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Garbatzky, Irina, e Julieta Viú Adagio. "The late 19th century archive in contemporary Latin American literature". Anclajes 25, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/anclajes-2021-2511.
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Late 20th and early 21st century Latin American literature rereads and problematizes late 19th-century Latin American Modernism. This article examines some of these genealogies in order to analyze the significance of this literary dialogue in our present time.
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Riveiro, María Belén. "The Latin American Publishing Circuit in the 21st Century: Following the Trajectory of César Aira". Journal of Foreign Languages and Cultures 5, n.º 2 (28 de dezembro de 2021): 056–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53397/hunnu.jflc.202102006.
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This essay poses a question about the identity of Latin American literature in the 21st century. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Latin America Boom received recognition both locally and internationally, becoming the dominant means of defining Latin American literature up to the present. This essay explores new ways to understand this notion of Latin America in the literary scene. The case of the Argentine writer César Aira is relevant for analyzing alternative publishing circuits that connect various points of the region. These publishing houses foster a defiant way of establishing the value of literature.
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González Espinosa, Lillyam Rosalba. "Eso le pasó a un amigo en un reino lejano: ¿Por qué y para qué datos incómodos y polémicos en los libros para niños?" Studia Romanistica 20, n.º 2 (novembro de 2020): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/sr.2020.20.0009.
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Realistic children’s literature published in Latin America in the last thirty years allows us to see how the author transfers sensitive and complex information to the young reader. This article aims to present some of the reasons of this issue and the way the author approaches a potential reader. The first two parts provide general information about current children’s literature and the last one introduces some specific examples related to this topic in Colombian books published in the 21st century
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Ugalde Quintana, Sergio. "Opacidades: narrativa latinoamericana escrita por mujeres en el siglo xxi". Verbum et Lingua, n.º 9 (30 de dezembro de 2016): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/vel.vi9.87.
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En este artículo se sostiene la pertinencia de trabajar la noción de “Literatura sin residencia fja” para analizar la literatura latinoamericana contemporánea. A partir de la obra de tres escritoras del subcontinente se establece un escenario global donde los tradicionales principios organizativos de las literaturas nacionales han dejado de funcionar. En específco se analizarán los cuentos de la argentina Samantha Schweblin, habitante de Berlín; la novela Manège de la franco-argentina Laura Alcoba, avecindada en París desde fnales de los años setenta, y una crónica de la chilena Lina Meruane, residente de Nueva York. En los tres casos se trata de obras que confguran un universo y una escritura fuctuante, en movimiento e inestable.
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Estrader, Joaquín, e Esteban Zottele. "Chinese MSMEs internationalization in Latin American markets under the Belt and Road Initiative". Latin American Journal of Trade Policy 6, n.º 15 (28 de abril de 2023): 107–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2023.68975.
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Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) is an essential topic for business research and development policies. By reviewing previous literature and macroeconomic data, and following a deductive method, this study explains MSMEs' contribution to national development, that is, a positive effect in terms of employment, regional economies, technological innovation, andincome distribution. In addition, we focus on Chinese MSMEs' internationalization and competitive advantages in Latin American markets as a natural extension of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. Additionally, we explain the essential role of the Belt and Road Initiative in Chinese companies’ internationalization, particularly in building a platform for MSMEs operations in Latin America and the Caribbean. After conclusions we suggest further research directions.
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Arizpe, Evelyn. "Obsidian Knives and High Tech: Latin America in Contemporary Adventures Stories for Young Adults". International Research in Children's Literature 3, n.º 2 (dezembro de 2010): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2010.0107.
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Adventure fiction set in Latin America remains a largely unexplored territory in children's literature studies. This article examines a group of 21st century young adult novels set in this region and considers the ways in which readers are positioned in relation to the Latin American image repertoire derived from colonial discourse about landscape, culture and inhabitants (Pre-Hispanic civilisations as well as contemporary indigenous and mestizo peoples). It also looks at the juxtaposition of advanced technology and traditional indigenous practices represented in the texts. It argues that despite the persistence of some stereotypes from boys’ popular adventure fiction, the protagonists’ rite of passage experiences in the ‘contact zone’ transform their understanding of the ‘Other,’ leading to a greater social and environmental awareness as well as a questioning of their own values and identity.
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Anusik, Jakub. "Economic dependency through the lens of comparative capitalism. The case of Central Eastern Europe and Latin America". Ekonomia Międzynarodowa, n.º 37 (30 de março de 2022): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2082-4440.37.03.
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The article presents a review of the most important approaches towards the notion of economic dependency – starting from its roots in the history of economic thought which is the Latin-American structural economics. The further argument falls within the research area of comparative political economy, especially the comparative capitalism. The models drawing from the theory of dependence are developed in this strand in the 21st century. Contemporary Latin America and Central & Eastern Europe are the two regions which are labeled as dependent in the literature. The aim of the article is to critically describe these analytical schemes, highlight their deficits and methodological issues which they face as well as to prepare ground for further research in which the dependent capitalism of both regions could be compared in more detail.
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Santa María Muxica, Luz. "Learning strategies for engagement and retention of young audiences". IFLA Journal 44, n.º 4 (31 de agosto de 2018): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0340035218793156.
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This article examines the available literature on engaging young audiences to visit libraries, museums and performing arts shows, and their strategies for developing permanent audiences. The recommendations drawn from the review serve as an input for the Latin American Library for Children and Youth that is currently in a planning stage. Ideas regarding program, partnerships, communication and promotion of libraries in the context of the 21st century are explained in accordance with an audience approach that emphasises the presentness of children and youth, the demands and motivation of cultural participants, and the need to enable cultural rights.
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ÓRZHITSKIY, Ígor. "UKRAINIAN ALLUSIONS IN HISPANIC AMERICAN LITERATURE: FROM MAZEPA TO PUTIN". 8, n.º 8 (28 de dezembro de 2023): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2521-6481-2023-8-06.
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The article offers a brief overview of some works written in Latin American countries from the late 19th to the early 21st century, which contain references to Ukrainian realities, but have not hitherto become the object of literary criticism from this angle. This oversight is regrettably common to literary studies both on the Latin American and the Ukrainian side. Thus, three writers from Mexico, one from the Argentine and one from Nicaragua have never been examined from this point of view, wheras the literary presence of Ukraine in that area of the world lies outside the scope interest of Latin American scholarly research. The figure of the Ukrainian leader Stepán Mazepa, which appears in two poems – Trilogy and Lamentation of the Voluptuous – by the outstanding Mexican author Amado Nervo, parallels the way it is conceived of by several 19th-century European writers (including Victor Hugo), being treated in rather metaphysical terms, with as good as no regard for the Ukrainian national and historical context. The Jewish Gauchos, a novel by the Argentine writer Alberto Gerchunoff, includes some fond memories of the author’s childhood spent in Ukraine, as well as a condemnation of the oppression of the Jews by the Russian tsarism. Taking his hint from A. Gerchunoff, the prominent Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío makes in his Canto a la Argentina a general mention of the Jews of the Russian Empire who were able to resettle in that country. A sophisticated investigation of some enigmas of the Second World War by the Mexican Ignacio Padilla led the author, in his detective novel Amphitryon, to an original appraisal of the Civil War in Russia, with sympathies expressed towards the Ukrainians’ aspirations for independence. The Mexican Jorge Zepeda Patterson, whose novel Milena or The most beautiful femur in the world bears a clear reference to the initial stage of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014, seeks to unmask the deep secrets of the international sex racket mafia as one of the dirty faces of big politics, especially on the side of Russia.
