Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Lb 33000"

This paper presents an elasto-plastic analysis of the repeated, frictionless, three-dimensional rolling contact similar to the ones produced by the rail-wheel geometry. This paper treats an elliptical contact rolling across a semi-infinite half space. The contact shape and loading: semi-major axis (in the rolling direction), w1 = 8 mm, and semi-minor axis, w2 = 5.88 mm, reflect standard rail and wheel curvatures and a wheel load of 149 KN (33,000 lb). A three-dimensional, elasto-plastic finite element model, developed earlier, is employed together with the elastic-linear-kinematic-hardening-plastic (ELKP) idealization of the cyclic plastic behaviour of a material similar to rail and wheel steels. The calculations present the displacements, the stress-strain distributions, stress-plastic strain histories and the plastic strain ranges in the half-space. The cyclic plasticity approaches a steady state after one contact with further contacts producing open but fully reversed stress-strain hysteresis loops, i.e., plastic shakedown.

To assess the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in vacuum-sealed packages of frankfurters, about 33,000 packages (1 lb each) were obtained by a third-party contractor from 12 volunteer commercial manufacturers over a 2-year period. The 12 producers, each of which contributed about 2,700 packages of frankfurters from one production run, comprised 9 large and 3 small plants located in eight U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA/FSIS) districts in 10 states. Five days after manufacture, 500 packages were sampled at the USDA/Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Eastern Regional Research Center (ERRC) in Wyndmoor, Pa., by the USDA/ARS package rinse method. At regular intervals during subsequent storage at 4 and 10°C, an additional 200 packages were tested for the pathogen at each sampling point. From a statistical perspective, L. monocytogenes was not recovered from any of the products of nine of the producers, whereas the pathogen was recovered at rates of 1.5% (plant 367), 2.2% (plant 439), and 16% (plant 133) from the products of the remaining three plants. In total, 532 of 32,800 (1.6%) packages of frankfurters tested positive for the pathogen. The recovery rates did not change appreciably over time, there was no appreciable difference in L. monocytogenes recovery rates with respect to frankfurter storage temperature (4 or 10°C), and the seasonality of manufacture had no influence on recovery rate. Molecular subtyping of multiple L. monocytogenes–positive isolates from each plant revealed that profile A (serotype 1/2a) was displayed by about 90% of the 1,105 isolates tested. However, in some cases it was also possible to recover more than one profile from a given plant. This study provides estimates of the prevalence, types, and viability of L. monocytogenes associated with commercially prepared frankfurters during extended refrigerated storage.

