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1
Tailby, Stephanie. "Labour utilization and labour management in the British coalmining industry, 1900-1940". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1990. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35675/.
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This thesis examines the utilization and management of labour in the British coalmining industry in the period between 1900 and 1940. The period was one in which the British coal industry experienced a dramatic reversal of fortunes. Over the nineteenth century and up until the First World War, output and employment increased rapidly. Expansion had been assisted by the opening-up of large export markets in Europe and by 1913, the British coal industry shipped abroad a third of its output of 287 million tons.
2
Fatima, Ambreen. "Economics of child labour". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12967/.
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The dissertation aims to explore the supply and demand side determinant of child labour at macro, meso and micro level. At macro level it explores the effect of globalization (defined as openness to trade and inflow of foreign direct investment) and credit market imperfections on child labour. At meso level it explores the effect of labour market conditions on child labour. As the above two levels of analysis are mainly concerned with the demand for child labour, the micro level analysis explores the supply side determinant of child labour. At micro level this dissertation explores the effect of intrahousehold distribution of power on child related outcome. Specifically it explores the effect of mother’s decision making power on her child’s labour and schooling. The macro level analysis is based on cross country regression framework while meso and micro level analysis is based on the data from Pakistan. At macro level, this dissertation points out that trade openness and FDI inflow raise the standard of living in an economy thereby reducing child labour incidence. As the channel through which trade could affect child labour is by increasing income of the poor, credit market imperfection shows insignificant effect. At meso level, this dissertation points out that high adult wages in an area increase demand for child labour while presence of adult unemployed proportion in an area reduces demand for child labour. However, presence of unemployed adult in a house increases supply of child labour. Exports, on one hand, reduce supply of child labour by affecting the income of poor at macro level while on the other hand at meso level, subcontracting of production process to small informal sector increases demand for child labour. The informal sector being unprotected by law employs a high proportion of child labour. At micro level mother’s decision making power significantly decreases child labour supply and increases child schooling. The effect is significant in case of girls but not in case of boys. This study also shows that whether children work for generating income or as family helpers, mothers are equally concerned for their welfare. Their decision making power significantly reduces labour among children.
3
Sánchez, Rafael. "Essays in labour regulation". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55271/.
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This thesis consists of three empirical essays within the field of labour economics. As a whole, it explores the (un)intended consequences of labour regulation, with each chapter providing an independent analytical contribution to a specific aspect of the field. Chapter 1 analyzes the effect of a reduction in standard working hours on employment tran- sitions. In this chapter, I study Chile's reduction of weekly working hours from 48 to 45, which was announced in 2001 but implemented in 2005. This policy was innovative, compared with those in other countries, because it isolated the reduction in working hours from other policy changes, such as working time flexibility and financial incentives to firms. Thus, this policy is an interesting example for other countries to study, especially those without the scale capacity to provide such incentives, as it allows them to identify its effects on employment. Our results, which are confirmed by several robustness checks, suggest that despite the pre-announcement of the policy, firms displayed non-anticipatory behaviour on key variables. Furthermore, we find that firms waited to implement the reduction in working hours until just before the deadline. Overall, we find that a reduction in standard hours had no significant effects on employment transitions, although we do find a significant e¤ect on hourly wages (i.e., wage compensation). Chapter 2 extends the analysis of Chapter 1 to health outcomes. This is important, as the health effects of reductions in working hours have not been addressed by the existing literature; instead, most of the empirical evidence concerns employment outcomes, family life balance, and social networks. Using panel data from France and Portugal, this chapter exploits the exogenous variation of working hours coming from labour regulation and estimates its impact on health outcomes. In this way, our contribution to the existing literature is threefold: first, this is the first evaluation of health outcomes of policies that reduce working hours. Second, we avoid the problem of endogeneity with health outcomes by using exogenous reductions of working hours. Third, as the effects on health might depend on the level of working hours, our analysis is performed for two different countries with differing weekly hour thresholds (France, 35 hours; Portugal, 40 hours). Our results suggest a non-monotonic relationship between weekly working hours and health outcomes. In particular, a negative (positive) effect is found for young men (women) in France, and no e¤ect is found in Portugal. Chapter 3 (coauthored by Eugenio Rojas and Mauricio Villena) examines childcare policies and analyzes who effectively pays for childcare when it is not publicly funded. This is interesting, since in several countries governments provide and fund childcare, but in many others it is privately funded, as labour regulation mandates that firms have to provide childcare services. For this latter case, there is no empirical evidence on the effects generated by the financial burden of childcare provision. In particular, there is no evidence about who effectively pays for childcare (i.e., firms or employees) and how it is paid for (i.e., via wages and/or employment). Our study is the first one to provide empirical evidence on the effects generated by the finan- cial burden of childcare provision. For this, we exploit a Chilean labour regulation requiring that firms with 20 or more female workers provide and fund childcare for their workers. Our hypothesis is that, in imperfect labour markets (e.g., oligopsonistic), firms will pass childcare costs on to their workers. To analyze this, we exploit a discontinuity in the childcare provision mandated by the Chilean Labour Code. Our results suggest that firms pass almost the entire childcare cost (nearly 90%) on to their workers via lower wages (not only to female but also to male workers) and not by altering the share of male workers within the firm.
4
Mullings, Robert. "Labour market adjustment in Jamaica". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13484/.
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The central purpose of this thesis is to explore the dimensions of labour market adjustment in Jamaica. The paper adopts a microeconometric approach, relying on new and more detailed Jamaica Labour Force Survey data for the period 1983-2006. Over this period, Jamaica has experienced significant expansion in its external trade which has been characterized by a severe import bias. Also, during this time, Jamaica's agricultural and manufacturing sectors experienced declines in their respective employment shares of 44% and 36% while service sectors expanded. One chapter of the thesis explores the empirical link between expanding trade flows and manufacturing labour market adjustment. The thesis also explores whether and to what extent sectoral labour market adjustment in Jamaica has been accommodated by an accompanying occupational transformation. Central to analyzing the issue of occupational adjustment however, is the careful definition of what constitutes a skill in order to elucidate the role of skill specificity in labour market adjustment. The thesis then investigates the incidence of unemployment in Jamaica in an attempt to identify key factors leading to escape from unemployment within a low skilled, high-unemployment, developing country context. The study finds an important role for worker characteristics, trade and industry information in affecting labour market adjustment in Jamaica. Using occupational skill definitions due to Dolton and Kidd (1998), the study also finds that most of the occupational and sectoral mobility in Jamaica, over the review period, took place among unskilled manual workers. As such, the Jamaican employed labour force experienced very little skill upgrading over the 24 year period covered. The very limited up-skilling observed over the review period was due to the emergence of relatively more highly skilled, sales and distribution related occupations. As far as adjustment costs are concerned, across all mobility types, simple sectoral moves were- in general, relatively less costly; with occupational transformation playing an accommodative role to the sectoral adjustment. Industry information, educational qualifications, geographic location, gender and the degree of skill specificity and were all critical determinants of the type of adjustment observed in the Jamaican labour market. Finally, the thesis underlines the very high incidence of long-term unemployment among uneducated, unskilled, young males in Jamaica. The study reveals negative duration dependence in the Jamaican labour market and suggests a critical role to be played by worker training in affecting unemployment escape probabilities.
5
Fu, Jingcheng. "Essays on labour market search". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49081/.