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Benito-Gomez, Marta. "Understanding the Role of Parental Control in Early Childhood in the Context of U.S. Latino Families in the 21st Century". Social Sciences 11, n.º 3 (23 de fevereiro de 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11030096.
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This review focuses on the role of parental control in the sociocultural context of U.S. Latino families with young children in the 21st century. The review begins with a historical overview of the concept of parental control and a summary of theoretical approaches to the study of parenting in context. Associations between different forms of parental control and children’s adjustment are summarized, with special attention to cultural considerations and the role of maternal warmth in research involving Latino families. Variability and inconsistencies within the literature on parental control within this population are discussed. The review concludes by discussing future directions for research on this topic, and implications of this literature to move the field toward a better understanding of parenting behaviors and its effects on child functioning in families from different ethnic backgrounds in the 21st century.
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Muñoz, Ed A. "“Why Not Nuevo Mexicano Studies?”: Interrogating Latinidades in the Intermountain West, 1528–2020". Genealogy 5, n.º 3 (22 de julho de 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5030068.
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While there has been an explosion of scholarly interest in the historical and contemporary social, economic, and political status of U.S. Latinx individuals and communities, the majority focuses on traditional Southwestern U.S., Northeastern U.S., and South Florida rural/urban enclaves. Recent “New Destinations” research, however, documents the turn of the 21st century Latinx experiences in non-traditional white/black, and rural/urban Latinx regional enclaves. This socio-historical essay adds to and challenges emerging literature with a nearly five-century old delineation of Latinidad in the Intermountain West, a region often overlooked in the construction of Latina/o identity. Selected interviews from the Spanish-Speaking Peoples in Utah Oral History and Wyoming’s La Cultura Hispanic Heritage Oral History projects shed light on Latinidad and the adoption of Latinx labels in the region during the latter third of the 20th century centering historical context, material conditions, sociodemographic characteristics, and institutional processes in this decision. Findings point to important implications for the future of Latinidad in light of the region’s Latinx renaissance at the turn of the 21st century. The region’s increased Latino proportional presence, ethnic group diversity, and socioeconomic variability poses challenges to the region’s long-established Hispano/Nuevo Mexicano Latinidad.
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Gallego-Cuiñas, Ana, Esteban Romero-Frías e Wenceslao Arroyo-Machado. "Independent publishers and social networks in the 21st century: the balance of power in the transatlantic Spanish-language book market". Online Information Review 44, n.º 7 (12 de outubro de 2020): 1387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-10-2019-0342.
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PurposeThe present paper uses Twitter to analyze the current state of the worldwide, Spanish-language, independent publishing market. The main purposes are to determine whether certain Latin American Spanish-language independent publishers function as gatekeepers of world literature and to analyze the geopolitical structure of this global market, addressing both the Europe-America dialectic and neocolonial practices.Design/methodology/approachAfter selecting the sample of publishers, the authors conducted a search for their Twitter profiles and located 131; they then downloaded data from the corresponding Twitter APIs. Finally, they applied social network analysis to study the presence of and interaction between the sample of independent publishers on this social media.FindingsThe results provide data-based evidence supporting the hypothesis of some literary critics who suggest that in Latin America, certain publishers act as gatekeepers to the mainstream book market. Therefore, Twitter could be considered a valid source of information to address the independent book market in Spanish. By extension, this approach could be applied to other cultural industries in which small and medium-sized agents develop a digital presence in social media.Originality/valueThis paper combines social network analysis and literary criticism to provide new evidence about the Spanish-language book market. It helps validate the aforementioned hypothesis proposed by literary critics and opens up new paths along which to pursue an interpretative, comparative analysis.
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Oqlu, Kazimi Parviz Firudın. "Transition to Latin Alphabet (20s of the Twentieth Century) Modern Reality Is a Result of Historical Events". English Linguistics Research 10, n.º 2 (6 de junho de 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v10n2p38.
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In the 1920s, a number of processes began to take place in the new structure that arose in the collapsed geography of the Russian Empire. One of these processes was the transition of peoples to the "Latin" alphabet, which is also called "Latinization" in the world scientific literature. One of the least covered problems of the processes that took place in different geographical regions after the collapse of empires is the problem of "Latinization". Thus, "Latinization", which played an important role in world cultural history, is still interpreted by various sources and researchers without understanding the essence of the problem, and reflects an important historical event in political and national interests.The entry of the modern world into the global information space with the help of the Latin alphabet has revived the attitude of people to the Latin alphabet. A number of countries are being taught two alphabets in order to preserve the national alphabet, and in some countries they are working to transform the national alphabet. Of course, rational thinking sees and accepts the irreversible process of transition to a single global alphabet. While this trend stems from the need for technology in the 21st century, it was high on the agenda in the 1920s for ideological reasons. Experts have the mass transition of people to the "Latin alphabet" that took place in the 20s of the last century as a process of Latinization. Researchers cannot give an unambiguous answer, what was the transition of the Turkic peoples to a single alphabet? Was this an appeal of the Muslim peoples to a single alphabet? Or was it the USSR's search for a single means of communication for the world "proletariat"?The article will attempt to explain the historical context of the Latinization process, the role of the Azerbaijani factor in this process and the essence of various tasks.
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Karimah, Azzahrotul. "Aksara Jawa: Do the Javanese Students can Read and Write It?" Tradition and Modernity of Humanity 2, n.º 2 (19 de maio de 2022): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tmh.v2i2.10132.
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The Javanese language is one of the languages used by people in Indonesia. However, one issue arises when many people speak in Javanese while only a few people can read and write in the alphabet of the Javanese, which is called Aksara Jawa. This Aksara Jawa is mainly used to write Javanese. In its development, it is also used to write several other regional languages, such as Sundanese, Madurese, Sasak, and Malay, as well as historical languages, such as Sanskrit and Kawi. The Javanese script is a derivative of the Indian Brahmi script through the Kawi script and is closely related to the Balinese script. The Javanese script was actively used in Javanese literature and daily writing from the mid-15th century to the mid-20th century before being replaced by Latin letters. Nowadays, 21st century, the Aksara Jawa is learned by students at school as a local language lesson. Some schools provide it while the rest is not. A question comes out; do the Javanese generations (students) nowadays can write and read the Aksara Jawa? The result shows that in many elementary schools until junior high school, students cannot read and write in Aksara Jawa.
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Rita, Annabela, e Zuzana Burianová. "Apresentação - Dossiê Temático". e-Letras com Vida: Revista de Estudos Globais — Humanidades, Ciências e Artes, n.º 09 (29 de dezembro de 2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53943/elcv.0222_09-13.
