Artigos de revistas: "Labor"

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Malhotra, Narendra, Ameet Patki, Uday Thanawala, Amarnath Bhide, Shirish N. Daftary, Shyam V. Desai e Jesse Levi. "Programmed Labor—Indegenous Protocol to Optimize Labor Outcome". Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1, n.º 1 (2009): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1048.

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ABSTRACT Objective To Asses and develop an indigenous protocol to optimize labour outcome, as Programmed Labor. Design Open, prospective (Between January 2000 to December 2007), randomized, parallel group, monocentric, comparative matching trial. Settings Labor rooms at Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity, Mumbai. Selection criteria 200 patients in each group, aged between 21-30, as low-risk parturient. Intervention Partography, Oxytocin, Primiprost, Pentazocin, Dizepam, Tramadol, Drotin, Ketamine. Outcome parameters Satisfactory obstetric outcome, progressive labor of shorter duration, less blood loss and pain relief. Results Study group had mean shorter duration of active labor as 3.5 hrs compared to controls of 5.2 hrs. Excellant pain relief was of 24 and 62% of substantial relief in comparison to 32% only in other group with no patient falling in excellent group. Second stage of labor was reduced by half (26 to 48 meters) and lesser third stage blood loss. Conclusions Programmed labor with indigenous protocol developed and practiced, results in progressive, shorter, and comfortable labors with lesser blood loss.

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Choudhary, Anjali, e Meenakshi Tanwar. "Partogram and its relevance in modern obstetrics". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, n.º 4 (26 de março de 2019): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20191207.

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Background: Normal labor and childbirth is fraught with complexities. In the modern times the child birth has proven to be more challenging than ever. Partogram has proven to be a simple and useful tool in monitoring normal labor. The objective of this endeavor was to site our experiences in using partogram for ‘plotting’ labors, to assess its utility, limitations and cite controversies.Methods: Authors analyzed progress of labor plotted on partograms in parturient women to see whether their labor patterns conform to the standard partogram, and can logical conclusions be drawn from their use to decide partogram’s utility and applicability.Results: The use of partogram was not universal and its charting inadequate due to lack of motivation on part of labor room residents, busy labor rooms. When plotted meticulously they showed a wide variation, and many women did not conform to the rates of dilatation of the graph. The use of partogram did not alter the rate of cesarean section for non-progressive labors with use and non-use of partogram.Conclusions: Philpott’s partogram is a very visual and useful tool to monitor labours and detect labour abnormalities timely. Although it has served as a labour management tool across the labour rooms its use is not universal. There is a plethora of conflicting opinions regarding its utility in modern obstetrics today, ranging from a complete faith in the tool to finding it obsolete and in need of a revision to calling it a medicalization of a natural process.

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Yulistriani, Yulistriani, e Mahdi Mahdi. "PROFIL, ALOKASI DAN PENDAPATAN TENAGA KERJA PADA PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT RAKYAT DI KABUPATEN SOLOK SELATAN". Jurnal AGRISEP 16, n.º 1 (5 de março de 2017): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.16.1.25-32.

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Labor is one of the main inputs in the production activities, including in agriculture. The quality and quantity of labor would have an impact on quality of products. Solok Selatan district is a new district in West Sumatera that has priority program for development of palm oil smallholders. The quality of labor will also determine the sustainability and success of the operational of palm oil smallholders.Field surveys and in-depth interviews had been carried out to find the profile, allocation and labor income of palm oil smallholders in Solok Selatan district. Respondents for this research were selected purposively with the criteria of land ownership is ? 2 hectares. This is because the farmers who have land area ? 2 Ha tend to use labor from outside the family and otherwise. The research finds that labors of palm oil smallholder in the research site were dominated by workers with primary education level (75%). Moreover, the average of work time allocation by respondents is was 84.5 HOK/ha/year. Meanwhile, the average income per month of the labors were Rp. 1,393,916.67 (flat land) and Rp. 1,786,083.33 - 1,837,333,33 (steep land) with assumption that each type of work available at any time and labors actively work for 8 hours per day in oil palm smallholder.Keywords: Profil, Allocation, Income, labour, palm oil

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Morgan, David E. "Book Reviews : Transforming Labor: Labour Tradition and the Labor Decade in Australia". Journal of Industrial Relations 36, n.º 3 (setembro de 1994): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569403600308.

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Əlitahir oğlu Xammədov, Elxan. "Procedure for out-of-court resolution of individual labor disputes". SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, n.º 04 (23 de abril de 2021): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/280-284.

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The article analyzes the rules for out-of-court resolution of individual labor disputes. The main goal of the article is to further improve the legislation. In this article, solutions of individual labour disputes outside the court were investigated in the legislation of Azerbaijan, the importance of the Orga considering the solution of individual labour disputes before the court in terms of labour relations and the inefficiency of individual labour exchanges by one-on-one strike were tried to bring to the fore. Key words: out-of-court resolution of an individual labor dispute, consideration of an individual labor dispute in a pre-trial body, resolution of an individual labor dispute through individual leave, resolution of a collective labor dispute, bodies that resolve individual labor disputes

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COSTAR, BRIAN. "Denis Murphy: Labor Activist, Labour Historian". Australian Journal of Politics & History 34, n.º 1 (7 de abril de 2008): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1988.tb00797.x.

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Tilly, Chris. "Book Review: Labor Economics: Labour Economics". ILR Review 45, n.º 2 (janeiro de 1992): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204500226.

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Sy, Aida, e Tony Tinker. "Labor processing labor". International Journal of Accounting Information Systems 11, n.º 2 (junho de 2010): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2010.03.001.

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Woodbury, Stephen A. "Book Review: Labor Economics: Labor Markets: The Economics of Non-Wage Labour Costs". ILR Review 40, n.º 1 (outubro de 1986): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398604000127.