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This thesis contains three studies on the topic of labour market search. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the studies. Chapter 2 reports an experimental study which examines how social comparisons affect behavior in a sequential search task. In a control treatment subjects search in isolation, while in two other treatments subjects get feedback on the search decisions and outcomes of a partner subject. The average level and rate of decline of reservation wages are similar across treatments. Nevertheless, subjects who are able to make social comparisons search differently from those who search in isolation. Within a search task we observe a reference wage effect: when a partner exits, the subject chooses a new reservation wage which is increasing in partner income. We also observe a social learning effect: between search tasks, subjects who have been paired with a more patient and successful partner increase their reservation wages in the next task. Chapter 3 reports a study in which we provide the first microeconometric estimates of the hazards to matching on both sides of a labour market, decomposed into two constituent parts. Namely, (i) the rate at which job-seekers and vacancies contact each other (i.e. having interviews), and (ii) the probability that a contact results in a match. To do this, we use unique data which contains information on job-seekers, vacancies, interviews and interview outcomes. We use a specification which addresses the problems of the temporal aggregation bias and spatial spillovers highlighted by the two-sided estimates. Our estimates suggest that market tightness affects the matching rates mainly through affecting the meeting rates. In both the raw data and the estimates, we find the decline in the matching hazard is driven by the decline in the contact hazard, and not by a fall in the matching probability. And we also report the effects of various characteristics on matching decomposed into the effects on meeting and matching probability. Using the same data as Chapter 3, Chapter 4 provides further evidence on the mechanism by which job-seekers and vacancies decide whom to contact during their search. Since the data features an environment where both sides of the market have access to a database (or marketplace) of potential partners, a natural model of search is one of stock-flow matching, and we show that the predictions of this model outperform those of a simple random matching model. Our descriptive and econometric evidence shows that it is the inflow rate of new agents, rather than the total stock of agents, which determines the contact rates of existing agents, consistent with the predictions of the stock-flow model. Chapter 5 summarizes the findings of this dissertation and concludes.
6
McPherson, Alexander Hugh. "Scottish international skilled labour mobility". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5506/.
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The topic of international skilled labour mobility has received growing attention within the field of population geography and other disciplines. This interest reflects the large growth of international skilled labour mobility, especially during the 1980s. Attention of prior research has focused on the migratory movement of managers and professionals as they radiate across the globe, recording and representing the dispersal of international investment and the overseas expansion of producers of goods and services. The research examines Scotland's participation in the international exchange of skilled labour. The research undertaken addresses the varying theoretical, conceptual and methodological approaches of prior research on international skilled labour mobility in geography, as well as in other disciplines, such as management studies and occupational psychology. In doing so, the interplay between work and non-work spheres in shaping Scottish international skilled labour mobility is highlighted, as is the differing temporal and spatial focus of existing studies. The author's research thus investigates both the economic and social contexts of Scottish international skilled labour mobility, these contexts being characterised at macro, meso and micro level. In addition, the research adopts a broader definition of skilled labour movements than prior research, and so the study discusses the place of short term business travel as well as longer term migratory movements and the relationship between them. In illustrating the economic context of Scottish international skilled labour mobility, the research outlines macro level changes in the Scottish economy and the role of foreign direct investment as a source and channel of Scottish skill exchange. In turn, the specific institutional characteristics of activities generating these labour flows are examined and related to the occupational status of mobile persons.
7
Green, Anne E. "Spatial mobility and labour markets". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57300/.
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This thesis brings together selected published works on the theme of spatial mobility and labour markets. The works selected adopt a range of methodological approaches, including quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. They are grouped into four inter-related subthemes: (1) labour migration and labour market adjustment; (2) mobilities, migration and commuting; (3) spatial (im)mobility, place and social networks; and (4) immigration, integration and labour market issues. These sub-themes span responses to changes in employment and non-employment, the continuum of labour market-related movements from daily and weekly commuting to employment-related migration, spatial mobility and immobility, and internal and international migration. Taken together, the works presented provide an original contribution to knowledge on spatial mobility and labour markets. They also inform key policy debates. Particular contributions include: (1) evidence on spatial and temporal variations in labour migration as an adjustment mechanism within the broader context of changing labour markets; (2) empirical and theoretical insights into the location and mobility strategies of dual career households and how some individuals might substitute commuting for migration for individual and household gains; (3) evidence on the importance of area perceptions and place-based social networks in constraining spatial mobility – particularly for some individuals in some places; and (4) policy-relevant evidence on the impact of international migration on regional and local labour markets and implications for local skills strategies and local action on integration of new arrivals. Together the works highlight the reality of the fuzziness of the binary measurement categories conventionally used in analyses of spatial mobility and indicate the need for greater flexibility. They also demonstrate the need for increased sensitivity to the diversity of individual, household and local labour market experiences in different times and places.
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Chan, Chris King-Chi. "The challenge of labour in China : strikes and the changing labour regime in global factories". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2374/.
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China has become a global manufacturing centre with its `unlimited' supply of low cost and unorganised peasant workers. The potential of Chinese workers to change this condition has significant meaning for global labour politics. This study offers an ethnographic portrait and a sociological account of the transformation of labour relations and labour politics in China from 2004 to 2008 focusing on workers' strikes, community and organisation. It reveals how wages and working conditions are bargained, fought over, and determined in the global factories. Geographically this study concerns the city of Shenzhen, China's first Special Economic Zone (SEZ), where labour conflict is most prevalent. Historically, it is traced back to the late 1970s to explore how the pattern of labour conflict has changed over time. The author spent one year conducting participant observation based in a grass-roots labour non-governmental organisation (NGO) in an industrial zone from 2005 to 2006. A multi-case method is used to document workers' stories to strive for a higher wage and better working conditions and their relationships with management, NGOs, the trade union and the local state. The author suggests that benefiting from an expanding labour market, an escalating dynamic community, and the skilled and supervisory workers' network, workplace struggle has exerted significant challenges to the state authorities and the global capital. The capital responded to these challenges by work intensification, production rationalization, expansion and relocation. The local state reacted by better enforcement of the labour regulations and steady enhancement of the minimum wage rate, while the central state initiated a new round of labour legislation to better protect workers. The author refers to the changing labour regime in this stage as `contested despotism'. Its potential to give way to a new form of factory regime is dependent on the possibility of effective workplace trade unionism.
9
Horsnell, P. H. "Labour, land and sectoral linkages in an African context". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303590.
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Tichelar, Michael. "The Labour Party's policy towards land reform, 1900-1945". Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322024.
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By the outbreak of the Second World War the 'Land Question' was not as politically controversial as it had been before 1914. It had fragmented into a series of separate but related political issues. Radical interest had moved away from attacking the landed aristocracy as a class and focused on the development and control of land-use, particularly in urban areas, and the protection of agriculture and the countryside from urban despoliation. The thesis concentrates on Labour Party policy at a national and a local level in the period 1939-45. There was a plethora of Government white papers and reports published on land-use control (physical planning's equivalent to the welfare state's Beveridge Report), plus controversial legislation on town and country planning to deal with the problem of reconstructing towns badly damaged by the blitz. Much more could be said about the importance of post 1945 developments, but there is not sufficient space to do adequate justice to this period. However, a number of ~ initial and preliminary comments are made in the conclusion about the record of the 1945 Labour Government. The thesis makes a contribution in three areas of historical debate. First it traces in detail the way Labour Party policy on land reform developed in the period from 1900 to 1945. This is a neglected area particularly after 1939. Four strands of policy made up Labour's changing position on the Land Question: - agriculture and smallholdings; land nationalisation and taxation of land values; town and country planning; and National Parks and access to the countryside. Second it contributes to the historical debate on the nature of the post-war consensus. It questions the extent to which wartime debates on land reform could be said to form part of the origins of postwar legislation. Third the thesis identifies some broader themes that influenced the direction and nature of the Party's land reform policies. The tension between land nationalistion and taxation of land values will be discussed, and its influence on the development of Party ideology on public ownership in general. In addition the influence of such important factors as agrarianism, pastoralism and central-local government relationships will be discussed and assessed.
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Woolley, Jonathan Paget. "Rede of reeds : land and labour in rural Norfolk". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273374.
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The central aim of this thesis is to provide a detailed ethnographic account of the human ecology of the Broads - a protected wetland region in the East of England - focussing upon how working lives shape and are shaped by this reedy landscape. In conversations about the management of the Broads, the concept of "common sense" is a frequent trope; encompassing a wide range of associated meanings. But what are these meanings of "common sense" in English culture, and how do they influence the peoples of England, and landscapes in which they work? This thesis addresses these questions ethnographically; using academic and lay deployments of common sense as a route into the political economy of rural Norfolk. Based on 12 months of fieldwork in the Broads National Park, this thesis draws together interviews and participant observation with land managers of various kinds - including conservationists, farmers, gamekeepers, volunteers, gardeners, and administrators. Chapter 1 dissects the differences between academic and popular understandings of "common sense" as a phrase, and produces an ethnographically-derived, working definition. Chapter 2 examines the attitudes of farmers, establishing "the common" as a root metaphor for social and practical rectitude, actualised through labouring in a shared landscape. Chapter 3 explores how the common is sensed, reflecting upon the diverse sensoria afforded by different degrees of enclosure on a single nature reserve. Chapter 4 explores how the concept of common sense intersects with a prevailing culture of possessive individualism, creating a fragmented society in the Park, wracked by controversies over management. Chapter 5 examines bureaucracy in Broadland - frequently cast as the very antithesis of common sense. In the conclusion, we return to the title, and ask - what do the reeds have to say about land, labour, and human nature?
