Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Life years lost"
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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Life years lost"
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Killock, David. "Life gained, years lost?" Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 11, n.º 6 (22 de abril de 2014): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.67.
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Tu, Jack V. "Life Expectancy and Years of Potential Life Lost". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 66, n.º 6 (agosto de 2015): 656–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.073.
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Kuller, L. H. "Obesity and Years of Life Lost". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 289, n.º 14 (9 de abril de 2003): 1777—a—1777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.14.1777-b.
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Aggarwal, Sanya. "Estimating Disability Adjusted Life Years using Survival Models in HIV/ AIDS Risk Groups". Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, n.º 04 (31 de dezembro de 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202172.
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Introduction: Advances in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment have led to greater survival rates and have brought about a shift in the burden of disease from mortality to morbidity. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) of HIV infected patients associated with different modes of transmission. Methods: Non-parametric Kaplan-Meier estimate has been utilised to develop survival function, and the mean residual life model has been utilised to estimate the life expectancy of patients alive at the end of the study. The impact of factors such as age, sex, hepatitis B and syphilis on life expectancy has also been assessed by fitting a proportional mean residual life model. DALYs have been calculated based on the results of both models. Results: Retrospective time to event data of HIV patients undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India has been utilised to illustrate the modelling technique. The study suggests that in total, 42300.15 DALYs were lost which includes 39765.10 years of life lost due to premature death and 2535.05 years of life lived with disability. When the covariates were taken into consideration, 47592.14 DALYs were found to have been lost with an average of 17.64 DALYs lost per patient. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the high-risk groups such as homosexuals and parent to child transmission are a major cause of concern, which are in accordance with the existing national policies. Also, we would suggest that gender-based and age-based policies should be incorporated to reduce the burden of disease.
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Andersen, Per Kragh, Vladimir Canudas-Romo e Niels Keiding. "Cause-specific measures of life years lost". Demographic Research 29 (5 de dezembro de 2013): 1127–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2013.29.41.
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Wendland, G., e K. Lauterbach. "PMI11 LIFE YEARS LOST DUE TO CHD". Value in Health 5, n.º 3 (maio de 2002): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)61036-4.
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McGoldrick, Kathryn E. "Years of Life Lost Due to Obesity". Survey of Anesthesiology 48, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2004): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sa.0000108478.38017.ad.
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Allison, D. B. "Obesity and Years of Life Lost--Reply". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 289, n.º 14 (9 de abril de 2003): 1777—b—1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.14.1777-c.
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Fontaine, Kevin R., David T. Redden, Chenxi Wang, Andrew O. Westfall e David B. Allison. "Years of Life Lost Due to Obesity". JAMA 289, n.º 2 (8 de janeiro de 2003): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.2.187.
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L, Tanya. "How the U.S. Lost Years of Life". Scientific American 328, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0223-76.
Texto completo da fonteTeses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Life years lost"
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Bozgunchie, Maratbek, e Katsuki Ito. "Avoidable Mortality Measured by Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) Aged 5 Before 65 Years in Kyrgyzstan, 1989-2003". Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7480.
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Oney, Melissa M. "An Analysis of the Relationship between Health Expenditure and Health Outcomes". Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1348849251.
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Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender dos. "Carga da doença para as amputações de membros inferiores atribuíveis ao diabetes Mellitus no estado de Sana Catarina 2008-2013". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2015. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1852.
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Os estudos de Carga Global da Doença (GBD) alertam que idosos com doenças crônicas irão viver mais, porém com incapacidades como é o caso das amputações de membros inferiores atribuíveis ao diabetes mellitus (DM). O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a GBD para as amputações de membros inferiores atribuíveis ao DM no Estado de Santa Catarina, no período de 2008 a 2013. Realizou-se um estudo epidemiológico descritivo de base hospitalar, utilizando o cálculo de DALY (disability adjusted life years). A partir das Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar no período de 2008 a 2013, foram incluídas pessoas submetidas à cirurgia de amputação nos hospitais públicos do Estado de Santa Catarina e a prevalência do óbito por DM registrados no sistema de informação de mortalidade nesse período. Ocorreram 1.183 amputações de membros inferiores em pessoas com DM nos últimos 6 anos considerando-se todas as microrregiões do Estado de Santa Catarina. A carga revelou-se elevada e a morbidade foi a principal responsável por mais de 8 mil anos de vida sadia perdidos (93% do DALY), em homens e mulheres acima de 60 anos de idade com maior impacto na expectativa de vida de homens. Estimamos a GBD de uma população majoritariamente idosa que envelhecerá com a amputação de membro Inferior. Assim, há necessidade de assistência planejada a partir de intervenções reabilitadoras em tempo real, levando em consideração que as distribuições das taxas de DALY nas 20 microrregiões do estado não mostraram distribuição homogênea. Alerta-se para a criação de equipes multidisciplinares para a identificação precoce do pé diabético, além da necessidade de capacitação das equipes na atenção especializada e ampliação da atuação do fisioterapeuta na reabilitação pré e pós-protetização.
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Huang, Cunrui. "The health effects of temperature : current estimates, future projections, and adaptation strategies". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/64353/1/Cunrui_Huang_Thesis.pdf.
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Climate change is expected to be one of the biggest global health threats in the 21st century. In response to changes in climate and associated extreme events, public health adaptation has become imperative. This thesis examined several key issues in this emerging research field.
The thesis aimed to identify the climate-health (particularly temperature-health) relationships, then develop quantitative models that can be used to project future health impacts of climate change, and therefore help formulate adaptation strategies for dealing with climate-related health risks and reducing vulnerability. The research questions addressed by this thesis were: (1) What are the barriers to public health adaptation to climate change? What are the research priorities in this emerging field? (2) What models and frameworks can be used to project future temperature-related mortality under different climate change scenarios? (3) What is the actual burden of temperature-related mortality? What are the impacts of climate change on future burden of disease? and (4) Can we develop public health adaptation strategies to manage the health effects of temperature in response to climate change? Using a literature review, I discussed how public health organisations should implement and manage the process of planned adaptation. This review showed that public health adaptation can operate at two levels: building adaptive capacity and implementing adaptation actions. However, there are constraints and barriers to adaptation arising from uncertainty, cost, technologic limits, institutional arrangements, deficits of social capital, and individual perception of risks. The opportunities for planning and implementing public health adaptation are reliant on effective strategies to overcome likely barriers. I proposed that high priorities should be given to multidisciplinary research on the assessment of potential health effects of climate change, projections of future health impacts under different climate and socio-economic scenarios, identification of health cobenefits of climate change policies, and evaluation of cost-effective public health adaptation options.
