancery and his involvement in the sale of offices, a crucial factor in the complex and developing administration of the early modern French state. Like most office-holders, L’Estoile openly criticized the sale of offices while tacitly practising it. His understanding of his colleagues’ use and abuse of this system reveals how it worked from the inside. From his position in the Chancery, L’Estoile was particularly involved in the licensing of printed books, and his professional expertise gives his diaries unparalleled insight into the public presence of print in Paris and the limits that contemporaries imposed on its sale and circulation.
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Thomas, Rhondda Robinson, ed. African American Literature in Transition, 1750–1800. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108860864.
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This volume provides an illuminating exploration of the development of early African American literature from an African diasporic perspective—in Africa, England, and the Americas. It juxtaposes analyses of writings by familiar authors like Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano with those of lesser known or examined works by writers such as David Margrett and Isabel de Olvera to explore how issues including forced migration, enslavement, authorship, and racial identity influenced early Black literary production and how theoretical frameworks like Afrofuturism and intersectionality can enrich our understanding of texts produced in this period. Chapters grouped in four sections – Limits and Liberties of Early Black Print Culture, Black Writing and Revolution, Early African American Life in Literature, and Evolutions of Early Black Literature – examine how transitions coupled with conceptions of race, the impacts of revolution, and the effects of religion shaped the trajectory of authors' lives and the production of their literature.
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The Pilgrims Progress Value Price. Hendrickson Publishers, 2011.
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Dahiya, Surbhi. Indian Media Giants. Oxford University PressDelhi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190132620.001.0001.
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Abstract The establishment of mass media organizations in India is contemporaneous with that of its counterparts in the developed world. Indian Media Giants: Unveiling the Business Dynamics of Print Legacies is an analytical chronicle of six Indian mega media conglomerates' individual odyssey from their humble, incipient beginnings in the pre-independence era to their transformation into powerful business empires in the digitised world. The book traces Indian Media metamorphosis, the birth, phase-wise contours of growth and development, travails and trajectories, organizational structures, editorial policies and business dynamics of print majors in India, namely, The Times Group, The Hindu Group, The Hindustan Times Limited, The Indian Express Group, Dainik Jagran Limited and DB Corp Limited. It unravels their understanding of the values of co-dependence, collaboration, and competition with their contemporaries. It is an untold story of how these organizations leapt over the perimeters of conventional greatness to achieve unmeasured success that spans the globe. The book analyses how innovations have been brought in the management policies of these print businesses, with respect to production, distribution, consumption, while accrediting the visionary leadership that drives each organisation forward in its endeavours. What the case studies also details, is the wide extent of strategic intent enunciation; the role of product lines, development and diversification into radio, TV, digital and other segments; geographical spread, expansion, regional penetration and international footprint; the role of technological advancements in throwing up unimaginably new business opportunities; strategic alliances, mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures and takeovers; manpower management policies; CSR activities and financial performance of these media giants. The theoretical implications of the growth of media organisations in terms of the nature of mass media and its products are also underlined. The book focuses on the theoretical framework of media management and pays attention on the changing media management practices from one era to another, gradually orienting and re-orienting the strategic positioning of respective media giants to the pulse of the media market and the opportunities under various regulatory regimes. It is replete with the meticulous analysis of the editorial values and business dynamics upon which their legacies are founded, changing business models adopted by the media moguls, the ripples they have created in the media world and how they are constantly being modified to suit the tastes of the modernising market. With this, and more, Indian Media Giants is a holistic compendium that offers multiple perspectives on how print media organizations in India have grown from strength to strength and have become platform agnostic. The book also details the changing media landscape in India and also underlines the efforts of media giants in retaining print while embracing the digital. The book will be of immense value to the academic fraternity and industry professionals to gain an incisive as well as panoptic view and understanding of the Indian media conglomerates. Compressed in these pages is the analytical story of the past, present and future of the Indian print legacies for the pleasure and curiosity of the readers.
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Limited Prince Line"
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McNeill, Desmond. "Can Economics Help to Understand, and Change, Consumption Behaviour?" In Consumption, Sustainability and Everyday Life, 317–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11069-6_12.
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AbstractThis chapter assesses the contribution that economics can make to help us understand consumer behaviour and, if necessary, to try and change it. Economic theory of consumer behaviour is sophisticated and rigorous, but very limited. It excludes from consideration many of the factors which are well-recognised by other social sciences as being important. These limitations stem largely from the standard model of homo economicus. Economists are not unaware of this problem, but it is difficult to resolve it: to establish models that are tractable—for example incorporating the idea of interdependent preferences. But even simple economic theory, in which income and price are the main explanatory factors of consumer behaviour, provides the basis for potentially very effective policy instruments. If incomes fall, consumption is indeed reduced; and taxes and subsidies can substantially alter consumer behaviour. The problem is that such instruments are politically very unpopular.
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Raspall, Felix, e Carlos Bañón. "Large-Scale 3D Printing Using Recycled PET. The Case of Upcycle Lab @ DB Schenker Singapore". In Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication, 432–42. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8637-6_37.
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AbstractLarge-scale additive manufacturing for architectural applications is a growing research field. In the recent years, several real-scale projects demonstrated a preliminary viability of this technology for practical applications in architecture. Concurrently, the use of recycled polymers in 3d printing has progressed as a more sustainable feed for small-scale applications. However, there are limited empirical examples on the use of additive manufacturing using recycled polymers in large-scale and real-life architectural applications. This project develops two design and fabrication approaches to large-scale manufacturing using recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) from single-use bottles into large design elements and tests them in a real-life project. The two designs are discussed in detail: a 4 m diameter dome-like chandelier printed with a robotic extruder using recycled PET pellets, and a 3.5 m diameter chandelier using a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printing farm. The paper covers the state of the art of related printing technologies and their gaps, describes the printing process developed in this research, details the design of the domes, and discusses the empirical evidence on the benefits and drawbacks of large-scale additive manufacturing using recycled polymers. Overall, the research demonstrates the possibilities of large-scale additive manufacturing using recycled polymers, adding findings form a real-life project to the growing body of research on additive manufacturing in architecture.