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Feicheng, Wang. "Globalisation and labour market in China". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41382/.
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This thesis empirically investigates the relationship between globalisation and labour market outcomes by exploring Chinese data. It is motivated by the fact that China has experienced a rapid pace of globalisation in the past two decades and has witnessed increasing wage inequality at the same time. It is a collection of three self-contained studies that examine the effects of various aspects of globalisation on employment or wage inequality. Chapter 1 presents research background and general motivations, followed by a simple description of the outline and the structure of the thesis. Chapter 2 explores the relationship between globalisation and inter-industry wage differentials in China by using a two-stage estimation approach. Taking advantage of a household survey dataset, this study estimates the wage premium for each industry in the first stage conditional on individual worker and job-related characteristics. Alternative measures of globalisation are considered in the second stage; trade openness and capital openness. The regressions do not reveal a significant relationship between overall trade (import and/or export) openness and wage premia. However, disaggregation of trade into trade in intermediate and final goods is shown to matter. Increases in import (export) shares of final goods tend to reduce (increase) the wage premium significantly, whereas imports or exports of intermediate goods do not explain differences in industry wage premia. This finding is supported by stronger effects for final goods trade in coastal than non-coastal regions. Our results also show a positive relationship between capital openness and industrial wage premium, though this relationship is less robust when endogeneity issues are allowed for. While Chapter 2 focuses on wage differentials across industries, Chapter 3 turns to wage inequality within industries. Specifically, this chapter examines the relationship between average income of exporting destinations and skill premium using Chinese manufacturing industry-level data from 1995 to 2008. To do so, we construct weighted average GDP per capita across destinations employing within-industry export share to each industry as weights, and then link it with industry-level skill premium. Empirical evidence shows a positive correlation between average destination income and average wages, which is consistent with existing literature. More importantly, we find that industries that export more to high-income destinations tend to pay a higher skill premium, suggesting that skilled workers benefit more from high-income exports than unskilled workers on average. IV estimates confirm causality and this positive relationship identified is robust to the inclusion of additional control variables. However, the positive relationship only applies to ordinary export whereas processing export tends to induce a reduction in skill premium. Our results also reveal a stronger effect during the post-WTO accession period when China integrated into the world economy rapidly. The findings in this study provide evidence in support of the relationship between export destinations and within-industry wage inequality. Chapter 4 incorporates labour market conditions and investigates whether the nature of firm-level employment adjustment is affected by the flexibility of the labour market. We take advantage of the differences in local labour market conditions created by the non-uniform implementation of the hukou reform in China. Then we identify the employment effects of the reform by comparing firms in reform regions to those in non-reform regions. Combining firm-level and city-level data, we adopt a difference-in-difference approach. Empirical results find that firms exposed to the hukou reform have higher employment on average than similar firms without the reform, which indicates that a more flexible labour market allows for an easier employment adjustment. We then extend our empirical framework to explore the conditioning effects of the hukou reform on employment adjustment following trade openness. Consistent with our expectations, firms respond to trade shocks by increasing employment relatively more with the presence of the hukou reform. These findings offer important implications to the current labour market reform in China and to other developing countries with inter-region labour movement barriers like India and Vietnam. Finally, Chapter 5 summarises main findings of the thesis and briefly discusses potential directions for future research.
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Zhou, Xiaoguang. "Exploring labour-management partnership in NHS Scotland". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12912/.
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The past few decades have witnessed a change from traditionally adversarial labour-management relations to a new type of partnership arrangement in British industrial relations in some organisations. It is expected that such arrangement may provide an opportunity for Britain unions to return from political and economic exile, and secure mutual gains for the primary parties to the employment relationship. This thesis is concerned with partnership arrangements in NHS Scotland which were developed against the background of a post-devolution consensus on how health services should be organised. Based on a longitudinal research method, this study has assessed the partnership arrangements in three health boards of NHS Scotland. Each of these case studies includes a programme of interviews with senior managers, human resource managers, Employee Directors and other trade union representatives, and analysis of minutes of partnership consultation meetings and board archives. The main objectives of the research were outlined as follows: - to describe the general context in which partnership arrangements play out in three cases, - to describe how partnership operates in the three cases, - to explore the evolution of partnership in the three cases, - to compare and analyse the outcomes of partnership in the three cases. A key conclusion of the research is that mutual gains can be successfully secured through a partnership approach. However, the extent to which mutual gains can be obtained by both management and trade unions is greatly shaped by the external and internal contexts surrounding the organisation and the way partnership is implemented.
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Fokane, Tshepo Nnini. "(Re)constructed communities under land restitution : a case study of the Popela land claim". University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4731.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilThis dissertation explores the notions of community identity as they relate to land restitution. Specifically, the dissertation examines how community is (re)constructed in the Popela case study by examining how the claimants (former labour tenants) have framed their experience of dispossession and their understanding of their rights in land. Oftentimes, claimant groups will articulate their shared history as it relates to the land, and within this narrative they will seek to highlight the legitimacy of their claim. In this regard, rural communities tend to submit claims for restitution on the basis of the forced dispossession of the tribe. In contrast, labour tenants’ claims for restitution are based on the dispossession of grazing and cropping rights linked to their labour as individuals. The dissertation explores how the Popela claimants have (re)constructed their community identity. It shows that their discourse is characterized by conflicting notions of community and belonging, and traces the connections between these contradictions and the concessions the claimants had to make in adopting definitions and terms that have been imposed on them. It argues that while claimants appear to have accepted the Constitutional Court’s view of the basis of their claim, a ‘hidden transcript’ of commitment to community identity still persists, carefully hidden from public view in order to be awarded restitution.
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Clayton, Nichola Wendy Margaret. "Free land and free labour : debates over confiscation and land redustribution during the American Civil War". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505423.
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During the 1860s, federal intervention to alter patterns of southern landholding was a distinct possibility, but ultimately land redistribution lay outside the boundaries of the post-Civil War settlement. This thesis examines the evolution of wartime attitudes both towards confiscation, and to the related policy question' of how to transform four million ex-slaves into effective free workers. During the second half of the war these two issues became increasingly intertwined, as Republicans were prompted, by re-evaluations of British West Indian emancipation and the trajectory of free labour experiments in the Union-occupied South, to regard the freedmen as potentially effective free labourers and independent farmers. Despite a surge in support for confiscation in early 1864, political and legal obstacles continued to prevent the adoption of a radical and permanent policy towards southern lands. The prospect of former slaves as landowners also met with conflicting responses. Some argued that economic independence was the most effective stimulus to the freedmen's, acceptance of free labour mores, while others believed that access to land brought with it too much freedom: fr~ed slaves could only be brought to intemalise the values of hard work, ambition and self-reliance through wage labour under the supervision and guidance of whites. These two approaches to post-emancipation policy, along with attitudes towards the broader question of confiscation, reveal that free labour ideology was being contested even before the end of the war, and had begun to fracture prior to the political and social conflicts of Reconstruction. Furthermore, the steps which Republicans had taken to provide ex-slaves with access to land demonstrated the appeal of the arguments developed by supporters of land redistribution, but also revealed the persistent power of the more conservative, wagelabour centred position.
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Kar, Sadhan Chandra. "Use of land and labour in the subdivisional economy of Dinhata". Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/270.
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Angemi, Diego. "Poverty, vulnerability, and child labour : evidence from Uganda". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12459/.