Heat-related mortality is the most direct and highly-significant potential climate change impact on human health. I thus conducted a systematic review of research and methods for projecting future heat-related mortality under different climate change scenarios. The review showed that climate change is likely to result in a substantial increase in heatrelated mortality. Projecting heat-related mortality requires understanding of historical temperature-mortality relationships, and consideration of future changes in climate, population and acclimatisation. Further research is needed to provide a stronger theoretical framework for mortality projections, including a better understanding of socioeconomic development, adaptation strategies, land-use patterns, air pollution and mortality displacement.
Most previous studies were designed to examine temperature-related excess deaths or mortality risks. However, if most temperature-related deaths occur in the very elderly who had only a short life expectancy, then the burden of temperature on mortality would have less public health importance. To guide policy decisions and resource allocation, it is desirable to know the actual burden of temperature-related mortality. To achieve this, I used years of life lost to provide a new measure of health effects of temperature. I conducted a time-series analysis to estimate years of life lost associated with changes in season and temperature in Brisbane, Australia. I also projected the future temperaturerelated years of life lost attributable to climate change. This study showed that the association between temperature and years of life lost was U-shaped, with increased years of life lost on cold and hot days. The temperature-related years of life lost will worsen greatly if future climate change goes beyond a 2 °C increase and without any adaptation to higher temperatures.
The excess mortality during prolonged extreme temperatures is often greater than the predicted using smoothed temperature-mortality association. This is because sustained period of extreme temperatures produce an extra effect beyond that predicted by daily temperatures. To better estimate the burden of extreme temperatures, I estimated their effects on years of life lost due to cardiovascular disease using data from Brisbane, Australia. The results showed that the association between daily mean temperature and years of life lost due to cardiovascular disease was U-shaped, with the lowest years of life lost at 24 °C (the 75th percentile of daily mean temperature in Brisbane), rising progressively as temperatures become hotter or colder. There were significant added effects of heat waves, but no added effects of cold spells.
Finally, public health adaptation to hot weather is necessary and pressing. I discussed how to manage the health effects of temperature, especially with the context of climate change. Strategies to minimise the health effects of high temperatures and climate change can fall into two categories: reducing the heat exposure and managing the health effects of high temperatures. However, policy decisions need information on specific adaptations, together with their expected costs and benefits. Therefore, more research is needed to evaluate cost-effective adaptation options.
In summary, this thesis adds to the large body of literature on the impacts of temperature and climate change on human health. It improves our understanding of the temperaturehealth relationship, and how this relationship will change as temperatures increase.
Although the research is limited to one city, which restricts the generalisability of the findings, the methods and approaches developed in this thesis will be useful to other researchers studying temperature-health relationships and climate change impacts. The results may be helpful for decision-makers who develop public health adaptation strategies to minimise the health effects of extreme temperatures and climate change.
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Banzatto, Sofia. "Perfil de mortalidade no estado de São Paulo no período de 2003 a 2013: o indicador Anos Potenciais de Vida Perdidos (APVP) e causas básicas de óbito". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17139/tde-06012017-162347/.
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Ainda que limitadas enquanto expressão dos eventos ligados à saúde e apesar das deficiências em relação à cobertura e à qualidade dos dados, as estatísticas de mortalidade constituem um dos mais importantes subsídios para o planejamento e avaliação dos serviços de saúde. Tradicionalmente, a mortalidade de uma determinada população tem sido aferida por meio das taxas brutas e específicas de mortalidade. Porém, esses índices consideram apenas a magnitude das causas de óbito, sem qualificar o peso resultante dessas mortes para a sociedade. Neste sentido, tem-se enfatizado cada vez mais a importância da mortalidade prematura enquanto expressão social do valor da morte, pois esta, quando ocorre numa idade de altas criatividade e produtividade não só afeta o indivíduo e o grupo social que convive diretamente com ele, mas a sociedade como um todo, que é privada do seu potencial econômico e intelectual (REICHENHEIM; WERNECK, 1994). \"O indicador Anos Potenciais de Vida Perdidos (APVP), ao combinar a magnitude das mortes com a idade em que ocorreram os óbitos, qualifica essas mortes\" (KERR-PONTES; ROUQUAYROL, 1999 apud SAUER; WAGNER, 2003, p. 1520). Este estudo pretendeu avaliar a evolução dos APVPs nos municípios e regionais de saúde do Estado de São Paulo, no período de 2003 a 2013, para a população total. Pretendeu, também, analisar a evolução retrospectiva das 15 causas de óbito com as maiores taxas de APVP em 2013, para a população total do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, foi elaborada uma base de dados a partir dos óbitos de residentes do Estado de São Paulo ocorridos no período de 2003 a 2013 e processados pelo SIM (Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade), sendo as causas de morte classificadas de acordo com a Décima Revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID 10). O cálculo dos APVPs foi realizado com base numa proposta feita por Romeder e McWhinnie (1988) e, após elaborados os dados, foram confeccionados cartogramas utilizando o programa Tabwin para visualização da evolução dos APVPs nas regionais de saúde do Estado. Foram construídos gráficos de linha para a observação da evolução das 15 causas de óbito com as maiores taxas de APVP de 2003 a 2013. Posteriormente, foram analisadas as Taxa de Mortalidade Geral (TMG), Taxa de Mortalidade Infantil (TMI) e Taxa de Mortalidade Materna (TMM) para os anos de 7 2003 a 2013 para o Estado de São Paulo. E, finalmente, foram avaliados: as dimensões escolaridade, longevidade e riqueza do Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social (IPRS) em cada um de seus grupos; frequência absoluta e relativa do IPRS em cada um de seus grupos; relação do IPRS segundo Redes Regionais de Atenção à Saúde (RRAS); relação IPRS segundo Grupos Populacionais; TAPVP por grupos de IPRS; TAPVP por Grupos Populacionais; TAPVP por RRAS; IPRS na sua dimensão Riqueza por TAPVP; IPRS na sua dimensão Longevidade por TAPVP; IPRS na sua dimensão Escolaridade por TAPVP; Correlação entre as dimensões do IPRS e TAPVP. Todas estas avaliações são válidas para o Estado de São Paulo para o ano de 2012 e foram obtidas utilizando-se o aplicativo Stata 9.0. A Taxa de Mortalidade Geral (TMG) para o Estado de São Paulo para o período de 2003 a 2013 em comparação com a do Brasil mostrou-se desfavorável, o mesmo acontecendo com a Taxa de Mortalidade Infantil (TMI), cujo predomínio, no Estado, foi do componente Pós-Neonatal. Já a Taxa de Mortalidade Materna (TMM) demonstrou boa assistência ao pré-natal, parto e puerpério no Estado no período citado. Observando-se a evolução das TAPVP nos cartogramas do Estado de São Paulo no período de 2003 a 2013 as RRAS onde as TAPVP foram maiores foram: 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 e 17. Das quinze maiores causas de óbito segundo TAPVP para o Estado no período, nove são passíveis de prevenção na atenção primária. Citou-se ainda o subregistro e a tripla carga de doenças. A maioria dos 645 municípios do Estado de São Paulo, no ano de 2012 apresentaram um IPRS de grupo 4. Houve 95% de probabilidade de que a maior TAPVP ocorreu para o IPRS 4 com um IC de 17.325,04 a 18.424,20. O Teste de Anova, com 4 gl mostrou diferença significativa (p<0,05) na TAPVP por grupos de IPRS. Com 5 graus de liberdade, o Teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi significativo (p<0,05) indicando que houve diferença entre os Grupos Populacionais quanto à TAPVP. Com 16 graus de liberdade, o Teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi significativo (p<0,05) indicando que existiu diferença entre as RRAS quanto às TAPVP. À medida que aumentou a riqueza do IPRS, diminuiu, ainda que discretamente, a TAPVP. Longevidade e TAPVP mantiveram-se estáveis. Conforme aumentou a escolaridade, aumentou a TAPVP. Por existir uma correlação positiva entre riqueza e longevidade e escolaridade, à medida que aumentou a riqueza, aumentaram a longevidade e escolaridade. Com relação a TAPVP e riqueza e longevidade, o coeficiente de correlação foi negativo, significando que à medida que aumentaram a riqueza e 8 longevidade, diminuiu a TAPVP. Porém, com relação à escolaridade, o coeficiente de correlação entre o mesmo e a TAPVP foi positivo, indicando que à medida que aumentou a escolaridade, aumentou a TAPVP. Por fim, essa dissertação poderia ser apresentada às autoridades de saúde do Estado como um projeto para redução da mortalidade prematura, com foco em melhoria da educação básica, instalação de mais serviços de saúde de qualidade e adequação dos serviços de segurança pública.Although limited as an expression of health-related events and despite problems concerning the coverage and quality of available data, mortality estimates are among the most important foundations for the planning and evaluation of health services. Traditionally, mortality has been estimated according to the gross and specific mortality rates in a given population. However, these indicators consider the impact of death causes alone, without qualifying the burden resulting from deaths to society. The importance of premature mortality as a social expression of the burden of death has therefore received increasing attention, as it occurs at an age range of high creativity and productivity and affects not only the individual and his direct social group, but society as a whole, whose economic and intellectual potential is affected (REICHENHEIM; WERNECK, 1994). The estimate of potential years of life lost (PYLL) provides a more detailed assessment of mortality by combining death rates and the age when death occurs (KERR-PONTES; ROUQUAYROL, 1999 apud SAUER; WAGNER, 2003, p. 1520). Our study was aimed at assessing the evolution of PYLL rates in the total population of cities and health districts in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2003 and 2013. We also assessed the retrospective evolution of the 15 death causes with the greatest PYLL rates in 2013 for the total population of the State of São Paulo. In order to achieve this, we created a database with information on deaths occurred in the state between 2003 and 2013 which were processed by the Mortality Information System (MIS), with death causes classified according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). PYLL rates were calculated according to the method proposed by Romeder and McWhinnie (1988) and data charts 9 were created in TabWin to display the evolution of PYLL rates in the health districts of the state. Line graphs were created to display the evolution of the 15 death causes with the highest PYLL rates between 2003 and 2013. We further assessed the general mortality rate (GMR), child mortality rates (CMR), and mother mortality rates (MMR). Finally, we assessed the education, longevity, and wealth dimensions of the São Paulo Index of Social Responsibility (SPISR) in each of its groups; absolute and relative frequency of the SPISR in each of its groups; relationship of the SPISR according to the Regional Health Care Networks (RHCN); SPISR relationship according to population groups; PYLL rates by SPISR group; PYLL rates by population groups; PYLL rates by RHCN; SPISR dimension \'wealth\' by PYLL rates; SPISR dimension \'longevity\' by PYLL rates; SPISR dimension \'education\' by PYLL rates; and correlations between SPISR dimensions and PYLL rates. All the analyses are valid for the State of São Paulo in the year of 2012 and were made using the Stata 9.0 software. The GMR in the State of São Paulo for the period of 2003-2013 was worse compared to Brazil, and so was the CMR, with a predominance of the post-neonatal component in the State. The MMR indicated the availability of adequate prenatal, delivery, and postpartum assistance in the State during the period. The data charts displaying the evolution of PYLL rates in the State of São Paulo show that the RHCNs with the highest PYLL rates were 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 17. From the main 15 death causes according to PYLL rates in the period, 9 can be prevented in primary care. Under-recording and the triple load of diseases were also detected. The SPISR of most of the 645 municipalities in the State of São Paulo in the year 2012 was 4. The probability that the highest PYLL rate was associated with a SPISR of 4 was 95%, with a confidence interval between 17325.04 and 18424.20. An ANOVA with 4 degrees of freedom showed significant differences (p<0.05) in PYLL rates by SPISR group. With 5 degrees of freedom, the test of Kruskal-Wallis provided significant results (p<0.05), indicating the existence of differences between population groups in respect to PYLL rates. With 16 degrees of freedom, the Kruskal-Wallis test indicated the existence of significant differences between the RHCNs in terms of PYLL rates. PYLL rates decreased, although subtly, with the increase of wealth in the SPISR. Longevity and PYLL rates remained stable. As education increased, PYLL rates also increased. Since there was a positive correlation between wealth, longevity, and education, increased wealth was associated 10 with increased longevity and education as well. Concerning the relationship between PYLL rates and wealth and longevity, we found a negative correlation coefficient, indicating that as wealth and longevity increased, PYLL rates decreased. In respect to education, however, the correlation with PYLL rates was positive, indicating that increases in education were associated with increases in PYLL rates. Finally, this dissertation could be presented to the health authorities of the State of São Paulo as a project to reduce early mortality, focused on improvements in basic education, expansion of high-quality health services, and improvements in public security
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Duran, Jordà Xavier 1974. "Trayectoria laboral e incapacidad permanente : análisi de los años de vida laboral perdidos : Un estudio basado en la Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL) de la Seguridad Social". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/279345.