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Permata, Meily Ika, Yanfitri Yanfitri e Andry Prasmuko. "THE LABOR SHIFTING IN INDONESIAN LABOR MARKET". Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 12, n.º 3 (19 de novembro de 2010): 251–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v12i3.373.

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This paper analyzes the labor shifting phenomenon in Indonesian labor market. Labor shifting phenomenon in developing countries, including Indonesia, is considered to be the reason of stable movement from the supply perspective. By using Sakernas data year 1998-2008, this paper analyzes the labor shifting phenomenon, both the direction of labor movement and the characteristics of the shifting labor.The main conclusions obtained in this research are, first, there is no structural break in Indonesian labor market. Second, although most of labors tend to remain in the same sector or intra-sector, the analysis shows there is tendency for the labor to move from non formal sectors especially to Agricultural and Trade sectors. Third, the model estimation result with a series of controlled category shows the biggest three probability of not shifting and remaining in the same sectors are in Electricity sector (70,15%), Financial sector (55,8%) and Mining sector (53,13%). On the other side, the biggest labor mobility opportunity to conduct shifting is on Industry sector (80.14%), Construction sector (64.3%), and Transportation sector (62.4%).JEL classification: J23, J62, J64Keywords: Demand for Labor, Job Mobility, Labor shifting, Unemployment

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Khurshid, Hafiza Naveeda, Samar Noor, Huma Tasheen, Shabana Khokar e Sobia Saleem. "Mean Blood Loss in Third Stage of Labour Treated with and without Prophylactic Tranexamic Acid". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, n.º 5 (26 de maio de 2022): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2216545.

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Background: Massive obstetrical hemorrhage, a leading contributor towards maternal fatality in economically developing countries, is occasionally related with the passive and apathetic management of the third stage of labor. The increasing frequency of anaemia among pregnant women in developing countries, mild to moderate blood loss during labour necessitates massive transfusions with associated complications. Aim: Recent studies claimed that prophylactic tranexamic acid can significantly reduce the mean blood loss during 3rd stage of labour and advocated it in future practice. Methods: The research was conducted as randomized controlled trial carried out from February 2021 to October 2021 in the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. A total of 116 pregnant women aged between 18-35 years presenting in labor at term (37-42 weeks of gestation as per dating scan) which were randomly allocated into two groups. Patients in Group-A were given additional tranexamic acid at the end of 2nd stage of labor while those in Group-B received conventional treatment alone. Results: Patients were 28.33±4.77 years with the mean age while the mean gestational age at delivery was 39.39±1.69 weeks. 30(25.9%) women were primiparas and 86 (74.1%) were multiaparas. The mean BMI of these patients was 27.50±3.90 Kg/m2 while the average duration of 3rd stage of labor was 4.69±1.83 minutes. Patients taking prophylactic tranexamic acid lost significantly less blood in the third stage of labors than controls (244.83±21.47 vs. 354.09±22.36 ml; p-value<0.001). Conclusion: In the present study, prophylactic tranexamic acid was found to significantly reduce the mean blood loss during 3rd stage of labor which along with low cost, widespread availability and oral administration advocates the routine use of tranexamic acid (during 3rd stage of labor) in future obstetric practice to minimize blood loss with subsequent decreased need for blood transfusion and better patient’s recovery. Keywords: Third Stage of Labor, Blood Loss, Tranexamic Acid

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Mittal Rita Mittal, Shivika. "Role of Mifepristone in Pre - Labor Cervical Ripening and Induction of Labour". International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, n.º 5 (5 de maio de 2023): 2172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23523215711.

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Nguyen, Tuong Huy, e Thi Thu Thao Nguyen. "International Labor Migration: Employment, Costs and Income of Export Labors in Yen Khe commune, Thanh Ba district, Phu Tho province, Vietnam". International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 6, n.º 11 (30 de novembro de 2019): 5731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v6i11.08.

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In the context of globalization and economic integration, labor mobility in general, international labor migration and export in particular are increasingly playing an important role in reshaping the future of the world’s economic geography. This study is conducted to provide insights into employment, costs and incomes of export labors in Yen Khe, Thanh Ba district, Phu Tho province. In-depth interviews and questionnaire surveys were applied to collect primary data on employment, costs and incomes of export labors, related issues and consequences. These were also supplemented by the secondary data collected from different sources during the study process. The study found that labor export not only helps to create jobs, reduce unemployment and underemployment, but also to diversify jobs for workers, contributing to the restructure of the local economy. Remittances from export labors contribute directly to the increase of individual workers and their families’ incomes, transforming the income structure in the way that is less dependent on local livelihood capitals and local livelihood strategies. However, labor export has also posed issues and consequences for export labors and their families. Notably, the status of illegal labor abroad, investment capital for labor export and related debt, services for labor export, voluntary unemployment, family conflicts, income inequality caused by remittances.

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Wahyuningsih, Yayuk Minta, e Muhamad Baparki. "ANALISIS EFISIENSI TENAGA KERJA USAHATANI PADI ( Oryza sativa L ) PADA LAHAN KERING DENGAN CARA TANAM JAJAR LEGOWO DI DESA SUNGAI LURUS". ZIRAA'AH MAJALAH ILMIAH PERTANIAN 45, n.º 3 (28 de setembro de 2020): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v45i3.3479.

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This research was conducted to know, level of labor efficiency of rice farm effort. A survey with an observation technique was used as a method, where farmers follow the example of taken at random modestly as much as 29 farmers. Result of research obtained by the story, level of productivity equal to 2.081,44 kg/ha, and acceptance equal to Rp 16.651.538,46 /ha. Distribution of external labour family( TKLK) 88,73 % and family labour ( TKDK) 11,27 % from totalizing the labour effusing. while the allocation for labor cost equals to75,85 % to total cost representing a group of biggest expense rice. Count efficiency of labor from the facet of labor productivity obtained value17,18 kg/HKO, from facet labor Productivity Index Obtained Rp 84.046,71 /HKO and from wide facet equal to 82,54 m2/HKO.