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Notwithstanding a decade of unprecedented social and economic reforms in Uganda, poverty, vulnerability, and child labour severely undermine the government's overarching goal of poverty eradication. This thesis unfolds by disclosing unprecedented insight on the relationship between vulnerability and poverty, the merits of quantitative vis-a-vis qualitative approaches to poverty analysis, and the role of child labour in Uganda. Chapter I generates the first ever appraisal of vulnerability in Uganda. The findings support the hypothesis that during the past decade, alongside sharp reductions in poverty, vulnerability to poverty in Uganda declined from 57% in 1992/93 to 25% in 1999/00. Such results highlight the importance for policy makers to distinguish between the effective implementation of poverty-prevention and poverty-reduction programmes. Chapter II deepens our understanding of poverty in Uganda, by integrating the country's qualitative and quantitative data, enriching information from one approach with that from the other, and merging the findings from these two approaches into one set of policy recommendations. The results show that this dual approach to poverty analysis enriches the discussion of poverty trends by drawing attention to aspects of poverty and wellbeing neglected by simple construction of poverty indicators. Since poverty of the household is an important determinant of agricultural child labour (ILO, 1992), chapter III investigates the extent to which children contribute to the household's agricultural activities. The conclusion that children play an important role in the farming activities of Ugandan agricultural households is supported by two key findings: (i) Child labour accounts for approximately 9% of the household's annual agricultural earnings; and (ii) on the bases that most child labour is performed on the family farm and smoothly functioning labour markets are rare, land ownership increases the household's demand for child labour in agricultural activities.
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Salleh, H. B. "Changing forms of labour mobilisation in Malaysian agriculture". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384749.
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Carayol, Timothée. "Social capital, human capital, and labour market outcomes". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/414/.
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This thesis aims to document several aspects pertaining to the dynamics of human capital, both from a theoretical and an empirical viewpoint. Chapter 2 studies how informational flows arising from social connections can affect careers and promotions. It aims to achieve identification of this causal pathway by focusing on the careers of bishops in the Catholic church. The range of the data, both in time and in space, makes it possible to infer some types of social connections between bishops (based on geography and careers), which in turn allows for the identification of their effect on careers. I find that being connected to the relevant bishops has a positive and significant effect on the likelihood of promotion to a diocese. Chapter 3 investigates the transmission of human capital from one generation to the next. While the correlation of parents’ educational achievement with that of their children is strong and well documented, there is a scarcity of consensual evidence that this relationship has a causal nature. We use a French reform that increased the duration of compulsory schooling by two years as a natural experiment, providing exogenous variation in parental years of schooling, and study its effect on the children of the affected individuals. We find evidence of a strong effect of paternal education on the educational achievement of children. Research on employer learning has concentrated on contexts where there is uncertainty only on either the general or the match-specific human capital of the worker. Chapter 4 develops a model where general and specific human capital coexist, and the uncertainty is on their respective shares in total productivity. The model generates predictions on a number of dimensions, e.g. declining worker mobility with experience and increase in wage variance over the lifetime.
20
Roy, Sankar. "Land, Labour and Politics : a study of agricultural labourers in North Bengal". Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/114.
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Erdoğan, Emine. "Tomato land : women's labour in food production and processing in Turkey". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88626/.
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This thesis is about the place of gender roles and relations in global food production, based on an extensive ethnography of tomato production and processing in Turkey. Broadly, it looks at how attempts to integrate Turkish agriculture and food industries into the global economy have affected rural populations including women and men, but particularly the transformative consequences for women’s labour. The main question guiding the research is to ask how constructions of, and the availability of, women’s labour shapes and is shaped by the interaction between the global economy and local dynamics. In order to answer this question, I chose to engage with tomato production and processing because tomatoes have the highest export rate of all fresh and processed fruit and vegetables in Turkey. My participant-observation followed the path taken by tomatoes produced in Western Turkey for one of the biggest Japanese tomato processing brands. This included my work on the tomato fields for all of the spring planting and the summer harvest in 2013 and in a tomato-processing factory in late summer and autumn 2014. The research also drew on in-depth interviews with different social actors in the global tomato production chain in Turkey, including members of landowning families and the factory manager. I completed my fieldwork by travelling to South-eastern Anatolia (March, 2014) and staying in the homes of the Kurdish seasonal migrant workers, with whom I worked on the land in Western Turkey (in 2013). In looking at the transformation of rural women’s labour in Turkey, my sociological focus comprised the gendered division of labour in factory, field and domestic work; different forms of patriarchy; the intersection of inequalities, including those of gender, ethnicity, class and age; forms of workers’ consent and resistance, as well as the interwoven nature of the relations of production and reproduction. Focusing on these aspects of women’s lives has reshaped this research; it began as a study of women’s labour and turned into research about gender in global food production, although women’s experiences are still at its heart. My thesis is that these processes can be best understood by applying the term ‘intersectional patriarchy’ and its material manifestation 'el âlem'. The ultimate goal and contribution of my research is to integrate women’s reproductive work into global commodity chain analysis and contribute to labour process theory with the help of these ‘locally’ developed terms.
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Rakopoulos, Theodoro. "Antimafia, cooperatives, land, law, labour and moralties in a changing Sicily". Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2012. http://research.gold.ac.uk/8024/.
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This thesis explores the social, political and economic relations constituted in relation to agrarian cooperatives that work land confiscated by the state from mafiosi owners in the Alto Belice valley, Sicily. It examines access to resources (work and land), and the cooperatives’ division of labour, paying attention to the material changes that the cooperatives (considered in the context of the anti-mafia movement) have brought to people’s lives, as well as the tensions regarding social, labour and property relations that emerged from these changes. The thesis argues that the state’s intervention entailed the promotion of values (‘legality’) and relationships antithetical to those that obtained locally, such as kinship obligations and local reciprocities, as continuities between local workers’ moralities, and practices with mafia codes are seen as contradicting the state ideology of radical change. These tensions are explored in the specificities of the cooperatives’ division of labour, which, informed by class, relatedness and locality, pose obstacles to the development of horizontal, equal work relationships. In this context, the thesis explores the contradictions and unintended consequences of the state policy of ‘antimafia transformation’, creating fissures between the cooperatives’ administrators, the local workforce and the wider community. The thesis provides an ethnographic account of a political project of change that challenged the complex phenomenon of the mafia by radically shifting the conditions of access to material resources. The cooperative project provides alternative values and means of livelihood to those associated with mafia dominance in the area, but largely fails to address the local social arrangements within which the project unfolds. The thesis also addresses debates about horizontal relations in cooperatives, looking at how access to resources (land, labour, reputation) is organised across different moral claims and evaluations, articulated within and outside the cooperatives’ framework.
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Hyde, David Nicholas. "Plantation struggles in Kenya : trade unionism on the land, 1947-63". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2000. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29555/.
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The following work examines the making of Kenya's plantation proletariat and its social physiognomy in Thika and Kiambu districts from the late forties to the mid sixties. The work proceeds from the value relations of the coffee commodity on the world market and then to production relations within the districts concerned. Select estates within these areas are then identified in order to trace the workings of the law of value from its appearance as prices in the world market to the origins of surplus value and struggles over its extraction within the workplace. The increased rate of exploitation throughout the plantation economy is then identified as the principal subterranean impulse to workers' recourse to trade unionism. There followed a qualitative leap forward as workers on the plantations and in industry moved into simultaneous strike actions in response to the announcement of preparations for African majority government. The formative years of the plantation unions are then reviewed in conjunction with strikes on the coffee estates. The reciprocal impacts of plantation and industrial strikes are emphasised throughout, these have been reconstructed to reveal an uneven vet combined movement of workers in both rural and urban locations, though one which suffered from bureaucratic deformations and distortions. As such this project has revealed a crucial moment in the making of the Kenyan working class along with its inherent contradictions. In opposition to this development, attempts by the State to impose severe conditions on union recognition are examined. The development of corporatism has been considered as part of attempts by the state to control and emasculate the developing working class and its organisations. How and why the bureaucratisation of the plantation unions occurred is investigated as well as analysing its impact on coffee workers during the course of decolonization. The emergence of a syndicalist trend of rank and file, often errant, agitators and the weaknesses of this tendency related to the ideology which it shared with its bureaucratic opponents is also identified. The role of the Kenya Federation of Labour as the principal agency for the incorporation of the plantation unions into the state apparatus is then traced to the advent of the omnibus Kenya Plantation and Agricultural Workers Union. This was paralleled by an opposed trajectory emanating from workers themselves which reached its highest point in the 1962 General Strike. The insoluble problems of arbitration which heralded the unstable foundations of post independence corporatism are then investigated. Overall, the thesis points to a fifth column of labour lieutenants that was pivotal to the bourgeois nationalist transmutation of Uhuru. The work also gives clause and subclause attention to the principal ordinances in the context of a wide range of disputes to show how these operated in a concrete setting. 1 he research brings the period 1959-63 into focus, when these laws were being broken on a widespread scale as result of spontaneous strike waves. The associate problems which rent conciliation machinery are contextually discussed throughout. The thesis shows that a defining characteristic of the period was the inability of the labour bureaucracy to restrain and arrest successive strike movements on the plantations and elsewhere in accordance with the rules of conflict resolution defined by colonial labour laws. Finally, the thesis has sought an epistemological break with existent work in the field and for this reason has identified the philosophical roots of past contributions and drawn upon Marx's dialectical method to help resolve the problems of analysis and interpretation that have held back previous research.
