Bibliografias temáticas / Language policy United States

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Language policy United States"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021
Última modificação: 31 de janeiro de 2023

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Language policy United States"

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Faingold, Eduardo D. "Official English in the constitutions and statutes of the fifty states in the United States". Language Problems and Language Planning 36, n.º 2 (10 de agosto de 2012): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.36.2.03fai.

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The constitutions and legislative statutes of the fifty states in the United States are given an exhaustive screening to identify legal language defining the linguistic obligations of the state and the language rights of individuals and groups. The author suggests that in the United States, “hands-off” is good language policy not only nationwide but also statewide because states adopting a hands-off linguistic policy are consistent with the Constitution of the United States while states adopting a “hands-on” policy are in conflict with it. States adopting hands-on language legislation in their constitutions or statutes are deemed to be “nativist” because they seem unfavorable toward speakers of minority languages, while states adopting a hands-off policy are “non-nativist” because they seem favorable (or at least neutral) toward speakers of minority languages.
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MADRID, ARTURO. "Official English: A False Policy Issue". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 508, n.º 1 (março de 1990): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716290508001006.

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Making English the official language of the United States is a false policy issue. The evidence does not support arguments that the use of English is declining or that the use of other languages debilitates the social fabric of the United States. On the contrary, attempts to impose English on the U.S. population have served historically to divide the nation. The facts do not support linguistic or social fragmentation. English is the language of state and the common language of the U.S. population. Immigrants continue to enter the United States because of the protections and opportunities it offers, and they give highest priority to learning English. The real language-policy issues have to do with literacy and high-level multilingual skills. A sane national language policy would give primacy to literacy and would promote multilingualism. The nation's energies must be directed at language policies that empower all citizens rather than punish some.
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Ruiz, Richard. "Language Policy and Planning in the United States". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (março de 1994): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002841.

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While the United States has never declared a national official language, the primacy of English in public affairs has been well-established since the time of the earliest colonies (Crawford 1992a, Ruiz 1988). This is so in spite of the reluctance on the part of the British colonial authorities and, later, leaders of the early republic, to legislate matters of language—considered traditionally one of the most fundamental freedoms of civilized societies (Heath 1992). English even at that time was considered a language of political, economic, and social power and prestige; its preeminence in the United States, as elsewhere, has been reinforced in recent times by its establishment as a language of technology.
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Kaplan, Robert B., e Richard B. Baldauf. "Language policy spread". Language Problems and Language Planning 31, n.º 2 (26 de julho de 2007): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.31.2.02kap.

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Except for a few large scale projects, language planners have tended to talk and argue among themselves rather than to see language policy development as an inherently political process. A comparison with a social policy example, taken from the United States, suggests that it is important to understand the problem and to develop solutions in the context of the political process, as this is where decisions will ultimately be made.
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McQueeney, Krista B., e Ronald Schmidt Sr. "Language Policy and Identity Politics in the United States". Contemporary Sociology 30, n.º 6 (novembro de 2001): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3089028.

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Mitchell, James D. "Refugee resettlement in the United States: Language, policy, pedagogy". Critical Inquiry in Language Studies 15, n.º 2 (23 de fevereiro de 2017): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2017.1285505.

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Hero, Rodney E. "Language policy and identity politics in the United States". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21, n.º 1 (2002): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.1052.

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Perea, Juan F. "Language Policy and Identity Politics in the United States". Journal of American Ethnic History 21, n.º 1 (1 de outubro de 2001): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27502785.

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Tennery, Susan, e Bill Piatt. "¿Only English? Law and Language Policy in the United States". TESOL Quarterly 26, n.º 1 (1992): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587376.

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Lyon, Ted, e Bill Piatt. "?Only English? Law and Language Policy in the United States". Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 45, n.º 1/2 (1991): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1346941.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Language policy United States"

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Lo, Bianco Joseph. "Officialising language : a discourse study of language politics in the United States". View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20020902.101758/index.html.

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Lo, Bianco Joseph, e joe lobianco@languageaustralia com au. "OFFICIALISING LANGUAGE: A DISCOURSE STUDY OF LANGUAGE POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES". The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020902.101758.