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Literature, like other art forms, has always served an instrument for resistance, which through various discursive strategies responds to manifestations of oppression, despotism and dogmatism of various kinds. Above all, 20th century literary production — a century that witnessed a proliferation of dictatorships and authoritarian regimes, armed conflicts, wars and genocides, despite humanity's extraordinary progress in multiple areas — was marked by a strong sense of social, cultural or political engagement, which also extends to literary creation in the 21st century. Also in the Portuguese-speaking countries, one of the recurrent themes in modern and contemporary literary production has been the criticism towards the arbitrariness by authoritarian governments, as is the case of the Salazar regime — which stifled Portuguese society for over forty years and prolonged colonial exploitation in Africa — and by the dictatorial regimes established in the second half of the last century in Brazil and other Latin American countries. The aim of this dossier is to present some expressions of critical thinking on the literary production that deals with this subject. Therefore, eight studies devoted to the analysis of works by Portuguese and Brazilian authors who, at different times and through different forms of expression, reacted against authoritarian tendencies in Lusophone societies are gathered here.
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Hagen, I., C. Huggel, L. Ramajo, N. Chacón, J. P. Ometto, J. C. Postigo e E. J. Castellanos. "Climate change-related risks and adaptation potential in Central and South America during the 21st century". Environmental Research Letters 17, n.º 3 (24 de fevereiro de 2022): 033002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5271.
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Abstract Climate-related risks in Central and South America have received increased attention and concern in science and policy, but an up-to-date comprehensive review and synthesis of risks and adaptation potential is currently missing. For this paper we evaluated over 200 peer-reviewed articles and grey literature documents published since 2012. We found that climate change in Central and South America during the 21st century may increase the risk to severe levels for the following topical risk clusters: (a) Food insecurity; (b) Floods and landslides; (c) Water scarcity; (d) Epidemics of vector-borne diseases; (e) Amazon Forest biome shift; (f). Coral bleaching; (g) Coastal risks of sea level rise, storm surges and erosion; (h) Systemic failure due to cascading impacts of hazards and epidemics. Our synthesis also identified feasible adaptation measures for each risk. The impacts of the risks will be heterogeneous throughout the region, with rural communities, Indigenous peoples, Afro-Latin Americans, women, disabled people, and migrants identified as being the most severely affected. We refer to a number of adaptation options for each risk. However, unabated climate change together with low adaptive capacity will strictly limit adaptation options. Immediate strengthening of policies for building adaptive capacity and increase of research on the risk-adaptation nexus in Central and South America are paramount. Our findings might contribute to guide the adjustment and emphasis of adaptation policies and climate risk management strategies from local to national level.
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Garcés García, María del Pilar. "El espíritu olímpico en Occidente desde sus orígenes en Grecia y los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio (1964-2021)". Revista de Filología de la Universidad de La Laguna, n.º 43 (2021): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.refiull.2021.43.07.
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Given the importance that sport has acquired in today’s society and the futuristic relevance that the Olympic Games in Tokyo in 2021 have achieved, this study proposes to focus on sport and the Olympics as a literary and artistic phenomenon in Japan, analyzing the main connotations of the Japanese imaginary, in contrast to the West. The presentation of the historical-literary layout in relation to the theme of sport and the Olympics throughout the history of literature supposes the verification of the enormous amount of archetypes that can be found in the 21st century. All this highlights, at least qualitatively, the importance of sport as a literary, mythological and artistic subject between 1964 and 2020, period on which we will try to focus our critical and analytical vision, highlighting the main literary skills used to immortalize this world event, ritualized since the Greco-Latin era. We will also carry out an analysis of the literary and philosophical meaning of the Olympics and of the Olympic athlete as a character in Western antiquity and of the Olympics and the athlete in Japanese antiquity, rescuing the ritual and literary evolution until the current century
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Figueroa, Daniela, Leopoldo Galicia e Manuel Suárez Lastra. "Latin American Cattle Ranching Sustainability Debate: An Approach to Social-Ecological Systems and Spatial-Temporal Scales". Sustainability 14, n.º 14 (21 de julho de 2022): 8924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148924.
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The significance of Latin America (LA) in the global food supply is large and prominent. The livestock sector at this time faces social-ecological challenges that will be accentuated in the future and will be incredibly challenging for small and medium producers. We conducted a systematic literature review to understand the role of LA cattle ranching in the current sustainability debate. In addition, we identified the main components of cattle ranching social-ecological systems and evaluated the institutional and ecological interactions of livestock studies by identifying spatial and temporal scales. Our results show a broad debate on livestock sustainability in LA; nevertheless, efforts to measure sustainability and analyze cattle ranching systemically are scarce. The study of LA cattle ranching in the 21st century was geographically concentrated on the main producing countries (Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina) and was consistently promoted by government and academic institutions aiming to understand management strategies that improve yields. However, it less often focused on analyzing their impacts on ecosystems and climate. The complexity and dynamism of cattle ranching in LA make it necessary to address sustainable planning from a systemic approach to guide viable transformations through spatial scales.
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Bautista-Regil, Jesús, Alberto J. Sánchez, Miguel Ángel Salcedo, Bertha Olivia Arredondo-Vega e Violeta Ruiz-Carrera. "Lipid Prospection Based on the Cellular Size of Phytoplankton Communities from Tropical Freshwater Ecosystems: A Systematic Literature Review". Water 15, n.º 21 (28 de outubro de 2023): 3774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15213774.
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Eutrophication-resistant phytoplankton communities in freshwater ecosystems have a novel lipid potential to contribute to the development of tropical regions. The question that arises due to the unsustainability of their eutrophicated waters is how the recognition of the lipids of the resident phytoplankton progresses. Our aim was to provide an overview of the pico-, nano- and micro-cellular lipids of phytoplankton with a focus on eutrophic tropical freshwater ecosystems. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, global and Latin American publications were retrieved based on search equations and specific questions. In total, 490 studies were reviewed. The inclusion criteria, in order, were (1) peer-reviewed articles, (2) articles investigating phytoplankton strains or communities from any aquatic environment, (3) articles on freshwater ecosystems, and (4) research in tropical climates. The contribution of freshwater phytoplankton was high and discontinuous, with a representation of 63% in the 21st century. Freshwater themes were resolved in the ecological context with phytoplankton or algae keywords, while microalgae were targeted using resource use keywords. On the tropical scale, technological themes on lipid microalgae were related to fatty acids, biofuels, biodiesel, antioxidants, and recombinant DNA. It is concluded that studies of the lipid composition of phytoplankton communities are delayed in the case of eutrophic tropical freshwater ecosystems.
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Cervantes-Cabrera, Osmar Axel, e Guadalupe Del Carmen Briano-Turrent. "The importance of Risk Management Assessment: A proposal of an Index for Listed Companies". Journal of Accounting Research, Organization and Economics 1, n.º 2 (14 de dezembro de 2018): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jaroe.v1i2.11747.