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Swift, David Jonathan. "Patriotic labour in the era of the Great War". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2014. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/11810/.
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Despite the vast amount of scholarship completed on the First World War, relatively little work has focused on the British Left and the conflict. The aim of this thesis is to rectify this, by examining left-wing support for the war effort, and the implications of this for the labour movement. This study aims to ascertain the extent and nature of support for the war effort amongst the Left. It will survey the relationship between patriotism and the Left in the years before 1914, in order to give context for the events of the war years. It will then examine the reactions of the men and women of the Left – at both an elite and subaltern level – to the First World War. Furthermore, it will investigate how left-wing patriotism in this period impacted on the fortunes of the labour movement after the Armistice. The war also saw a great increase in the size and scope of the state, and the significance and implications of this will be examined. Finally, this thesis will aim to enhance our understanding as to why and how the labour movement was able to remain united and purposeful in the war years and immediately after 1918. Overall, this thesis will contribute to our understanding of the nature and extent of support for the war on the Left, the impact of the war on Labour’s electoral fortunes, the relationship between the Left and the state, and labour movement cohesion in this period.
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Benito, Andrew. "Wage premia in the British labour market". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59442/.
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The doctoral dissertation considers the existence of non-competitive wage premia in Great Britain. The research aims to confront the predictions of certain approaches to wage determination with microeconomic data for Great Britain. In so doing, the analysis is mindful of the importance of economic theory in order to provide a basis for empirical work undertaken, which in turn should ideally be focused upon policy-oriented issues. In addressing the issue of Wage Premia in the British Labour Market, the Thesis also acknowledges the importance of employing large microeconomic datasets in order to understand an issue which is essentially concerned with microeconomic behaviour. To this end, the Thesis employs data at the level of the individual, the establishment and the firm in the British labour market, carrying out both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Noncompetitive wages have significant implications for performance alongside wages themselves. Partly as a result, a concern of the author was to go beyond estimation of wage equations with additional explanatory variables, in order to consider these aspects of performance directly. The empirical work reflects this. In a sense, the body of research traces the three stages of development of the empirical literature on non-competitive wages. This begins with a study of the wages received by individual workers according to their industry affiliation. Competitive theory predicts that contingent upon levels of human capital and non-pecuniary benefits, individuals working in different industries should earn equal amounts: a law of one-price prevails. The analysis therefore attempts to detect the presence of non-competitive rents. Further, the notion that such differentials are non-competitive suggests a relation between their magnitude and industry profitability. The study represents the first attempt to relate industry differentials to measures of industry ability-to pay for Great Britain. Second, a cross-sectional study of turnover and wages is concerned with the issue of whether an employer may voluntarily pay wages above a market-clearing level in order to prevent employees from quitting the place of work. The paper provides the first microeconomic evidence of wage as well as union effects upon turnover at British establishments. Third, the issue of whether the forces of wage determination may differ between levels of the firm is considered, focusing upon the employee-executive distinction. Two chapters, employing a large panel of UK companies consider this issue by examining the determination of company-level wages (Chapter 5) and company financial performance (Chapter 6). At the time of writing, one of the most contentious issues in the area of wage determination in the British labour market refers to the pay of public sector employees and how this compares to that of the private sector. In Chapter 7, among the first individual-level estimates of the differential associated with employment in the public sector for Great Britain are provided. Finally, the Thesis draws out the policy implications of efficiency wages. Efficiency Wage theory represents one of the main schools of thought regarding the existence of noncompetitive wage premia. The issues which arise strike at the core of labour market and industrial policy-making and include unemployment and minimum wage legislation.
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Ioannou, Gregoris. "Labour relations in Cyprus : employment, trade unionism and class composition". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/47187/.
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This thesis is a study of contemporary labour relations in Cyprus and is based on seven case studies: three from the hotel, two from the banking and two from the construction industries. The case studies involved particular medium and large size firms and focused on specific workplaces but some generalisations and projections are also made concerning broader tendencies in the corresponding sectors. Labour relations are approached holistically, examining both the context and the content of labour power utilisation as well as its broader impact and significance on society as a whole. The thesis focuses on employment practices and work organisation but also includes within its analytic frame, the institutional and political factors involved, management and trade unionism. The workplace is approached as a site of power relations whereby social identities and divisions occur and authority is both established and contested. Thus labour and trade union organisation is examined at the workplace level and analysed from the workers' perspective, taking into account the experience of hierarchies and resistance, and the experience of cooperation and conflict. The study is located in a nationally specific context, situating the contemporary state of labour relations in Cyprus in the historical course of development and local particular conditions of the island. The colonial legacy, the ethnic conflict and the division of the country and the rapidity of modernisation have impacted substantially on both the industrial relations and the class structure of the society. On the other hand, international forces, trends and phenomena in the era of globalisation such as flexibility in and the deregulation of the labour market, increased capital and labour flows, neo-liberal discourses and trade union decline constitute the broader coordinates of the labour process. These facts and schemata are both examined in the light of empirical data from Cyprus and used to explore and explain issues of contemporary labour organisation and class composition. Theoretically and politically the thesis is situated within a general Marxian framework that is informed both by the conflict school of industrial relations and the tradition of class composition studies. Workers' resistance and class conflict, the means through which class is being composed, is seen not only as a political by-product of the labour process but ontologically at its centre and conceptually at its heart. Thus the thesis also includes references to and can be used in broader discussions in and of the Left and concludes with a characterisation of the challenges and the prospects of the labour and trade union movement in Cyprus.
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Kiely, Ray. "The politics of labour and development in Trinidad and Tobago". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/74151/.
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This thesis is a labour history of Trinidad and Tobago, concentrating on the period from 1937 to 1990. The study attempts to show that there is not a unified or homogenous working class, and for this reason both traditional Marxist and industrial relations theories are rejected. Instead, the history of labour focuses on how the working classes have been divided by factors such as race, gender, class structure and politics. These divisions are used as an explanation for the absence of a popular socialist party in the country. It concludes that the economic recession of the 1980s has led to the worst crisis in the history of the labour movement, but at the same time, this has laid the framework for a new strategy of social movement unionism, which attempts to constructively engage with, rather than ignore, divisions within the working classes. The main sources of data were documentary and archival material, and in particular, reports made by the British TUC and Colonial Office, industrial relations legislation, and trade union and political party documents and manifestoes. For the contemporary period, these sources of data were supplemented by fifteen interviews with leading figures in trade union and labour politics. The work is based on a macro approach to the study of labour, and as such constitutes a new and original approach to the study of labour in Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, more contemporary trade union documents and interviews provided the researcher with new and original material.
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Whittle, Jane. "The development of agrarian capitalism : land and labour in Norfolk, 1440-1580 /". Oxford [u.a.] : Clarendon Press, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016705372&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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MacKinnon, Aran Stuart. "Land, labour and cattle : the political economy of Zululand, c.1930-1950". Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243290.
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Robinson, Nicola Anne. "Resisting development : land and labour in Israeli, Palestinian and Sri Lankan literature". Thesis, University of York, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8958/.