Nous assistons actuellement à la naissance d’un phénomène qui a connu une amélioration significative au plan des chiffres, mais qui demeure inquiétant au plan de la réalité vécue. Ce phénomène, auquel les politiques ne prêtent pas attention, prive d’année en année par sa persistance des milliers d’enfants de l’un de leurs droits fondamentaux, celui d’une scolarité primaire complète. La présente recherche examine du point de vue des familles les raisons de la prise de décision de retirer leur enfant de l’école au niveau du second cycle du primaire guinéen. Afin de mieux cerner les raisons qui fondent le choix et l’action posés par les parents, nous avons privilégié une méthodologie de type qualitatif, avec pour technique l’entretien semi-structuré. Pour y parvenir, nous avons constitué un échantillon non probabiliste par choix raisonné basé sur la participation volontaire des parents. Nos critères d’inclusion ont été axés sur trois catégories de parents, c’est-à-dire, être parent résident dans l’un des quartiers où ont eu lieu les entretiens, avoir des enfants inscrits dans l’une des trois écoles ciblées, et avoir retiré un enfant de l’école. Les entrevues ont été menées auprès de 23 parents ayant retiré un ou plus de leurs enfants de l’école. En complément aux informations empiriques, nous avons fait des recherches documentaires pour compléter la problématique, le cadre théorique et conceptuel. Le cadre théorique et conceptuel de la recherche est consacré essentiellement à la compréhension de la rationalité de l’acteur de Boudon (1973, 1979), donc des parents par rapport au retrait des enfants de l’école. Il tient compte des représentations et des attentes des parents par rapport à leur agir sur-le-champ scolaire et sur la réussite sociale des enfants. Quant à l’approche écosystémique de Bronfenbrenner (1979) elle pose l’interrelation qui lie les parents à leur environnement et comment cet environnement peut agir sur leur pouvoir de décision et de fonctionnement. Les résultats ont permis de répondre à trois interrogations soulevées dans cette recherche. Ils démontrent dans un premier temps un agencement significatif des motifs qui servent à la compréhension de la prise de décision des parents de retirer leurs enfants de l’école. Ils font comprendre que le processus de la prise de décision peut venir de plusieurs personnes responsables des enfants et qu’il se fait dans la recherche de compromis et de négociations entre elles, y compris parfois l’enfant. Dans un deuxième temps, le phénomène de retrait des enfants de l’école par les parents se manifeste par diverses raisons, allant des conditions socioéconomiques et culturelles, aux facteurs exogènes à la famille. En effet, quel que soit l’angle d’attaque privilégié, il y a toujours une ou des raisons à l’origine du phénomène qui poussent les parents à agir d’une certaine façon. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, même si les parents interviewés ont dans leur très grande majorité fait preuve d’une bonne perception de l’école, d’autres, plutôt minoritaires, ne sont pas favorables à l’école. Les données collectées sur le terrain révèlent que les familles interviewées empruntent toutes des stratégies différentes pour retirer leurs enfants de l’école. Le discours des parents dans leur grande majorité, quelle que soit leur position sociale, place la réussite sociale des enfants au centre de leurs préoccupations. Aussi, il découle de leurs propos un paradoxe difficile à saisir aux yeux d’un simple observateur, mais qui a tout son sens, car c’est dans cette optique que nous abordons cette recherche, celui d’être conscients des apports considérables que l’éducation scolaire, l’instruction, le français parlé et l’écrit représentent pour eux et pour toute la société. Les parents conscients de toutes ces valeurs que l’école recèle décident quand même de retirer les enfants qui sont déjà inscrits dans le système éducatif. Cette pratique, que nous plaçons dans la logique de la rationalité parentale constitue le noeud de notre travail. Mots-clés : Prise de décision, Représentation sociale, Stratégie de l’acteur, Rationalité de l’acteur, Réussite sociale.
We are now witnessing the emergence of a growing phenomenon, which politicians are not paying attention to, and which by their recurrence deprives thousands of children of one of their fundamental rights from year to year, primary schooling complete. This research examines from the families' point of view the reasons for the decision to withdraw their child from school at the upper secondary level of Guinea. To better comprehend the reasoning that lies behind the parents’ decision, we have given preference to a qualitative-type methodology that is based on the semi-structured interview technique. Therefore, we have developed a non-probabilistic sample based on the participants’ voluntary participation. Our inclusion criteria focused on three categories of parents i.e. being a parent residing in one of the neighborhoods where the interviews took place, parents having children enrolled in one of the three targeted schools, parents having removed a child from school. Interviews were conducted with 23 parents who had removed one child or more from school. In addition to empirical information, we have conducted documentary research to complement the theoretical and conceptual framework. This framework is essentially devoted to understanding the rationality of the actor, mainly the parents as regards the removal of children from school. It takes into account the representations and expectations of the parents in relation to their agency on the educational aspect and on the social success of children. As for Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) eco-systemic approach, it poses the interrelationship that binds parents up to their environment and how this environment can have an impact on their decision-making process and their agency. ccording to the results, three questions raised in this research have been answered. First, a significant set of various factors is highlighted, which help understand the parents’ decision to remove their children from school: the removal of children from school is a process that arises clearly from several people in charge of the children, is taken in search for compromise and negotiation between these people, sometimes including the child itself. Then the removal of children from school shows that various reasons are at stake, ranging from the family socioeconomic and cultural conditions to external factors. Indeed, whatever the approach to the problem taken, there is always one or more reasons that would endeavor parents to act as such. Finally, if amongst interviewees, parents are overwhelmingly positive towards school, others, though a fair minority, keep opposing the educational system. At this stage, it is worthwhile recalling that this positive perception parents have about the educational system comes from the understanding parents share that school helps children becoming educated, well brought up and responsible men and women, able in the future to stand up for their country. Not with standing the fact that parents do expect from their children succeeding at school to take financial care of the family one day. Field data reveal that the families who took part in the interview process use different strategies to remove their child from school. The main reason parents give, whatever their social background, is that their children’s social success is at the heart of their concern. To a mere observer, the resulting paradox is far from obvious, but is of utmost importance and meaning since this research has been conducted in taking that paradox into account, i.e. though removing their children from school, parents are fully aware that school features such as education, instruction, knowledge of spoken and written French are as important to us as to the society as a whole. Those values that school develops and which parents are aware of do not prevent parents to remove their children from school. Their agency, which we define as part of a logic parental rationality is at the heart of our study. Keywords: Decision Making, Social Representation, Rationality, Actor, Disappointment, Social Success.