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Ibrahim, Jimoh, Christoph Loch e Kishore Sengupta. "Two Power Plants". In How Megaprojects Are Damaging Nigeria and How to Fix It, 151–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96474-0_8.
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AbstractThis first project, the Egbin Power Plant, was initiated under a civilian government and delayed because of two coups. But then the military government supported the project (which had a strong value proposition) and saw it through.The second project, the Calabar Power Plant, was a part of a large highly ambitious scheme to build 11 power plants, which ran out of money as well as neglecting critical components of the network surrounding a plant (gas supplies and power distribution lines). So, the power plant hardware itself was completed after a delay, but the plant still delivers little power because gas supplies are too expensive and power delivery is subject to capacity limits and price controls that make operation of the plant unaffordable.
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Vanpeperstraete, Ben. "The Rana Plaza Collapse and the Case for Enforceable Agreements with Apparel Brands". In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 137–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_9.
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AbstractDisasters like the Rana Plaza collapse and the Tazreen Fashions and Ali Enterprises fires painfully demonstrate the limits of conventional models of labour regulation in global supply chains. Buyer-driven markets characterised by outsourcing, subcontracting and offshoring, and the price pressure that results from them, undermines both the regulatory role of the state and the potential for collective bargaining. As a result, poor and unsafe working conditions prevail in transnational corporate supply chains in the garment industry. The aforementioned disasters offer a textbook example of the challenges facing the current clothing industry and the limits of the dominant “Corporate Social Responsibility” (CSR) model used to address labour rights abuses.Yet, the responses to these disasters also provide fertile ground for alternative “worker-driven” strategies, where worker organisations enter into negotiated supply chain agreements with transnational corporations and hold the latter to account. The Bangladesh Accord and Rana Plaza Arrangement, as well as the corollary Tazreen Compensation Agreement and Ali Enterprises Compensation Agreement attempt to develop a counter-hegemonic alternative to dominant CSR practices and offer new strategies for social justice within global supply chains. This chapter describes and contextualises these agreements in a broader trajectory of labour organisations bargaining and negotiating such agreements with lead firms, highlighting how the post-Rana Plaza momentum made significant strides possible in terms of the depth, scope and enforceability of these negotiated agreements. The chapter identifies the strengths of these developments, but also identifies room for improvement for future negotiated enforceable agreements with apparel brands.
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Masters, William A., Elena M. Martinez, Friederike Greb, Anna Herforth e Sheryl L. Hendriks. "The Cost and Affordability of Preparing a Basic Meal Around the World". In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 603–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_33.
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AbstractAll countries have a rising burden of diet-related disease from the consumption of unhealthy foods. About three billion people around the world cannot afford the diverse foods needed for a healthy diet. This chapter aims to extend previous work on diet cost and affordability to address the hidden costs of meal preparation inside the home. Costs of a basic meal based on market prices for the most affordable items are estimated in 168 countries. Also, the hidden costs of meal preparation are considered, taking account of environmental or social externalities from the production and distribution of food, as well as the health externalities involved in food consumption. The data shown here reveal that even the simple raw ingredients for a basic plate are often unaffordable for the poorest, and the added cost of time and fuel can make such meals prohibitively expensive. Results suggest two main avenues for policy action. First, governments should use the information on the least costly way to meet dietary standards to inform poverty lines and provide targeted assistance so as to ensure that citizens can acquire safe and nutritious items in sufficient quantities for an active and healthy life, using locale-appropriate safety nets. Second, food policies should recognize the hidden costs of meal preparation that often put healthier, more sustainable diets out of reach. Overcoming the hidden barriers to preparation of healthy meals will require support for helpful forms of food processing that preserve or enhance nutritional values, while taking action to limit potentially harmful forms of ultra-processing associated with diet-related disease. Food-based safety nets and improvements in the food environment can make healthy diets affordable for all people at all times, to help every country reach global development goals.
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Peterson, Eric, e Bhavleen Kaur. "Printing Compound-Curved Sandwich Structures with Robotic Multi-Bias Additive Manufacturing". In Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication, 526–36. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8405-3_44.