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This is a study of the discourse contest concerning the officialisation of English in the United States. It consists of an analysis of the language of that discourse shaped by a belief that discourse is a rather neglected but potentially illuminating area of examination of language and literacy policy. The study seeks to understand the processes and content of language policy as it is being made, or performed, and is influenced by a critique of the theory and practice of language policy which tends to adopt technicist paradigms of examination that insufficiently elucidate the politics of the field. ¶ Accordingly a systematic gathering of the texts of language disputation in the US was collected. These texts were organised in response to the methods of elicitation. Semi-elicited texts, elicited texts and unelicited texts were gathered and tested to be sure that they constituted a fair representation of the concourse (what had been said and was being said about the issue) over a 15 year period. Those statements, or texts, that had particular currency during the 104th Congress were selected for further use. An empirical examination of the subjective dispositions of those activists involved in the making of official English, or of resisting the making of official English, was conducted. ¶ This examination utilised the Q methodology (inverted factor analysis) invented by William Stephensen. The data from this study provided a rich field of knowledge about the discursive parameters of the making of policy in synchronic and diachronic form. Direct interviews were also conducted with participants, and discourse analysis of ‘naturally occurring’ (unelicited texts) speeches and radio debates and other material of persuasion and disagreement was conducted. ¶ These data frame and produce a representation of the orders of discourse and their dynamic and shaping power. Against an analysis of language policy making and a document analysis of the politics of language in the United States the discourses are utilised to contribute to a richer understanding of the field and the broad conclusion that as far as language policy is concerned it is hardly possible to make a distinction with political action. ¶ The theoretical implications for a reinvigorated language policy theory constitute the latter part of the thesis. In the multi-epistemological context that postmodernity demands, with its skepticism about the possibility of ‘disinterest’, the thesis offers its own kinds of data triangulation, and the making central of subjective dispositions and political purposes and engagements of the principal anatagonists.
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Blum-Smith, Laura. "The Language of Nation: Multiculturalism, Nationalism and Language Policy in the United States and Canada". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin154463011114732.

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Bastien, Danielle. "When Silence is Betrayal: Genocide and United States Foreign Policy". Thesis, Boston College, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/545.

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Thesis advisor: Eve Spangler
United States foreign policy must balance national interests with international obligations, including a commitment to human rights. Genocide represents an enormous violation of human rights but also a significant challenge to the formulation of United States foreign policies. The word genocide was created to encompass the multi-layered characteristics of the systematic and intentional nature of mass human destruction. Though the US has vowed to prevent and stop genocide from occurring, its actions do not indicate so. In Turkey the US failed to defend Armenians, using political principles to justify the decision. Association between the Holocaust and genocide has limited US recognition and action in other situations. Various methods were employed in response to genocide in Rwanda in order to avoid an obligation to action. Emphasizing the people and the society which they compose, the United States must not focus on a strict definition of genocide but must broaden its comprehension beyond technicalities in order to responsibly recognize and respond to genocide, and in doing so capture the intended comprehension of the word
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2008
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: History
Discipline: Sociology
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Linton, April. "Spanish for Americans? : the politics of bilingualism in the United States /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8857.

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Grove, Carl D. "The official English debate in the United States Congress : a critical analysis /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9481.

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Arroyo, de Romano Jacqueline Elena. "The policy implications of the No Child Left Behind Act for English language learners". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2589.

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Lawton, Rachele. "Language policy and ideology in the United States : a critical discursive analysis of the "English only" movement". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.545918.

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This thesis is a critical discursive investigation of the English Only movement in the 'United States of America. 'English Only' is a political movement whose aims are the following: to amend the U.S. constitution so that English becomes the official, national language; to restrict or eliminate Bilingual Education; and to restrict or eliminate the ability of the U.S. government to provide services in languages other than English. This research project can be described as a critical language policy (CLP) study whose overall framework is critical discourse analysis (CDA). More specifically, it follows the discourse historical approach (DHA) to CDA (Wodak et al. 1999, Wodak 2001,2006, Reisigl and Wodak 200112009), an interdisciplinary, multi- methodological approach that is useful in analyzing the positive construction of the 'self and the negative construction of the 'other' as they are manifested in discourse. Thus, this research examines the discursive construction of the English Only movement through the analysis of 'official' public texts produced by proponents and opponents of English Only, and of the attitudes of ordinary people toward the range of issues encompassed by English Only. It examines selected texts in detail and emphasizes various levels of context, with a particular emphasis on the socio-political and historical dimensions of texts produced. The overall aims of this thesis are: to contribute to the existing body of knowledge about the contemporary English Only movement, to explore the ideological dimension of the English Only movement and to expose its discriminatory, anti-immigrant and especially anti-Latino nature, and to expand the range of possible applications of CDA.
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Tharani, Soraya. "Immigration, security and the public debate on US language policy : a critical discourse analysis of language attitudes in the United States of America". Doctoral thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-11696.