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En un contexto de envejecimiento de la población activa y de implantación de medidas de retraso de la jubilación, la presente tesis estudia la relación entre las condiciones de empleo a través de las trayectorias laborales y la salida prematura del mercado de trabajo por incapacidad permanente (IP). La IP es un fenómeno que pone en crisis la sostenibilidad del sistema de protección social y debilita el mercado de trabajo. Los resultados, basados en el análisis de la Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL), muestran que factores como la ocupación y las características de las trayectorias laborales en términos de flexibilidad e inseguridad influyen en el abandono definitivo de la vida laboral activa. Las categorías de trabajadores no cualificadas (en especial las manuales) y las trayectorias laborales caracterizadas por una alta inseguridad y una alta flexibilidad, presentan en mayor medida un abandono prematuro del mercado de trabajo, medido en términos de Años Potenciales de Vida laboral perdidos (APVLP). Sin embargo, hemos observado que en términos de estos APVLP, las trayectorias caracterizadas por una alta flexibilidad, compensada con una baja inseguridad, suponen un retraso en la salida prematura del mercado de trabajo por IP. Una política de relaciones laborales que favorezca la flexiseguridad puede ayudar a retrasar la salida prematura del mercado de trabajo.In a context of active population ageing and implementation of policies to postpone retirement, this thesis examines the relationship between employment conditions through labor market trajectories and early retirement due to permanent disability (PD). This phenomenon puts a strain on the sustainability of the social protection system and weakens the labor market. Results based on the Continuous Working Life Sample (CWLS) show that factors, as the occupation and labor market trajectories characteristics in terms of flexibility and insecurity, influence on the definitive cessation of active working life. Non qualified occupational categories (especially manual categories) and those labor market trajectories characterized by high insecurity and high flexibility show to a greatest extent an early retirement measured by potential years of working life lost (PYWLL). However, we have observed that in terms of these PYWLL, labor market trajectories characterized by high flexibility, compensated by low insecurity, involve a delay in the early retirement due to PD. Labor relations policies that promote flexicurity can help to delay early retirement from the labor market.
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Langton, Jonathan. "100 years of annual reporting by Australian Red Cross : Accountability amidst wars, disasters and loss of life". Thesis, Federation Business School, 2018. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/169866.
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Purpose: This critical interpretive and historical case study of Australian Red Cross extends from the organisation’s beginning in 1914 through to the present day. The overarching purpose is to reveal and analyse the annual reporting practices of one of Australia’s oldest and most important humanitarian organisations in the discharge of accountability over the course of a century. Design/methodology/approach: A Political Economy of Accounting theoretical framework guides the content analysis and interpretation of findings. Background: While the review of literature acknowledges the annual report as a crucial element in the discharge of accountability, studies investigating the evolution of annual reports of International nongovernmental development and humanitarian aid organisations (INGDHOs) over extended periods of time appear to be absent from the literature. Findings: The annual reports were found to be responsive to the changing social, political, economic and institutional environment, casting doubt on any claims to objectivity in organisational management’s disclosures, including assertions regarding unadulterated adherence to its Fundamental Principles. Furthermore, sources of pressure from the wider environmental context impacted upon the development of accountability regimes and shaped the way in which organisational management reported to stakeholders. These regimes evidence the alignment of mission preservation and emotive disclosures with strategic priorities. Implications: This study extends understandings of how INGDHOs discharge accountability through annual reporting practices. It provides a more holistic framework for understanding the role of accountability in organisational management reporting, the development of accountability regimes and the implications for organisational and social functioning. Originality/value (significance): The contribution is distinctive not only for the context and extensive period covered, but also for the significant institutional setting of Australian Red Cross – encompassing deep social, political, economic and institutional changes. This adds to the extant literature and provides significant insights into the contested interplay between annual reporting practices and accountability regimes.Doctor of Philosophy
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Charrier, Thibaud. "Study of the occurrence of multiple iatrogenic events in long-term survivors of childhood cancer". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASR030.