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AbstractA research team at Florida International University Robotics and Digital Fabrication Lab has developed a novel method for 3d-printing curved open grid core sandwich structures using a thermoplastic extruder mounted on a robotic arm. This print-on-print additive manufacturing (AM) method relies on the 3d modeling software Rhinoceros and its parametric software plugin Grasshopper with Kuka-Parametric Robotic Control (Kuka-PRC) to convert NURBS surfaces into multi-bias additive manufacturing (MBAM) toolpaths. While several high-profile projects including the University of Stuttgart ICD/ITKE Research Pavilions 2014–15 and 2016–17, ETH-Digital Building Technologies project Levis Ergon Chair 2018, and 3D printed chair using Robotic Hybrid Manufacturing at Institute of Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC) 2019, have previously demonstrated the feasibility of 3d printing with either MBAM or sandwich structures, this method for printing Compound-Curved Sandwich Structures with Robotic MBAM combines these methods offering the possibility to significantly reduce the weight of spanning or cantilevered surfaces by incorporating the structural logic of open grid-core sandwiches with MBAM toolpath printing. Often built with fiber reinforced plastics (FRP), sandwich structures are a common solution for thin wall construction of compound curved surfaces that require a high strength-to-weight ratio with applications including aerospace, wind energy, marine, automotive, transportation infrastructure, architecture, furniture, and sports equipment manufacturing. Typical practices for producing sandwich structures are labor intensive, involving a multi-stage process including (1) the design and fabrication of a mould, (2) the application of a surface substrate such as FRP, (3) the manual application of a light-weight grid-core material, and (4) application of a second surface substrate to complete the sandwich. There are several shortcomings to this moulded manufacturing method that affect both the formal outcome and the manufacturing process: moulds are often costly and labor intensive to build, formal geometric freedom is limited by the minimum draft angles required for successful removal from the mould, and customization and refinement of product lines can be limited by the need for moulds. While the most common material for this construction method is FRP, our proof-of-concept experiments relied on low-cost thermoplastic using a specially configured pellet extruder. While the method proved feasible for small representative examples there remain significant challenges to the successful deployment of this manufacturing method at larger scales that can only be addressed with additional research. The digital workflow includes the following steps: (1) Create a 3D digital model of the base surface in Rhino, (2) Generate toolpaths for laminar printing in Grasshopper by converting surfaces into lists of oriented points, (3) Generate the structural grid-core using the same process, (4) Orient the robot to align in the direction of the substructure geometric planes, (5) Print the grid core using MBAM toolpaths, (6) Repeat step 1 and 2 for printing the outer surface with appropriate adjustments to the extruder orientation. During the design and printing process, we encountered several challenges including selecting geometry suitable for testing, extruder orientation, calibration of the hot end and extrusion/movement speeds, and deviation between the computer model and the physical object on the build platen. Physical models varied from their digital counterparts by several millimeters due to material deformation in the extrusion and cooling process. Real-time deviation verification studies will likely improve the workflow in future studies.
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Guroian, Vigen. "Heroines of Faith and Courage". In Tending the Heart of Virtue, 133—C6P118. 2a ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195384307.003.0007.
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Abstract This chapter discusses the portrayal of faithful and courageous heroines by examining Princess Irene in The Princess and the Goblin and Lucy in Prince Caspian. Through The Princess and the Goblin, George MacDonald tries to invent a modern genre of fairy tale that challenges mystic fortitude, positivism, and twisted puritanism. MacDonald’s religious imagination is put to work in line with the limits of his moral imagination. C. S. Lewis also tackles the themes of moral and spiritual maturation through the help of faith and courage fulfilled in a vision of God. Remembering is the prominent theme in Prince Caspian, which also looks at biblical religion as it relates to faith’s power to apprehend and perceive.
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Bissett, John. "Means ends". In It's Not Where You Live, It's How You Live, 54–63. Policy Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447368212.003.0006.
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This chapter continues the exploration into the lives of the group as they discuss and try to navigate day-to-day life with very limited means and resources available to them. Having little money focuses the mind, and here we see how much this is the case with the constant thought as to the cost and prices of everyday items, whether they be food or clothes or cigarettes. Life and consciousness are thoroughly permeated by ideas of price and cost, and people are implicitly thinking all the time as to how they will manage from day to day. Practices of borrowing and lending are integral to the functioning of life on the estate and function as systems of financial solidarity and support. Lives are circumscribed very tightly by the minimum of resources available to people, and they must creatively work out how to live under such conditions.
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Hardin, Garrett. "The Ambivalent Triumph of Optimism". In Living within Limits. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195078114.003.0010.
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To increase—even to live—human populations require exploitable resources. Concern for the future of our children makes us wonder how long resources will last. Attitudes toward conservation depend largely on information furnished by the press, radio, and television. How good is this information? Mostly it is not very good. We don't have to probe the shoddier representatives of the press to illustrate the fine art of warping attitudes. A single example from a quality source will do. How much petroleum is there in the world? This is not a simple question. Do we want to know the total amount of petroleum resources, both discovered and undiscovered? This is obviously debatable. A more useful base on which to lay plans for the near future is what is called proved reserves, which is defined as the supply "that can be economically produced with current technology at today's prices." Before proceeding further it would be well to call attention to the confusibility of the terms resources and reserves. A creative writer who turned out a novel in which the two principal characters were named Jean Robinson and Jan Robertson would be criticized for causing needless confusion. Unfortunately the analysts of the real world frequently burden the public with terms that, though definitively different, scarcely differ to the eye and ear. Such are resources and reserves. These terms have been used for so long that they can hardly be jettisoned now. When a feeling of imminent confusion sweeps over the reader, he is urged to review the definitions in the preceding paragraph. Even for reserves there is no precise and stable figure. A new technology may lower the cost of taking oil out of the ground. A rise in price will cause the ledger entry for some underground oil to be moved from the category of economically unrecoverable to that of economically recoverable. The scarcity that causes the price to rise "brings oil out of the ground," in the words of optimistic economists. Scarcity, in the mind of some economists, creates more oil. (Geologists know better.) The price of oil is very sensitive to proved reserves, but decidedly insensitive to estimates of ultimate resources.
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Preda, Alex. "Markets". In Information, Knowledge, and Economic Life, 26–58. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199556946.003.0002.
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Abstract The Salizada San Moisè, one of Venice’s most elegant streets, is also one of the places where African peddlers align in a row every day, displaying their merchandise on blue plastic sacks rolled out on the pavement (the sacks also serve for transporting their wares). They do this right in front of the über-elegant fashion stores which line both sides of the street. While the peddlers’ merchandise selection is rather limited (mostly handbags, sun- glasses, sometimes watches as well), it is also an exact copy of some of the handbags and sunglasses sold inside the stores bearing the names of well- known designer houses. The items sold inside have price tags starting at about one thousand euros for a modest handbag, and very quickly working their way up into the rarefied zone of several thousands. (You have to look hard to discover the prices on minuscule lists in the shop windows.) The same handbag model sold by the peddlers will go for maybe about fifty euros— and even less, if one bargains harder.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Limited Prince Line"
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Deibert, Brendan, Sophia Scott, Allan Dolovich e Travis Wiens. "The Use of Additive Manufactured Plastic in Small-Scale Poppet Valves and Pressure Vessels". In BATH/ASME 2022 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2022-88614.
