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Adger, W. Neil, Katrina Brown, Robert S. Shiel e Martin C. Whitby. "Carbon dynamics of land use in Great Britain". Journal of Environmental Management 36, n.º 2 (outubro de 1992): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(05)80139-2.
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Qi, Aiming, Robert A. Holland, Gail Taylor e Goetz M. Richter. "Grassland futures in Great Britain – Productivity assessment and scenarios for land use change opportunities". Science of The Total Environment 634 (setembro de 2018): 1108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.395.
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Foulds, Simon A., e Mark G. Macklin. "Holocene land-use change and its impact on river basin dynamics in Great Britain and Ireland". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, n.º 5 (outubro de 2006): 589–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133306071143.
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River basins in Great Britain and Ireland have been characterized by periods of hillslope and valley floor instability during the Holocene, reflecting sensitivity to both climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. In contrast to climatic controls, which have been relatively well documented, human impacts on and interactions with river basins remain unclear. There is now, however, a growing impetus to elucidate more fully the impact of anthropogenic activity on sediment supply and runoff, given that land-use change is thought to have exacerbated recent flooding in the UK (eg, the ‘Millennium'floods of 2000). The aim of this paper is to critically review the significance of Holocene land use on hillslope and valley floor stability in Great Britain and Ireland. The most widely reported impacts of land-use change on geomorphic activity include hillslope erosion and gully development, valley floor alluviation, river channel incision and elevated water tables. In the majority of cases, however, causal relationships are difficult to establish, due primarily to inadequate dating control. Even where geomorphic instability can be linked to land-use change, it is apparent that eroded material is often stored as colluvium, which together with evidence of diachronus hillslope and valley floor instability, raises important questions and identifies uncertainties regarding the dynamics and extent of sediment transfer within river basins. Such uncertainty has important implications for understanding how river basins will behave in response to future environmental change.
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Martay, Blaise, James W. Pearce-Higgins, Sarah J. Harris e Simon Gillings. "Monitoring landscape-scale environmental changes with citizen scientists: Twenty years of land use change in Great Britain". Journal for Nature Conservation 44 (julho de 2018): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.03.001.
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Gulliver, John, Kees de Hoogh, Anna Hansell e Danielle Vienneau. "Development and Back-Extrapolation of NO2 Land Use Regression Models for Historic Exposure Assessment in Great Britain". Environmental Science & Technology 47, n.º 14 (27 de junho de 2013): 7804–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4008849.
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Tomlinson, Samuel J., Ulrike Dragosits, Peter E. Levy, Amanda M. Thomson e Janet Moxley. "Quantifying gross vs. net agricultural land use change in Great Britain using the Integrated Administration and Control System". Science of The Total Environment 628-629 (julho de 2018): 1234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.067.
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Sokolova, A., e M. Cherkashina. "Lease contract of water objects: environmental and legal aspects and prospects for use". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, n.º 74 (31 de janeiro de 2023): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.74.20.
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It is emphasized that, despite social changes in the world, general processes and the importance of restoration, protection and conservation of the natural environment, there are acute problems of rational and effective use of natural resources and complexes in Ukraine. This does not fully correspond to the commonly recognized concept of the need to consider the interests of future generations and meet the contemporary needs of humanity. Based on this, it has been proven that there is an urgent need to provide the introduction of rational and effective use of natural resources and complexes, as well as to restore and preserve the latter, in order to correct the current situation, guarantee the realization of the environmental rights of every citizen of our country and the right to use natural resources in particular.
An analysis of the norms of the current domestic legislation, in particular, water and land legislation, whose prescriptions regulate relations with the use of natural objects, including water ones, was carried out. It is argued that one of the priority steps now should be the development of a special legal mechanism, for example, by spreading the practice of using objects under a lease contract. Based on the modern trends in the functioning and development of environmental law and its leading sub-branches - water and land, it is proved that when studying the contract for the lease of water (water objects), namely its legal nature, it is of great interest to clearly establish as its object, as well as essential features of the latter.
The ecological state of water objects on the territory of our country is characterized. It was found out that the main reason for the clear separation and legislative consolidation of the types of intended use when renting the mentioned objects is their functional purpose, since the components of the water ecosystem are interdependent and interconnected. It is proposed to bring in accordance with the provisions of the Water Code of Ukraine art. 59 of the Land Code of Ukraine, making changes to the list of types of targeted rental use. Proposals for improving the environmental (in particular, water and land) legislation of Ukraine regarding the legal basis of the water lease contract are substantiated.
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Coxon, Gemma, Nans Addor, John P. Bloomfield, Jim Freer, Matt Fry, Jamie Hannaford, Nicholas J. K. Howden et al. "CAMELS-GB: hydrometeorological time series and landscape attributes for 671 catchments in Great Britain". Earth System Science Data 12, n.º 4 (12 de outubro de 2020): 2459–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2459-2020.
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Abstract. We present the first large-sample catchment hydrology dataset for Great Britain, CAMELS-GB (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies). CAMELS-GB collates river flows, catchment attributes and catchment boundaries from the UK National River Flow Archive together with a suite of new meteorological time series and catchment attributes. These data are provided for 671 catchments that cover a wide range of climatic, hydrological, landscape, and human management characteristics across Great Britain. Daily time series covering 1970–2015 (a period including several hydrological extreme events) are provided for a range of hydro-meteorological variables including rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, temperature, radiation, humidity, and river flow. A comprehensive set of catchment attributes is quantified including topography, climate, hydrology, land cover, soils, and hydrogeology. Importantly, we also derive human management attributes (including attributes summarising abstractions, returns, and reservoir capacity in each catchment), as well as attributes describing the quality of the flow data including the first set of discharge uncertainty estimates (provided at multiple flow quantiles) for Great Britain. CAMELS-GB (Coxon et al., 2020; available at https://doi.org/10.5285/8344e4f3-d2ea-44f5-8afa-86d2987543a9) is intended for the community as a publicly available, easily accessible dataset to use in a wide range of environmental and modelling analyses.
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Zhao, Shengyu, Kaiwen Tu, Shutong Ye, Hao Tang, Yaocong Hu e Chao Xie. "Land Use and Land Cover Classification Meets Deep Learning: A Review". Sensors 23, n.º 21 (3 de novembro de 2023): 8966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218966.
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As one of the important components of Earth observation technology, land use and land cover (LULC) image classification plays an essential role. It uses remote sensing techniques to classify specific categories of ground cover as a means of analyzing and understanding the natural attributes of the Earth’s surface and the state of land use. It provides important information for applications in environmental protection, urban planning, and land resource management. However, remote sensing images are usually high-dimensional data and have limited available labeled samples, so performing the LULC classification task faces great challenges. In recent years, due to the emergence of deep learning technology, remote sensing data processing methods based on deep learning have achieved remarkable results, bringing new possibilities for the research and development of LULC classification. In this paper, we present a systematic review of deep-learning-based LULC classification, mainly covering the following five aspects: (1) introduction of the main components of five typical deep learning networks, how they work, and their unique benefits; (2) summary of two baseline datasets for LULC classification (pixel-level, patch-level) and performance metrics for evaluating different models (OA, AA, F1, and MIOU); (3) review of deep learning strategies in LULC classification studies, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), autoencoders (AEs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), and recurrent neural networks (RNNs); (4) challenges faced by LULC classification and processing schemes under limited training samples; (5) outlooks on the future development of deep-learning-based LULC classification.
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Petrakovska, Olga, e Mariia Mykhalova. "STRUCTURING OF LAND USE RESTRICTIONS IN UKRAINE". Spatial development, n.º 3 (14 de abril de 2023): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2786-7269.2023.3.134-143.
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Establishing land use restrictions as a mechanism for ensuring favourable conditions for the life of the population and sustainable development of territories is of great importance. The study analysed the diversity of restrictions on land use, determined the grounds for setting land use restrictions, carried out their aggregation and structuring according to various characteristics, taking into account legal, spatial, social, economic and ecological aspects. During the research, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison and system methods were used. Restrictions on land use are diversified in nature, size and grounds for establishment. The main basis for imposing restrictions on the land use in Ukraine is the necessity of natural resources preservation; ensuring the economic efficiency of territory development; ensuring social justice and protection of the population; environmental stability preservation territory restoration in the post-war period. The classification of land use restrictions is proposed depending on various classification features. The most significant among which are: presence of the mode-forming object as a basis for restriction; degree of determination; planning characteristics; validity term; ownerships of land in the area of limitations; access mode status for beneficiaries of specified benefits. The results of the study illustrate the need to further definition of the assessment of the impact of restrictions on social life.
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Zhang, Jie, Yajing Wang e Jiangfeng Li. "Maximize Eco-Economic Benefits with Minimum Land Resources Input: Evaluation and Evolution of Land Use Eco-Efficiency of Agglomerations in Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n.º 3 (21 de janeiro de 2023): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031985.