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Le taux de survie à 5 ans des cancers de l'enfant atteint aujourd'hui 80 %. Les survivants à 5 ans de cancer pédiatrique (CCS) ont cependant un risque accru d'occurrence de nombreux évènements. Beaucoup d'études ont été réalisé pour comprendre les liens entre ces évènements iatrogènes et les traitements pédiatriques, et un taux élevé d'évènements iatrogènes multiples a été observé. Cependant, ce taux d'évènements iatrogènes multiples est méconnu. Ce projet de thèse avait pour objectif d'étudier les causes et conséquences de ce taux élevé.La recherche présentée dans cette thèse est basée sur les données de la French Childhood Cancer Survivors Study, une cohorte rétrospective à suivi prospectif de 7670 CCS diagnostiqués avant l'âge de 21 ans entre 1945 et 2000 en France. La cohorte contient des données détaillées sur les traitements des cancers pédiatriques, et un important travail de validation des évènements iatrogènes a été réalisé.Nous avons utilisé la méthode de landmark combiné avec des pseudo-observations, afin de pouvoir étudier les effets des seconds cancers sur l'incidence cumulée d'évènement cardiaque et les années de vie perdues des patients.Nous avons constanté une augmentation de risque instantanné (csHR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1,5-2,9) et de l'incidence cumulée d'évènement cardiaque (CD) (+3,8%, 95% CI: 0,5-7,1) après un second cancer. Nous avons aussi constaté un impact de la radiothérapie, des seconds cancers, et des CD sur l'espérance de vie des patients, avec respectivement 6, 10,5 et 7,7 années de vie perdues à 16 ans. Nous avons trouvé un effet nul de l'interaction entre second cancer et CD, mais notre analyse de simulation a montré que ce résultat est biaisé par la corrélation entre seconds cancers et CD.En conclusion, dans cette thèse nous avons démontré que le risque accru de multi-morbidité chez les CCS est partiellement attribuable à l'occurrence d'un premier évènements iatrogène. Nous avons aussi montré un fort impact des seconds cancers et évènements cardiaques sur l'espérance de vie des patients. Ces résultats nous ammènent à recommander une forte surveillance des patients dévelopant l'une de ces maladies, et de poursuivre la recherche sur la multi-morbidité chez les CCS qui apapraît complexe et forte de conséquences pour les patients5-years survival of childhood cancer exceeds 80% today. Nonetheless, 5-year childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at increased risk of health-related late effects. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the link between those late effects and childhood cancer treatments. Furthermore, an elevated number of patients experiencing multiple iatrogenic event was observed. However, little is known about the causes of this multi-morbidity. This thesis aimed to study the causes et consequences of this elevated multi-morbidity.Research presented in this thesis is based on the French Childhood Cancer Survivors Study, a retrospective cohort with prospective follow-up, following 7,670 CCS diagnosed in France before 21 years old between 1945 and 2000. This cohort contains detailed data regarding childhood cancer treatments, and the iatrogenic event observed were validated by trained professionals.We used the landmark method combined with pseudo-observations to study the consequences of subsequent malignant neoplasm on the cumulative incidence of cardiac disease, and the life years lost by CCS.We found a subsequent malignant neoplasm (SMN) to cause a two-fold increase in the cause-specific hazard of cardiac disease (CD) and a 3.8% increase of its cumulative incidence. We found the use of radiotherapy to treat childhood cancer, the occurrence of SMN, and of CD to impact the life expectancy of CCS, with respectively 6, 10.5, and 7.7 life years lost at 16 years old. We found a nul effect of the interaction of SMN and CD on the life expectancy, although our simulation study suggested this was biased by the correlation between SMN and CD.In conclusion, we demonstrated that the increased risk of multi-morbidity among CCS is partially attributable to the occurrence of a first iatrogenic event. We also showed that subsequent malignant neoplasm and cardiac disease have a strong impact on the life expectancy of CCS. Therefore, we recommend to keep following in details the CCS developing either disease, and to pursue further research on the multi-morbidity among CCS which appears to be complex and consequentful for patients
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Di, Lauro Steven. "Time-Series Evaluation of Suspect Rickettsiales-like Bacteria Presence in Acropora cervicornis off of Broward County from Years 2001–2012". NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/379.
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Rickettsiales-like organisms (RLOs) are thought to be related to bacteria in the order Rickettsiales. They have been reported to occur in the staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis), and this study investigated trends of infection over time, and in relation to the health of infected corals. This study focuses on tissue samples taken mostly from visibly healthy A. cervicornis thickets in Broward County, Florida, and processed for histological examination. Samples were originally collected and analyzed to document reproduction during years 2001 through 2012, and tissue loss diseases (white-band disease [WBD] types I and II, and rapid tissue loss). The presence of suspect RLOs, the presence of ovoid bacterial aggregates in the basal body wall, and the condition of the coral tissue were examined in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Giemsa-stained sections. Determination was made as to whether suspect RLO infection severity, location, or the presence of bacterial aggregates are correlated with changes in tissue condition associated with WBD. To better understand progression, trends, and periodicity in bacterial presence and coral tissue health, these data were then further analyzed for potential correlation with the month, year, and average monthly nighttime sea surface temperatures (categorized into ranges above, within, or below 24–29°C) when samples were collected. The severity of suspect RLO infections and the presence of bacterial aggregates in A. cervicornis varied over time, with no correlation with the location of suspect RLOs within the polyp. High suspect RLO prevalence was correlated with normal tissue conditions, while low suspect RLO prevalence was correlated with abnormal tissue conditions. However, high prevalence of bacterial aggregates was correlated to abnormal tissue conditions. Epidermal RLO and overall suspect RLO prevalence severity scores were significantly higher among samples collected when monthly average nighttime sea surface temperatures were below 24°C in contrast to samples collected when temperatures were between 24–29°C, suggesting direct or indirect effects of sea surface temperatures on infection severity. The areas of suspect RLO intracellular bodies within infected mucocytes were measured using digital image analysis software and found to be positively correlated with worsening coral tissue condition. Semiquantitative variable scores for histoslides stained with H&E were significantly different from those stained with Giemsa, indicating that these stains cannot be used interchangeably to study the presence of bacteria and the condition of coral tissue. Overall, the results of this study indicate that infection severity of suspect RLOs and the presence of bacterial aggregates are variable and correlated with the incidence of WBD-I in A. cervicornis. However, the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear. Further studies are necessary to interpret trends detected during this analysis to develop a better understanding of what contributes to the severe tissue-loss outbreaks and mortalities of A. cervicornis.
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Chan, Yuk-kwan. "In the last ten years in Hong Kong, there has been a lot of public concern about the images of young people. Have youth subcultures beenmanufactured as being 'victim' or being very 'deviant' because theyare seen as a potential threat to public order?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36195005.
Texto completo da fonteLivros sobre o assunto "Life years lost"
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Hayward, Clarence E. The lost years: Miami Indians in Kansas. Kansas City, KS: Clarence Hayward, 2010.
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Nield, Ted. Supercontinent: Ten billion years in the life of our planet. London: Granta, 2007.
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Little, Jean. Old town in the green groves: The lost little house years. New York: HarperCollins, 2002.
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Rylant, Cynthia. Old town in the green groves: Laura Ingalls Wilder's lost Little house years. New York: Scholastic, 2005.
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Starzyk, Patricia M. Age-adjusted death rates and years of life lost rates, Washington State, 1980-87. Olympia, Wash: Health Data Section, Division of Public Health, Dept. of Social and Health Services, 1987.