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Abstract Small-scale (< 100 W), low-pressure (4 MPa), low-cost hydraulic components, such as pumps and cylinders, have recently become more available. These components have potential uses in demanding applications such as in a pump-controlled electrohydrostatic actuators (EHA)s. This is limited by the fact that the unbalanced flows of a single-rod cylinder require a valve to reconcile the imbalance, which is commercially unavailable in this size and price range. We have hypothesized that it would be feasible to produce this component using additive manufactured (3D printed) plastic. Such a system would be relatively low cost with a high specific power, and could have applications in hand tools, prosthetics, robotics, and more. This paper focuses on some of the challenges in the use of 3D printed plastic for small-scale poppet valves and pressure vessels. The objectives of this research include the investigations of the sealing performance of 3D printed plastic poppet valves and the mechanical strength of 3D printed plastic pressure vessels. Experimental results included in this paper reveal the effects of surface finish and poppet and seat geometry on sealing performance. The influences of print process, material, and orientation on the strength of a 3D printed pressure vessel are examined and the results can inform valve casing design considerations. Mechanical tensile testing of fused deposition modelling (FDM) printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and stereolithography (SLA) printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)-like test specimens provided insight to the corresponding burst strength of that material and print process. The work presented in this paper advances the state-of-the-art of using 3D printed plastic for the construction of small-scale hydraulic components.
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Murali, Hari, e Abishek B. Kamaraj. "Investigating the Effect of Twisting and Printing Orientation on the Toughness of 3-D Printed Parts". In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73312.
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Abstract Additive manufacturing (3-D printing) has become a critical factor in the aerospace, biomedical, and automotive industries. The ability to manufacture complex shapes quickly and easily while also being cost-effective and environmentally friendly has made 3-D printing technology a promising step in the future of engineering. However, a key drawback to the technology is the reduction of strength and toughness of printed parts in the vertical direction (perpendicular to the layer line). Due to the weak interfacial bonding and very low infill density, printed parts are often lacking in strength and toughness. While these issues are not a concern for 3-D prints at lower angles, they make printing at higher angles much more difficult and it has become a consensus in the 3-D printing community that prints above 45 degrees are not advisable for load-bearing applications. This severely limits the capabilities of 3-D printed objects as the most complex shapes require high printing orientations. However, while a high printing orientation may have a detrimental effect on the prints, it is unknown if twisting the angle of the prints while simultaneously changing the printing orientation will have a positive or negative influence on the toughness and strength of prints. In this experiment, we seek to determine if a change in the twisting orientation or printing orientation will affect the toughness of the 3-D prints. We followed a designed experimental study that included two factors at four levels and the parts were made of PLA polymer material with different twisting and printing orientations on a Creality FDM 3D printer. The tensile strength and toughness of the printed parts were tested using a universal tensile testing machine. Our findings showed that the twisting orientation of 30 degrees increases the toughness of prints. This was evident even when the printing orientation is above 45 degrees. By varying the twisting angle, it was found that we can make more complex prints much tougher and easier to make.
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Rudd, Liam, Matthew I. Campbell e Ghazi Alonayni. "Multi-Axis 3D Printer Design Challenges for In-Situ Additive Manufacturing". In ASME 2023 18th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2023-100996.
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Abstract Multi-axis Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a prevalent technology that is currently limited to machines that only operate within enclosed volumes. Such an enclosed volume limits the size of additively manufactured parts. However, if the printing happens outside of the printer, the print-volume is unbounded. Furthermore, in adjacent printing, one could create and join a part at its eventual assembly — thus removing a step in the manufacturing process. A mobile machine like this would allow the operator to print infinitely sized parts on any surface and printing parts directly onto the work surface removes the post-print assembly costs and times. Robotic manipulators are commonly used in research applications of adjacent multi-axis 3D printing due to the accessibility and kinematic freedom of these machines. But, while robotic manipulators can print in many different orientations and on a variety of surfaces, the lack of rigidity in the rotational joints and complex inverse kinematics associated with them means that printing with these machines can be overly complex and yield imprecise results. This paper examines both the hardware and software design challenges in creating a novel multi-axis 3D printer designed specifically to print onto arbitrary surfaces directly adjacent to itself. Kinematics and joint rigidity are carefully examined in order to design an optimal configuration. Given the chosen kinematics, the computational systems needed to control the printer are presented in detail including calibration, part slicing, and toolpath creation.
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Kwak, Minjung, Katherine Koritz e Harrison M. Kim. "Green Profit Maximization Through Joint Pricing and Production Planning of New and Remanufactured Products". In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12162.
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To achieve “green profit” in their business, manufacturers who produce both new and remanufactured products must optimize their pricing and production decisions simultaneously. They must determine the buy-back price and take-back quantity of end-of-life products as well as the selling prices and production quantities of new and remanufactured products. With an aim to assist in optimal pricing and production planning, this paper presents a mixed-integer programming model that optimizes the three prices (of buyback, new and remanufactured products) and the corresponding production plan simultaneously. The model considers the two conflicting objectives of maximizing economic profitability and maximizing environmental impact saving. The model helps address potential barriers to remanufacturing, which include limited economic, and/or environmental sustainability of remanufacturing, imbalance between the supply of end-of-life products and the market demand for remanufactured products, and cannibalization of the sales of new products. The developed model is illustrated with an example of engine water pump.
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Murphy, Patrick N., e Bashir Khoda. "Application of a Continuous Variable Density Infill: Manipulating Center of Gravity". In ASME 2023 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2023-116644.