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15

Heery, Edmund. "Labor Divided, Labor Defeated". Work and Occupations 36, n.º 3 (24 de julho de 2009): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888409339907.

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Shaw, Jeffrey. "Reforming Labour Laws under a Labor Government". Australian Quarterly 60, n.º 3 (1988): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20635493.

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Febriani, Febriani. "Quality Education and Skills of Indonesian Labor, Towards Equality Wages in Foreign Countries". Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 14, n.º 2 (1 de dezembro de 2013): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v14i2.141.

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This study examines the influence of the quality of education and skills of prospective Indonesia Labor from West Sumatra on income. Wage income is expected equivalent to the level of wage labor which comes from other countries. Therefore, in order to obtain equal wage, prospective Indonesian labors sent abroad should be a good level of education, skill trained so that labor productivity increased. The method used in this study is Test Crosstab, and, Chi Square test to see the effect between the two variables used. It is shown that Indonesian labors do not able to compete in terms of quality of education and skills, compared to foreign labors, so that the income received by the Indonesian labor is lower. In addition, professional job that has been chosen by the Indonesian labor is the operator, profession which does not necessarily require a high level of educational and skills qualifications.

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Febriani, Febriani. "Quality Education and Skills of Indonesian Labor, Towards Equality Wages in Foreign Countries". Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 14, n.º 2 (16 de dezembro de 2013): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v14i2.142.

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This study examines the influence of the quality of education and skills of prospective Indonesia Labor from West Sumatra on income. Wage income is expected equivalent to the level of wage labor which comes from other countries. Therefore, in order to obtain equal wage, prospective Indonesian labors sent abroad should be a good level of education, skill trained so that labor productivity increased. The method used in this study is Test Crosstab, and, Chi Square test to see the effect between the two variables used. It is shown that Indonesian labors do not able to compete in terms of quality of education and skills, compared to foreign labors, so that the income received by the Indonesian labor is lower. In addition, professional job that has been chosen by the Indonesian labor is the operator, profession which does not necessarily require a high level of educational and skills qualifications.

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Marwiyah, Nila, e Lenny Stia Pusporini. "PACKAGE OF BIRTHING BALL, PELVIC ROCKING, AND ENDORPHIN MASSAGE (BPE) DECREASE THE FIRST STEP LABOR PAIN". INDONESIAN NURSING JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND CLINIC (INJEC) 2, n.º 1 (31 de agosto de 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24990/injec.v2i1.124.

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Background and Purpose: Labor pain is unpleasant and frightening experience for birth mother. In addition, labor pain cause exhaustion and childbirth trauma.Birthing ball, pelvic rocking, and endorphin (B.P.E) massage are emerging as non-pharmacology methods of pain management in labor. The aimed of this study was to investigate the effect of package of BPE on labour pain during the first stage of labor. Method: This study was quasi-experiment. Total numbers of samples were 23 mothers who were in the first stage of labor. Samples were selected by using quota sampling technique. Instrument of this study was numeric rating scale (NRS). Result: Data analysis by using paired sample t-test revealed that there were significantly different between before and after the intervention of BPE on labour pain during the first stage of labor in this study (p <0.01). Conclusion and recommendation: This study showed that BPE is effective as non-pharmacology methods on pain relieve of first stage of labor. Further study need to investigate other variables such as anxiety of birth mother. Key Words: labor pain, package of birth ball, pelvic rocking, and endorphin massage(BPE), labor process.

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Andrianovskaya, I. I. "Basic principles of labour law: history and modernity". Voprosy trudovogo prava (Labor law issues), n.º 3 (23 de março de 2021): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pol-2-2103-02.

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The proposed article deals with the basic principles of labour law, which are the basis of labour law. An analysis of the principles first formulated in the legal literature, to one extent or another subsequently accepted by the science of labor law, which found legal fixation in the labor code of the Russian Federation, was carried out. Based on the analysis of the content of individual continuity and new principles of labor law, their relationship is shown, the preservation of continuity elements during updating. Some inaccuracies made by the legislator when forming a list of modern principles of labor law are shown. To eliminate them, it was proposed to amend Art. 2 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

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Alabdullah, Saad Farhan Ibrahim, e Lina Shaher Abu-Al Sondos. "Key Factors Affecting the Efficiency and Achievement of Labor Productivity in Some Public Construction Projects in Jordan". European Journal of Business and Management Research 8, n.º 3 (7 de junho de 2023): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2023.8.3.1922.

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Over some years, many public projects in Jordan have experienced delays due to an inappropriate initial work management plan. The performance of labor in construction projects is affected by many factors and has a direct interrelationship with the triple constraint of the project time, cost, and scope. This study aims to analyze the factors affecting labor productivity in some public projects in Jordan, labors achievements and motivation. To achieve the purpose of the study a questionnaire was developed to observe the impact of critical factors on labor productivity and the traffic intersections: Al-Ersal /Al-Hurryah intersection and Marj Al-Hamam intersection project was selected to be the study sample. The data from the questionnaire were statistically analyzed using the (SPSS) program, to analyze the data collected from the survey, this study used the method of Relative Importance Index (RII) to measure the impact of the critical factors affecting labor productivity. From the analysis of 32 Factors that were identified from literature review affecting the labor productivity, it is concluded that the top ten factors affecting labor productivity in The Traffic Intersections in Amman: Al-Ersal /Al-Hurryah Intersection and Marj Al-Hamam Intersection Project are as follows: (1) Payment delays to labor, (2) Material Shortage, (3) Tools and equipment shortage, and Low wages in the same rank, (4) Allocate tasks to labors fairly and according to specialization, (5) Job Security, (6) Deficiency of motivation, (7) Labor absenteeism, (8) Incompetence of site supervisor, (9) Poor communication of supervisor with labors, (10) Lack of labor skilled and experience.