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This thesis examines literary representations which depict the evolution of capitalist development in narratives by Israeli, Palestinian and Sri Lankan writers. This comparative study is the first of its kind to bring the contexts of Israel/Palestine and Sri Lanka together. Collectively, my chapters analyse a range of literary texts by writers including Yosef Brenner, Sahar Khalifeh, Punyakante Wijenaike and Ambalavaner Sivanandan which explore the separatist ethnonational conflicts. I focus on narratives which critique the dominant discourse of development in their societies, through the formal and literary strategies that the writers utilise such as utopia, realism and melodrama. I argue that the texts I consider draw attention to the impact of uneven development on the content and form of literature in order to resist the current dispensation. This resistance is invaluable when one considers that development continues to be a contentious and divisive issue in Israel/Palestine, Sri Lanka and beyond today, yet one that has clear implications for sustainable peace. As a result, my research highlights that literature can play an invaluable role in anticipating, if not imagining, alternatives to the current world order.
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Forrest, Anne. "Labour law and union growth : the case of Ontario". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1988. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4386/.
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What role the law should play in encouraging the growth of trade unions is a matter of considerable controversy in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Limits to growth in other sectors of the economy coupled with heightened employer hostility to unionism have made the extension of collective bargaining to the tertiary sector the most pressing task for unions in the 1980s. In a limited way, the Canadian procedure for certifying and recognizing unions is being considered as a model for labour law reform. And there is much to recommend the Canadian system. It is far more efficient than its American counterpart. There are fewer delays, fewer unlawful interventions by employers, and a substantially higher likelihood that newly organized unions will be granted certification. Even so, unions have failed to break into the trade, finance, and services industries that are so critical to their future. Taken as a whole, Canadian labour law tends to block rather than promote the growth of unions in the unorganized sectors of the economy. The certification procedure is only one aspect of a legal regime that has as its primary purpose the preservation of industrial peace, not the encouragement of union growth. By shaping bargaining structure and regulating bargaining tactics, Canadian labour law tilts the balance of power in favour of employers. Small, fragmented unions are frequently pitted against large corporations and as there is nothing to stop anti-union employers from using their overwhelming strength to frustrate the collective bargaining process, efforts to organize the tertiary sector have failed.
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Maguire, Sue M. "The evolving youth labour market : a study of continuity and change". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4518/.
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The focus of this thesis is the level of demand for youth labour. By re-applying the aims and methodology of a study carried out in the late 1970s and early 1980s and comparing the findings, changes to the structure and functioning of the youth labour market can be identified. These changes are then assessed in the context of evolving education and training policies and, in particular, against the background of significant increases which have occurred in young people's rates of participation in post-compulsory education. The findings are based on a survey of sixty companies from a range of industrial sectors and size bands in two contrasting local labour markets: Leicester and Sunderland. The overwhelming majority of interviews were conducted face-to-face, using a structured interviewing approach. In addition, representatives of local TECs, Careers Services and Training Providers were interviewed. The findings point to the fact that, although there has been a reduction in the number of job opportunities, there still exists a demand for youth labour which may, in some areas, exceed the supply of young people choosing to enter the labour market at the age of sixteen. Importantly, many employers in the sample had little understanding of new vocational qualifications, namely GNVQs, and tended to rely on Year 11 attainment levels and non-academic criteria in the selection process. Finally, the thesis explores the dissonance which, it is argued, has been created by education and training policies which have generated competition for young people from employers and education and training providers, and suggests that such policies may be failing to achieve the twin aims of enhancing the qualification attainments of young people and addressing the future skill needs of the country. It also highlights the need for further research to determine employers' requirements for youth labour.
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Hämäläinen, Kari. "The employment and unemployment effects of Finnish active labour market programmes". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/54279/.
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The persistence of high unemployment has placed increasing stress on the role of active labour market policies. They have been seen as the main policy tool in moving individuals from income support to employment. This thesis attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of active labour market policy in fulfilling the difficult task given to it. This is done by empirically exploring the impact of active labour market programmes on the overall level of open unemployment, participants' repeat unemployment incidence and their subsequent employment record. By this means, the thesis examines the achievement of both macroeconomic and individual goals given to active labour market policy. The main finding running through all chapters, and consequently through different estimation methods, samples and aggregation levels, is that active labour market policy improves the employment performance of the economy but it can help only so far as it goes. The beneficial effect remains far too limited to bring down the current high levels of unemployment or to wipe out the gap in labour market possibilities prevailing between advantaged and disadvantaged individuals. This is not to say that active labour market policy would not be useful in conjunction with other policies affecting unemployment, but without any support its effects will remain modest.
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Kone, Zovanga L. "Essays on the labour market outcomes of immigrants in the UK". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/34561/.
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The present thesis comprises three essays on the labour market outcomes of immigrants in the United Kingdom (UK). Chapter 1 introduces the thesis, outlines its contribution and provides an overview of each of the three essays. Chapter 2 evaluates the role of immigration policy on the occupational outcomes of immigrants to the UK. We use a quasi-natural experiment to tease out the role of immigration policy on the occupational outcomes of immigrants from other factors that affect these outcomes. Looking at a sample of immigrants who entered the UK shortly before and after 2004, the findings suggest that the change in the UK’s 2004 immigration policy only led to a slight increase, although not statistically robust, in the odds of observing A8 immigrants who entered the UK after 2004 in elementary occupations relative to professional occupations. We unearth evidence that A8 immigrants with longer durations of stay in the country have better occupational outcomes. Also, the occupational attainment gap between A8 immigrants and UK-born individuals reduces drastically once one controls for income levels in the source country of the immigrant. In Chapter 3, we examine the implications of networks of social contacts for the occupational outcomes of immigrants with different lengths of stay in the host country. It is commonly assumed that immigrants principally rely on co-ethnics to find employment. Using a direct measure on whether employment was obtained by referral or other means, we find that while this common assumption remains true for immigrants who recently arrived in the UK, co-ethnics no longer appear to be the main source of referrals for more established immigrants. Thus it seems that the social network of contacts of an immigrant potentially extends to include individuals from other countries as their stay in the host country lengthens. This implies that immigrants may undergo a process of “social assimilation” by broadening their network of social contacts. If this diversification improves the “quality” of the network, it could lead to better labour market outcomes. In Chapter 4, we look at the labour market outcomes of different groups of immigrants and the children born to them in the UK, in comparison to natives. Most previous studies assume that all UK-born of non-White ethnicity are children of immigrants because the data commonly used do not identify the place of birth of the respondent’s parents. In light of the history of immigration of some ethnic groups in the UK, however, such an assumption may lead to classification errors in the data, which could have severe consequences for implications of intergenerational mobility in labour market outcomes. Our analysis shows that even an apparently negligible amount of classification errors in the data can cause high level of uncertainty in the estimates of the parameters of interest. Additionally, for the first time in this literature we use a dataset that contains information on parental country of birth to examine labour market outcomes across all major ethnic groups in the UK. Chapter 5 concludes the thesis, and future research topics/directions are discussed.
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Williams, Laura C. "Disabled graduates' experiences of the UK labour market". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/57128/.
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Disability is a common phenomenon in the UK and year on year there are more disabled graduates graduating and entering the labour market. Despite the relevance of disability to contemporary society, research that focuses on disabled graduates is notability absent in the wider equality and diversity literature. In order to address this lacuna, the research focuses on how disabled graduates manage and navigate the UK labour market. Five key stages in the graduates’ journey into the labour market are addressed in the research, the process of job searching, how disabled graduates negotiate the workplace environment, which includes management relations, how reasonable adjustments are secured, and engagement with external bodies for advice and support and welfare. The wide range of topics covered in the thesis allowed the totality of the experience of disability to be addressed. The thesis used an inductive, qualitative methodology to uncover the lived experience of the disabled graduates. Several key themes emerged from the thesis, firstly disabled graduates were active agents in managing their situation. They often had plan ‘A’ along with various alternative plans to allow them to achieve their desired career path. In addition the graduates were excellent at executing coping strategies to deal with the negative situations in which they found themselves; they did not allow their suffering to negatively deter them. Thirdly, the data showed it was very important to consider issues around impairment because impairment impacted many of the disabled graduates’ experiences. If issues around impairment are ignored then only a partial understanding of disability is achieved. Finally, the data indicated that disabled graduates still experienced unfairness and discrimination in the workplace. This discrimination manifested itself in numerous ways from failure to be recruited to employers failing to make reasonable adjustments.