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Abstract In mechanical design mass properties, such as center of gravity and total mass, are an important consideration. As such the distribution of mass, i.e., the effective density distribution of a part, is a key consideration. When producing parts with additive manufacturing techniques like Fused Deposition Modeling, parts are typically hollowed to reduce manufacture time and replaced with a uniform infill structure. This process will affect the mass properties and provides only adjustment to the total mass. However, manipulating the center of gravity of a part can beneficial as it can change the total mass, moment of inertia, and vibration response of a part. Methods have been proposed in the past like the works of Chiu et. al., Yamanaka et. al., and Grigolato et. al. with each seeking to overcome certain limitations. In this paper, a method is proposed for the manipulation of the center of gravity of an additively manufactured part. The method first creates a density distribution with the desired mass properties then a novel process-aware continuous variable density infill algorithm is utilized to create the infill structure. With this algorithm it is ensured that a manufacturable functionally graded infill structure can be generated. The algorithm proposed for realizing this density distribution achieves this in two steps: variation of extrusion line spacing and width of the standard rectilinear infill pattern. This paper focuses on a 2D case, as implementing variation in the z axis was shown to be trivial. The methodology has been implemented within MATLAB to first generate the density distribution, then apply the continuous variable density infill generation algorithm, and finally generate the g-code. All sample prints were made with an extrusion-based, fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer. A preliminary test showed inconsistent behavior from the variable extrusion width. As such, each test case was printed with and without the variable extrusion width to further evaluate. While relatively high, the total error from input density gradient to print for the samples with only VLS showed very good consistency, both being ∼10%. This is favorable as a consistent error can be corrected for with pre/post processing. The samples with variable extrusion width did improve the results, however the degree of the improvement was not consistent, varying from ∼3% to ∼8%. This behavior was predicted as the range of extrusion width variation is rather limited at ±50%. The feasibility of the proposed method has been demonstrated and could be implemented for 3D arbitrary shapes in future work.
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Harling, Joseph, Eric Yeh, Gloria Ma, James McCusker e Filip Cuckov. "The Design of an Open-Source 3D Printable Humanoid Robotic Hand: CHUCHU". In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95905.
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Abstract One of the heavily desired aspects of human functionality to implement into robotics is the dexterity of our hands for manipulating objects. As it stands, there is a healthy market for robotic hands; however, the market is heavily weighted on either end of the price-functionality spectrum. A hand can provide exceptional human-like features and flexibility but is priced far out of range for small groups or individuals. Or the hand is below $2k but has limited characteristics that mimic the human hand. This project details the Cognitive Hand Unit for Collaboration with Human Users (CHUCHU), a humanoid robotic hand designed to be affordable, accessible, and comparable in features to other solutions on the market. Its 3D-printed fingers feature fully actuated joints that are controlled by linear actuators with positional feedback, while a spring tendon system is used to manipulate the underactuated joints to keep them compliant. The fingers feature force sensors to provide feedback to the PCB electronics containing the microcontroller and circuitry. The microcontroller utilizes Micro-ROS to receive and send feedback to Linux workstations for overall control. The resulting iterations of the fingers were subjected to mechanical stress testing for qualification and comparison. Along with this, an analysis of the inverse kinematics of the design is presented in this paper.
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Hajian, George. "Hard Working Covers". In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.87.
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“… A good archaeological report not only informs us about the strata from which findings originate, but also gives an account of the strata which first had to be broken through.” (Walter Benjamin. Excavation and Memory, ca. 1932. Analog materials are fundamental to my research. As part of my art practice, I tear, cut, rip, fold, and glue together printed images of the masculine performance and the male body to un-masc and reveal its fragility. During the making process what’s usually left behind is a jumble of non-representational refuse—mainly text, backgrounds, and devices used on a page, in a magazine or a book. During the first New Zealand COVID lockdown in 2020, I had limited access to new collage material, apart from a few books left behind in the car. As a result, my attention shifted to the leftovers which otherwise ended up in the recycle bin. These discarded bits illustrated a gendered language, because the material I use was intended for a male audience. It endorsed muscle, size, competing, violence, and whatever else you might expect from the fiction, advertisement, and revealing pages that promote so-called ‘maleness’, like film annuals, muscle magazines, sports, and printed adult magazines among others. Some of these books were donated, many reclaimed from opportunity and recycle shops as they were withdrawn from personal, public, and university libraries. Almost all the book covers used in the project had their own stories imprinted on both sides. These “marks” revealed their origins, recounted their lives, and relayed the strain they had to endure from countless readers, and of course myself! By incorporating printed words from a visual discourse, these new collages demand a reconsideration of text and meaning— they hint, but at the same time complicate the textual decoding process. Sourced from the refuse of a printed culture, these works attempt to reconstruct material and visual culture— a culture consumed by attention seeking and power. They focus on their own materiality, and at the same time, attempt to disrupt order, and reveal their embedded meaning. They reconfigure meaning to recount and re-present themselves. Resurrected, these assembled works are aching to go back to the library shelf and re-enter circulation in a new format. –– “Hard Working Covers” is an ongoing project which brings together 90 one-off handmade analog collages on hardbound book covers and compile them in 300 limited edition concertina books. The foldout format of the publication will reveal not only the front of the works, but also their back(sides).
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Otubusin, Adetayo, Paul Wood, John Appleby e Rafael Adamczuk. "Analysis of Parameters Influencing Build Accuracy of a SLM Printed Compressor Outlet Guide Vane". In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75548.