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Hofmeester, Karin, Jan Lucassen e Filipa Ribeiro da Silva. "No Global Labor History without Africa: Reciprocal Comparison and Beyond". History in Africa 41 (junho de 2014): 249–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2014.17.

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AbstractThis introduction explains why it is important to include the history of labor and labor relations in Africa in Global Labor History. It suggests that the approach of the Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations 1500–2000 – with its taxonomy of labor relations – is a feasible method for applying this approach to the historiography on labor history in Africa. The introduction ends with an analysis of four case studies that are presented in this special section, with a specific focus on shifts in labor relations and how they could be explained.

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Nagesha, B., e Ravindranath N. Kadam. "Problems and Perspectives of Child Labour in India-An Overview". International Journal of Management and Development Studies 12, n.º 8 (31 de agosto de 2023): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.53983/ijmds.v12n08.001.

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Child labor is an international phenomenon. However, it varies greatly in size and scope from one nation to the next. Despite numerous steps done by governmental and non-governmental organizations to address this issue, India has the highest child labor force in the world. We must first grasp and comprehend the concept of labor before we can comprehend the concept of child labor. An important difference between humans and animals is that animals use only the products of nature, but humans adapt and transform nature to serve their purposes. The present study deals with study the nature and extent of of child labour, to identify the causes of child labour in India problems and causes of child labour in India. The present study it is based on only secondary sources of information.

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Barrech, Sadia, Muhammad Din e Allauddin Allauddin. "Sociological Analysis Of Domestic Child Labor". Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 19, n.º 1 (8 de setembro de 2019): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v19i1.80.

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A large number of children are engaged in child labour as domestic worker and this trend is common in developing countries. Child domestic labor is usually practiced in rural and urban areas across Pakistan. Even educated and well-to-do people frequently engage young children to work in their homes as domestics, kitchen assistants or baby-sitters. In worse forms, child domestic labor takes place over very unfair tools, counting child trafficking and bonded labor. The aim of the present study is to examine the Socio-economic characteristics of respondent’s causes of child domestic labor. Universe of the study was Quetta city and 120 respondents were selected through snow ball sampling. According to findings of the study the child laborers work for longer hours on low wages. They often face physical abuse and some time sexual abuse by their employers. The need is to implement the labour laws so that children can be protected from domestic labour.

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Klinger, Christoph, Janine Classen, Laura Udraite, Monika Linek, Ralf Mueller e Teresa Böhm. "Reproduzierbarkeit und Variabilität der Thyroxin messung bei drei deutschen veterinärmedizinischen Laboren". Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 45, n.º 06 (novembro de 2017): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15654/tpk-161137.

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Zusammenfassung Ziel: Untersuchung der Reproduzierbarkeit von Serumtests auf Gesamtthyroxin (T4) in drei deutschen veterinärmedizinischen Laboren. Material und Methoden: Serumproben von 53 Hunden mit klinischem Verdacht auf Schilddrüsenunterfunktion wurden in fünf Aliquots aufgeteilt. Drei dieser Serumproben wurden mit unterschiedlichen Namen versehen und an jeweils ein Labor gesandt (davon zwei Proben zeitgleich und die dritte weitere 1–3 Tage später), jeweils eine weitere Serumprobe an zwei andere Labore. In Labor 1 erfolgte die T4-Messung mit einem Enzymimmunoassay, in Labor 2 und 3 mit einem Chemilumineszenz-Immunassay. Die Übereinstimmung der Werte zwischen den drei Laboren (im oder unter dem jeweiligen Referenzbereich) wurde evaluiert. Die Intra- und Inter-Assay-Variabilität wurde berechnet und die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Laboren und zwischen den an ein Labor geschickten Teilproben eines Patienten mit dem Cohens Kappa-Test überprüft. Ergebnisse: Bei 23/41 Hunden lagen die Werte bei allen Laboren einheitlich unter-, inner- oder oberhalb des jeweiligen Referenzbereichs. Der Cohens Kappa-Wert betrug bei Labor 2 für die Intra- und Inter-Assay-Übereinstimmung jeweils 1,0 (n = 15, vollständige Übereinstimmung), bei Labor 1 jeweils 0,33 (n = 16) und bei Labor 3 0,37 (Intra-Assay-) und 0,19 (Inter-AssayÜbereinstimmung) (n = 16; schwache Übereinstimmung). Die Übereinstimmung zwischen Labor 1 und 2 sowie Labor 1 und 3 war gering (κ = 0,30 bzw. 0,25), zwischen Labor 2 und 3 bestand eine hohe Übereinstimmung (κ = 0,68). Die Intra-Assay-Variabilität der Labore 1, 2 und 3 wurde mit 13,6%, 5,0% bzw. 10,4% ermittelt, die Inter-Assay-Variabilität mit 17,2%, 5,1% bzw. 17,4%. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Die variable Übereinstimmung der Auswertung von Thyroxinkonzentrationen derselben Serumprobe durch verschiedene Labore bzw. Bewertungszeitpunkte betont die hohe Relevanz der Interpretation solcher Werte im Kontext mit der vorliegenden Symptomatik und weiteren Laborwerten wie TSH-Konzentration.

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Wahyuningsih, Diyan, Neta Ayu Andera e Nisa Aprilia Andika. "The Effect of Left Lateral Position and Squatting Position on The Progress of The Active Phase of The First Stage of Labor Among Primigravida Women at Private Practice Midwife Istikomah, Amd. Keb, Sampung Subdistrict, Ponorogo District". Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery) 8, n.º 2 (15 de agosto de 2021): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v8i2.art.p211-216.