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Increasing land-use eco-efficiency can alleviate human-land conflict in urban areas as well as improve regional urbanization quality to achieve sustainable development. As the central urban agglomeration in China, the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (MRYR) has experienced rapid urbanization and huge land-use change during 2000 to 2020, which poses great threats to its ecological environment. This study adopted the Super-Slack-Based Data Envelopment Analysis (Super SBM-DEA) model to evaluate the eco-efficiency of land use in MRYR. The result shows that the average eco-efficiency value of land use is above 0.77 for each year, indicating that the general efficiency is at a middle level. The trend of the evolution of the eco-efficiency can be summarized as a “U-shape” style curve. The variance between the four urban agglomerations of the MRYR changed over time. Not all capital cities or cities with higher GDP per capita obtain higher eco-efficiency in this study. Policy intervention, population and land use, technique, and environmental pollution are influencing factors of land-use eco-efficiency. Based on slacks analysis, this study proposed the optimization of the land-use structure to improve eco-efficiency from four aspects of land-use structure, investment and labor, ecosystem services value (ESV) and environment pollution, and industry structure.
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Wood, Claire M., Simon M. Smart, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, David C. Howard, W. Andrew Scott e Peter A. Henrys. "Long-term vegetation monitoring in Great Britain – the Countryside Survey 1978–2007 and beyond". Earth System Science Data 9, n.º 2 (20 de julho de 2017): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-445-2017.
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Abstract. The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain provides a globally unique series of datasets, consisting of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The same sites, with some additional squares, were used for subsequent surveys of vegetation undertaken in 1990, 1998 and 2007, with the intention of future surveys. Other data records include soils, freshwater habitats and invertebrates, and land cover and landscape feature diversity and extents. These data have been recorded in the same locations on analogous dates. However, the present paper describes only the details of the vegetation surveys. The survey design is a series of gridded, stratified, randomly selected 1 km squares taken as representative of classes derived from a statistical environmental classification of Britain. In the 1978 survey, 256 one-kilometre sample squares were recorded, increasing to 506 in 1990, 569 in 1998 and 591 in 2007. Initially each square contained up to 11 dispersed vegetation plots but additional plots were later placed in different features so that eventually up to 36 additional sampling plots were recorded, all of which can be relocated where possible (unless the plot has been lost, for example as a consequence of building work), providing a total of 16 992 plots by 2007. Plots are estimated to have a precise relocation accuracy of 85 %. A range of plots located in different land cover types and landscape features (for example, field boundaries) are included. Although a range of analyses have already been carried out, with changes in the vegetation being related to a range of drivers at local and national scales, there is major potential for further analyses, for example in relation to climate change. Although the precise locations of the plots are restricted, largely for reasons of landowner confidentiality, sample sites are intended to be representative of larger areas, and many potential opportunities for further analyses remain. Data from each of the survey years (1978, 1990, 1998, 2007) are available via the following DOIs: Countryside Survey 1978 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/67bbfabb-d981-4ced-b7e7-225205de9c96), Countryside Survey 1990 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/26e79792-5ffc-4116-9ac7-72193dd7f191), Countryside Survey 1998 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/07896bb2-7078-468c-b56d-fb8b41d47065), Countryside Survey 2007 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/57f97915-8ff1-473b-8c77-2564cbd747bc).
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Pérez-Gimeno, Ana, José Navarro-Pedreño, María Belén Almendro-Candel, Ignacio Gómez e Antonis A. Zorpas. "The use of wastes (organic and inorganic) in land restoration in relation to their characteristics and cost". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, n.º 5 (22 de fevereiro de 2019): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19828171.
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The great extent of degraded soils in southeast Spain makes it necessary to carry out restoration and rehabilitation strategies. In addition, the great amount of wastes produced need to be properly managed. Several types of wastes and amendments (organic and inorganic) can be applied for soil rehabilitation and land restoration. When large areas must be restored several aspects should be considered, such as availability of the waste, its characteristics, and transport. This research focuses on the characterization and the cost of 12 waste types and amendments (such as sewage sludge compost, brown peat, black peat, fertilized peat, earthworm humus, straw hay, palm tree leaves, pine bark, exfoliated vermiculite, expanded perlite, limestone outcrops, and volcanic crushed stones) obtained from four different sources. All of them were characterized following the UNE standards for soil amendments and the cost was obtained as a mean value of four different sources. The results indicate a great variability of properties between organic and inorganic materials, as was expected. Depending on the type of restoration, the characteristics, and the cost, the materials can be selected for an adequate purpose. Sewage sludge compost is a good alternative for application in large areas related to its characteristics (organic matter content and nutrient availability) and low cost. For inorganic amendments, natural limestone outcrops were the low-cost alternative. The use of both wastes (composted sewage sludge and limestone raw materials) for soil rehabilitation can facilitate the reduction of landfill disposal and add value for these wastes. Moreover, the results are very useful for scientists and engineers who deal with the development of rehabilitation and restoration strategies.
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Kolomiets, A. G. "Innovations and protection of property rights in the era of radical economic transformations". Voprosy Ekonomiki, n.º 9 (28 de setembro de 2018): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-9-95-113.
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Formation of the ecosystem of knowledge economy assumes creation of necessary institutional conditions. The most important elements of these conditions are property rights and mechanisms of their security. The paper discusses the questions of formation of institutional prerequisites of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and claims that the evolution of property land rights (land during a pre-industrial era was the basic common resource) provided exclusivity of the rights of large landowners. It also shows the importance in this process of the English educated and ruling class with its ideological and moral traditions, which were marked by the emphasis on individualism and subjectivity. It is concluded that one needs to carefully treat the recommendations based on the experience of the Industrial Revolution. In the knowledge economy, the efficient use of common resources (the main of them being information) for creating innovations involves the development of the distributed property rights system and its protection.
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Yu, Bao, Jianmei Wang e Ya Li. "Environmental Aspects of the European Experience in Landscape Planning". Problemy Ekorozwoju 17, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2022): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2022.1.28.
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Understanding all the possibilities of environmentally oriented landscape planning will contribute to the effective environmental planning of the territory and nature management in general. Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to investigate the experience of the European countries towards the introduction of an effective system of environmentally oriented landscape planning and improvement of territories, as well as their protection. For this purpose, it is necessary to comprehensively study the strengths and weaknesses of existing developments in the field of environmentally oriented landscape planning in Europe. An analysis of the best practices of environmentally oriented landscape planning in such countries as Great Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, etc. has been conducted. The findings allowed to state that the effectiveness of development and implementation of substantial planning for landscape design depends not only on the volume and depth of research, but to a very large extent from their reasonable and productive organisation. The paper summarises that in environmentally oriented landscape planning, it is first necessary to determine the reasons for planning. Before choosing the object and territory of planning, it is necessary to find out: who are the potential customers and investors – their goals and motivation; what are the problem situations and conflicts in nature management in the area; what is the practical use of the results of landscape planning; the purpose of the territory, including cartographic; the availability of source information, and more. And then make decisions regarding the stages of landscape planning, taking into account the environmental component and, accordingly, the implementation of the idea of landscape planning.
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Martínez-de la Torre, Alberto, Eleanor M. Blyth e Graham P. Weedon. "Using observed river flow data to improve the hydrological functioning of the JULES land surface model (vn4.3) used for regional coupled modelling in Great Britain (UKC2)". Geoscientific Model Development 12, n.º 2 (20 de fevereiro de 2019): 765–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-765-2019.
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Abstract. Land surface models (LSMs) represent terrestrial hydrology in weather and climate modelling operational systems and research studies. We aim to improve hydrological performance in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) LSM that is used for distributed hydrological modelling within the new land–atmosphere–ocean coupled prediction system UKC2 (UK regional Coupled environmental prediction system 2). Using river flow observations from gauge stations, we study the capability of JULES to simulate river flow at 1 km2 spatial resolution within 13 catchments in Great Britain that exhibit a variety of climatic and topographic characteristics. Tests designed to identify where the model results are sensitive to the scheme and parameters chosen for runoff production indicate that different catchments require different parameters and even different runoff schemes for optimal results. We introduce a new parameterisation of topographic variation that produces the best daily river flow results (in terms of Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and mean bias) for all 13 catchments. The new parameterisation introduces a dependency on terrain slope, constraining surface runoff production to wet soil conditions over flatter regions, whereas over steeper regions the model produces surface runoff for every rainfall event regardless of the soil wetness state. This new parameterisation improves the model performance across Great Britain. As an example, in the Thames catchment, which has extensive areas of flat terrain, the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency exceeds 0.8 using the new parameterisation. We use cross-spectral analysis to evaluate the amplitude and phase of the modelled versus observed river flows over timescales of 2 days to 10 years. This demonstrates that the model performance is modified by changing the parameterisation by different amounts over annual, weekly-to-monthly and multi-day timescales in different catchments, providing insights into model deficiencies on particular timescales, but it reinforces the newly developed parameterisation.
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Wood, Claire M., Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, Simon M. Smart, W. Andrew Scott, Peter A. Henrys et al. "Ecological landscape elements: long-term monitoring in Great Britain, the Countryside Survey 1978–2007 and beyond". Earth System Science Data 10, n.º 2 (16 de abril de 2018): 745–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-745-2018.