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The paper describes the manufacture of an outlet guide vane (OGV) of jet engines by the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process, in view of current challenges for conventional machining approaches such as; high airfoil profile tolerances, limited tooling access and hard to machine materials like nickel-chromium-based super alloys. Within this paper, analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of build parameters on possible distortion during printing that affect the build accuracy. These parameters include the part orientation on the build plate, thickness change to the flanges and the positioning of the support structure of each part. The configurations are 3D printed using the SLM approach. The chosen material is IN625. The printed parts are 3D scanned and the results are compared to the original CAD design. The results confirmed the presence of distortions in printed parts and the effect of parameter changes. Furthermore, it was shown that improvements to the print parameters are necessary to achieve a satisfactory profile tolerance.
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Zhai, Yuxin, Haiyan Wang, Fu Zhao e John W. Sutherland. "Dynamic Manufacturing Scheduling Under Real-Time Electricity Pricing Based on MILP and ARIMA". In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2930.
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The scheduling of manufacturing equipment is critical in production facilities. Research on production scheduling has traditionally focused on component throughput and cycle time. However, the increase of electricity price in the United States following the market deregulation in 1990s has led to efforts to reduce energy cost via manufacturing scheduling. This paper explores the possibility of reducing electricity cost of a manufacturing facility subject to real time electricity pricing by dynamically changing operation schedules, while maintaining a pre-determined production throughput. A time series model is developed to forecast the hourly electricity price and time-indexed integer programming is used to determine the manufacturing schedule. The electricity price forecast is updated every hour based on the price history, and manufacturing schedule is updated according to the updated price forecast. A hypothetical flow line with 3 processes operating 16 hours per day is used as a case study. The line has a limited public buffer between processes and all machines in the shop have three operational states. With a throughput of 60 parts per day, the results suggest that it is possible to reduce the cost by 3.6% using an hourly forecast compared with a schedule based on a day-ahead price forecast.
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Ishihara, Shigekazu, Taku Ishihara e Keiko Ishihara. "Facilitation of Kansei engineering design process with LLM multi-agent discussion". In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005135.
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Recent advances in Large Language Models and Generative AI continue to have a positive impact on the design process and Kansei engineering.At AHFE 2023, we presented the trials of product design using Generative AI based on Kansei engineering (Ishihara, Kuo & Ishihara, AI image generation boosts Kansei engineering design process, 2023).In this study, we explored the possibilities of multi-agent discussion in the design process and Kansei engineering. GPT-4 (OpenAI) was asked to create experts and discuss the given topic from each expert's point of view. In the example below, the topic was given as "We would like to discuss the design of an innovative chair made with a 3D printer. We would like to hear opinions from as many different perspectives as possible.GPT-4 automatically creates 3 virtual experts as: a designer, an engineer, and an environmental specialist. These different experts were created without any specific direction.The following lines are the roles of the experts set up in GPT-4: Designer - Focuses the discussion from an aesthetic point of view. Emphasizes innovation and aesthetics in design. Passionate in tone and fond of creative ideas.Engineer - Focuses on practicality and technical feasibility. Discusses cost and material efficiency in detail. Analytical in tone and logical in approach.Environmentalist - Focuses on sustainability and environmental impact. Discusses the use of recyclable materials and reducing environmental impact. They are soft-spoken and have deep insight into environmental issues.Intermediate discussions are in the following lines;---Persona 1: DesignerInspired by the engineer's opinion, I'd like to think a little more about the balance between durability and design. Durability is very important because chairs are used on a daily basis, and the key to manufacturing with a 3D printer is ensuring structural strength while still maintaining an aesthetically pleasing design. This can be seen as a design challenge.Persona 3: Environmental SpecialistI agree with the designer's suggestion, but materials should be carefully chosen to minimize environmental impact. Environmentally friendly materials, such as bioplastics, can provide greater design freedom while ensuring sustainability. The energy efficiency of the 3D printer is also important.Persona 2: EngineerI agree with the points made by the environmental experts. However, when using environmentally friendly materials, one must also pay attention to the physical properties of these materials. It is important to choose materials that are sustainable while still meeting the basic performance requirements of the chair, such as strength and heat resistance.Persona 1: DesignerThe engineer's technical perspective is very important. As a designer, the challenge is how to turn these technical limitations into art. For example, if there is a limit to the strength of a material, we can incorporate that as part of the design. I think balancing the flexibility of the design with the technical requirements will be key to the success of this project.The final agenda is as follows;---Designer's PerspectiveDesign Innovation: 3D printing allows for unique shapes and patterns that were previously impossible.Aesthetics and Individuality: Aesthetically pleasing designs that match consumer tastes and contemporary interior trends are important.Appealing to consumer sensibilities: Unique and beautiful designs can serve as status symbols, making them feel worth the high price tag.Engineer's PerspectivePracticality and technical feasibility: Consider the balance between manufacturing efficiency and cost while maintaining durability and safety.Customization and Quality: Ensure long-term cost-effectiveness and satisfaction by allowing adjustments to accommodate each individual's body shape and preferences.Overcoming technical limitations: Consider the physical limitations of 3D printing technology as part of the design.Environmental ExpertiseSustainability: Consider the use of recyclable materials and the recyclability of the product.Environmental impact: Energy consumption and material choices during the manufacturing process are important.Appealing to eco-conscious consumers: Green products add value and justify a price premium.---This is a summary of the discussion on the design of 3D-printed chairs from each expert's perspective. A balance between design innovation, technical feasibility, and sustainability is important, and a product based on these factors will influence consumer purchase incentives and can be successful in the marketplace, even at a high price point.We are now trying to combine this with Generative Graphics AI to visualize ideas based on this discussion among virtual experts.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Limited Prince Line"
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Koessl, Gerald. The system of limited-profit housing in Austria. Liège: CIRIEC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/ciriec.wp202204.