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AbstractObjective – This study aims to construct an innovative index that integrates the most important qualitative elements of risk management for listed companies. Design/methodology – This research is exploratory, since the subject has been rarely addressed in Mexico, so we will review the international literature on risk management and propose an instrument for measuring and monitoring risk management. The index proposed in this study is composed by five sub-indexes or dimensions, consisting of nineteen constructs that are expressed in one hundred items or statements, measured through a Likert scale and un-weighted. Results – The integral risk management index proposed are related to five dimensions: architecture of risk, risk culture, risk guideline, risk assessment and business strategy. This framework constitutes a base for the implementation and conceptualization of the risk management, which harmonizes the regulations and methodologies of greater importance at the international level. Adherence to this framework complies with all international requirements and has the basis for an efficient administration in the 21st century. This study could be a reference for those responsible on the risk management decisions in Latin American listed firms.
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Seldin, Claudia, Caio César De Azevedo Barros, Pedro Vitor Costa e Victória Michelini. "Contested and Contesting:". Debats. Revista de cultura, poder i societat 137, n.º 1 (30 de maio de 2023): 10–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats-137-1.1.
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‘Contestation’ is a term often used to describe various kinds of conflict in 21st-Century urban areas. Yet Urban planning literaturelacks a cultural approach to such resistance — an oversight that this paper seeks to redress. We argue that the concept of‘contested territories of culture’ plays a key role in the informal construction of urban areas, highlighting them as heterogeneousdrivers of ‘contestation’ and the fight for rights in Latin America’s inequality-riven cities. The authors use two methodologicalapproaches to define said ‘contestation’: (1) contextual analysis of the literature on the concept of ‘territories’ to discover theircultural character, and (2) ethnographic analysis of a case study on Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The example of the Realengo FlyoverCultural Center, a cultural appropriation of a leftover site under a flyover on Rio’s outskirts, shows the complexity of improvised,bottom-up squatting through cultural activities. The study reveals the need to understand these territories in order to draw up moreequitable public policies and urban plans. It also highlights that such territories are both culturally rich and socially vulnerable.
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Bobkier, Robert. "Contemporary narcoterrorism in Latin America. A case of Colombia and Mexico". Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy 2, n.º 43 (31 de julho de 2022): 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9795.
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At the end of the Cold War, the term "narcoterrorism" was coined. This concept originally meant ties between drug dealers and terrorist organizations and the countries of the Soviet bloc. The definition of this phenomenon, developed later, is ambiguous and means both methods attributed to terrorists, applied by drug cartels and the financing of their activities by terrorist groups through drug trafficking. This article deals with the first of these meanings and discusses the situation in two Latin American countries. The Colombian Medellin cartel was the first to use typical terrorist measures. Criminals carried out bomb attacks on public buildings, planes and attacks on politicians. In doing so, they wanted to achieve the goal of preventing the extradition of cartel leaders. Mass drug production has been going on since the 1930s in Mexico, but at the turn of 21st century, local criminal groups monopolized drug trafficking routes to the US. In 2006, an attempt by the state to combat this practice resulted in a long-term "drug war", in which several hundred thousand people were killed. There has also been an unprecedented increase in crime in the world, to the point where about 100 people are killed at the hands of the cartels in Mexico on a daily basis. The international community has almost unanimously labeled the activities of the Mexican drug cartels as terrorism. Only the opinion expressed in Mexican literature differed in that respect. The cooperation of these cartels with terrorist organizations turned out to constitute another threat to international security. This kind of cooperation can bring mutual benefits to terrorist groups and the countries supporting them – especially in the case of money laundering. The long-term operation of cartels has created the phenomenon of "drug culture" in Latin American communities, glorifying the terrorist activities of cartels and the figures of their leaders.
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Kosevich, Ekaterina. "Russia-Venezuela Relations (and US Interests): A Fully-Fledged and Long-Term Strategic Partnership?" Russian Politics 8, n.º 4 (18 de outubro de 2023): 493–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/24518921-00803010.
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Abstract The strengthening of cooperation between Russia and Venezuela has become one of the characteristics of the system of international relations at the beginning of the 21st century. The previously “unfamiliar” states showed a rapid rapprochement in less than two decades, rewriting the established paradigm that only Cuba could be considered as the Kremlin’s strategic partner in Latin America. Russia’s “special operation” in Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, unexpectedly led to rapid positive changes in US-Venezuelan relations, once again reminding the world that these countries have historically been important trade and economic partners, which will not change quickly. This raised the Kremlin’s concerns about the impending “loss” of Venezuela. The article provides an analysis of the current state of Russia-Venezuela relations, highlighting the factors that were behind every achievement of Russia in Venezuela, with the coming to power of a left-wing government that defined itself as socialist, anti-capitalist, anti-neoliberal and anti-hegemonic. Highlighting the main areas of the ongoing interaction between Caracas and Washington, the author casts doubt on the prevailing opinion in the literature that Russia has been able to form a full-fledged and long-term strategic partnership with Venezuela.
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Samaniego, Mariela, Nancy Usca, José Salguero e William Quevedo. "Creative Thinking in Art and Design Education: A Systematic Review". Education Sciences 14, n.º 2 (15 de fevereiro de 2024): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci14020192.
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This study aims to identify and analyze relevant characteristics associated with creative thinking, particularly in arts and design education. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA protocol, utilizing the Scopus database, where 292 studies were retrieved through search strings. From these, 187 studies were selected for the final analysis. The results highlight an emphasis on experiential learning, STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics), and interdisciplinary approaches as prevalent educational methodologies for fostering creative thinking. The identified techniques include interdisciplinary projects, artistic practices, nature-based activities, and the use of digital tools. The core skills identified include originality, fluency, flexibility, and elaboration. Furthermore, it was observed that most of the studies were conducted in higher education institutions. The study underscores the urgency of promoting research in specific regions, such as Latin America, to contribute to advancing and enriching the educational landscape in these areas. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of fostering creativity from an early age. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to more effective pedagogical practices for the development of creative thinking that positively impacts education and prepares individuals for the challenges of the 21st century.
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Dolgorukova, Natalya M., Darya A. Strizhkova e Kseniya V. Babenko. "What does wafna mean? Towards the reception of a medieval Latin song, “Ego sum abbas Cucaniensis…”, in English-language literature". Shagi / Steps 10, n.º 2 (2024): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2412-9410-2024-10-2-256-267.
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Our article is devoted to a detailed historical, linguistic, and cultural commentary and a new Russian translation of the song “Ego sum abbas Cucaniensis” from Carmina Burana, a LatinGerman manuscript written in the first quarter of the 13th century. Our research presents an analysis of the topoi and allusions to sacred texts found in this drinking song; it also explores the context of its creation. This song provides the first mention of the fabulous and paradisiacal land of Cockaigne, an imaginary place of extreme luxury and ease where physical comforts and pleasures are always immediately at hand. In the song the abbot wins a gambling game, and the loser exclaims wafna. The word wafna is a hapax, probably of a German origin, and, according to different scholars and medievalists, it may have different meanings. Due to this mysterious exclamation, “Ego sum abbas Cucaniensis” is frequently reflected in English literature: in the 20th and 21st centuries different authors belonging to “popular” and “high” culture have used this word in their texts. However, in their works the word wafna did not fully correlate with its original meaning, but instead, due to its unique use in the above context, became a kind of marker of “goliardic” themes (primarily in connection with gambling and alcohol). There are several reasons for this. To begin with, the song’s popularity in the English-speaking environment (while apparently not being widely disseminated in the Middle Ages) is explained by the fact that it was among the first translations of poems from Carmina Burana into English by J. A. Symonds in 1884; later, in 1935–1936, it was included in Carl Orff’s cantata by the same name, texts from which were subsequently often read in schools and universities in Latin classes. Moreover, Symonds leaves the word wafna untranslated, which encourages readers to seek their own interpretations and create their own associations, just as English-language writers of subsequent eras continue to do.