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The narrative of the United States is of a "nation of immigrants" in which the language shift patterns of earlier ethnolinguistic groups have tended towards linguistic assimilation through English. In recent years, however, changes in the demographic landscape and language maintenance by non-English speaking immigrants, particularly Hispanics, have been perceived as threats and have led to calls for an official English language policy.This thesis aims to contribute to the study of language policy making from a societal security perspective as expressed in attitudes regarding language and identity originating in the daily interaction between language groups. The focus is on the role of language and American identity in relation to immigration. The study takes an interdisciplinary approach combining language policy studies, security theory, and critical discourse analysis. The material consists of articles collected from four newspapers, namely USA Today, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and San Francisco Chronicle between April 2006 and December 2007.Two discourse types are evident from the analysis namely Loyalty and Efficiency. The former is mainly marked by concerns of national identity and contains speech acts of security related to language shift, choice and English for unity. Immigrants are represented as dehumanised, and harmful. Immigration is given as sovereignty-related, racial, and as war. The discourse type of Efficiency is mainly instrumental and contains speech acts of security related to cost, provision of services, health and safety, and social mobility. Immigrants are further represented as a labour resource. These discourse types reflect how the construction of the linguistic 'we' is expected to be maintained. Loyalty is triggered by arguments that the collective identity is threatened and is itself used in reproducing the collective 'we' through hegemonic expressions of monolingualism in the public space and semi-public space. The denigration of immigrants is used as a tool for enhancing societal security through solidarity and as a possible justification for the denial of minority rights. Also, although language acquisition patterns still follow the historical trend of language shift, factors indicating cultural separateness such as the appearance of speech communities or the use of minority languages in the public space and semi-public space have led to manifestations of intolerance. Examples of discrimination and prejudice towards minority groups indicate that the perception of worth of a shared language differs from the actual worth of dominant language acquisition for integration purposes. The study further indicates that the efficient working of the free market by using minority languages to sell services or buy labour is perceived as conflicting with nation-building notions since it may create separately functioning sub-communities with a new cultural capital recognised as legitimate competence. The discourse types mainly represent securitising moves constructing existential threats. The perception of threat and ideas of national belonging are primarily based on a zero-sum notion favouring monolingualism. Further, the identity of the immigrant individual is seen as dynamic and adaptable to assimilationist measures whereas the identity of the state and its members are perceived as static. Also, the study shows that debates concerning language status are linked to extra-linguistic matters. To conclude, policy makers in the US need to consider the relationship between four factors, namely societal security based on collective identity, individual/human security, human rights, and a changing linguistic demography, for proposed language intervention measures to be successful.

Diss. Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet, 2011-01-31

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Hendricks, Craig Darren. "Political culture and nuclear proliferation: Juche and North Korea’s foreign and nuclear policy". University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6687.

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Magister Commercii - MCom
North Korea has against the numerous warnings of the international community, protocols and sanctions tested nuclear and missile devices. The purpose of this study is to explain how the political ideology of Juche informs North Korea’s nuclear weapons programme. Using a qualitative analysis, this study analyzed the origin of Juche and its impact on North Korea’s foreign and nuclear policies through the years. The social values underlying Juche were found to be the foundation of North Korea’s nuclear and missile ambitions. Juche itself has evolved as a framework that informs North Korea’s international relations and the study traces this evolution through the different Kim presidencies.
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Livros sobre o assunto "Language policy United States"

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Ramanathan, Vaidehi, e Emily M. Feuerherm. Refugee resettlement in the United States: Language, policy, pedagogy. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2015.

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Language policy and identity politics in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000.

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Francis, Amy. Should the United States be multilingual? Detroit: Gale/Cengage Learning, 2011.

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Francis, Amy. Should the United States be multilingual? Detroit: Gale/Cengage Learning, 2011.

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Piatt, Bill. Only English?: Law and language policy in the United States. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990.

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Literacy and language diversity in the United States. [Washington, D.C.]: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1996.

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Should the United States be multilingual? Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011.