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Long, Suzanne E. Years of potential life lost before age 75: South Carolina resident data, 1980-1989. Columbia, S.C. (2600 Bull St., Columbia 29201): Division of Biostatistics, Office of Vital Records and Public Health Statistics, South Carolina Dept. of Health and Environmental Control, 1991.
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Starzyk, Patricia M. Age-adjusted death rates and years of life lost rates, Washington State, 1980-87. Olympia, Wash: Health Data Section, Division of Public Health, Dept. of Social and Health Services, 1987.
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Linda, Sylte, Starzyk Patricia M e Washington (State). Health Data Section., eds. Age adjusted death rates and years of life lost rates, Washington State, 1980-1987. Olympia, Wash: Health Data Section, Division of Public Health, Dept. of Social and Health Services, 1989.
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Holtappel, Ulrike. Ersatz für hypothetischen Erwerb bei Verkürzung der Lebenserwartung: Berücksichtigung der "lost years" : nach englischem, australischem, kanadischem und südafrikanischem Recht, verglichen mit der Rechtslage in Deutschland. München: VVF, 1990.
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Washington (State). Center for Health Statistics., ed. Washington State age-adjusted death rates and years of life lost rates, 1980-83, 1984-87, 1980-89. Olympia, Wash. (1112 SE Quince St., Olympia 98504-7814): Washngton State Dept. of Health, Health Information, Center for Health Statistics, 1992.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Life years lost"
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Wheeler, Anthony J., e Scott DeBerard. "Life Years Lost". In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1282–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_1428.
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Malik, Jamil A., Theresa A. Morgan, Falk Kiefer, Mustafa Al’Absi, Anna C. Phillips, Patricia Cristine Heyn, Katherine S. Hall et al. "Life Years Lost". In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1152. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1428.
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Wheeler, Anthony J., e Scott DeBerard. "Life Years Lost". In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_1428-2.
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Buttner, Melissa M. A. "Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)". In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 2079. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_101886.
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Mariotti, S. "Disability-Adjusted Life Years, Years of Life Lived with Disability, and Years of Life Lost in Stroke: Italian Perspectives". In Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures, 1007–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_57.
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Yoon, S. "Years Life Lost Due to Smoking: A Korean Focus". In Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures, 1649–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_96.
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Burnet, N. G., S. J. Jefferies e F. P. Treasure. "Years of Life Lost from Cancer and Applications to Research Funding". In Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures, 785–801. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_45.
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Skiadas, Christos H., e Charilaos Skiadas. "Modeling the Health Expenditure in Japan, 2011. A Healthy Life Years Lost Methodology". In The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 43–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44695-6_4.
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Fontaine, K. R., S. W. Keith, J. A. Greenberg, S. J. Olshansky e D. B. Allison. "Obesity’s Final Toll: Influence on Mortality Rate, Attributable Deaths, Years of Life Lost and Population Life Expectancy". In Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures, 1085–105. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_61.
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Röösli, M. "Years of Life Lost Due to Air Pollution in Switzerland: A Dynamic Exposure-Response Model". In Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures, 685–99. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_40.
Texto completo da fonteTrabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Life years lost"
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Lams, Lams. "HOMECOMING TALES IN LATVIAN POST-EXILE LITERATURE". In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2024, 195–200. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2024/s10.24.
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Latvian exile literature was formed when a part of Latvian society left homeland, when the country was reoccupied by the Soviet army at the end of the Second World War. Exile society and, accordingly, literature maintained both the dream of restoring independence and returning to the homeland as the goal of the exiles. The independence was regained after 45 years and this makes the concept of return problematic. This motif is one of the essential ones in post-exile literature. This research examines the representation of the return experience in two prose texts � Agate Nesaule� novel �Lost Midsummers�, in which return can only be a visit, and Margita Gutmane� documentary text �Life is one devil�s invention�, in which the clash of experiences is depicted from the position of a person who has come permanently.
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Svansson, Einar. "THE BEAUTY OF GARBAGE_ART OF PHOTOGRAPHY MEETS ENVIRONMENTALISM". In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2024, 147–56. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2024/vs10.21.
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Artists and university professors face an increasingly complex environment. There is access to abundance of information and the AI revolution helps everyone to deliver more detailed and structured knowledge. This is an opportunity to try new methods and novel combinations in the artistic and learning processes and use more diverse ideas and methods. We want to highlight the development in recent years in our personal life in Iceland in the use of photography in this context. It all started in the Covid-19 pandemic crisis with lockout and exile at home. The parents of the university professor found old black & white film negatives from his youth. This ignited a lost hobby in the author who found his old passion again. He had never processed most of these photos so this was now promptly scanned into digital form. This opened a new world of memories and extreme nostalgia. These photos were around 50 years old, so the first idea was to duplicate some of the scenes and compositions in the same locations and even with the original people as possible. This idea is in progress and an exhibition is planned in the next 2-3 years when this project has produced enough material with good enough duplicates. Another idea is a work in progress. The common trend in photography is to either focus on the technical perfection or the artistic aesthetics of the composition. These two can of course be combined in great work of art. The title of this abstract is to play with these opposite themes of art and perfection. The garbage is a role model for imperfection and the circular economy is very methodical and scientific in the recycling processes. The author has been going around in circles around the island of Iceland to get beautiful photographs of garbage in all diverse forms and colours. The plan is to open an exhibition soon with this theme and collection of garbage photos. In the future it is on the plan case to utilize old and new photographs in the teaching with pre-recorded audio and/or YouTube -like lectures with both audio and visual appearance. The focus is to connect personal art to lectures in practice. The author likes this teaching method and adds passion and enthusiasm to the lecture recording sessions. Personal photographs are rare in higher education in lecture work but can add a powerful dimension the lectures and will probably increase interest from the students. But personally made photographs used in university lectures are interesting to explore. This is part of the author?s journey to identify himself as a photographer, an artist.
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Jansson, Sven-Arne, Linnea Hedman, Caroline Stridsman, Malin Axelsson, Hedi Katre Kriit, Anne Lindberg, Bo Lundbäck, Eva Rönmark e Helena Backman. "Life-years lost due to asthma". In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa5063.