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Kekovic, Zoran, e Vladimir Ninkovic. "TOWARDS A CONCEPTUALISATION OF RESILIENCE IN SECURITY STUDIES". Srpska politička misao 67, n.º 1/2020 (30 de abril de 2020): 153–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/spm.6712020.7.
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Resilience has become a catchword in academic and professional discourse due to, implicit or explicit, acceptance of traditional approaches to prevention and preparation. Derived from the Latin verb “resilire” – to jump back, currently mainly signifies the ability or capacity of a system to bounce back to the equilibrium, pre-disturbance state, but also the ability of the system to face with and adapt to change. The use of the term has a long tradition in different scientific disciplines – psychology, sociology, ecology, engineering, management, whereas it entered the scope of security studies at the beginning of 21st century. In the last two decades the growing use of the concept and the various conceptualizations have been observed in both academic papers and in strategic and legislative documents. There is a vast literature in the subfields of security studies such as national security, emergency and disaster management, human and corporate security that problematizes this concept. In security studies there are broadly two strands of thought – one that observes resilience as a desired state of the system, be it a nation, a community or infrastructure, and another one that proposes resilience as a risk management strategy that can be used when dealing with events characterized with a high degree of uncertainty.
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Prasetyo, Kanyadibya Cendana. "Global South Responses to China’s BRI Projects: A Case Study of Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway Project". Global South Review 5, n.º 2 (28 de março de 2024): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.90951.
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China's rise as a global power in the 21st century, marked by its economic growth and political influence, has been exemplified through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The BRI has extended China's geoeconomic and geopolitical influence across Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe. While existing literature predominantly focuses on China's actions, this study shifts the spotlight to Global South nations' responses and strategic policies, particularly Indonesia, in the context of China's BRI projects. Drawing upon in-depth interviews, literature review, and social media analysis, this research examines how Indonesia has actively shaped the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway project within the BRI framework to pursue its objectives and interests. The study's findings highlight that the Indonesian government, in alignment with the principles of the BRI, is actively utilizing the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway project to advance its New Developmentalism approach under President Jokowi's administration. This approach embodies a narrow perspective of development by focusing on infrastructure and economic growth while ignoring political and environmental considerations. Concurrently, the project has encountered resistance from local communities, underscoring the contrasting interests between the government and the public and adding a nuanced layer to the dynamics of the BRI. This case study sheds light on the complex interplay of interests and power dynamics within the context of China's BRI projects in the Global South. It underscores the importance of considering the responses and agency of host nations and local communities in shaping the outcomes of BRI initiatives.
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Márquez Arreaza, Dionisio. "A estratégia hegemônica do realismo na narrativa venezuelana e haitiana no início do século XXI / The Hegemonic Strategy of Realism in the Venezuelan and Haitian Narrative in the Beginning of the 21st Century". Caligrama: Revista de Estudos Românicos 26, n.º 3 (27 de dezembro de 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2238-3824.26.3.65-85.
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Resumo: O trabalho analisa dois textos realistas latino-americanos, Bicentenaire (2004) do escritor haitiano Lyonel Trouillot e Yo maté a Simón Bolívar (2010) do venezuelano Vicente Ulive-Schnell, como produtos simbólicos em circulação num campo comunicacional amplo no qual o sentido das obras como mensagens interage com o horizonte ideológico de época. A leitura literária da identidade dos personagens se fará tomando em conta o conceito de articulação de Gramsci (2011). A relação complementar entre obra e mercado se fará partindo do conceito gramsciano de hegemonia, revisado em sentido pós-estrutural por Laclau e Mouffe (2001), e também da leitura política da literatura proposta por Jameson (1994) e Rancière (2000; 2007). A tensão nas identidades marginalizadas e classes sociais articuladas nos romances aponta para uma exibição crítica da vida nacional e a desigualdade socioeconômica e, além disso, para a construção de uma nova hegemonia cultural. Porém, as obras e seus autores lidam com a frustração de observar os limites do mercado literário no debate nacional ao se deparar com o baixo índice de leitura de sociedades dominadas hegemonicamente por outros horizontes, mercados e suportes comunicacionais.Palavras-chave: romance; Haiti; Venezuela; articulação identitária; hegemonia cultural.Abstract: The article analyzes two realist Latin American texts, Bicentenaire (2004) by Haitian writer Lyonel Trouillot and Yo maté a Simón Bolívar (2010) by the Venezuelan Vicente Ulive-Schnell, as symbolic products in circulation in a broad communicational field in which the meaning of the works as messages interacts with the ideological horizon of the time. The literary reading of the characters’ identities will be done taking into account the concept of articulation by Gramsci (2011). The complementary relationship between literary work and market will be based on his concept of hegemony, reviewed in a post-structural sense by Laclau and Mouffe (2001), and also on the political reading of literature proposed by Jameson (1994) and Rancière (2000; 2007). The tension in marginalized identities and social classes articulated in the novels points to a critical exhibition of national life and socioeconomic inequality and, moreover, to the construction of a new cultural hegemony. However, the works and their authors deal with the frustration of observing the limits of the literary market in the national debate when faced with the low reading rate of societies dominated hegemonically by other horizons, markets and communicational supports.Keywords: novel; Haiti; Venezuela; identitary articulation; cultural hegemony.
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Kato, Karina Yoshie Martins, Nelson Giordano Delgado e Jorge Osvaldo Romano. "Territorial Approach and Rural Development Challenges: Governance, State and Territorial Markets". Sustainability 14, n.º 12 (9 de junho de 2022): 7105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127105.
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The way we produce food is at the heart of some of the current main global challenges. We are witnessing increasing social inequalities and the accentuation of hunger around the world, especially in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. At the same time, malnutrition and effects of climate change are endangering both the health of people and nature, putting life and the planet itself at risk. In general, specialists agree that the solutions to the current crisis involve the transformation of hegemonic food production chains (globalized and industrialized) and the strengthening of more territorialized food systems. The present paper reflects on how the territorial approach (extensively promoted by the State in Latin America countries in the 21st century) can be collaboratively used to create territorial food markets that are more autonomous, sustainable, and connected with nature and territorial resources. Our hypothesis is that territorial development reinforces more sustainable food systems that increase the resilience of territories facing the current challenges of rural development. The methodology involves a thematic and selective literature review, the analysis of secondary indicators, and conducting online interviews. Our analysis focused on Latin America, one of the most advanced areas in territorial development policies. We situated our research in the Borborema Territory (Paraíba, Brazil), which is a significant case study for understanding the dynamics of territorialization (and deterritorialization) of agroecological production systems that are geared towards family farming. It is also, in our opinion, a concrete case that suggests how territorialized and more localized food systems show greater resilience in the face of adversity, which can be observed in the territorial actors’ ability to react to deterritorialization drivers that are emphasised in periods of crisis. Our main findings suggest that territorial development, by placing territory, resources, and territorial actors and institutions at the core of rural development strategies, reinforces territorialized food systems centred in small circuits of production–consumption. These alternative food systems not only contribute to social and environmental sustainability but enhance territorial development by expanding opportunities for territorial actors by diversifying the territorial economy and creating more crisis-resilient territories.