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Primigravida women mostly experience prolonged progress of labor due to the stiff birth canal. There are several positions of labor that may accelerate cervix dilatation process including squatting. This study aimed to determine the effect of left lateral position and squatting position on the progress of the active phase of the first stage of labor among primigravida women. This was a pre-experimental study with Pre test - post test approach. The population was all primigravida women in labor at Private Practive Midwife Istikomah, Amd.Keb., Sampung Subdistrict, Ponorogo District, taken with an accidental sampling technique which obtained 9 respondents. The independent variable was labour position, while the dependent variable was duration of the active phase of the first stage of labor. The data collection instrument used here was observation sheet. The results were analyzed using Paired sample T-test (α=0,05). The results showed that before the application of left lateral and squatting positions in VT 1, all 9 respondents (100%) had normal labour progress and after the application of left lateral and squatting positions in VT 2, most respondents (77.8%) had labour progress in short category. The analysis obtained a p-value=0.000<α=0.05. Thus, there was an effect of left lateral position and squatting position on the progress of the active phase of the first stage of labor among primigravida women. The combination of squatting and left lateral positions during labour seems to accelerate the progress of the active phase of the first stage of labor with minimal side effects.

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Soomro, Shabana Bano, Fahmida Mahar, Tanweer Akhtar, Sania ., Fozia Unar e Fouzia Begum. "Elective Induction of Labor and Postpartum Hemorrhage in Females Presenting for Normal Vaginal Delivery at Term". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, n.º 8 (30 de agosto de 2022): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22168303.

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Background: Labor induction is the process or treatment that stimulates childbirth and delivery. Induction of labor without a medical indication is termed elective induction of labor and appears to be increasing even more rapidly than induction of labor as a whole. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) leads to prominent causes of maternal death. Uterine massage is a simple first line treatment as it helps the uterus to contract to reduce bleeding. Objectives: To determine the frequency of elective induction of labor in females undergoing normal vaginal delivery at term and to compare the frequency of postpartum hemorrhage with spontaneous versus elective induced labor in females presenting for normal vaginal delivery at term. Study Design: Descriptive case series study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shaikh Zayed Women Hospital, Larkana from 1st October 2021 to 31st March 2022. Methodology: Two hundred females were enrolled. They were divided in two groups; elective induction or spontaneous delivery. Females who had active labour without oxytocin with no membrane rupture before labour, labeled as having spontaneous labour otherwise. Results: The induced delivery was noted in 35(17.50%) females and spontaneous type of delivery was noted in 165(82.50%) females, the postpartum hemorrhage was noted among 23(11.50%) females. The postpartum hemorrhage is not associated with type of delivery (p=0.249). Conclusion: The elective induction of labor in females undergoing normal vaginal delivery at term was 17.50% patients and postpartum hemorrhage was 11.50% patients. Keywords: Postpartum hemorrhage, Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), Spontaneous, Induced, Labour, Delivery

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Kuczkowski, K. M. "Labor pain and labor analgesia". Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 33, n.º 5 (setembro de 2004): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0368-2315(04)96554-4.

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Kapeliushnikov, Rostislav I. "Labor Productivity and Labor Compensation". Problems of Economic Transition 57, n.º 11 (2 de novembro de 2015): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10611991.2014.1121083.

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Ramankulov, Kubanychbek Sovetovich, Ulan Turdubekovich Andashev e Gulnaz Kachkyn kyzy. "Trends in the legal labour reform policy in the Kyrgyz Republic". SHS Web of Conferences 108 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110801004.

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The article is concerned with the analysis of the transformations in the labour market taking place in the Kyrgyz Republic (KR), which cause a great resonance in society, but continue to remain unexplored in the legal literature. Consequently, the purpose of the article is to identify the general trend in the legal labour reform policy and to determine the main directions of legal policy to improve the mechanism of legal regulation of labor. In the article, the objectives of classifying the main periods of the implementation of labor reforms (begun in 2005) are solved, analysis and assessment of the means of implementing reforms in terms of their compliance with national and international labor standards are carried out based on dialectical and logical methods, as well as the use of the systemic method. The article reveals serious inconsistencies between the deregulation policy and prohibitions in the labour market with the ILO Conventions No. 81, 87, 150, 155, which were ratified by the Kyrgyz Republic (except for the ILO Convention No. 155). In particular, the negative consequences of the deregulation policy for the field of labor safety and protection were noted, especially in the context of the onset of the COVID-19 coronavirus. Based on the analysis of the problems of the labor regulation reform policy, it is concluded that it is necessary to develop a unified state program for the development of the labour market, containing a system of strategic priorities, conceptual ideas, goals and measures that determine the prospects for improving the labor legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic on the basis of intensifying the processes of monitoring labor legislation and the practice of its enforcement in the Kyrgyz Republic. The provisions and conclusions of this article are of practical importance for the executive authorities implementing state policy in the field of labor.

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Jeya Daisy I, Sreeja G S, Aakash S e Arjun M4. "Labor Pain Sensing Technologies: Unveiling the Current State and Future Directions". International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH) 2, n.º 03 (15 de março de 2024): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0054.

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This review paper focuses on the development of the Labour pain Detector, a device designed to accurately differentiate between labor pain and false contractions during childbirth. The objective of this research is to provide a reliable and user-friendly tool that can assist healthcare professionals in identifying genuine labor pain and detecting potential complications. The paper explores the utilization of electromyography (EMG) signals and advanced signal processing techniques to analyze and interpret pain signals. By monitoring key parameters such as cervical dilation, fetal ejection, and rotation, the Labour Pain Detector aims to enable early recognition of labor difficulties, ultimately improving outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. The review concludes that the Labour pain Detector has significant potential in the biomedical field, serving as a valuable bridge between healthcare assistants and doctors, and reducing the risk of labor complications.