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Limited-profit housing plays a significant role in Austria’s housing market. Around a quarter of all households live in homes owned or managed by a limited-profit housing association (LPHA). These associations are characterised by a distinct business model, based on the premise of cost-recovery and revolving funds. By deviating both from the logic of for-profit housing and from public housing, LPHAs occupy a distinct ‘Third Sector’ role in Austria’s housing market. This paper describes the key mechanisms and principles of limited-profit housing, including how they are financed, how rents are set, what components are included in price calculations and how they use revolving funds to finance future affordable housing construction. The paper also elaborates the impact of the limited-profit business model on rent levels and draws on a recent study to demonstrate their wider economic impacts.
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Michaud, Pierre-Carl, e Pascal St-Amour. Longevity, Health and Housing Risks Management in Retirement. CIRANO, março de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/rnkf5751.
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Annuities, long-term care insurance and reverse mortgages remain unpopular to manage longevity, medical and housing price risks after retirement. We analyze low demand using a life-cycle model structurally estimated with a unique stated-preference survey experiment of Canadian households. Low risk aversion, substitution between housing and consumption and low marginal utility when in poor health explain most of the reduced demand. Bequests motives are found to be a luxury good and play a limited role. The remaining disinterest is explained by information frictions and behavioural status-quo biases. We find evidence of strong spousal co-insurance motives motivating LTCI and of responsiveness to bundling with a near doubling of demand for annuities when reverse mortgages can be used to annuitize, instead of consuming home equity
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Volkova, Nataliia P., Nina O. Rizun e Maryna V. Nehrey. Data science: opportunities to transform education. [б. в.], setembro de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3241.
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The article concerns the issue of data science tools implementation, including the text mining and natural language processing algorithms for increasing the value of high education for development modern and technologically flexible society. Data science is the field of study that involves tools, algorithms, and knowledge of math and statistics to discover knowledge from the raw data. Data science is developing fast and penetrating all spheres of life. More people understand the importance of the science of data and the need for implementation in everyday life. Data science is used in business for business analytics and production, in sales for offerings and, for sales forecasting, in marketing for customizing customers, and recommendations on purchasing, digital marketing, in banking and insurance for risk assessment, fraud detection, scoring, and in medicine for disease forecasting, process automation and patient health monitoring, in tourism in the field of price analysis, flight safety, opinion mining etc. However, data science applications in education have been relatively limited, and many opportunities for advancing the fields still unexplored.
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Chhoeung, Norinmony, Sesokunthideth Chrea e Nghia Nguyen. Cambodia’s Cash Transfer Program during COVID-19. Asian Development Bank Institute, dezembro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/rrmz8095.
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In 2019, Cambodia had been enjoying its steady economic growth until the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic hit the country from February 2020 in the form of severe infectious diseases, causing both economic and social problems for people from all walks of life, especially poor and vulnerable families. The IDPoor Equity Card, a poverty identification and registration system, was introduced in Cambodia to provide cash to poor pregnant women and children since 2016. Given its continued success, Cambodian Prime Minister Samdech Hun Sen announced the implementation of the Cash Transfer Program (CTP) using the IDPoor Card system. The CTP provided cash to poor and vulnerable households across the country affected by the pandemic. Executing the first large-scale cash transfer program in history presented significant challenges for the Government of Cambodia. In addition to implementing the program, which had to adhere to the three principles of equity–equality–efficiency, the government had other challenges to overcome, such as the limited number of tablets and facilities to accommodate the many people waiting in line to withdraw cash. Under the guidance of the central government, particularly the Economic and Finance Policy Committee, a technical working group was established to lead the implementation process; coordination among local governments, local councils, agencies, and the poor and needy; review of the IDPoor database; establishment of the digital payment system; and training of local government staff. This enabled the CTP to effectively distribute cash to poor and vulnerable households during the pandemic.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis et al. European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228470.
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The European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus), widespread across Eurasia, is a major pest of coniferous forests in Europe, primarily attacking Norway spruce (Picea abies). High beetle populations can result in significant damage, especially following environmental stressors like storms. Although there has been no classical biological control program against I. typographus due to its non-invasive nature in other continents, the potential introduction of this beetle into new areas like North America could necessitate such measures. Natural enemies in Europe include numerous parasitoids, predators and pathogens. Notably, the parasitoid Tomicobia seitneri shows high specificity and parasitism rates (20-100%) and is a prime candidate for biological control. Other potential candidates include the braconid Coeloides bostrichorum and the clerid beetle Thanasimus formicarius, though the latter's broad prey range limits its suitability for classical biological control. Pathogens like Ips typographus entomopoxvirus also show some specificity but require further study regarding their impact on beetle mortality.
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Bloom, David E., Victoria Y. Fan, Vadim Kufenko, Osondu Ogbuoji, Klaus Prettner e Gavin Yamey. Going beyond GDP with a parsimonious indicator: inequality-adjusted healthy lifetime income. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, março de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res1.1.
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Per capita GDP has limited use as a well-being indicator because it does notcapture many dimensions that imply a “good life”, such as health and equality ofopportunity. However, per capita GDP has the virtues of being easy to interpret andto calculate with manageable data requirements. Against this backdrop, there is aneed for a measure of well-being that preserves the advantages of per capita GDP,but also includes health and equality. We propose a new parsimonious indicatorto fill this gap, and calculate it for 149 countries. This new indicator could beparticularly useful in complementing standard well-being indicators during theCOVID-19 pandemic. This is because (i) COVID-19 predominantly affects olderadults beyond their prime working ages whose mortality and morbidity do notstrongly affect GDP, and (ii) COVID-19 is known to have large effects on inequalityin many countries.
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Harris, Jodie, Jacqueline Chalemera, Mphatso Nowa, Brian Mhango, Phindile Lupafya, Tendai Museka Saidi, Callum Northcote, Rashid Bhaji e Natalie Roschnik. Malawi Stories of Change in Nutrition: Overview. Save the Children, Civil Society Agriculture Network (CISANET), and the Institute of Development Studies, novembro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.077.