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Brooks, Heidi. "Protest Resonances across the Global South: Democratic Deficit, Inequality and Indignity". Protest 3, n.º 2 (1 de novembro de 2023): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667372x-bja10046.
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Abstract During the first two decades of the 21st century, protest has emerged as part of a normalised repertoire of political participation employed by citizens world-over. In the Global South, protests have seen both scale and impact, centring on a range of short- and long-term grievances, and making calls for political and economic change. This article conducts a cross-regional comparative analysis of contentious action in the Global South, drawing out some of the thematic and substantive parallels that might help us better understand the drivers of protest since the 2000s. Drawing on a range of protest data, media sources and secondary analysis, it focuses in particular on protest in Africa, Latin America and Asia. Making use of the wealth of existing protest literature, the article moves beyond a national or regional analysis to highlight the ways in which protest drivers and underpinnings in various locations of the South may resonate with the region’s broader wave of post-2000 protest. The article posits that the drivers of protest can be linked to three overarching themes: democratic deficit and (ine)quality of representation; neoliberalism and expanding inequality; and concerns of citizenship, dignity and inclusion. Underpinning these identifiable themes is the prevalence of experiences of popular exclusion. The article also foregrounds calls for ‘dignity’ as central to understanding the demands and drivers of protest. It is hoped that this initial survey will contribute to further attempts to understand contentious action through an increasingly global lens.
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НOLYK, Roman. "THE SYSTEM, MOSAIC OR KALEIDOSCOPE?: LINGUISTIC, LITERARY AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF LVIV AND HALYCHYNA AS AN INTELLECTUAL ISSUE". Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 36 (2022): 256–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2022-36-256-274.
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The question of methodological bases and synthesis of research around Lviv and Halychyna is raised. It is studied how Lviv studies and Halychyna studies developed at different stages, maps of research of Lviv and Halychyna are outlined: from the texts by the older generation of researchers of this problem of the 19th – middle of the 20th century to the works of scientists of the late 20th – early 21st century. Thematic niches of this research map are outlined: the studies on social history, language, literature, book culture, and other phenomena. Emphasis is placed on the institutional and professional division of research, the existence of information barriers among philologists, historians, linguists, and cultural studies scholars; Ukrainianists, Polonists, Germanists, experts in the history of the culture of Central and Eastern Europe, etc. The world and Ukrainian experience of building complex schemes of history of the cities and regions as social, linguistic, cultural, and literary centers are briefly analyzed. Different approaches to writing different types of histories of languages and literatures as social phenomena are analyzed. A theoretical attempt is made to model and combine different dimensions of the social, cultural, linguistic, and literary history of Lviv and Halychyna in general. It is noted that the beginnings of this complex and complicated history should be derived from the literary heritage, social and political history of the medieval «Proto-Halychyna» and Lviv. It is described through the prism of the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) tradition at the first stage and the gradual break with this tradition, its Latinization, Germanization and Polonization after the 1340s. The specifics of the late medieval and early modern history of the Rus’ voievodship, the role of Ruthenian (Ukrainian), Polish and other book cultures in the functioning of the society of that time are clarified. Interactions between the Latin and post-Byzantine cultural heritage of Lviv and the region in this period are revealed. The main changes in the development of culture, language, literature and books in the context of Austrian Lviv and the newly formed Halychyna and Volodymyr after 1772 and before 1918 are traced. Attention is drawn to the profound transformations in the ethno-social, cultural, linguistic and literary spheres of city life during and after World War II. The main parameters of the Soviet and post-Soviet linguistic, cultural and literary situation are revealed and compared.
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Patchen, Terri. "Engendering Participation, Deliberating Dependence: Inner-City Adolescents’ Perceptions of Classroom Practice". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 108, n.º 10 (outubro de 2006): 2053–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810610801005.
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This ethnographic study of high school students’ classroom practices and perceptions about participation reveals the extent to which students’ perceptions determine their understandings of practice, even when these understandings conflict with researcher observations and the bulk of the literature on gender and participation. This study shows, moreover, that although there were gender-stratified patterns of participation in the classroom between girls and boys, the underlying conceptualizations about what constituted a supportive environment for participation differed little between genders: Both girls and boys revealed themselves as dependent upon teachers, peers, and “knowing.” What did differ were the ways in which girls and boys described this dependence and the ways in which they understood what occurred in classrooms. Conducted at a large inner-city high school in California populated primarily by low-income, first-generation Latina/Latino students, classroom research took place over a period of 2 years in a series of Life Skills for the 21st Century classes. Dependent primarily upon formal interviews and participant observations, this research focus was on how particular participation strategies were understood and made manifest in the classroom. Beyond the contributions of new information on the importance of the relationship of perception to practice, this research shows that we need to be cautious when we think about gender issues, and how students, particularly ethnic minorities, understand the classroom dynamic.
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Betancourt, Ignacio Ortiz, María del Carmen Meza Téllez, Jorge Samuel Berdón Carrasco, Leidy Margarita López Castro e Patricia Margarita Villar Sánchez. "Social Businesses with An Export Profile as a Mechanism to Promote Entrepreneurship and Improve Welfare". European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2019): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p271-275.
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The increase in unemployment rates at the international level, as a consequence of the deep financial crisis of the beginning of the 21st century, has caused the labor market to become increasingly restricted, complicating the insertion of a population of productive age. In addition, the lack of employment has exacerbated a series of social problems, including poverty, insecurity, undernourishment, among others, in a large part of Latin America. Therefore, the impulse of social enterprises can contribute to the creation of jobs and combat this problem, generating wellbeing not only within a region but also in others with similar situations, generating an area of opportunity for those social enterprises with an export profile. Based on the above, this paper begins with a documentary research process of specialized literature on social business and later analyzes a group of students' perception on the impact that this model can produce, as well as the limitations for its implementation, through an exploratory and descriptive study, guided by the qualitative approach since a questionnaire of open questions about these topics was used as a research instrument. The answers were analyzed in such a way that similarities and differences could be detected among students' perception. Results shown that the main benefits are the creation of direct jobs in the country of origin and indirect in other markets as well as the emergence of productive chains while among the constraints include ignorance of the export logistics process and tariff rates. Finally, a series of recommendations are proposed in order to strengthen the dissemination of this business model.
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Spassova-Dikova, Joanna. "The Challenges of the Cultural Pluralism. Study on the Exotic Other in the New Bulgarian Cinema". Balkanistic Forum 31, n.º 2 (30 de maio de 2022): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i2.23.