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Mamuaya, Yeskri Meikel Davidson, e Gigih Pratomo. "Analisis Pengaruh Upah Dan Modal Terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Pada Usaha Kecil Menengah Industri Laundry Di Kota Surabaya". Economie: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 1, n.º 2 (30 de janeiro de 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/economie.v1i2.1128.

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The writing in this thesis takes the topic of comparison of absorption of labor laundry company in the city of Surabaya with a benchmark wage and capital. This research aims to find out how big the influence of wages and capital against labour absorption in the small and medium industrial laundry business in the city of Surabaya. Labor absorption is an act of the company in the demand for labor, where labor will do or carry out work that provided the company in accordance with the areas of the company. So in this case, the workforce will be awarded the work related to the field of laundry. Methods of analysis used in this research is unstructured/undated. The results of sports data that has been done is not to wage labour, whereas the absorption of capital effect on the absorption of labour.

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Jaroszewska, Joanna, e Włodzimierz Rembisz. "SOURCES OF THE DYNAMICS OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES BASED ON ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS FOR AGRICULTURE (EAA)". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, n.º 2 (7 de maio de 2018): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.8118.

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The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate sources of dynamics of labour productivity factor performance based on the analytical approach adopted. The dynamics of gross value added and employment in agriculture were shaped to the dynamics of labor productivity changes. Derived analytical approach to the sources of dynamics of changes in labour productivity has been illustrated empirically. The empirical analysis was based on EU ROSTAT data. Economic Accounts for Agriculture and Statistics of Agricultural Labor Inputs. The positive impact of both sources of labor productivity growth and gross value added a tendency towards greater stability for the EU -15 countries has been demonstrated, the neutral nature of direct payments for changes in labor productivity was found.

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Jaskulska, Jagoda. "ABOUT THE MODIFYING FUNCTION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF LABOR LAW ON THE GROUND OF THE ART. 300 OF THE LABOR CODE". Roczniki Administracji i Prawa specjalny, n.º XXI (30 de dezembro de 2021): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6096.

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The article is devoted to the function of the principles of labor law from the perspective of Art. 300 of the Labor Code, providing that in matters not regulated by provisions of the labour law relating to a relationship of employment, respective provisions of the Civil Code are applicable, if these are not contrary to principles of the labour law. Enriching the content of art. 300 of the Labor Code for the above premise allows for the identification of certain specific functions that are fulfilled by the principles of labor law on this ground. In the doctrine of labor law, among them, there is a modifying function, correlated with the clause of appropriate application of provisions in the variant, which assumes modification in the area of disposition of provisions applied in connection with Art. 300 of the Labor Code. The aim of the article is to assess the legitimacy of relating the modifying function to the principles of labor law within the meaning of art. 300 k.p. taking into account, inter alia, the limits of making and interpreting the law and the nature of the referring provisions.

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Lawless, Brandi. "Documenting a labor of love: emotional labor as academic labor". Review of Communication 18, n.º 2 (6 de março de 2018): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2018.1438644.

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Kao, Hu. "Demand for Labor and Market Theory of Wage Determination". Number-3, March 2019 2, n.º 3 (31 de março de 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/23.111.

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This economics is not merely economics but also discusses about many spheres of the labors. Labor economics look out to recognize the dynamics and functions of the markets of labor. The labor market function is by the interaction and dealing of employers and workers. Labor economics tries to understand the result pattern of income, employment and wages by looking at the workers or employs and labor is the measurement of the work that is done by the human beings. Usually, there is dissimilarity in labor economics and other aspects of production such as capital and land. In this article we will discuss about the spheres of this field of economics.

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Zhong, Kaili. "Legal Norms for the Protection of labor rights of Multinational Enterprises: Based on the Perspective of Comparative Law". Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 16 (2 de agosto de 2023): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v16i.10612.

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With the development of economic globalization, the scale of multinational enterprises continues to expand, the number of labors working in multinational enterprises is rapidly increasing while labor rights of multinational enterprises are frequently violated. How to protect human rights of those labors has become a challenge that current world must face. The home countries, host countries, international organization and multinational enterprises fail to undertake their labor rights protection responsibilities in many times, and there are significant deficiencies in legislation here. Nowadays, multiple entities are in the practice of overseas labor protection in order to promote the world's sustainable development, integrate the interests and achieve the cause of global human rights protection career. This essay will use historical research, comparative analysis, regulatory research to provide ideas and solutions for the better realization and legislation of labor rights protection from the aspects of the history of particular labor rights protection, the concepts and characteristics of relevant protection subjects, the main reasons for the current situation of infringement, theoretical basis of labor rights protection, legislative impetus, final expectations for international actors in action.

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Schneider, Benjamin, Stephan Schüle, Mehmet Kürümlüoglu e Oliver Riedel. "Mobiles Plug-In Labor". Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb 116, n.º 1-2 (1 de fevereiro de 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zwf-2021-0015.

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Abstract Das mobile Plug-In Labor demonstriert Technologien und methodische Ansätze aus dem Advanced Systems Engineering in einer mobilen Umgebung. Hiermit werden aktuelle Herausforderungen in Engineering und Produktion adressiert und ein optimiertes, digital durchgängiges, interdisziplinäres und agiles Entwickeln von komplexen Systems of Systems aufgezeigt. Das Labor stellt eine eigenständige Forschungsumgebung auf Basis des am Fraunhofer IAO entstehenden Cognitive Engineering and Production Labors dar.**

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Yilmaz, Rasim. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPENDITURE AND LABOR PRODUCTIVITY". Southeast European Review of Business and Economics 3, n.º 1 (junho de 2022): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/serbe.05.01.22.p04.