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Abstract. The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain (GB) provides a unique and statistically robust series of datasets, consisting of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to provide a baseline for ecological and land use change monitoring in the rural environment of GB, following a stratified random design, based on 1 km squares. Originally, eight random 1 km squares were drawn from each of 32 environmental classes, thus comprising 256 sample squares in the 1978 survey. The number of these sites increased to 382 in 1984, 506 in 1990, 569 in 1998 and 591 in 2007. Detailed information regarding vegetation types and land use was mapped in all five surveys, allowing reporting by defined standard habitat classifications. Additionally, point and linear landscape features (such as trees and hedgerows) are available from all surveys after 1978. From these stratified, randomly located sample squares, information can be converted into national estimates, with associated error terms. Other data, relating to soils, freshwater and vegetation, were also sampled on analogous dates. However, the present paper describes only the surveys of landscape features and habitats. The resulting datasets provide a unique, comprehensive, quantitative ecological coverage of extent and change in these features in GB. Basic results are presented and their implications discussed. However, much opportunity for further analyses remains. Data from each of the survey years are available via the following DOIs: Landscape area data 1978: https://doi.org/10.5285/86c017ba-dc62-46f0-ad13-c862bf31740e, 1984: https://doi.org/10.5285/b656bb43-448d-4b2c-aade-7993aa243ea3, 1990: https://doi.org/10.5285/94f664e5-10f2-4655-bfe6-44d745f5dca7, 1998: https://doi.org/10.5285/1e050028-5c55-42f4-a0ea-c895d827b824, and 2007: https://doi.org/10.5285/bf189c57-61eb-4339-a7b3-d2e81fdde28d; Landscape linear feature data 1984: https://doi.org/10.5285/a3f5665c-94b2-4c46-909e-a98be97857e5, 1990: https://doi.org/10.5285/311daad4-bc8c-485a-bc8a-e0d054889219, 1998: https://doi.org/10.5285/8aaf6f8c-c245-46bb-8a2a-f0db012b2643 and 2007: https://doi.org/10.5285/e1d31245-4c0a-4dee-b36c-b23f1a697f88, Landscape point feature data 1984: https://doi.org/10.5285/124b872e-036e-4dd3-8316-476b5f42c16e, 1990: https://doi.org/10.5285/1481bc63-80d7-4d18-bcba-8804aa0a9e1b, 1998: https://doi.org/10.5285/ed10944f-40c8-4913-b3f5-13c8e844e153 and 2007: https://doi.org/10.5285/55dc5fd7-d3f7-4440-b8a7-7187f8b0550b.
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Cui, Wen He, Qian Yu Chen e Yu Li. "Strategy Research of Landscape Construction of Green Village Settlement — Take Ansai as an Example". Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (outubro de 2011): 1296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1296.
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In this paper, dry farming area in northern Shaanxi unique geographical and natural environment and industrial restructuring brought about great changes in the background. Analyzed and summarized in Ansai area landscape to the status of rural settlements. From a rational land use and agricultural landscape planning, rural communities to create green, ecological environmental protection three aspects of green rural landscape to create a strategy, And proposed the establishment of green rural landscape of the "production - Living - ecology" compound operation mechanism.
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Zhao, Yanqi, Yue Zhang, Ying Yang, Fan Li, Rongkun Dai, Jianlin Li, Mingshi Wang e Zhenhua Li. "The Impact of Land Use Structure Change on Utilization Performance in Henan Province, China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n.º 5 (27 de fevereiro de 2023): 4251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054251.
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Because of the trends in population growth and rapid industrialization and urbanization, the intensity and structure of land use are undergoing great changes. Henan Province is an important economic province and a major grain producing and energy consumption area, and its land use plays a key role in the sustainable development of the whole of China. This study takes Henan Province as the research object, selects panel statistical data from 2010 to 2020, and discusses the land use structure (LUS) in Henan Province in terms of three aspects: information entropy, analysis of land use dynamic change, and land type conversion matrix. Based on the indicator system “social economy (SE)—ecological environment (EE)—agricultural production (AP)—energy consumption (EC)”, a land use performance (LUP) evaluation model was constructed to judge the performance of various land use types in Henan Province. Finally, the relational degree between LUS and LUP was calculated through the grey correlation. The results show that among the eight land use types in the study area since 2010, land used for water and water conservancy facilities increased by 4%. In addition, transport and garden land changed significantly, and was mainly converted from cultivated land (decreased by 6674 km2) and other land. From the perspective of LUP, the increase in ecological environment performance is the most obvious, while agriculture performance is lagging behind; it is worth paying attention to the energy consumption performance, which is decreasing year by year. There is an obvious correlation between LUS and LUP. LUS in Henan Province presents a gradually stable state, and the transformation of land types promotes LUP. Proposing an effective and convenient evaluation method to explore the relationship between LUS and LUP is very beneficial in helping stakeholders to actively focus more on optimizing land resource management and decision making for the coordinated and sustainable development among agricultural, socio-economic, eco-environmental, and energy systems.
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Kalfas, Dimitrios, Stavros Kalogiannidis, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis e Ermelinda Toska. "Urbanization and Land Use Planning for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Case Study of Greece". Urban Science 7, n.º 2 (24 de abril de 2023): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7020043.
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Sustainable development has attracted the attention of social-economic, spatial well-being, and cultural continuity advocates across the world. However, the processes involved in land use as well as urban development have continued to affect the attainment of sustainable development. This study assessed the effects of urbanization and land use planning on achieving sustainable development goals. The data were collected using a survey questionnaire from 384 different government leaders in Greece. The study showed that the indicators of urbanization quality have a positive effect on sustainable development goals. It was revealed that there is a significant relationship between integrated land use strategies and sustainable development goals. The study showed that indicators of urbanization quality are very key to achieving different SDGs. This indicates that sustainable urbanization entails more than just converting agricultural land and forests without making any changes to them into cities, and it is equally one of the answers to the problem of the world’s population growth if it is done with vision and dedication. The study clearly shows that integrated land use strategies are important in achieving the SDGs. In this case, land use planning is mostly a local effort, though some nations employ guiding land use plans created at the regional or inter-municipal level. Furthermore, urbanization opportunities and land-use plans have a great influence on the achievement of sustainable development goals. Notably, the goal of sustainable urban development is to make urban areas “sustainable” as well as to build or reinforce the city’s sustainability-related economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects. It then goes on to discover how to spread that idea and why it is important to be focused, using various definitions. The fundamental idea of sustainable urban development is then realized by reviewing the ideas and principles of sustainable development. Finally, some general recommendations are made regarding urban planning, sustainable urban development, and the significance of establishing the necessary conditions for its realization. Urban sustainability and proper use of land require structural changes as well as significant, fundamental shifts at all societal levels.
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Dejun, Yin, Zhang Min, Liu Huiyu, Xiang Siyuan, Yang Wu e Yang Mingxing. "Ecology of Yuqing County Carbon Sink Calculation and Ecosystem Protection Measures". Applied Science and Innovative Research 7, n.º 2 (2 de maio de 2023): p84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/asir.v7n2p84.
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Based on the remote sensing statistical data of land use of terrestrial ecosystems in Yuqing County, this paper calculates the amount of carbon sinks in the county according to the existing carbon sink carbon density index, compares the amount of different types of carbon sinks, and analyzes their respective carbon sink potential. The results show that the forest carbon sink is the largest, about 2.2 million tons, accounting for 75% of the total carbon sink in the county, showing the great potential of forest vegetation to absorb CO2 through photosynthesis, followed by the carbon sink produced by dry land (cultivated land), about 400,000 tons, accounting for 13% of the total carbon sink in the county; Although the amount of wetland aquatic carbon sink is small, its carbon density is very large, and it has the advantages of short renewal time and fast carbon sink, so it has great potential and can be artificially regulated to increase carbon sink. Based on the above research and analysis, combined with the spirit of the national carbon peak and carbon neutral policy and the natural law of ecosystem development, three measures to protect and increase carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems were put forward: (1) continuing to carry out forestry planting and do a good job in forestry protection; (2) stabilizing the surface water area and developing aquatic carbon sinks; (3) Establish a long-term monitoring system to ensure the contribution of carbon sinks, provide support for the protection of ecosystem and the development of carbon sink potential in Yuqing County from two aspects of science and management, and compare the amount of different types of carbon sinks, and analyze their carbon sink potential. On this basis, combined with the spirit of the national carbon peak and carbon neutral policy and the natural law of ecosystem development, three kinds of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink protection and increase wording were put forward accordingly, which provided support for ecosystem protection and carbon sink potential development in Yuqing County from two aspects of science and management.
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Pavliv, Oksana. "International experience in regulating land relations and its adaptation in Ukraine". Democratic governance 32, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2023): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/dg2023.02.172.