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The monographic, interdisciplinary study of Andronika Martonova ‘Between Migration and Sedentariness: the Exotic Otherness and the New Bulgarian Cinema (To-wards the Culturological Areas of Identity, Difference and the ‘Us’ / ‘Them’) Dis-course’, Institute of Art Studies – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2021, ISBN: 978-619-7619-08-9, 230 pp., comes as a result of a project supported by the National Science Fund, Bulgaria. It focuses on the image of the foreigner in the new Bulgarian cinema during the second decade of the 21st century. Problems of The Inconnu / The Other / The Newcomer are discussed in the context of the challenges of the cultural pluralism for the new Bulgarian filmmaking. For the first time in Bulgarian film studies the problem of the Other is so fully and widely considered. The main principles followed are the ones of the case studies (analyses of significant film productions) and key studies (tracking of important research in the field). Artistic styles, approaches, experiences, positions, achievements and mutual influences are thoroughly and con-textually analyzed. Special attention is put on the Newcomer and the reception of the imported cultural traditions of Africa, Middle East and Far East in recent Bulgarian feature and documentary films (short and full-length). The book is structured in four chapters with subchapters and a conclusion. The publication is illustrated and has an extensive bibliography of more than 200 sources. There is a filmography of 200 movie titles. An index of the names in Cyrillic and Latin has been prepared. It is intended for a wide range of readers.
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Pike, Moss. "Latin in the 21st Century". Journal of Classics Teaching 17, n.º 33 (2016): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2058631016000040.
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Every Latin teacher has at some point been asked to justify why the study of Latin, a dead language, matters today. SAT scores, success in the medical and law fields, and its basis for the Romance languages are often cited as valid justifications to study Latin (see the NCSSFL “Benefits of Latin Study”); but these reasons are devoid of any true meaning or purpose, and I cringe when I hear them, even if they do help bolster enrolment.
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Gatin, Mikhail Igorevich. "The history of anti-Castro terrorist organizations and their ties to the U.S. government". Исторический журнал: научные исследования, n.º 3 (março de 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2024.3.70351.
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The article is devoted to the history of terrorist organizations that arose as a response to the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the rise to power of Fidel Castro and the policies of his government over the following decades. An important role in the creation, financing and support of these organizations was played by people directly or indirectly connected with the American special services and the political leadership of the United States. The activities of Cuban counter-revolutionary terrorists have led to tragic consequences, including the deaths of innocent people, not only Cubans, but also representatives of other Latin American countries. The use of terrorist methods for political purposes is an extremely urgent problem in the 21st century, and therefore an appeal to the history of this phenomenon is objectively necessary to effectively combat this evil. The history of terrorist activity by opponents of the Castro regime is of interest both to historians and political scientists, whose interests include the study of the Caribbean region, the history of foreign policy and the activities of US intelligence agencies, and to specialists in international relations in general. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. This allows us to consider the problem under study as an integrated system, where the facts are analyzed in their entirety and interrelationships. General scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive) and general historical (historical-comparative, historical-systemic) research methods are necessary for conducting research. The present study has a scientific novelty, since it is based on sources not previously used in the Russian scientific literature. A significant part of the corpus of sources used by the author of the article are classified CIA documents until recently. To a certain extent, working with such arrays of information is not only a historical, but also a political science study that allows us to better understand the realities of modern geopolitics. As for the conclusions of this study, they may be summarised respectively: 1) the United States, at least in the recent past, was a direct sponsor of international terrorism; 2) the activities of anti-Castro terrorist groups in the 20th century still hinder the process of restoring diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba; 3) a violent change of power in the state inevitably generates a cycle of violence that evades the risk of interference in the internal affairs of the country from the outside.
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Kozlov, Alexey E., e Francesco Varlaro. "The Way of listven’ in the Russian and Siberian Worldview: From Phytonym to Concepts". Critique and Semiotics 40, n.º 1 (2022): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2022-1-183-197.
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The article is devoted to the study of the semantic properties of the dialect word listven’ (“larch”) in the narrative prose. Based on the material of encyclopaedias, fiction and travel prose, observations on the lexical and semantic properties of the word “larch” (lat. Larix dahurica; in the studied context – larix sibirica) are presented. It is shown how, being a dialect nomination, the word becomes a part of the individual author’s system. In the treatise of Vitruvius, the word Larix is associated with the name of the citadel Larignum. The historian talks about the fire that started during the storming of the fortress and mentions the amazing durability of the tree. The idea of Larix as being of the same root as the Latin laridum is widespread, which gives the tree a metaphorical resemblance to body. As M. Statley notes, in European shamanism the world tree was often depicted as a larch. It is significant that all these options are equally reflected in the modern village prose, in particular, in the work of V. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera” (1976). The purpose of the article is to trace the stages that a given lexeme goes through on the way from a phytonym to a concept. In particular, the word begins to appear in non-fiction texts related to the development of Siberia and the Far East from the end of the 18th century, for example the Russian travel logs and subsequently reports. In almost all of the considered contexts, a characteristic enumerative intonation is used, while the word is included in the same row as the normative phytonyms. In some contexts, the properties of the tree are recorded, which can be considered proto-metaphors: the extraordinary strength of the wood, the ugliness of the tree itself, and, finally, frequent comparisons of the bark of larch with human skin or paper are noted. These remarks are given in passing and are not developed into a narrative. Ethnographers were not very interested in the picture of the world of the indigenous people, so the rich folklore, pagan idea of larch as the center of hulde. That’s correlated with the spirit or personality of a person in the religion of the Druids, remained out of sight. The considered path of the word demonstrates the specific mechanism of the transition of a marked dialect word into non-fiction writing and narrative reflection on the essence of the word in fiction writing. Referring to the local dialect, D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak and V. G. Korolenko gave to the word the necessary imagery and expressiveness, which became a constructive part of the language of rural prose of the second half of the 20th century, that is to say the new travel prose of the 21st century. Of course, with the development of Siberian literature, these ideas reached their positions in the prose of L. M. Leonova, V. N. Rasputin, E. Aypin and many others. “Farewell to Matera” becomes a precedent text, where larch as a world tree is not only transformed into a dialectal “larch”, but also acquires a different morphological and semantic genus (Nf + sing → Nm + sing). In modern literature, the word turns into a topos, or rather a narrative element that is variable, repeated and recognizable by the reader. In this regard, of course, the question arises of translations of the word “larch” into other languages. Of course, bringing this lexeme to its exact literary equivalent, “larch” significantly impoverishes the style, discourse and plot possibilities contained in the lexeme under consideration.
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Tulchin, Joseph S. "Hemispheric Relations in the 21st Century". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 39, n.º 1 (1997): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166494.
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The key to understanding Latin American relations with the United States as the century, and the millennium, draw to a close is to realize that all of the nations in the Western Hemisphere are still caught up in the transition from the Cold War. That transition, which began nearly a decade ago, is proceeding more slowly, and with greater confusion, than most observers had anticipated. The issues that constitute the framework, or infrastructure, for Hemispheric relations in the coming century emerge from the efforts of each nation in the Hemisphere, including the United States, to effect their insertions into the emerging world order. Given the priority accorded commercial and economic questions in the insertion of most Latin American nations, those are the questions that dominate the discourse. However, questions of governance — and what I call the international code of good behavior — are rapidly assuming greater salience in inter-American relations. It is my judgment that they will dominate relations among the nations of the Hemisphere in the 21st century.