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Theoretically, the relationship between health expenditures and labour productivity is ambiguous. On the one hand, health expenditures can enhance labour productivity by improving health of workers. Poor health impairs both the working hours and productivities of workers. When workers are healthy, they become physically and mentally more energetic and they have higher incentive to develop new skills and knowledge. On the other hand, increase in health expenditures may deteriorates labour productivity by crowding out physical capital investment. Causality between health expenditures and labour productivity is also ambiguous. This paper investigates the long-run relationship between health expenditures and labor productivity by utilizing a panel data covering the period between 2000 and 2015 and 35 OECD countries. Results of the study displays that there is a positive and statistically significant long-run association between health expenditures and labor productivity. Findings indicate that an increase in per capita health expenditure leads to a rise in labor productivity in terms of GDP per person employed. Results of the study also suggest that there is a mutual (bi-directional) causality relationship between health expenditures and labor productivity indicators.

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Wang, Ying-Da. "Does Labor-Saving R&D Hurt Labors?" Theoretical Economics Letters 09, n.º 06 (2019): 1737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2019.96111.

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Wu, Yue. "Digital Labor: The New Labour of Digital Capitalism". Learning & Education 10, n.º 2 (16 de setembro de 2021): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i2.2347.

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The development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has greatly changed the capitalist mode of production and accumulation. New technologies represented by cloud computing, big data and the Internet of Things have reconfigured various factors of production and resources. In the transition to digital capitalism, more and more digital workers have emerged. A large number of workers engaged in information production, dissemination and monitoring use digital technology as production and processing tools. (Sandoval 2015) defines digital labor as: mental workers and manual workers who take ICTs and digital technology as means of production, including producers and users.[1] She points out that capital’s embrace of ICTs and digital technology has accelerated the shift of capitalism’s main accumulation space from a “factory floor” to a “social factory” dominated by metropolitan office buildings.

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Parthasarathi, Prasannan. "Indian Labor History". International Labor and Working-Class History 82 (2012): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547912000208.

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The 1980s and 1990s were decades of great creativity in Indian labor history. The study of labor moved from a long-standing institutional focus on trade unions to a study of workers themselves, as well as from the economism and determinism that had characterized many previous writings. A growing interest in labor led to the first conference devoted to Indian labor history at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam in 1995 and the founding of the Association of Indian Labour Historians the following year. The dynamism and the new intellectual horizons of Indian labor history in that period are captured in the work of three major historians: Dipesh Chakrabarty, Rajnarayan Chandavarkar, and Chitra Joshi. For the purposes of this essay, there is no need to review their contributions in detail (not least because such overviews may be found elsewhere), but it is nevertheless essential to provide a quick sketch of the arguments of each.

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Nurchandra Pramudianti, Domas. "Non pharmacological Methods to Reduce Pain in The First Stage of Labor with a Counter Pressure Technique". Health Media 1, n.º 2 (22 de junho de 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55756/hm.v1i2.28.

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The Pain is a natural process of labor, but if not handled properly, it will cause another problem, namely increasing anxiety in the labour process. Nowadays many methods are offered to reduce pain in labor, both pharmacological (using drugs) and non pharmacological methods. If possible the choice of non-pharmacologic therapy for the management of pain in pregnancy and labor should be considered before using analgesic drugs. One of an effective non-pharmacological method to reduce pain is with massage Counter Pressure. Article searching conducted in some databases: Google Scholar, Proquest and Science Direct. Keyword used were “Counter Pressure”, “pain”, Labour”and finally got 9 articles matched. Counter Pressure could be categorized as a safe and effective intervention to reduce labor pain at first phase

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Acharya, Harish, Abharan Kalathur e M. Manjunatha. "“Karmik”- A Tool to Bridge Client and Migrant Construction Labors Amid Pandemic." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1387, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 2024): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1387/1/012004.

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Abstract Migrant labors migrate to Udupi for socio-economic reasons. Many of them can’t get job according to their skills due to lack of information about requirements in construction field. This will keep them unemployed. In other word client also face same problem, they can’t find labors according to their requirements. To bridge this gap and to develop better connection between client and labor we need a platform. Our idea is to develop a mobile application which includes data of construction labor such as his/her name, skills, and phone number. By surveying, collecting labor data and later by compiling it as a database we build a mobile application which will directly affect in improvement of construction labor status in and around Udupi region. Survey-based data in the selection process. Data collected at these hotspots would be categorized into geographical coverage, age, experience, and type of work. These statistics arrived from the raw data collected verbally from labors across these hotspots will be compiled and analysed to give us current availability of labors.

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Shalini, Shalini, Abhilash Arun Sapre, Wagisha Wagisha e Vidhi Singh. "Feminist perspective of covid-19 footprints: legal and theoretical investigation of labour law". Revista de Gestão e Secretariado (Management and Administrative Professional Review) 14, n.º 11 (1 de novembro de 2023): 19266–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7769/gesec.v14i11.2942.

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The COVID-19 pandemic, declared in March 2020, has profound repercussions on global labor markets. While it has affected individuals across the board, its consequences have not been gender-neutral. This paper provides a feminist perspective on the pandemic's effects on labor, with a focus on how women workers have been disproportionately impacted. The COVID-19 pandemic has starkly illuminated pre-existing gender inequalities within labor markets and labor law systems worldwide. This research presents a feminist analysis of the pandemic's impact on labor, examining both legal and theoretical dimensions. It seeks to elucidate the unique challenges faced by women workers during the pandemic and to propose ways in which labor laws can evolve to address these inequalities. In the present study, initially, the author has attempted to identify the philosophical foundation of the existing relation between labour law and feminism. The author here investigates whether is there any link in the philosophical studies to resolve the problems posed by the novel pandemic. Secondly, in order to exhibit the worsened position of females gender dimension of unpaid work is explained. Then, the author sketches the laws and courts pronouncements to emancipate the women labour force aroused due to the pandemic. Lastly, the author endeavours to put forth certain recommendations to resolve the issues of women labour.