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Hutson, Cecil Kirk. The United States: One nation, one flag, one language. Sacramento, CA (1020 N St., Suite 400, Sacramento, 95814): Assembly Republican Caucus, Office of Policy Research, 1996.

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R, Chiswick Barry, ed. Immigration, language, and ethnicity: Canada and the United States. Washington, D.C: AEI Press, 1992.

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1946-, García Eugene E., ed. Language minority education in the United States: Research, policy, and practice. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: C.C. Thomas, 1988.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Language policy United States"

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Lambert, Richard D. "Horizon Taal and Language Planning in the United States". In Perspectives on Foreign Language Policy, 79. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.81.07lam.

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Ricento, Thomas K. "Language Policy and Education in the United States". In Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 137–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4538-1_13.

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Meyer, Lois M. "Methods, Meanings and Education Policy in the United States". In International Handbook of English Language Teaching, 211–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46301-8_16.

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Liu, Lu. "“It’s Just Natural”: A Critical Case Study of Family Language Policy in a 1.5 Generation Chinese Immigrant Family on the West Coast of the United States". In Language Policy, 13–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75963-0_2.

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Wang, Danping. "Medium-of-Instruction Policy and Practices in CSL Classrooms". In Chinese Language Education in the United States, 83–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21308-8_5.

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Ruiz, Richard. "Threat Inversion and Language Policy in the United States". In Honoring Richard Ruiz and his Work on Language Planning and Bilingual Education, editado por Nancy H. Hornberger, 67–76. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781783096701-007.

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Fredricks, Daisy E., e Doris Warriner. "8. ‘Talk English!’ Refugee Youth and Policy Shaping in Restrictive Language Contexts". In Refugee Resettlement in the United States, editado por Emily M. Feuerherm e Vaidehi Ramanathan, 135–51. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781783094585-011.

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Leymarie, Cassie D. "10. Language as a Fund of Knowledge: The Case of Mama Rita and Implications for Refugee Policy". In Refugee Resettlement in the United States, editado por Emily M. Feuerherm e Vaidehi Ramanathan, 172–90. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781783094585-013.

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Davis, Kathryn A. "Chapter 7. Agentive Youth Research: Towards Individual, Collective and Policy Transformations". In TheEducation of Language Minority Immigrants in the United States, editado por Terrence G. Wiley, Jin Sook Lee e Russell W. Rumberger, 202–39. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781847692122-010.

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Coady, Maria R., Hyunjin Jinna Kim e Nidza V. Marichal. "The Context of Schooling for Early Learners of Spanish in the United States". In Early Language Learning Policy in the 21st Century, 235–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76251-3_11.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Language policy United States"

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Fatmawati, Ayu. "The Heritage Language Policy in United States and Canada". In Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/conaplin-18.2019.71.

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Fatmawati, Ayu. "The Heritage Language Policy in United States and Canada". In Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/conaplin-18.2019.178.

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Fatmawati, Ayu. "The Heritage Language Policy in United States and Canada". In Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/conaplin-18.2019.285.

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Weng, Tsung-han. "Habitus, Ideologies, and Actions: Working-Class and Middle-Class Chinese Immigrant Families' Language Policy in the Midwestern United States". In 2022 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1887380.

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Bedaev, Aleksandr, Elena Mikhailova e Valentina Tikhonova. "Russian diasporas of the Caspian region countries in the implementation of the "Russian world" project". In "The Caspian in the Digital Age" within the framework of the International Scientific Forum "Caspian 2021: Ways of Sustainable Development". Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.rsfe5616.

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A number of state and public organizations take part in pursuing cultural policy and protection of rights of compatriots in the countries of the Caspian region. Russian-speaking communities abroad are regarded as components of " the Russian World" - a civilizational community that unites them around Russia as a historical and cultural centre. The preservation of the Russian language in the post-Soviet states is focused on the studying of the language by the titular peoples of sovereign states as the language of interstate communication with Russia and to ensure favourable conditions for labour migration to Russia. In the Caspian states the status of the Russian-speaking community is constantly declining and decreasing, as well as its cultural role in the life of the independent national states. In a long run, this reduces the base of the functioning of the Russian language in the Caspian countries. The Russian World state project is officially presented as a project on preserving the Russian language in the countries where Russian communities exist. At the same time the analysis of documents and information portals, related to the Russian World program, demonstrates that the policy of the Russian Federation focused on the repatriation of ethnic Russians and Russian-speaking people to Russia lines up with their migration activity.
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Fatima Hajizada, Fatima Hajizada. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN VERSION OF THE BRITISH LANGUAGE". In THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC – PRACTICAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE IN MODERN & SOCIAL SCIENCES: NEW DIMENSIONS, APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES. IRETC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/mssndac-01-10.