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Abstract. The article reveals ways of adapting the international experience of regulating land relations in Ukraine. The experience of France, Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Germany was analyzed. It was found that Ukraine should search for its vectors of development of land relations, answering a large number of complex questions that will arise during this process. Areas of regulation of land relations in foreign countries worthy of implementation in Ukraine are highlighted: to ensure prioritization of the agrarian and ecological system; to develop a risk management system that determines the relevance, modernity and effectiveness of preventive means of public management of land relations; to activate the further development of the cadastral system; to involve the public in management in the field of land relations, which will include the following areas: integrated village development projects, production of agricultural products; stability of agricultural production volumes, which is determined by a powerful subsidy system, etc.; to ensure the distribution of land according to the "effective owner" rule, which provides for the provision of land plots to owners who manage the land independently, live in the given territory and contribute to the development of local infrastructure and filling of the local budget; to ensure that agricultural lands are under state control in order to eliminate speculative transactions with land resources and to prevent fragmentation of peasant farms and the lands included in them when the owner changes; create companies like the French SAFER with the aim of establishing fixed prices for agricultural land, creating a single national base of agricultural land, protecting small and medium-sized businesses, preventing the spread of unemployment in territorial communities; organize small businesses and create jobs on the territory of small administrative units with large intensive highly specialized farms and small specialized farms; to regulate the agricultural land market using such levers as: prices, taxes, quantitative restrictions on sales, acquisition and use of land, state ordering of agricultural products, etc.
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Godtman Kling, Dahlberg e Wall-Reinius. "Negotiating Improved Multifunctional Landscape Use: Trails as Facilitators for Collaboration Among Stakeholders". Sustainability 11, n.º 13 (26 de junho de 2019): 3511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133511.
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Trails are significant features in landscapes, and many ancient pathways have developed into routes of great importance for recreation and tourism in contemporary societies. Nevertheless, international research on recreational trails has hitherto mainly focused on managerial and environmental aspects of trails and less on trails from a social science perspective, such as conflict management. This study explores the role of recreational trails as a potential tool for managing conflicts in a multifunctional landscape. The findings originate from a case study of the southern Jämtland mountain region in Sweden, an area where land-use conflicts exist and where tourism is a major concern. The study examines the recreational trail as an applied example where actors in the mountain landscape “negotiate” and collaborate. Through the recreational trail, dialogue and discussions are made possible among stakeholders. Findings show that trails can function as facilitators for communication and can thus enhance the possibilities of building trust and promoting collaboration between actors. This research contributes to the existing literature on handling multiple land-use interests and adds to previous knowledge by taking on a rather new approach, where the recreational trail becomes a facilitator for communication.
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Bowes, Alison, Alison Dawson e Rosalie Ashworth. "Time for care: exploring time use by carers of older people". Ageing and Society 40, n.º 8 (29 de março de 2019): 1735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000205.
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AbstractThe paper focuses on temporal aspects of informal caring for older people. Limitations of large-scale surveys in capturing such data are noted and time-use methodology, despite its own limitations, is proposed as a promising alternative. Adopting a critical perspective on time that includes carers’ own conceptualisations, we report the findings of a qualitative study of carers’ time use. Sixty-two interviews with carers, male/female, co-resident/not co-resident, employed/not employed, and located across Great Britain were conducted. Analysis considered people's own diverse and ambiguous views of their care activities. Carers’ accounts of their time revealed non-linear experiences and a sense of being permanently on call. Interviewees often travelled distances to engage in support activities with or for older people. Changes over time were pervasive, increasing or reducing care requirements. Unanticipated events could precipitate radical changes in time use. Managing time, exercising temporal agency, was particularly apparent in accounts of care, employment, other family responsibilities and choices about friendship. Measurement of carers’ time use which draws on the conceptual foundation of carers’ own perspectives on time may provide more effective quantitative understanding of the temporal aspects of caring. It should not pre-define time, must grasp a variety of tasks, take account of intermittent activity, incorporate the 24–7 experience of many carers and demonstrate how caring time interacts with other time.
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Xiao, Tianzheng, Huapu Lu, Jianyu Wang e Katrina Wang. "Predicting and Interpreting Spatial Accidents through MDLSTM". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 4 (3 de fevereiro de 2021): 1430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041430.
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Predicting and interpreting the spatial location and causes of traffic accidents is one of the current hot topics in traffic safety. This research purposed a multi-dimensional long-short term memory neural network model (MDLSTM) to fit the non-linear relationships between traffic accident characteristics and land use properties, which are further interpreted to form local and general rules. More variables are taken into account as the input land use properties and the output traffic accident characteristics. Five types of traffic accident characteristics are simultaneously predicted with higher accuracy, and three levels of interpretation, including the hidden factor-traffic potential, the potential-determine factors, which varies between grid cells, and the general rules across the whole study area are analyzed. Based on the model, some interesting insights were revealed including the division line in the potential traffic accidents in Shenyang (China). It is also purposed that the relationship between land use and accidents differ from previous researches in the neighboring and regional aspects. Neighboring grids have strong spatial connections so that the relationship of accidents in a continuous area is relatively similar. In a larger region, the spatial location is found to have a great influence on the traffic accident and has a strong directionality.
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Liu, Lina, Jiansheng Qu, Feng Gao, Tek Narayan Maraseni, Shaojian Wang, Suman Aryal, Zhenhua Zhang e Rong Wu. "Land Use Carbon Emissions or Sink: Research Characteristics, Hotspots and Future Perspectives". Land 13, n.º 3 (23 de fevereiro de 2024): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13030279.
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The land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector, as a source and a sink of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is critical for achieving carbon neutrality. Many academic journals have published papers on land use carbon emission or sink (LUCES), but LUCES reviews are relatively rare, which poses great challenges in accurately understanding the research progress and future prospects. This work analyzes the research characteristics, hotspots and future perspectives of LUCES research by using a bibliometric analysis (such as DDA, VOSviewer, CiteSpace software) and a review based on the data (6115 scientific papers) during 1991–2023 from the Web of Science (WOS) platform. We found that (1) over the past 33 years, it first presented a steady growth, then fluctuating growth, and finally a rapid growth trend in the yearly number of publications in LUCES research. The USA (17.31%), China (14.96%), and the UK (7.37%) occupy a dominant position in this research field. (2) The related LUCES research is interdisciplinary, which mainly cover science and technology, meteorology and atmospheric sciences, geology, and environmental sciences and ecology disciplines. (3) The research hotspot analysis on LUCES shows that these articles mostly covered the follow three aspects: ecosystem services, climate change, and carbon neutrality. (4) A review of the past LUCES literature suggests that it is mainly focused on exploring the forefront issues in terms of the definition and boundaries, evaluation method and influencing factors, etc. This work suggests that further research could explore the main scientific problems on quantification of land-based carbon neutrality, quantitative analysis of the impact mechanisms, as well as interdisciplinary research and collaborative governance needed for carbon neutrality.
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SHEVCHUK, ANATOLY V. "ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ARCTIC DEVELOPMENT". Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 226, n.º 6 (2020): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2020-226-6-146-162.
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The Arctic is of great importance for the development of the country’s economy. At the same time, the active entry of industry into this region brings with it environmental risks. The most difficult issues for reducing environmental stress in this zone are the elimination of accumulated environmental damage, prevention and elimination of accidents. The important decisions made in the development of the Arctic provide for the implementation of environmental protection measures based on the national project “Ecology”. Large industrial enterprises located in the Arctic will play a significant role in this. To ensure conditions for the further development of the economy in this zone, it is necessary to intensify the work on cleaning up the contaminated areas, including the completion of a project for the ecological improvement of the Franz Josef Land archipelago. The issue of assessing and eliminating the consequences of accidents is relevant for the Arctic, but in this direction it is necessary to improve the regulatory and methodological base. Based on the results of the study, specific measures are proposed to improve the environmental situation in the Arctic, including: to organize scientific research to assess the accumulated and current and environmental damage in the Arctic, to form a separate subprogram “Elimination of accumulated environmental damage in the Russian Arctic for the period 2022–2030”; to prepare proposals for the allocation of directions in the structure of the Arctic Development Fund for environmental safety and elimination of accumulated and future environmental damage; to develop a modern regulatory and methodological base for the determination of damage; to settle issues of a regulatory and methodological nature in terms of assessment and elimination of the consequences of accidents to develop proposals on the use of public-private partnership mechanisms with state funding of measures aimed at the rehabilitation of environmentally unfavorable territories, the elimination of environmental damage in the Arctic.
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KRAVCHENKO, OLENA, OLEKSII SHAPOVAL, NATALIA NEBABA e ROSTISLAV BOTVINOV. "BLOCKCHAIN-TECHNOLOGIES: STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE". HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 300, n.º 6 Part 2 (dezembro de 2021): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-300-6/2-44.
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The article investigates the origin and development of distributed registry technology – blockchain. It serves as a database and is a reliable form of information storage. The global application of blockchain technology is widespread. Such countries using blockchain as USA, Estonia, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, UAE were analyzed. The technology is used in various industries and spheres of activity: public administration, non-cash payments, financial and production activities, the sphere of various professional services, the sphere of social security, etc. This allows to simplify activities and improve the level of state development. Ukraine is one of the countries that use blockchain technologies and one of those, where these technologies are used at the state level. The most commonly used blockchain in the field of high-tech enterprises (Fintech), at the household level, the blockchain is closely linked to the circulation of cryptocurrencies. Today there are about a hundred companies and projects in the blockchain industry of Ukraine. Among the main projects using this technology are: electronic land auctions, the activity of the State Land Cadaster, the State Register of Real Property Rights and the System of electronic trade in seized property. The main advantages and disadvantages, existing problems, prospects for development, and domestic projects using blockchain technology in Ukraine are identified. Analyzing users’ search queries on the Internet allowed us to conclude the growing interest in these last hours. SWOT analysis was conducted to determine further prospects for the use of the blockchain in Ukraine: the main strengths and weaknesses of the use of the blockchain in various fields are identified, and its potential opportunities and threats are described.