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Malawi has made significant progress in improving nutrition outcomes in the past decades. Despite this, the rates of stunting and anaemia remain high and overweight and obesity amongst women is rising. Malawi remains one of the most committed countries to nutrition, ranking 3rd out of 45 African countries on the Hunger and Nutrition Commitment Index, but effective implementation of policies is still challenging. Progress is being inhibited by a lack of dedicated budget lines for nutrition at district level, over reliance on external donors, poor coordination and competing priorities for limited resources within sectoral budgets. The pandemic, climate change and the Ukraine war have disrupted food systems, increased prices of fuel, fertilizer, and food, and caused loss of harvest and livelihoods, threatening to reverse decades of progress. Positive and coordinated action is needed to increase financial commitment to food and nutrition security, ensure nutrition is prioritised in the nation’s economic and development agenda, and continue Malawi’s progress to reducing malnutrition.
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Castets-Renard, Céline, Pierre-Luc Déziel e Lyse Langlois. Observations sur le document d'orientation sur la protection de la vie privée à l'intention des services de police relativement à la reconnaissance faciale. Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l’intelligence artificielle et du numérique, junho de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.61737/axib9435.
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Les autorités fédérale, provinciales et territoriales du Canada, dont la Commission d’accès à l’information du Québec, ont lancé en juin 2021 un avis de consultation et appel aux observations en lien avec le document d’orientation à l’intention des services de police fédéraux, provinciaux, régionaux et municipaux visant à définir les obligations de ces dernières en matière de protection de la vie privée relativement à l’utilisation de la technologie de reconnaissance faciale (RF), afin de garantir que toute utilisation de celle-ci ne contrevient pas à la loi, limite les risques d’atteinte à la vie privée et respecte le droit à la vie privée. Dans le cadre de cet avis de consultation et appel aux observations, trois chercheuses et chercheurs de l'OBVIA ont apporté des observations pour aider à l'amélioration du document. Ils considèrent en particulier que l'utilisation de la reconnaissance faciale par les services de police doit faire l'objet d'un meilleur encadrement légal et éthique au-delà du respect des lois de protection des renseignements personnels qu'ils estiment insuffisantes pour faire face aux nombreux enjeux sociaux. Ils estiment aussi que les services de police doivent être formés aux enjeux liés notamment aux risques d'erreur, biais, discrimination et surveillance de masse. Ils soulignent enfin le fait que l’atteinte à la vie privée s’accompagne ici le plus souvent de l’atteinte à d’autres droits fondamentaux. Ils recommandent l'élaboration d'un référentiel de valeurs visant à éclairer les interventions en matière de sécurité publique et mieux soutenir la réflexion des professionnels. Ces recommandations ont été déposées conjointement par l'Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l'IA et du numérique (OBVIA) et la Chaire de recherche sur l’IA responsable à l’échelle mondiale auprès du Commissariat à la protection de la vie privée du Canada et de la Commission d'accès à l'information du Québec.
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JHA, Anil. Revitalising millets in Northeast India: A healthy choice - Policy Brief. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), dezembro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1041.
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Millets have long been a staple of the regional diet in Northeast India because of their durability and high nutritional value. However, the rise in consumption of fine cereals, along with a subpar production system and inadequate compensation for millet farmers, have led to the decline of millet consumption and production. The low volume output is exacerbated by the lack of access to good-quality traditional seeds, fertilisers, and effective farming methods, coupled with changing patterns of climate. Furthermore, poor market demand and a lack of pro-poor policies of the government make millet growing even more difficult. Farming communities have few options for generating revenue since limited efforts have been made to market and link millet-based products to markets. Thus, there is a need to support existing farming practices that generate agrobiodiverse landraces, develop climate-resilient cultivars, and facilitate platforms for the value addition of the product. The existing primary processing of millets is labour-intensive and the lack of proper storage facilities results in poor-quality grains fetching low market prices. Thus, there is a need to develop infrastructure and build the capacity of farmers and other stakeholders along the millet value chain.
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Narayanan, Badri, Thomas Hertel e Mark Horridge. Disaggregated Data and Trade Policy Analysis: The Value of Linking Partial and General Equilibrium Models. GTAP Working Paper, julho de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp56.
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Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models are now routinely utilized for the evaluation of trade policy reforms, yet they are typically quite highly aggregated, which limits their usefulness to trade negotiators who are often interested in impacts at the tariff line. On the other hand, Partial Equilibrium (PE) models, which are typically used for analysis at disaggregate levels, deprive the researcher of the benefits of an economy-wide analysis, which is required to examine the overall impact of broad-based trade policy reforms. Therefore, a PE-GE, nested modeling framework has the prospect of offering an ideal tool for trade policy analysis. In this paper, we develop a PE model that captures international trade, domestic consumption and output, using Constant Elasticity of Transformation (CET) and Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) structures, market clearing conditions and price linkages, nested within the standard GTAP Model. In particular, we extend the welfare decomposition of Huff and Hertel (2001) to this PE-GE model in order to contrast the sources of welfare gain in PE and GE analyses. To illustrate the usefulness of this model, we examine the contentious issue of tariff liberalization in the Indian auto sector, using PE, GE and PE-GE models. Both the PE and PE-GE models show that the imports of Motorcycles and Automobiles change drastically with both unilateral and bilateral tariff liberalization by India, but the PE model does a poor job predicting the overall size and price level in the industry, post-liberalization. On the other hand, the GE model overestimates substitution between regional suppliers due to “false competition” and underestimates the welfare gain, due to the problem of tariff averaging in the aggregated model. These findings are shown to be robust to wide variation in model parameters. We conclude that the linked model is superior to both the GE and PE counterparts.