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Gandásegui, Marco A. "Latin America and Imperialism in the 21st Century". Critical Sociology 32, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2006): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916306776150359.
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Derwich, Karol. "Deconsolidation of Democracy in 21st Century Latin America". Politeja 19, n.º 6(81) (24 de fevereiro de 2023): 15–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.19.2022.81.01.
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The first decades of 21st century are a difficult time for Latin America and the Caribbean. This is also evident in the area of democracy and its consolidation. Particularly recent years have brought significant problems and challenges in functioning of democratic regimes. As a consequence, it is justified to talk about the process called deconsolidation of democracy in this region. In the article, the present condition of democratic regimes in Latin America and the Caribbean is presented. It is followed by an analysis of basic challenges and finally explaining potential risks for the process of consolidation of democratic regimes in the region.
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Shuck, Kim. "21st-Century Meditation". World Literature Today 91, n.º 3 (2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2017.0061.
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Kim Shuck. "21st-Century Meditation". World Literature Today 91, n.º 3-4 (2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7588/worllitetoda.91.3-4.0049a.
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Walter, Anke. "Latin literature". Greece and Rome 70, n.º 1 (7 de março de 2023): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383522000274.
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As always, it is hard to do justice to the many intriguing books that came out over the past months. I will try to give an overview of at least a few of them, from Republican literature over two imperial ‘Classics’, the Aeneid and the Fasti, over Ps.-Quintilian's Declamations and Apuleius, fourth and fifth-century commentaries, all the way to a lesser-known work from the fifteenth century. Let us start, however, with an exciting volume on ‘Roman Law and Latin Literature’, edited by Ioannis Ziogas and Erica Bexley. In their introduction, the two editors sketch out the relationship between law and literature, emphasizing the points of contact and the intricate relationship between the two. While the Law and Humanities movement, they argue, has been so far strongly focused on law, with literature playing an ancillary role, Ziogas and Bexley aim to redress that balance ‘by showing how literature anticipates, imitates, supplants or complements law's role in constituting rules and norms’ (3). The contributions in the volume cover a wide range of authors, from Naevius, Plautus, and Terence to Cicero, Ovid, Seneca, and Lucan. With her discussion of the role Latin literature played in shaping Roman concepts of legality, in the absence of a codified constitution, Michèle Lowrie provides a very good starting point to the volume, one that a couple of other contributors keep referring back to. There is a chapter on the jurist Marcus Antistius Labeo by Matthijs Wibier, Nora Goldschmidt traces the emergence of the Foucauldian author function in the interaction between law and literature in third-century bc Rome, and John Oksanish argues that Cicero, in De oratore (‘On the Orator’), adopts the theoretical and terminological frameworks of Roman property law to authorize the orator's power over various domains, a strategy also adopted by Vitruvius, to mention just a few of the topics covered. The concluding paper is a thought-provoking piece by Nandini Pandey, comparing Roman and American legal and literary practices around freedom, opportunity, and (in)equality.
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Kuznetsov, D. A. "Latin America in the 21st Century: Regional Development Trajectories". Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, n.º 2 (20 de novembro de 2020): 44–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-2-44-70.
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Latin America and the Caribbean region (LAC), which includes more than thirty countries, is traditionally characterized by a complex combination of elements of homogeneity and heterogeneity. The latter, stemming from traditional economic social and political differentiation and ideological polarization, in the modern context strengthens regional contradictions and creates new division lines. At the same time, the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries was marked by a growing integration of the region into the global market and globalization processes in general. In order to provide an outlook on the possible future developments in LAC, the author examines how the key trends of the current world politics permeate the region. The theoretical framework of the paper is based on the methodology proposed by the Russian researcher M.M. Lebedeva who outlines three basic megatrends — globalization, integration, and democratization and their counter-trends — deglobalization, disintegration, and dedemocratization, accordingly. It is within this broader context of a complex interplay of these trends and counter-trends, that the dynamics of regional processes in LAC is conceived. On this basis, the author identifies three possible regional development scenarios. The first one presupposes strengthening of institutional linkages between North, Central, and South America on the basis of Pan-American ideas. The second implies civilizational ‘isolation’ of LAC within large but still only regional integration projects. Finally, the third scenario proceeds from the linear development of the current regional trends. It implies further fragmentation of LAC within subregional organizations and chaotization of regional international relations. The author concludes that currently the regional development is affected predominantly by counter-trends, which are evidenced by increasing isolationism, an impasse facing major integration projects and democratic institutions, and the growth of populist movements. At the same time, all this shows that Latin America is fully integrated in global economic and political processes since these counter-trends characterize the development of a contemporary system of international relations in general.
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Yongtao, Liu. "Promote China-Latin American Relations in the 21st Century". Journal of Globalization, Competitiveness, and Governability 6, n.º 1 (24 de setembro de 2014): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3232/gcg.2012.v6.n1.06.
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Lyulikova, Anna. "Advertising Topos in 21st-Century Literature". Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series "Humanitarian and Social Sciences", n.º 2 (20 de abril de 2018): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2227-6564.2018.2.92.
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Dass, Rozita. "Literature and the 21st Century Learner". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 123 (março de 2014): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1426.
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Stelmach, Michał. "China’s Military Cooperation with Latin American Countries in the 21st Century". Teka Komisji Politologii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych 17, n.º 1 (5 de junho de 2023): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/teka.2022.17.1.37-55.
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The aim of the article is to analyze the conditions and various dimensions of military cooperation between China and Latin American countries in the twenty-first century. The article consists of three parts. First of all, the author outlines Sino-Latin American relations in a broader perspective, presenting the conditions and goals of the Chinese presence in Latin America and the Caribbean and synthetically discussing the most important areas of political and economic cooperation. In the second part, he analyses the conditions and significance of military cooperation, pointing to the factors conducive to the development of cooperation, what is more, he motives and role of China’s military diplomacy in the Latin American region. In the third part, there are presented the most important forms of cooperation. The author focused on defense ministers’ and military commanders meetings, training, joint exercises and arms trade. The author’s priority goal is to show the evolution of military cooperation between the Middle Kingdom and Latin America and its importance for the balance of power in the region.
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Kapur, Vikram. "Delhi: 21st Century City". World Literature Today 90, n.º 3 (2016): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2016.0060.
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Gelen, Sefer. "Features of bilateral relations between Turkey and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in the context of role theory". Latinskaia Amerika, n.º 6 (2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0025609-8.
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As a result of the transformation of the international system in the 21st century, the role of Latin America is becoming increasingly important and interest in it is growing. Before the beginning of the 21st century relations of Turkey with the states of Latin America and the Caribbean were limited, but in the last two decades they have gained strategic importance. Venezuela is one of the countries that Turkey identifies as strategically important from the economical and political points of view. In this article, bilateral contacts between the two states have been examined through the lens of the "role theory", taking into account the overall role played by Turkey in Latin America and, in part, the role of Venezuela in the Middle East.