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Toledo-Aceves, Tarin, Manuel R. Guariguata, Sven Günter, Luciana Porter-Bolland e Leticia Merino. "Overcoming Key Barriers for Secondary Cloud Forest Management in Mexico". Land 10, n.º 10 (13 de outubro de 2021): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101078.
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Secondary cloud forests (SCFs), those that regenerate naturally following abandonment of human activities in previously deforested land, are of great value as refuges of high species diversity and for their critical role in hydrological regulation. This opinion paper analyzes the main environmental, socio-economic, and regulatory aspects that currently hamper the sustainable use and conservation of SCFs in Mexico for the provision of timber and ecosystem services. The main constraints identified include contradictory norms and policies and the marginalization of smallholders in timber production activities. Developing economic incentives for forest product harvesting and provision of ecosystem services derived from SCFs, while also addressing legal and normative aspects related to their sustainable use, is paramount. Given the high heterogeneity in floristic composition and stand structure of SCFs among localities, technical and social norms for sustainable use should be sufficiently flexible to allow adaptive management approaches. Future research areas should be focused on monitoring the response of SCFs to silvicultural interventions, documenting existing traditional practices as well as conducting socio-economic analyses of timber production and associated ecosystem services. This is essential for developing sound policies and approaches for the sustainable use and long-term management of SCFs in Mexico.
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Ciampalini, Rossano, Elizabeth J. Kendon, José A. Constantine, Marcus Schindewolf e Ian R. Hall. "Soil Erosion in a British Watershed under Climate Change as Predicted Using Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Projections". Geosciences 13, n.º 9 (29 de agosto de 2023): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13090261.
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Climate change can lead to significant environmental and societal impacts; for example, through increases in the amount and intensity of rainfall with the associated possibility of flooding. Twenty-first-century climate change simulations for Great Britain reveal an increase in heavy precipitation that may lead to widespread soil loss by rising the likelihood of surface runoff. Here, hourly high-resolution rainfall projections from a 1.5 km (‘convection-permitting’) regional climate model are used to simulate the soil erosion response for two periods of the century (1996–2009 and a 13-year future period at ~2100) in the “Rother” catchment, West Sussex, England. Modeling soil erosion with EROSION 3D, we found a general increase in sediment production (off-site erosion) for the end of the century of about 43.2%, with a catchment-average increase from 0.176 to 0.252 t ha−1 y−1 and large differences between areas with diverse land use. These results highlight the effectiveness of using high-resolution rainfall projections to better account for spatial variability in the assessment of long-term soil erosion than other current methods.
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NORELDEEN, Mohamed Abdelhaleem Helmy, Wagih Mohamed Elsayed SALAMA e Insaf Sanhouri BABIKER. "SUSTAINABLE USE OF GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FORMS IN TOURISM, THE CASE OF HALF MOON BAY, EASTERN REGION, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA". GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 50, n.º 4 (29 de dezembro de 2023): 1276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.50408-1126.
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The Coastal geomorphology of the Half Moon Bay in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia has created great opportunity for human interventions. Public and private tourism and entertainment facilities were established along the Bay cost leading to modifications of natural phenomena. Therefore, this study aims at assessing tourism uses of geomorphological forms in the Half-moon Bay and identifying practical aspects related to sustainable tourism. It was based on literature review, field survey, analysis of google earth satellite imagery, risk analysis and SWOT analysis. Depending on the characteristics of the different coastal forms, various tourist activities were developed in the study area. However, environmental alterations, such as change of direction, length and meander of coastline have been recognized mainly, due to land excavation and backfilling of shallow sea water. Despite some constrains, several opportunities are available in order to promote and develop sustainable tourism in the region mainly supported by a set of legislations, efforts and actions at the national and local levels.
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ARHIN, Emmanuel, Mahamuda ABU e Musah Saeed ZANGO. "Environmental and Affordable Housing Material - The Use of Bricks and Tiles in Reducing Housing Deficits in Developing Countries: A Case Study at Bongo District, Ghana". Ghana Journal of Science, Technology and Development 7, n.º 1 (8 de agosto de 2020): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47881/218.967x.
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Many factors such as inadequate mortgage finance, defective land tenure system, and high cost of land are speculated to influence the housing deficit in Ghana. Rarely do the housing deficit challenges include unavailability of construction materials as a factor. Evidence of clays used in building are common mostly in Great Britain, Italy, Japan and sparsely in developing countries and was used in building in ancient Ghana. Clay is considered as an eco- friendly building material available on earth. The abundance of intrusive rocks in Bongo District led to the exploration and evaluation of clay for bricks and tiles in Balungu and Apamtaga areas. Six pits were dug at these two areas for clay mineralogy studies. The predominant minerals found were quartz, kaolinite, smectite and those present but in trace amounts were dolomite, amphibolite, microcline, plagioclase and muscovite. The predominant minerals also vary in mineral compositions with respect to the characteristics of the underlying geology. The results showed over 50% quartz, 11.8 % kaolinite and 6 .7% smectite clay minerals occur in most samples analysed. Additional investigation to aid in the determination of the clays suitability for bricks and tiles involved 85 auger drill holes that assessed the clay thickness at Balungu River catchment. An average clay thickness of 4.5 m was calculated from the 85 drill holes drilled over 382 m of core drilled. This drill activity identified 2840000 m2 area with significant clay thickness of 4.5 m averagely. The product of the prospective clay area and the average thickness led to the estimation of clay volume of 12, 78000.00 m3. Using dimensions of standard solid bricks of 0. 222 m × 0.106 m ×0.076 m, an equivalent of 0.00172 m3 60000 bricks can be produced in a day. A total of 38 or 41 production years will be required to exhaust the discovered clay for bricks and tiles. The utilization of clay that are readily abundant in Ghana may significantly provide solutions to the Ghana’s housing deficits and make housing affordable as the product will be cheap.
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Perdue, Wendy C., Lawrence O. Gostin e Lesley A. Stone. "Public Health and the Built Environment: Historical, Empirical, and Theoretical Foundations for an Expanded Role". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, n.º 4 (2003): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00123.x.
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In 2000, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Environmental Health issued a report that explored some of the ways in which “sprawl” impacts public health. The report has generated great interest, and state health officials are beginning to discuss the relationship between land use and public health. The CDC report has also produced a backlash. For example, the Southern California Building Industry Association labeled the report “a ludicrous sham” and argued that the CDC should stick to “fighting physical diseases, not defending political ones.”In retrospect, it is probably unfortunate that this report was funded by an organization called “Sprawl Watch.” “Spraw” is a word that has no clear meaning but is applied to a huge range of issues involving suburban development.
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Góralska-Walczak, Rita, Klaudia Kopczyńska, Renata Kazimierczak, Lilliana Stefanovic, Michał Bieńko, Michał Oczkowski e Dominika Średnicka-Tober. "Environmental Indicators of Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: A Pilot Study in a Group of Young Adult Female Consumers in Poland". Sustainability 16, n.º 1 (27 de dezembro de 2023): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16010249.
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It has been broadly reported that the production of animal-derived foods significantly contributes to the environmental footprint of the agri-food sector, considering, among others, such indicators as land use, greenhouse gas emissions, and the water footprint. However, the environmental sustainability aspects of whole diets (i.e., more plant-based vs. meat-containing) have been studied so far to a limited extent, in many cases not taking into consideration various regional settings, which to a great extent determine meat- and other animal-derived foods’ substitutes consumed by vegetarians and vegans. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the environmental indicators of vegetarian, vegan, and meat-containing diets of a selected group of Polish consumers. Based on three-day food records of 24 respondents and the published data on the environmental footprint of a range of foodstuffs, the three dietary environmental indicators were calculated. In addition, the results were standardized in terms of dietary protein intake and energy value. The study showed the elimination of meat and other animal-derived foods from the respondents’ diet was predominantly motivated by their concerns related to animal welfare issues, which appeared to be a stronger factor than the willingness to reduce the diets’ environmental footprint. Following the results standardization, the studied vegetarian and vegan diets were characterized by 47.0% and 64.4% lower carbon footprint, 32.2% and 60.9% lower land use indicators, and 37.1% and 62.9% lower water footprints, respectively, compared to the meat-containing diet. Animal-derived foods, including milk and dairy, appeared to be the main contributors to all three environmental footprint indicators of both the meat-containing and the vegetarian diets. In the vegan group, the environmental footprint was found to be mainly influenced by the consumption of legumes and legume-based foods, cereal products, potatoes, sugar, products containing cocoa and vegetables, with nuts showing especially significant contribution to the fresh water consumption. The study confirms moving towards more plant-based diet has a potential to significantly reduce the diet’s environmental footprint. It also contributes to creating a ‘roadmap’ for consumers, to encourage them to plan their diets responsibly, taking into consideration both the health and the environmental sustainability aspects.