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Pinedo, Caro Luis. "Adverse selection and race in the labour market". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366655/.
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Giulietti, Corrado. "Essays on migration and labour markets". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/141971/.
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This thesis explores the relationships between immigration and labour mar- kets. The work consists of three empirical papers that examine particular aspects of this relationship. The first paper investigates the hypothesis that immigrants are attracted by a particular labour market institution, the minimum wage. The empirical analysis is implemented by assessing the impact that an exogenous increase in the federal USA minimum wage has on the immigration ows of low-skilled individuals. The main findings are that low-wage workers move to States where the growth of the minimum wage is larger, while high-wage individuals are insensitive to the policy. The second paper analyses the effects of immigration in the host labour market, in particular on the mobility of previous residents. The main objective is to investigate if inflows of recent immigrants determine an out-migration of natives and earlier immigrants. This is achieved by analysing patterns of internal mi- gration using information on the local authority of origin and destination and on the skill level of individuals. The analysis demonstrates that, while UK-born individuals and recent immigrants move to similar locations, earlier immigrants are instead displaced, suggesting closer substitutability with the newcomers. The impact of ethnic networks on employment outcomes is the final topic of the thesis. The important feature of this study is to examine this effect separately for immigrants and natives. This is achieved by analysing detailed data on ethnic enclaves from two Censuses of England and Wales, which are used to construct an index that captures local interactions. The results show that, for the majority of immigrant groups, a larger informal network is associated with higher employ- ment probabilities. For the group of natives, there is no evidence that living in an enclave is detrimental to employment, and the eect is, at worst, zero.
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Gomez, Marcos. "Essays on labour economics : the case of youth unemployment". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/383980/.
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Mitchell, Gemma. "Valuing caring relationships within UK labour law". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6651/.
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This thesis will consider UK labour law’s role in promoting fairness for carers. Building upon Fineman’s work, I will argue that caring relationships are of vital importance to society and should be supported by the state. The principle of justice as fairness, substantiated by the capabilities approach, will underpin this argument. I will focus upon modifying the workplace through care centric labour laws to achieve fairness for carers. Care centric legislation, developed by Busby, focuses upon promoting carers’ rights to work, rather than workers’ rights to care. Much of the analysis will focus upon reconciliation legislation, which aims to support people providing care within the paid workplace. This is because it has been the main way successive UK governments have aimed to help people reconcile these competing commitments. Although this body of legislation has gone some way towards achieving this, I will show that it could have done more. To make labour law care centric, something more radical is required. In this regard, I will analyse a right to care. To conclude, I will highlight the need for more empirical work in this context to further understand how fairness for all carers could be achieved.
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Kelly, Philip F. "Constructing globalization in the Philippines, labour, land and identity on Manila's industrializing periphery". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25076.pdf.
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Place, John. "Caroline Gordon's agrarian lost cause fiction, 1927-1937 : land, labour, religion and gender". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247282.
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Pascual, GarciÌa de Azilu Unai. "Modelling labour supply and soil quality in shifting cultivation agriculture : a study from YucataÌn, Mexico". Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288198.
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Flanding, Jens. "European labour market flexibility reforms : a longitudinal study of change and continuity". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3394/.
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Debate about European labour market flexibility enhancing reforms and lack thereof has a tendency to be dominated by economics arguments. This thesis advances the debate by going beyond the economics arguments to ask the political science question: what explains the political ability (or inability) to enact flexibility enhancing reforms in European countries from the early 1980s to the global recession of 2008? Answering the question, this thesis argues that the ability to enact reforms is best explained by a combination of traditional political-economy pressures for reforms and political-electoral motivations of party leaders in government. The argument is supported by a longitudinal analysis of European and country specific reforms using mixed-methods – i.e. quantitative and qualitative research – and employment protection legislation (EPL) as a proxy for reforms, the latter being warranted because of EPLs political salience as a reform target prior to 2008. First, a quantitative cross-country reform-hazard analysis arrives at significant economic and political explanations for reforms, which include a country’s social model, unemployment rate and economic growth. Then, a qualitative analysis of the trajectory of EPL and functionally linked labour market reforms combines the quantitative results with a broader political understanding of reforms for Germany, the UK and Denmark as country cases where reforms were enacted, and France as a case where only limited or contradictory EPL reforms were put in place during the period covered by this thesis. The thesis adds robustness to the literature showing most pre-2008 global recession reforms were at the margin, targeting non-regular employment parts of European labour markets. However, overall, the thesis provides a political understanding of the European reform trajectory, suggesting that economic arguments rarely on their own stand up as determinants of reforms. The implications for future research are that the enactment of flexibility enhancing reforms should be treated more explicitly as the outcomes of political decisions and less as reactive steps to economic predictions or political economy pressures for reforms, even if the latter continues to play a role in bringing reforms onto the political agenda.
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Pringle, Timothy Edward. "The All China Federation of Trade Unions : the challenge of labour unrest". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3187/.
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This thesis sets out to investigate the possibility that the All China Federation of Trade Unions is capable of reform in the face of the development of capitalist employment relations. The thesis is centred on the examination of hitherto under-researched areas of ACFTU activity by researching the motivations, conditions and actors involved in three local-level pilot projects: collective bargaining, a trade union rights centre and enterprise-level trade union elections. The fieldwork is contextualised by historical summaries of the development of China‟s industrial relations and Party and trade union responses to labour unrest in both the state and private sectors since the establishment of the People‟s Republic in 1949. The results of my research demonstrate that it is no longer appropriate to refer to the ACFTU as a monolithic organisation. Furthermore, my argument departs from mainstream views of the organisation by locating the impetus for trade union reform in the challenge of increasingly sophisticated labour militancy from below, rather than reacting to orders from above. I conclude that while the pilot projects studied each have their own merits and qualifications, taken as a whole they prove that the ACFTU is capable of gradual reform from below. In the light of the improved relations between the ACFTU and the International Trade Union Confederation, this thesis speaks to this fact and aims to contribute to future engagements by expanding the knowledge on which dialogue and trade union exchanges must be based if they are to have any chance of success.
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Korczynski, Marek. "Capital, labour and economic performance in the engineering construction industry : 1960-1990". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1993. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2470/.
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This study engages with the debates on industrial relations and economic performance at the micro-level. Primarily; this issue has been addressed through the production function approach which seeks to correlate a variable for unionisation with an economic performance measure. Criticisms are put forward which stress the technical limitations of existing studies, the limitations of statistical studies in examining social processes, and theoretical problems with the production function approach. The literature recognises the need for a detailed, processual case study. The thesis is such a case study, examining the Engineering Construction Industry, i. e. the building of large power stations and process plants, from 1960 to 1990. The principal research methods were archive work and interviewing. The industry was chosen because it constituted a 'crucial' case for the argument that labour militancy underlay the UK's poor economic performance in the 1960s and 1970s. The industry was characterised by widespread militancy and large project overruns, the assumption (tested within the thesis) being that the former caused the latter. The key finding is that the chronic project delays were at root due to the opportunistic practices of contractors who deliberately and covertly delayed construction in order to force the client into offering extra payments. A key profit focus of contractors lay in exploiting opportunities to generate additional payments. The widespread militancy of the 1960s and 1970s exacerbated overruns, but the key significance of militancy was that it was used as a tool by contractors in reproducing beneficial commercial relations with clients. The improvement in performance in the 1980s was at root due to the rise of managing contractors who curbed opportunism. Unconstrained by high levels of labour militancy, managing contractors adopted a low trust route to improve project performance, implying that the basis for longer term development has not been laid. A 'crucial' case study of the British worker argument has rejected the thesis that militancy underlay poor performance. The relationship between opportunism, militancy and poor performance uncovered within the study potentially has relevance for other important sectors of the UK economy.
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Soni-Sinha, Urvashi. "Gendered labour process and flexibility : a study of jewellery production in India". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4382/.