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English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. A global language communication is inherent in him. This language is also distinguished by a significant diversity of dialects and speech. It appeared in the early Middle Ages as the spoken language of the Anglo-Saxons. The formation of the British Empire and its expansion led to the widespread English language in Asia, Africa, North America and Australia. As a result, the Metropolitan language became the main communication language in the English colonies, and after independence it became State (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and official (India, Nigeria, Singapore). Being one of the 6 Official Languages of the UN, it is studied as a foreign language in educational institutions of many countries in the modern time [1, 2, s. 12-14]. Despite the dozens of varieties of English, the American (American English) version, which appeared on the territory of the United States, is one of the most widespread. More than 80 per cent of the population in this country knows the American version of the British language as its native language. Although the American version of the British language is not defined as the official language in the US Federal Constitution, it acts with features and standards reinforced in the lexical sphere, the media and the education system. The growing political and economic power of the United States after World War II also had a significant impact on the expansion of the American version of the British language [3]. Currently, this language version has become one of the main topics of scientific research in the field of linguistics, philology and other similar spheres. It should also be emphasized that the American version of the British language paved the way for the creation of thousands of words and expressions, took its place in the general language of English and the world lexicon. “Okay”, “teenager”, “hitchhike”, “landslide” and other words can be shown in this row. The impact of differences in the life and life of colonists in the United States and Great Britain on this language was not significant either. The role of Nature, Climate, Environment and lifestyle should also be appreciated here. There is no officially confirmed language accent in the United States. However, most speakers of national media and, first of all, the CNN channel use the dialect “general American accent”. Here, the main accent of “mid Pppemestern” has been guided. It should also be noted that this accent is inherent in a very small part of the U.S. population, especially in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. But now all Americans easily understand and speak about it. As for the current state of the American version of the British language, we can say that there are some hypotheses in this area. A number of researchers perceive it as an independent language, others-as an English variant. The founder of American spelling, American and British lexicographer, linguist Noah Pondebster treats him as an independent language. He also tried to justify this in his work “the American Dictionary of English” written in 1828 [4]. This position was expressed by a Scottish-born English philologist, one of the authors of the “American English Dictionary”Sir Alexander Craigie, American linguist Raven ioor McDavid Jr. and others also confirm [5]. The second is the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, one of the creators of the descriptive direction of structural linguistics, and other American linguists Edward Sapir and Charles Francis Hockett. There is also another group of “third parties” that accept American English as a regional dialect [5, 6]. A number of researchers [2] have shown that the accent or dialect in the US on the person contains significantly less data in itself than in the UK. In Great Britain, a dialect speaker is viewed as a person with a low social environment or a low education. It is difficult to perceive this reality in the US environment. That is, a person's speech in the American version of the British language makes it difficult to express his social background. On the other hand, the American version of the British language is distinguished by its faster pace [7, 8]. One of the main characteristic features of the American language array is associated with the emphasis on a number of letters and, in particular, the pronunciation of the letter “R”. Thus, in British English words like “port”, “more”, “dinner” the letter “R” is not pronounced at all. Another trend is related to the clear pronunciation of individual syllables in American English. Unlike them, the Britons “absorb”such syllables in a number of similar words [8]. Despite all these differences, an analysis of facts and theoretical knowledge shows that the emergence and formation of the American version of the British language was not an accidental and chaotic process. The reality is that the life of the colonialists had a huge impact on American English. These processes were further deepened by the growing migration trends at the later historical stage. Thus, the language of the English-speaking migrants in America has been developed due to historical conditions, adapted to the existing living environment and new life realities. On the other hand, the formation of this independent language was also reflected in the purposeful policy of the newly formed US state. Thus, the original British words were modified and acquired a fundamentally new meaning. Another point here was that the British acharism, which had long been out of use, gained a new breath and actively entered the speech circulation in the United States. Thus, the analysis shows that the American version of the British language has specific features. It was formed and developed as a result of colonization and expansion. This development is still ongoing and is one of the languages of millions of US states and people, as well as audiences of millions of people. Keywords: American English, English, linguistics, accent.
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Jugl, Sebastian, Aimalohi Okpeku, Brianna Costales, Earl Morris, Golnoosh Alipour-Harris, Juan Hincapie-Castillo, Nichole Stetten et al. "A Mapping Literature Review of Medical Cannabis Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Evidence in Approved Conditions in the United States, from 2016 to 2019". In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.25.