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Zhang, Dandan, Juqin Shen, Pengfei Liu, Qian Zhang e Fuhua Sun. "Use of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Environmental Gini Coefficient for Allocation of Regional Flood Drainage Rights". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 6 (20 de março de 2020): 2063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062063.
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To solve the flood drainage conflict among different regions of the water basin when the flood occurs, it is of great significance to study the allocation of flood drainage rights. The allocation of flood drainage rights requires flood management departments to consider the influences of socioeconomic differences among different regions on flood control operations to realize sustainable development. Under the pattern of the total amount allocation of “watershed–administrative regions”, the evaluation index system of flood drainage rights allocation incorporated four aspects: natural conditions, level of social development, level of economic development, and technology and management. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was used to calculate the weight coefficient of each allocation index and the initial distribution’s proportion of the total amount in each region. Land area, population, gross domestic product (GDP), and sewage treatment capacity were selected as the evaluation indexes of the environmental Gini coefficient, and the environmental Gini coefficient method was used to evaluate and adjust the initial allocation of each region. Taking the allocation of flood drainage rights in the Taihu Basin as a case study, the final allocation results were obtained after initial allocation and feedback optimization. By evaluating the environmental Gini coefficient of each evaluation index, it is concluded that the final allocation could meet the requirements of fair allocation in each administrative region and be effectively implemented. Optimal allocation of the flood drainage rights in the Taihu Basin can contribute to overall flood control management, the reduction of flood disasters, and the stable development of society in the basin.
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Li, Jun, Yanqiu Pei, Shaohua Zhao, Rulin Xiao, Xiao Sang e Chengye Zhang. "A Review of Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring in China". Remote Sensing 12, n.º 7 (2 de abril de 2020): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071130.
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The natural environment is essential for human survival and development since it provides water resources, land resources, biological resources and climate resources etc. As a developing country, China has witnessed a significant change in the natural environment in recent decades; and therefore, monitoring and mastering the status of the environment is of great significance. Due to the characteristics of large-scale and dynamic observation, remote sensing technology has been an indispensable approach for environmental monitoring. This paper reviews the satellite resources, institutions and policies for environmental monitoring in China, and the advances in research and application of remote sensing from five aspects: ecological index retrieval, environmental monitoring in protected areas, rural areas, urban areas and mining areas. The remote sensing models and methods for various types of environmental monitoring, and the specific applications in China are comprehensively summarized. This paper also points out major challenges existing at the current stage: satellite sensor problems, integrated use challenges of datasets, uncertainty in the retrieval process of ecological variables, scaling effect problems, a low degree of automation, the weak ability of forecasting and comprehensive analysis, and a lack of computational power for massive datasets. Finally, the development trend and future directions are put forward to direct the research and application of environmental monitoring and protection in the new era.
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Lin, Yaoben, e Danling Chen. "Functional Zoning and Path Selection of Land Comprehensive Consolidation Based on Grey Constellation Clustering: A Case Study of Dongying City, China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 11 (25 de maio de 2022): 6407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116407.
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The functional zoning of land comprehensive consolidation and the selection of consolidation paths are the key content of the current land and space planning, and it is also an important measure to achieve regional sustainable development. At present, the research system on land comprehensive consolidation is not yet mature. The previous research area is relatively small and not representative, and an effective method system has not been formed. Research on the selection of functional zoning and a consolidation path is also relatively scarce. There is an urgent need to construct the theory and method system of land comprehensive consolidation functional zoning and consolidation path selection. Taking Dongying City in China as an example, this paper constructs a zoning index system from four aspects including natural conditions, location advantages, social economy and land use. The entropy method is used to determine the weights, and GIS spatial data visualization is used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of the index system. Based on the analysis, the grey constellation clustering method is used to divide the study area into four types of land comprehensive consolidation functional areas, and the results of functional zoning are adjusted according to the ranking of comprehensive index values, the principle of maximum similarity, and the continuity of natural space. The research results show that: ① There are 10 functional zonings for urban development and ecological protection land consolidation, and the main consolidation path should be the ecological country park consolidation model, which can effectively serve the urban ecological construction. ② There are nine functional zonings for rural development and cultivated land conservation consolidation, and their consolidation path should be based on a comprehensive rural improvement model that enhances the quality of the village and the development, utilization and protection of cultivated land resources. ③ There are 18 functional zonings for cultivated land improvement and ecological protection land consolidation, and the main consolidation path should focus on the cultivated land ecological improvement mode that emphasizes the quality of cultivated land and the improvement of regional ecological functions. ④ There are four functional zonings for ecological conservation and fallow recuperative land consolidation, and their main consolidation path should be the land ecological restoration and improvement model of construction land reclamation, cultivated land ecological conservation, and conversion of farmland to forest and grassland. The research results can provide references for Dongying City to formulate land and space planning, and can be extended to the design of comprehensive land remediation projects in other regions. It is of great significance to promote regional sustainable and scientific development.
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Ruziboev, S., A. Mukhumov, Y. Usmanov e Sh Babakhulov. "Optimal organization of dry lands in case study of Uzbekistan". E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340104010.
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The article showed that the internal land development projects, which include the organization of the territory, along with other measures, will give certain positive results in the rational organization of the use of dry land. Land planning projects developed based on land assessment data create an opportunity to optimize areas of arid lands and crops and justify the economic and technical-organizational aspects of the effective organization of agricultural production in these areas. The results of the conducted scientific research confirmed that in organizing the use of dry arable land in the plain region, first, it is of great importance to search for water sources in these areas, including the study of underground water sources and to positively solve the issues of water extraction by digging artesian wells. Using the data of soil monitoring in dry areas, the soil's natural fertility, its production characteristics, and the possibilities of its use in agriculture were considered to organize the agriculture of the region. Special agrotechnology for soils in dry areas was proposed. In this case, the use of secondary resources available in the republic (low-grade phosphorite, non-traditional agro-ores, various wastes) in field conditions on low-productivity lands (credit score below 40); it was recommended to obtain new organ mineral fertilizers by applying biotechnological methods on farmlands. Organ mineral fertilizers are prepared by composting based on manure and low-grade coal phosphorites in a ratio of 9:1 for 4 months. Other organ mineral fertilizers are made because of Angren low-grade coal and Central Kyzyl-Kum phosphorite flour. These fertilizers have been tested in farm conditions. The use of the proposed technology is resource efficient and solves environmental problems. When applying this technology, soil fertility is restored and improved, the amount of organic matter and organic matter in it increases year by year, the cost of mineral fertilizers is 30-40% and more, and the cost of organic fertilizer is 3-4 times allows to reduce. According to the research results, an additional harvest of 10-12 s/h was obtained from winter wheat.
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CARAM, Rochane de Oliveira, Giane de Fátima VALLES, Felix CARRIELLO, Yan Breno Azeredo GOMES DA SILVA e Javier TOMASELLA. "MAPEAMENTO DAS MUDANÇAS DE USO E COBERTURA DA TERRA NA REGIÃO DAS BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS DOS RIOS PIRACICABA, CAPIVARI E JUNDIAÍ (PCJ) E JUQUERI". Geosciences = Geociências 43, n.º 2 (3 de julho de 2024): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5016/geociencias.v43i2.18072.
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RESUMO - As bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ) e Juqueri, que fazem parte do Sistema Cantareira, passaram por grandes mudanças, seja no aspecto social, ambiental e econômico nas últimas décadas. Dessa forma, o entendimento sobre o ambiente em que as pessoas estão inseridas tem grande valor, o que torna importante avaliar informações de uso e cobertura da terra, podendo ajudar na tomada de decisões e no manejo do ambiente. Tais informações são obtidas utilizando técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento. A área de estudo compreende área de aproximadamente 16 mil Km², abrange 80 municípios, destes, com 64 sedes municipais, e quase seis milhões de habitantes. Com o intuito de compreender a dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra na região, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra, ocorridas a partir de 1985, e a cada cinco anos, até 2015. As classes consideradas foram: vegetação nativa, silvicultura, agricultura, pastagem, área urbana e corpos hídricos. Os resultados mostram o predomínio de pastagem em todo período estudado, entretanto, houve recessão, de aproximadamente 12% nesta classe. Destaca-se também, que a área urbana se desenvolveu em toda região de estudo, principalmente na região central. Palavras-chave: Sensoriamento remoto. Geoprocessamento. Mudança de uso e cobertura da terra. Classificação supervisionada. ABSTRACT - The basins of Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) and Juqueri rivers, which are part of the Cantareira System, have undergone extensive changes in social, environmental and economic aspects in recent decades. Therefore, understanding the environment in which people are inserted is of great value, which makes it important to evaluate information of land use and land cover to guide decision-making and managing the environment. Such information is obtained using remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques. The study area comprises approximately 16,000 km², covers 80 municipalities, with 64 municipal seats, and almost six million inhabitants. In order to understand the dynamics of land use and land cover in the region, the objective of this work was to quantify changes in land use and land cover, which occurred from 1985, and every five years, until 2015. The classes considered were: native vegetation, forestry, agriculture, pasture, urban area and water bodies. The results show the predominance of pasture throughout the studied period, however, there was a recession of approximately 12% in this class. It is also noteworthy that the urban area has developed throughout the study region, especially in the central region. Keywords: Remote sensing. Geoprocessing. Land use/land cover change. Supervised classification.