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Jansson, Sven-Arne, Linnea Hedman, Caroline Stridsman, Malin Axelsson, Anne Lindberg, Bo Lundbäck, Eva Rönmark e Helena Backman. "Life-years lost due to asthma and COPD". In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.1400.
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Metintas, Selma, Guntulu Ak e Muzaffer Metintas. "Years of potential life lost due to malignant pleural mesothelioma in Turkey". In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa4446.
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Undem, Karina, Svetlana Solovieva, Taina Leinonen, Eira Viikari-Juntura, Miguel Angel Alba Hidalgo, Gun Johansson, Daniel Falkstedt et al. "O-157 Occupational differences in working life expectancy and working years lost in Nordic countries". In 29th International Symposium on Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH 2023), Mumbai, India, Hosted by the Indian Association of Occupational Health, Mumbai Branch & Tata Memorial Centre. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2023-epicoh.29.
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Yen, Eric Y., e Ram R. Singh. "CS-32 SLE-YPLL (years of potential life lost) as a measure of relative burden of premature mortality". In LUPUS 21ST CENTURY 2018 CONFERENCE, Abstracts of the Fourth Biannual Scientific Meeting of the North and South American and Caribbean Lupus Community, Armonk, New York, USA, September 13 – 15, 2018. Lupus Foundation of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2018-lsm.67.
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Weir, Hannah K., Chunyu Li, Jane Henley e Djenaba Joseph. "Abstract A89: Estimating potential years of life lost and productivity lost due to avoidable premature colorectal cancer deaths in U.S. counties with lower educational attainment". In Abstracts: Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; November 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, Georgia. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp15-a89.
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Kaufman, Paul L. "Presbyopia: A Closer Look". In Ophthalmic and Visual Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ovo.1993.ofa.1.
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Presbyopia, the age-related loss of accommodative amplitude, is the most common ocular affliction in the world. Loss of accommodative amplitude begins in the second decade of life, so that the ability to accommodate is completely lost by the age of 50 to 55 years. While this condition is correctable by various optical means, its cost in devices and lost productivity is substantial.1 The pathophysiology of presbyopia remains unclear, and dysfunction of every component of the accommodative mechanism has been proposed. The invasive techniques required to answer some of the most critical questions cannot be used in the living human, and subprimate species either do not accommodate or accommodate by very different mechanisms.2
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Guillca, L. N., L. Enriquez, E. Batallas, C. Reyes, G. Tagarot, D. Campana, R. Segovia et al. "Increasing Electric Submersible Pumps Run Life: How to Mitigate the Impact of Sensor Data Loss?" In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216072-ms.
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Abstract Performing a health check on electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) is possible using measurements from the downhole and surface gauges. The downhole data lost significantly reduces the detection of operational issues (i.e., gas lock, recirculation, etc.), and shortens the life expectancy. This analysis summarizes the reasons and impact on the reliability when losing downhole sensor data in a mature field with 230 active ESPs exhibiting 1,580 days of mean time between failure (MTBF). Seventy-two cases of ESP strings with sensor data loss were analyzed during 6 years of operation using their failure reports, pulling reports, and failure analyses. Using statistical methods and root-cause analysis tools, the average running time that an ESP survives without sensor data transmission in comparison with the systems with full data transmission was calculated and plotted. In this paper, we identify the causes of sensor data loss, which are events related to data transmission system (40%), operational conditions (37%), mechanical events (19%), and electrical events (4%).
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Life years lost"
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Patchett, Hannah. Za'atari Refugee Camp, 10 Years On: Stalled ambitions and lost hope, but durable solutions are possible. Oxfam, agosto de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.9356.
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Ten years since Za'atari refugee camp was established in Jordan's northern desert, it has evolved into the world's biggest Syrian refugee camp. The camp was set up as an emergency shelter; 10 years on, residents struggle to see a way out. This briefing note presents the perspectives of Syrian refugees on 10 years of life in Za'atari camp, their needs and their hopes, and it explores the impact of a series of external economic shocks on a community that has exhausted all safety nets. Finally, it offers recommendations to mitigate immediate vulnerabilities and facilitate durable solutions.
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Lichtenberg, Frank. The Impact of New Drug Launches on Life-Years Lost in 2015 from 19 Types of Cancer in 36 Countries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, abril de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24536.
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Reiter, Claudia, e Sonja Spitzer. Well-being in Europe: decompositions by country and gender for the population aged 50+. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, março de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res4.1.
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The well-being of older Europeans is of increasing importance given the substantialageing of the population. This paper comprehensively analyses well-being forthe population aged 50+ in 26 European countries, using the newly proposedindicator “Years of Good Life” (YoGL), which measures the remaining yearsof life that an individual can expect to live in a “good” state. The indicatorenables the decomposition of well-being into various dimensions, thereby revealingimportant heterogeneities between regions and genders. Results show that numbersof YoGL at age 50 vary considerably between European countries. They are highestin Northern and Western European countries and lowest in Central and EasternEuropean countries, where many “good” years are lost due to low life satisfaction.Interestingly, the high life expectancy levels in Southern Europe do not translate intohigher numbers of YoGL, mainly due to the low levels of physical and cognitivehealth in this region. While women and men can expect to have similar numbersof YoGL, women are likely to spend a smaller proportion of their longer remaininglifetime in a good state. These results demonstrate the importance of using wellbeingindicators that consider population heterogeneity when measuring humanwell-being, especially for older populations.
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liu, qing, peng Wang, shufan Li, xiaojing Zhou, xing Wang e zhichao Cao. A meta-analysis of the effects of MOTOmed intelligent exercise training on balance function and neurological function in patients with hemiplegia with stroke. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, março de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.3.0045.
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Review question / Objective: This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of MOTOmed intelligent exercise training on balance function, neurological function and activities of daily living ability in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Condition being studied: Stroke is a neurological disease caused by abnormal blood supply to the brain and is the third leading cause of death and disability in humans. Stroke-related disability-adjusted life-years are lost in 5.7 percent of the total, and 25 million new patients are expected each year by 2050. Hemiplegia is one of the most common sequelae of stroke ，and its clinical symptoms are often accompanied by neurological deficits in addition to common motor dysfunction, and due to damage to the central nervous system, proprioceptive and motor function is weakened, resulting in imbalance and increasing the risk of falls, seriously affecting the quality of daily life of patients .