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Background: Medical cannabis is available to patients by physician order in two-thirds of the United States (U.S.) as of 2020, but remains classified as an illicit substance by federal law. States that permit medical cannabis ordered by a physician typically require a diagnosed medical condition that is considered qualifying by respective state law. Objectives: To identify and map the most recently (2016-2019) published clinical and scientific literature across approved conditions for medical cannabis, and to evaluate the quality of identified recent systematic reviews. Methods: Literature search was conducted from five databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov), with expansion and update from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s (NASEM) comprehensive evidence review through 2016 of the health effects of cannabis on several conditions. Following consultation with experts and stakeholders, 11 conditions were identified for evidence evaluation: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autism, cancer, chronic pain, Crohn’s disease, epilepsy, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The following exclusion criteria were imposed: preclinical focus, non-English language, abstracts only, editorials/commentary, case studies/series, and non-U.S. study setting. Data extracted from studies included: study design type, outcome, intervention, sample size, study setting, and reported effect size. Studies classified as systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis were graded using the AMSTAR-2 tool by two raters to evaluate the quality of evidence, with additional raters to resolve cases of evidence grade disagreement. Results: A total of 438 studies were included after screening. Five completed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified, and an additional 11 trials were ongoing, and 1 terminated. Cancer, chronic pain, and epilepsy were the most researched topic areas, representing more than two-thirds of all reviewed studies. The quality of evidence assessment for each condition suggests that few high-quality systematic reviews are available for most conditions, with the exceptions of MS, epilepsy, and chronic pain. In those areas, findings on chronic pain are mostly in alignment with the previous literature, suggesting that cannabis or cannabinoids are potentially beneficial in treating chronic neuropathic pain. In epilepsy, findings suggest that cannabidiol is potentially effective in reducing seizures in pediatric patients with drug-resistant Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes. In MS, recent high-quality systematic reviews did not include new RCTs, and are therefore not substantially expanding the evidence base. In sum, the most recent clinical evidence suggests that for most of the conditions assessed, we identified few studies of substantial rigor and quality to contribute to the evidence base. However, there are some conditions for which significant evidence suggests that select dosage forms and routes of administration likely have favorable risk-benefit ratios (i.e., epilepsy and chronic pain), with the higher quality of evidence for epilepsy driven by FDA-approved formulations for cannabis-based seizure treatments. Conclusion: The body of evidence for medical cannabis requires more rigorous evaluation before consideration as a treatment option for many conditions and evidence necessary to inform policy and treatment guidelines is currently insufficient for many conditions.
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Shropshire, David, e Jess Chandler. "Financing Strategies for a Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facility". In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89255.

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To help meet the nation’s energy needs, recycling of partially used nuclear fuel is required to close the nuclear fuel cycle, but implementing this step will require considerable investment. This report evaluates financing scenarios for integrating recycling facilities into the nuclear fuel cycle. A range of options from fully government owned to fully private owned were evaluated using DPL (Decision Programming Language 6.0), which can systematically optimize outcomes based on user-defined criteria (e.g., lowest life-cycle cost, lowest unit cost). This evaluation concludes that the lowest unit costs and lifetime costs are found for a fully government-owned financing strategy, due to government forgiveness of debt as sunk costs. However, this does not mean that the facilities should necessarily be constructed and operated by the government. The costs for hybrid combinations of public and private (commercial) financed options can compete under some circumstances with the costs of the government option. This analysis shows that commercial operations have potential to be economical, but there is presently no incentive for private industry involvement. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) currently establishes government ownership of partially used commercial nuclear fuel. In addition, the recently announced Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) suggests fuels from several countries will be recycled in the United States as part of an international governmental agreement; this also assumes government ownership. Overwhelmingly, uncertainty in annual facility capacity led to the greatest variations in unit costs necessary for recovery of operating and capital expenditures; the ability to determine annual capacity will be a driving factor in setting unit costs. For private ventures, the costs of capital, especially equity interest rates, dominate the balance sheet; and the annual operating costs, forgiveness of debt, and overnight costs dominate the costs computed for the government case. The uncertainty in operations, leading to lower than optimal processing rates (or annual plant throughput), is the most detrimental issue to achieving low unit costs. Conversely, lowering debt interest rates and the required return on investments can reduce costs for private industry.
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Nielsen, Sarah. "Principal Evaluation in the United States: A National Policy Analysis". In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1576602.