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Zolotar, A. S. "USING THE GLOBALIZATION EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD'S LEADING COUNTRIES IN THE FIELD OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION IN UKRAINE". National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, n.º 1(57) (31 de maio de 2023): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2023.1(57).280830.
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In this scientific article, the author examines modern trends in the development of intellectual potential and protection of intellectual property based on the globalization experience of the world's leading countries – the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden and France. The author focuses on the fact that their positive experience can be used by Ukraine, because the intellectual potential and the system of protection of intellectual rights in our country in the conditions of globalization and dynamic development of information technologies are exposed to much greater risks and threats, and the current legislation has long since not covered the necessary spectrum legal regulation of intellectual property relations. In particular, the experience of the USA can be useful in the formation of reliable legislative regulation, the creation of an effective Strategy for the development of Ukrainian intellectual property for the coming years, the establishment of stricter responsibility and control over the observance of intellectual property rights. The benefit of Great Britain's experience can be obtained if we go the way of establishing partnership and cooperation of our country in the investigated area, as well as establishing a tougher penalty for violations in this area. It is also appropriate to borrow the conceptual foundations of combating crime in the field of intellectual property, to develop plans for its prevention and countermeasures. The German experience will be useful in the following aspects: borrowing the desire for reliable and simple legislation, establishing an open type of relations between the state in the form of its authorized bodies that conduct their activities in the field of intellectual property, with citizens (right holders) in the information field, increasing educational and innovative level of development of the population of Ukraine. The use of Swedish experience may take place when borrowing Swedish technologies for the protection of intellectual property, in particular, the use of blockchain technology. The French practice of dynamic and innovative updating of legislative acts can be useful in the process of revising and modernizing the national legislation of Ukraine.
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Price, David T., R. I. Alfaro, K. J. Brown, M. D. Flannigan, R. A. Fleming, E. H. Hogg, M. P. Girardin et al. "Anticipating the consequences of climate change for Canada’s boreal forest ecosystems". Environmental Reviews 21, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2013): 322–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0042.
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Canadian boreal woodlands and forests cover approximately 3.09 × 106 km2, located within a larger boreal zone characterized by cool summers and long cold winters. Warming since the 1850s, increases in annual mean temperature of at least 2 °C between 2000 and 2050 are highly probable. Annual mean temperatures across the Canadian boreal zone could be 4–5 °C warmer than today’s by 2100. All aspects of boreal forest ecosystem function are likely to be affected. Further, several potential “tipping elements” — where exposure to increasing changes in climate may trigger distinct shifts in ecosystem state — can be identified across the Canadian boreal zone. Approximately 40% of the forested area is underlain by permafrost, some of which is already degrading irreversibly, triggering a process of forest decline and re-establishment lasting several decades, while also releasing significant quantities of greenhouse gases that will amplify the future global warming trend. Warmer temperatures coupled with significant changes in the distribution and timing of annual precipitation are likely to cause serious tree-killing droughts in the west; east of the Great Lakes, however, where precipitation is generally nonlimiting, warming coupled with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide may stimulate higher forest productivity. Large wildfires, which can cause serious economic losses, are expected to become more frequent, but increases in mean annual area burned will be relatively gradual. The most immediate threats could come from endemic forest insect pests that have the potential for population outbreaks in response to relatively small temperature increases. Quantifying the multiple effects of climate change will be challenging, particularly because there are great uncertainties attached to possible interactions among them, as well as with other land-use pressures. Considerable ingenuity will be needed from forest managers and scientists to address the formidable challenges posed by climate change to boreal ecosystems and develop effective strategies to adapt sustainable forest management practices to the impending changes.
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Safonov, Andrei. "Indicator plants of anthropogenic disturbances: Scientific approach, educational technologies". E3S Web of Conferences 431 (2023): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343101031.
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The technology of using the indicative properties of plants both for obtaining scientific results and teaching this technique to students and young scientists is proposed for implementation. Aspects of research organization and didactic work in the implementation of the environmental monitoring program of Donbass are highlighted. Over the period of research (1996-2023), high levels of pollution and anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems in the industrial areas of Eastern Europe have been established. The data are based both on experiments in open landscapes and laboratory conditions, special procedures for statistical processing and interpretation of the results. These localities of intensive economic use are the places of great scientific and applied interest to ecologists and educators in this area. Indicator plants are visual objects in the knowledge of the fundamental nature and practical use for information about the quality of the environment. In scientific and educational activities the following are important: organization of a laboratory, availability of equipment, functioning of a museum, a card-index, a herbarium fund, the possibility of introducing case studies technology, the theory of solving inventive tasks, conducting interactive lectures, seminars, demonstration experiments and special modern technologies for training environmental specialists – modeling and land-use forecasting and urbanized environment. Methods of implementation of scientific and pedagogical experiment on phytomonitoring and ecological expertise with the help of plants have been introduced into work with students, postgraduates and young scientists of the Department of Botany and Ecology of Donetsk State University.
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COOPER, A., T. MCCANN e R. G. H. BUNCE. "The influence of sampling intensity on vegetation classification and the implications for environmental management". Environmental Conservation 33, n.º 2 (junho de 2006): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906002967.
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As part of a programme of landscape-scale habitat surveillance in the United Kingdom (UK), the effect of grassland sampling intensity on the outcome of numerical classification was assessed. Sample quadrats from two regions of the UK were available for post priori analysis; a random sample from Great Britain (GB), with grasslands sampled in proportion to area, and an independent stratified random sample from Northern Ireland (NI), with similar numbers of quadrats from agricultural and semi-natural grassland habitat strata. Classification of a combined area-proportional (balanced) random sample from GB and NI showed the species composition of UK grasslands to be determined largely by climate, landscape structure and land-use intensity. The classification was influenced primarily by the greater number of eutrophic agricultural grassland quadrats and semi-natural grassland quadrats of the larger GB study area. The semi-natural grasslands of NI, represented by a small number of quadrats, had little influence. Classification of a stratified NI sample combined with an area-proportional GB sample was influenced most by the NI semi-natural grassland quadrats. The structure of the classifications depended on sampling intensity. Vegetation classification should be derived from a balanced sample so that it is representative and its application does not lead to decisions being directed at classes of vegetation (or estimates derived from them) that are weighted by sampling intensity. Area-proportional sample design linked explicitly to landscape structure satisfies the requirement for a balanced classification. The issue of data-balance is relevant in conservation management and environmental assessment, where stratification is a commonly accepted procedure to reduce sampling effort, or is carried out to sample rare or ecologically interesting vegetation. It applies to landscape-scale vegetation classifications used for environmental assessments and to classifications that compare plant communities between regions (as in phytosociological studies). The issue is also important when combining environmental databases from international sources for classification purposes.
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Chiacchierini, E., D. Restuccia e G. Vinci. "Bioremediation of Food Industry Effluents: Recent Applications of Free and Immobilised Polyphenoloxidases". Food Science and Technology International 10, n.º 6 (dezembro de 2004): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013204049388.
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Enzymes are specific biological catalysts able to react under mild conditions of temperature and pH and their use in food industry for bioremediation is well known. Research in recent years has been intense, much of it elicited by the great number of different exploitable enzymes. Employment of enzymes in many bioremediation processes is made in order to protect the environment from damage caused by industrial polluting effluents. In particular, the food industry is one of the most important sectors among the manufacturing industries as far as production values are concerned; indeed, food industry processes involve large amounts of water and contribute to pollution loads discharged into water resources. In particular the presence of phenols in agroindustrial effluents has attracted interest for laccases and tyrosinases use in wastewater treatment and bioremediation. The presence of phenolic compounds in drinking and irrigation water or in cultivated land represents a significant health and/or environmental hazard and, therefore, the development of methods for their removal and transformation have received increased attention in recent years. The main purpose of this paper was to present the most recent results dealing with the fundamental and applied aspects of free and immobilised polyphenoloxidases for food industry wastewater processing.
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Walsh, Lael E., Bethan R. Mead, Charlotte A. Hardman, Daniel Evans, Lingxuan Liu, Natalia Falagán, Sofia Kourmpetli e Jess Davies. "Potential of urban green spaces for supporting horticultural production: a national scale analysis". Environmental Research Letters 17, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2022): 014052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4730.