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Kenoyer, J. L. Final report on fiscal year 1992 activities for the environmental monitors line-loss study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dezembro de 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10116387.
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Andrabi, Tahir, Benjamin Daniels e Jishnu Das. Human Capital Accumulation and Disasters: Evidence from the Pakistan Earthquake of 2005. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), maio de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2020/039.
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We trace the effects of a devastating earthquake that occurred in Northern Pakistan in 2005. Using a new dataset from a survey conducted four years after the earthquake, we first show that the distance of the household from the fault line was not correlated with pre-existing household characteristics, while it was strongly predictive of earthquake-related damage and mortality. Through emergency relief aid, households living close to the fault line reported receiving substantial cash compensation that amounted to as much as 150% of their annual household consumption expenditure. Four years after the earthquake, there were no differences in public infrastructure, household or adult outcomes between areas close to and far from the fault line. However, children in their critical first thousand days at the time of the earthquake accumulated large height deficits, with the youngest the most affected. Children aged 3 through 15 at the time of the earthquake did not suffer growth shortfalls, but scored significantly worse on academic tests if they lived close to the fault line. Finally, children whose mothers completed primary education were fully protected against the emergence of a test score gap. We estimate that if these deficits continue to adult life, the affected children could stand to lose 15% of their lifetime earnings. Even when disasters are heavily compensated, human capital accumulation can be critically interrupted, with greater losses for already disadvantaged populations.
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Menuz, Diane, e Rebekah Downard. Opportunity for Improved Wetland Mitigation in Utah - In-Lieu Fee Mitigation Potential in Utah. Utah Geological Survey, setembro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-756.
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Wetlands play a crucial role in watersheds and provide critical ecosystem functions, most notably, water quality improvement, fish and wildlife habitat, flood attenuation, drought mitigation, and carbon sequestration. Wetlands in Utah are regulated primarily by the federal government under the Clean Water Act (CWA), which requires mitigation to replace ecological services that are lost to permitted activities. Utah House Bill 118 (2022) directed the Utah Geological Survey to explore the potential for an In-Lieu Fee (ILF) mitigation program to improve wetland resources in Utah. An ILF program would allow entities seeking CWA permits to pay a fee to mitigate impacts to streams and wetlands rather than having to develop their own mitigation plans. To research the possible consequences of an ILF, we conducted document research and interviews with mitigation practitioners and wetland stakeholders and analyzed ten years of permit data. Interview participants agreed that an ILF would improve the quality of wetland mitigation projects, which currently are often small, isolated, and overrun with weeds. An ILF would also improve coordination between the various entities involved in natural resource protection, permitting, and restoration. Further, permittees would benefit from an ILF because it would streamline the permitting process. Research and input from current practitioners showcased that there were many options for running an ILF program that can work for Utah, which has few permitted wetland impacts compared to other, less arid states. The most effective way to build an ILF in Utah is to support a full-time ILF administrator to establish the program and develop and maintain strong relationships with regulators, restoration specialists, and those seeking permits. Based on historical permit rates, such a position could be funded by program fees after the program is established. The future of a self-sustaining ILF program is uncertain, however, due to the recent Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Supreme Court decision which limited the types of wetlands that are regulated by the federal government. The expected reduction in wetland permitting creates a more challenging environment in which to operate an ILF program because permit fees will likely no longer support a full-time ILF administrator’s salary. At the same time, ensuring high quality mitigation will be more important than ever because there will be more unpermitted and thus unmitigated wetland impacts, leading to loss in ecological functions. Given these considerations, we recommend establishing a position for a wetland mitigation and restoration coordinator who can explore multiple options to preserve and restore wetlands in Utah, coordinate among agencies, and begin to implement an ILF program at a rate and scale appropriate to the new regulatory conditions. By investing in a wetland mitigation and restoration coordinator, the state can support voluntary restoration measures to increase wetland functions while at the same time improving mitigation outcomes for permittees and projects. Together, these actions will lead to healthier, more resilient wetlands that will protect the quality of life for all Utahns.
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Williams. L51473 Investigation of Wrinkling at Low Bend Angles During Field Bending of Line Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), fevereiro de 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010052.
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Severe problems with wrinkling when making field bends in ERW pipe coated with a fusion-bonded thin-film coating have been reported by several PRCI member companies in recent years. When these problems were encountered, wrinkling was controlled by careful alignment of the bending equipment, by procuring another lot of pipe for bending, or by increasing the bend radius. The occurrence of wrinkling results in considerable inconvenience, such as increased cost and construction delays, particularly when it cannot be controlled solely by realignment of the bending equipment. An investigation was conducted to determine the factors responsible for the development of wrinkles at low bend angles during the field bending of certain lots of line pipe. The investigation included both a survey of users to obtain information on field bending problems and laboratory studies at Battelle designed to identify factors responsible for wrinkling at low bend angles.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust e Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, outubro de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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Abufhele, Alejandra, David Bravo, Florencia Lopez-Boo e Pamela Soto-Ramirez. Developmental losses in young children from pre-primary program closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, janeiro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003920.
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The learning and developmental losses from pre-primary program closures due to COVID-19 may be unprecedented. These disruptions early in life, when the brain is more sensitive to environmental changes, can be long-lasting. Although there is evidence about the effects of school closures on older children, there is currently no evidence on such losses for children in their early years. This paper is among the first to quantify the actual impact of pandemic-related closures on child development, in this case for a sample of young children in Chile, where school and childcare closures lasted for about a year. We use a unique dataset collected face-to-face in December 2020, which includes child development indicators for general development, language development, social-emotional development, and executive function. We are able to use a first difference strategy because Chile has a history of collecting longitudinal data on children as part of their national social policies monitoring strategy. This allows us to construct a valid comparison group from the 2017 longitudinal data. We find adverse impacts on children in 2020 compared to children interviewed in 2017 in most development areas. In particular, nine months after the start of the pandemic, we find a loss in language development of 0.25 SDs. This is equivalent to the impact on a childs language development of having a mother with approximately five years less education. Timely policies are needed to mitigate these enormous losses.