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Prabowo, Hilmi, Nanik Trihastuti e Darminto Hartono. "United States Policy on China Steel Products Viewed From GATT/WTO". In 1st International Conference on Science and Technology in Administration and Management Information, ICSTIAMI 2019, 17-18 July 2019, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.17-7-2019.2303009.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Language policy United States"

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Tare, Medha, Susanne Nobles e Wendy Xiao. Partnerships that Work: Tapping Research to Address Learner Variability in Young Readers. Digital Promise, março de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/67.

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Over the past several decades, the student population in the United States has grown more diverse by factors including race, socioeconomic status, primary language spoken at home, and learning differences. At the same time, learning sciences research has advanced our understanding of learner variability and the importance of grounding educational practice and policy in the individual, rather than the fiction of an average student. To address this gap, LVP distills existing research on cognitive, social and emotional, content area, and background Learner Factors that affect learning in various domains, such as reading and math. In conjunction with the development process, LPS researchers worked with ReadWorks to design studies to assess the impact of the newly implemented features on learner outcomes.
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Grant, James M. United States Foreign Policy Toward Nicaragua. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, março de 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada220627.

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Nichols, Scott R., e Howard J. Wiarda. United States Security Policy in Latin America. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, fevereiro de 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada440871.

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Christy, Donald P. United States Policy on Weapons in Space. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, março de 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada449545.

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Albert, Blace C. United States Energy Policy: Security Not Independence. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, março de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589037.

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Klemencic, John V. United States Policy for Anti-Personnel Landmines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, janeiro de 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada345447.

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Johnson, Max C. Refining United States Policy on Offensive Cyber Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, novembro de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012757.

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King, David M. What Should be United States Policy for Iran? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, março de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423706.

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Montaperto, Ronald N., James J. Przystup, Gerald W. Faber e Adam Schwarz. Indonesian Democratic Transition: Implications for United States Policy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, abril de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada385911.

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Kelly, Luke. Emerging Trends Within the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) Agenda. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), janeiro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.019.

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This report has identified emerging issues within the women, peace and security (WPS) agenda. Climate change has long been identified as a key cross-cutting issue and several potential avenues for WPS policy are identified. Other issues such as artificial intelligence (AI) have been highlighted as potentially relevant, but relatively little discussed with respect to WPS. The WPS agenda focuses on addressing the gendered impact of conflict and seeking to prevent conflict through increased women’s participation. In this report, WPS is understood as a body of UN Security Council resolutions (UNSCRs) and state national action plans (NAPs) labelled as WPS; as well as other UN and state policies using the language and ideas of WPS; and actions and ideas produced by civil society and academics inspired by the United Nations (UN) agenda or sharing ideas with it. The report focuses on new and emerging issues identified by academics and policymakers as relevant to the WPS agenda. Emerging trends and issues are broadly understood as: • Parts of the WPS agenda that are increasingly part of policies formulated by the UN, member states or civil society actors. • Parts of the WPS agenda that scholars or policymakers think have been neglected or not implemented sufficiently. • Re-interpretations of the framing of the WPS agenda. • New areas to which it is argued WPS should be applied. • Parallel international policy agendas with conceptual or legislative overlap with WPS. Emerging trends and issues are discussed with reference to their status in policy and implementation; normative debates about their place in the WPS agenda; and evidence on their implications for and applicability to certain contexts. The report does not seek to predict or assess the future trends or their relative importance, beyond highlighted existing interpretations of their status, implementation and potential implications. The report discusses a variety of emerging issues. These include issues where the WPS agenda has already been applied, but where its implementation –or lack thereof – has been criticised, such as in counterterrorism and arms control, or the conceptualisation of gender. The ability of WPS instruments to address changing forms of conflict has also been criticised. Issues to which it is argued that WPS should, and could, be applied more thoroughly, such as gang violence and trafficking, are discussed. The report includes new fields such as cybersecurity and AI, about which there is relatively little literature linked to WPS, but agreement that it may be relevant.
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