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This study focuses on the production of handmade and machinemade jewellery in three sites in India: Noida Export Processing Zone (NEPZ), Delhi and Medinipur. It draws from and contributes to two strands of literature and extends them. One is the gendered literature on export processing zones (EPZs) and export oriented industries (EOIs). The other is the literature on globalisation, feminisation and flexibility. The thesis poses two major research questions. First, how are jobs in jewellery production constituted as masculine or feminine? Second, how do masculinised and feminised jobs relate to flexibility? The evidence I use to answer these questions is based on materials collected in the course of two field trips to India, of nine months and two months duration between 1996-1998. A questionnaire survey, non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews were used as methods of data collection. Contrary to much of the literature on EPZs, machinemade jewellery production in NEPZ is predominantly male with 25% female work participation, and handmade jewellery production in NEPZ is entirely male with no female work participation. Handmade jewellery in Delhi has a marginal representation of women as family workers. Only in handmade chain production in the villages of Medinipur is the female labour predominant, in the form of hidden women homeworkers, constituting 64% of the labour time. My study shows that the gender division of labour is not a fixed or given entity but a product of discursive and material practices, which are reproduced through discourses into which different actors invest, and which feed into the gendered subjective identities of these actors. The study breaks down the assumption of a formal labour market in EPZs. There is a wide prevalence of male child labour and subcontracting in all three sites of handmade jewellery production. Contrary to the literature on EPZs and EOIs which show that it is the feminised jobs that are flexible, in machinemade jewellery production in NEPZ there is a slight feminisation of flexibility but it is not very significant. In the handmade jewellery sector in NEPZ and Delhi, labour market flexibility is occurring with a largely masculinised labour force. In Medinipur all labour is flexible and since there is greater representation of women in the labour time, there is some feminisation of flexibility. So no clear linkage can be drawn between the feminisation of jobs and flexible labour within the jewellery industry in India thus complicating the debates on feminisation and flexibility. The study underlines the importance of localised industry studies which are not bounded by a particular space.
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Iliadou, Theologia. "The securitization of female migrant domestic labour in Greece since the 1990s". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/99429/.
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Despite the historically undervalued and yet politically charged character of domestic labour its contemporary emergence as a female migrant occupation exposes the group of female migrant domestic workers to comparatively to the past more intense exploitation and abuse. Within security regimes, which act as the primary means of management for female migrants, the national and gender identities of female migrant domestic workers are constructed as a threat to the national politics of social reproduction. This research project examines the lived inequalities and vulnerabilities of female migrant domestic workers in Greece as outcomes of the politicization of migration as a threat to the national societal security. It does so by utilizing the Copenhagen School’s securitization theory as the basis for the development of this project’s analytical framework and conducting research at the three securitization stages: negotiation, acceptance and institutionalization. It argues that the identified as characteristics of the contemporary migration wave, racism and xenophobia, rise in crime and growth of the informal economy, that have defined the experiences of both nationals and aliens are outcomes of the conceptualization and development of migration policies as exclusionary measures. Utilizing Huysmans concept of desecuritization the research project concludes by claiming that the conscious reorientation of the ethical basis upon which migration policy is established in Greece will result in the alleviation of the burdens of migration for both nationals and migrants.
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Undurraga, Rosario. "Between family and work : women's participation in the labour market in Chile". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35786/.
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Chile enjoys relative economic and political stability, but has enormous class, gender and labour market inequalities. Women’s employment participation is low – the lowest in Latin America. This research aims to explain this low female participation rate by looking at women’s experiences, the continuing barriers they face around paid employment, the tension between paid work and family life, and the factors that lead to the decisions they make. It examines normative gendered roles and gendered relations, highlighting diverse experiences between social groups. The study is qualitative, based on 60 semi-structured interviews with upper/middle- and working-class women in Santiago, Chile. The conceptual framework is based on the Total Social Organisation of Labour and is informed by the concepts of gender regime and gender order. I explore the way in which women conceptualise work and the implications of this for their self-esteem, the valuation of women’s work, and their place in society. The conceptualisation of work shapes (mis)recognition, (mis)representation and (mal)distribution of un/paid labour. I argue that structural and cultural factors put women off the labour market. The main obstacles women face when engaging with paid employment are structural (lack of childcare, education, transport time and costs, long working hours) and cultural (machismo, discrimination, traditional division of labour). Most women experience these barriers, which take different forms according to class. Women would like more support, a smaller gender pay gap, wider childcare provision and fewer working hours. The Chilean gender order is characterised by a ‘traditional’ gender division of labour in a ‘modern’ context. It displays a male-breadwinner/female-home-carer model with little State support, meaning women rely on individual (re)sources. The distribution of un/paid work is a private problem variously resolved by individual (gendered) strategies. This research contributes to knowledge by providing feminist analysis and understanding of the low female workforce participation rate.
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Baldacchino, Godfrey. "Labouring in Lilliput : labour relations and images of smallness in developing microstates". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1993. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4042/.
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This project opens up insights into the social processes colouring labour relations in developing microstates. It purports to explore how worker behaviour in very small, often island, developing countries unfolds in circumstances prone also to influences resulting from the condition of smallness. The thesis' main intended contribution is therefore an alertness to the plausibility and heuristic usefulness of a smallness perspective towards a better understanding of microstate labour dynamics in particular. The research design adopted is reflexively critical. It confronts the theories and epithets surrounding the developing microstate, constructing a home grown, conceptual framework and methodological regime. This sensitises research to the often unacknowledged, behavioural dynamics which 'infect' labour formation and labour-management relations in these territories. The method of investigation comprises a resort to multiple data sourcing. A literature audit is complemented by 4 case studies. These involve: Transnationally comparable employment and labour relations settings emergent from semi-structured interview scripts; encounters with fellow microstate academics; and an autobiographical ethnography. The material is organised a follows: The research question is first set up and the applied methodology problematised (Chapter 1) . Next is a review of development theory, with the proposal of an alternative explanation of microstate 'development' strategies, subsequently applied to the experiences of Malta (my country) and Barbados (Chapter 2). The construction of a microstate labour syndrome follows, with the explanatory and organising potential of a typology revolving around the conditions of intimacy, totality and monopoly (Chapter 3). These leitmotifs are then tested out: First, in the context of labour relations in two microstate hotels (Chapter 4); secondly, with respect to the behaviour and perceptions of microstate campus academic staff; lastly, in relation to the self as microstate academic (Chapter 5). The conclusion serves as a synthesis as well as an opportunity to appraise the implications of the results (Chapter 6).
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Tocco, Barbara. "Agricultural employment and inter-sectoral labour mobility in selected EU Member States". Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/56649/.
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In the last century, and especially with the development of European market integration, economies in Europe experienced a deep restructuring of their agricultural sector. The structural shift away from the primary sector activities, with the reallocation of labour across sectors, is an important engine of economic development. Nonetheless, the patterns and drivers of structural change in the New Member States (NMS) have differed in nature, speed and intensity from those of the EU-15. More importantly, the high incidence of farm employment and family workers in some of the NMS, despite low levels of agricultural training and labour productivity, suggests that farming, particularly in the least developed regions, might be the only viable solution for obtaining a minimum standard of living, especially for those who lack the human capital for 'better' employment opportunities. Against this background, the aim of this research is to investigate the driving forces behind agricultural labour adjustments and, thus, shed light on the facilitators of, and barriers to, labour mobility. The analysis focuses on the linkages between farm and non-farm sectors and explores the determinants of agricultural employment and inter-sectoral labour mobility in six selected Member States (MS): France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Using national and European micro-level data from labour force and agricultural business surveys, the econometric analysis employs various discrete choice modelling techniques on cross-section and panel data. The key message from this research is that skills mismatch, due to inadequate levels of education and vocational training, and labour market characteristics appear to be the most important impediments to the inter-sectoral and spatial mobility of labour. The mixed evidence in the results across MS reflects the heterogeneous organisational and production structures, implying different constraints or prospects for farm survival and hence different capacities to release and absorb labour. Hence, in order to ensure an efficient allocation of labour and a smooth transition across sectors, investments in human capital and the diversification of rural areas constitute crucial rural development policies. Nonetheless, a one-size-fits-all policy is not appropriate for the wide diversity of rural areas and labour markets across MS. Instead, more targeted and diverse measures should be implemented in order to meet particular needs.