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Abstract As urban areas and land-use constraints grow, there is increasing interest in utilizing urban spaces for food production. Several studies have uncovered significant potential for urban growing to supplement production of fruit and vegetables, focusing on one or two cities as case studies, whilst others have assessed the global scale potential. Here, we provide a national-scale analysis of the horticultural production potential of urban green spaces, which is a relevant scale for agri-food and urban development policy making using Great Britain (GB) as a case study. Urban green spaces available for horticultural production across GB are identified and potential yields quantified based on three production options. The distribution of urban green spaces within 26 urban towns and cities across GB are then examined to understand the productive potential compared to their total extent and populations. Urban green spaces in GB, at their upper limit, have the capacity to support production that is 8× greater than current domestic production of fruit and vegetables. This amounts to 38% of current domestic production and imports combined, or >400% if exotic fruits and vegetables less suited to GB growing conditions are excluded. Most urban green spaces nationally are found to fall within a small number of categories, with private residential gardens and amenity spaces making up the majority of space. By examining towns and cities across GB in further detail, we find that the area of green space does not vary greatly between urban conurbations of different sizes, and all are found to have substantial potential to meet the dietary needs of the local urban population. This study highlights that national policies can be suitably developed to support urban agriculture and that making use of urban green spaces for food production could help to enhance the resilience of the national-scale food system to shocks in import pathways, or disruptions to domestic production and distribution.
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Korneeva, Evgenia A. "Economic Assessment and Management of Agroforestry Productivity from the Perspective of Sustainable Land Use in the South of the Russian Plain". Forests 13, n.º 2 (23 de janeiro de 2022): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020172.
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Recent international climate documents emphasize the great importance of the afforestation of agricultural land having a positive impact on CO2 levels, not only by absorbing carbon by trees, but also by replacing fossil fuels with biomass. In Russia, until recently, the importance of forest plantations in the production of wood was underestimated, which created the problem of its accounting and effective management. When justifying modern protective afforestation programs, ambiguity in the estimates of tree productivity of plantings is one of the reasons for significant uncertainty regarding their impact on the energy security of the country. The purpose of this study was to undertake an economic assessment and assess the regularities of the dynamics of tree productivity of protective forest plantations on the flat terrain and slopes of the forest-steppe zone in the south of the Russian Plain for the effective management of agroforestry taking into account environmental aspects. At the level of the simulation unit—the protective forest cover of the agricultural territory—the main forest reclamation strategies were modeled from the perspective of sustainable land use, depending on the type of relief, the level of forest protection of land and the erosive state of soils. These models comprehensively analyzed the wood productivity of the main forest-forming species, which differ in functionality and service life. It is established that the productivity of 1 ha of forest stands in the forest-steppe is 320–400 m3 of wood, and the commercial effect of its harvesting is EUR 14675–EUR 56567. The specific (per 1 ha of land use) wood productivity of trees on flat terrain increases with the growth of forest protection of the site (due to the reduction of inter-band space) by 1.2–1.8 times. On the slopes, with an increase in their steepness, the specific effect of harvesting wood also increases by almost twofold. On steep slopes with highly eroded soils, the efficiency of forest reclamation decreases by 23%–24% due to a decrease in the width of forest stands and the inclusion of a hydraulic element in their systems. The use of long-lasting forest-forming species for all forest reclamation strategies is more profitable than the use of fast-growing species—the value of the specific average annual (discounted) income per 1 ha of the agroforest landscape is, respectively, EUR 427–EUR 970 and EUR 166–EUR 545. The study will confirm the need to finance forest reclamation measures not only to ensure sustainable rural development, but also Russia’s qualitative transition to a low-carbon economy.
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Rutkiewicz, Krzysztof, e Angelika Pruchnicka. "STATE AID IN THE AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY SECTORS AND IN RURAL AREAS IN RESPECT OF THE COMPETITION POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE YEARS 2004-2015". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, n.º 3 (22 de agosto de 2017): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3257.
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The aim of the study is to discuss the legal and economic aspects of granting of state aid in the sectors of agriculture, forestry and in rural areas in the light of the EU competition policy in the years 2004-2015. The methods of deduction, descriptive, critical-cognitive and comparative analysis of statistical data (derived from Eurostat database) on the value and structure of state aid for sectoral targets in the EU-28, were used. State aid in the EU is the instrument aimed at achieving the objectives of the Common Agricultural Policy, which strengthens the competitiveness and profitability of all agricultural branches, promotes the sustainable forest management and territorial development of rural areas, stimulating the actions in the field of climate and energy efficiency. The greatest beneficiaries of state aid in the agricultural sector in the years 2004- 2015 were: France (16%), Germany (12%), Finland (10%), Italy (9%), Spain (8%), Poland (7%), Great Britain (6%) and Netherlands (5%). In the structure of state aid in the EU-28 Member States, tax exemptions were the predominant use (14%), followed by investments in agricultural holdings (13.6%), support to the livestock sector (8%), animal disease control (6%), agricultural and livestock insurance contributions (5.4%), technical support (5%), forestry support (4.8%), aid for research & development & innovation (4.7%), adverse weather events (4%), public expenditures for environmental protection and compensations for natural disasters and other exceptional occurrences (3.5% each).
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Khomenko, Liliia, Olena Chygryn, Kateryna Shevchenko, Yuriy Bilan e Ihor Ponomarenko. "CARBON NEUTRALITY OF UKRAINE BY 2050". Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2022, n.º 4 (2022): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2022.4-16.
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The article presents the research results on some aspects of achieving carbon neutrality in Ukraine. Carbon neutrality is a challenge for the whole world. In 2020, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a historical maximum. The work aims to study the features of achieving carbon neutrality in Ukraine. The tasks of the work are the analysis of the components of the transition to low-carbon development, analysis of the consumption of fossil fuels, and activities related to the preservation of forests, natural steppe, and meadow ecosystems. Interest in carbon neutrality issues grows yearly, with a particularly in 2021-2022. Most articles on carbon neutrality were published by scientists from China, the USA, Great Britain, Turkey, and Pakistan. They are mainly devoted to carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, renewable energy, energy consumption, financial development, co-integration, dioxin emissions, etc. Positive trends regarding the achievement of carbon neutrality have been identified: the supply of natural gas, coal, and peat has decreased, while the supply of renewable energy sources has increased; the share of coal and peat decreased by 26.4%, and the percentage of energy produced from renewable sources increased to 6.6%; the use of coal and peat decreased by 8.5%, natural gas by 5%, and biofuels increased by 16%; the share of biofuel use increased to 5.8%. Expenditures for environmental protection increased by 88.5%, for preserving biodiversity and habitat - by 3.6 times, and costs for air protection and climate change problems - by 2.5 times. The share of expenditures on the protection of biodiversity and habitat increased to 3.2%, and costs on atmospheric air protection and climate change problems to 19.3%. Negative trends that restrain the development of a carbon-neutral economy were also revealed: a low share of renewable sources in the structure of supply and use. Thus, the percentage of biofuel in aggregate use remains low - only 5.8% in 2020. The area of forest loss is increasing, and the area of forest regeneration has decreased by 36%. The area of reforestation remained at the same level, but the area of afforestation decreased ten times during 2010-2020.
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Loring, Philip A., S. Craig Gerlach, David E. Atkinson e Maribeth S. Murray. "Ways to Help and Ways to Hinder: Governance for Effective Adaptation to an Uncertain Climate". ARCTIC 64, n.º 1 (9 de março de 2011): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4081.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">This paper compares two case studies in Alaska, one on commercial fishers of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region and the other on moose hunters of Interior Alaska, to identify how governance arrangements and management strategies enhance or limit people’s ability to respond effectively to changing climatic and environmental conditions. The two groups face similar challenges regarding the impacts of a changing climate on wild fish and game, but they tell very different stories regarding how and under what conditions these impacts challenge their harvest activities. In both regions, people describe dramatic changes in weather, land, and seascape conditions, and distributions of fish and game. A key finding is that the “command-and-control” model of governance in the Alaska Interior, as implemented through state and federal management tools such as registration hunts and short open seasons, limits effective local responses to environmental conditions, while the more decentralized model of governance created by the Limited Access Privilege systems of the Bering Sea allows fishers great flexibility to respond. We discuss ways to implement aspects of a decentralized decision-making model in the Interior that would benefit hunters by increasing their adaptability and success, while also improving conservation outcomes. Our findings also demonstrate the usefulness of the diagnostic framework employed here for facilitating comparative crossregional analyses of natural resource use and management. </span></p>
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Kolesnikov, A. A., P. M. Kikin e A. M. Portnov. "DISEASES SPREAD PREDICTION IN TROPICAL AREAS BY MACHINE LEARNING METHODS ENSEMBLING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W8 (21 de agosto de 2019): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w8-221-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Infection with tropical parasitic diseases has a great economic and social impact and is currently one of the most pressing health problem. These diseases, according to WHO, have a huge impact on the health of more than 40 million people worldwide and are the second leading cause of immunodeficiency. Developing countries may be providers of statistical data, but need help with forecasting and preventing epidemics. The number of infections is influenced by many factors - climatic, demographic, vegetation cover, land use, geomorphology. The purpose of the research is to investigate the space-time patterns, the relationship between diseases and environmental factors, assess the degree of influence of each of the factors, compare the quality of forecasting of individual techniques of geo-information analysis and machine learning and the way they are ensembled. Also we attempt to create a generalized mathematical model for predicting several types of diseases. The following resources were used as a data source: International Society for Infectious Diseases, Landsat, Sentinel. The paper concludes with the summary table containing the importance of individual climatic, social and spatial aspects affecting the incidence. The most effective predictions were given by a mathematical model based on a combination of spatial analysis techniques (MGWR) and neural networks based on the LSTM architecture.</p>