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Hornaday, Kylie K., Stephen L. Wood, David Anderson e Donna M. Slater. "Differential Expression Changes in Human Decidua With Term and Preterm Labor: Role for Upstream Targets in the Prostaglandin Pathway". Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (1 de maio de 2021): A748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1521.

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Abstract Introduction: Prostaglandins (PGs) are paracrine mediators thought to be important during pregnancy and labor. Synthesis of PGs is complex with three rate limiting steps, the second of which (PTGS2/cyclooxygenase) is a target for managing preterm labor, but this treatment is not always effective. It is suggested that alternate steps in the PG pathway may play distinct roles during labor and hence the potential as alternate targets for labor management. The first step of PG synthesis involves the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, of which over a dozen isotypes are known. However, PLA2 expression and role in the decidua (maternal-fetal interface) is unknown. We hypothesize that distinct PLA2 isotypes are present within the decidua and play a role in term and preterm labor. To this end, we conducted an expression profile of PLA2 subtypes and related PG genes within human decidua and determined differential expression patterns with labor at term and preterm. Methods: Decidual samples from term (40wks) and preterm (26-37wks) Cesarean deliveries, were used to assess PG gene expression by RNAseq and qRT-PCR (n=7 preterm non-labor, n=11 preterm labor, n=31 term non-labor, n=31 term labor). Analyses were conducted using student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA to compare labor (non-labor vs labor) or with gestation (preterm vs term) and adjusted for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Results: RNAseq analysis identified 30 highly expressed PG genes in decidua, of which 12 had not been previously reported in the uterus, including 7 PLA2 isotypes. Confirming previous work, expression of PTGS2 was higher with labor (p=0.011). In contrast, we demonstrate that PLA2 isotype expression is lower with labor, with further differences between term and preterm samples. With term labor, expression of PLA2 isotype 2D was lower compared to non-labour (p=0.047). Meanwhile, preterm labor was associated with lower expression of PLA2 isotype 16 (p=0.025) and 4C (p=0.026), compared to preterm non-labour. Epression of PLA2 subtypes 2A, 15 and 4A late was highest in late labor (p=0.016, 0.004, 0.03, respectively). Conclusion: The presence of multiple PLA2 subtypes within the decidua suggests the potential for fine tuning PG synthesis during pregnancy. Expression of PLA2 isotypes 16 and 4C was uniquely associated with preterm labor, suggesting these isotypes may play a role in the pathogenesis of preterm labor. Further investigation of the functional role of PLA2 isotypes may provide insight to a novel mechanism for preterm labor and identify potential targets for labor management.

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Sarsenova, A. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE YOUTH LABOR AND RESOURCE MARKET: REGIONAL ASPECT". BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 73, n.º 1 (30 de dezembro de 2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-1.1728-8940.09.

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The article analyzes the social and economic state of the labor market as the main factor determining the choice of labor strategies by young people. When forming labor strategies and building a professional career of modern youth, it is necessary to take into account the structure of the labor market. The structure of the labour market generally depends on the needs of specific occupations,level of urbanization,characteristics of regional economic development, and the development of the economy as a whole. Therefore, it is extremely important to comprehensively consider the structure of the country's labor market from a socio-economic point of view.

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Utomo, Agung Priyo. "PELUANG PEKERJA WANITA DALAM MEMILIH LAPANGAN PEKERJAAN PERTANIAN DAN NON PERTANIAN DI KOTA BATAM". Jurnal Organisasi dan Manajemen 2, n.º 1 (5 de março de 2006): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jom.v2i1.813.2006.

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Batam strategically located at the international shipping route; therefore it attracts investors and labor market. About 52% of citizens of Batam is female. The purpose of this research are to identify characteristics of female labor force; to recognize social and demographic factors that influence female labor in selecting job in the city of Batam; and to recognize the probability and tendency of female labor in selecting job by social and demographic aspects. The 2000 population census indicates that social and demographic characteristics influence the way female labor selecting jobs. There is a tendency that younger female labor is more interested working in non-agricultural sector. Female labors with high school education and higher education have larger probability to get jobs in non-agricultural sector as compare to female labor with lower education.

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Pierson, Chris. "The Labor Legacy: Looking Back with the Australian Labor Party". Government and Opposition 42, n.º 4 (2007): 564–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00236.x.

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AbstractThe Australian Labor Party (ALP) is sometimes taken to have been the real pioneer of many of the policies introduced by New Labour since 1997 under the general rubric of the ‘new social democracy’. This article considers the heritage of the ALP's 13 years in power (and its subsequent 10 years in opposition). The conclusion considers the lessons that may be learnt about the past (and the future) of Labour in the UK.

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Javliyeva, Gullola. ""TRANSFORMATION OF LABOR RELATIONS AND ATYPICAL LABOR RELATIONS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY "". Jurisprudence 4, n.º 1 (26 de março de 2024): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.4.1./vgls9563.

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"Abstract. Today, as a result of digitalization, the development of information and communication technologies, the transition to a new stage of economic development, as well as a number of other sociological, geographical, and economic factors, changes are occurring in labor relations. In particular, atypical labor relations are different from traditional labor relations; modern forms of employment are becoming increasingly popular and occupy a strong place in the labor market. Therefore, the differentiation of traditional labor relations from atypical labor relations and legislative regulation of the labor of workers working in atypical forms of employment is one of the important tasks facing us. This article examines the manifestations of changes in labor relations and the emergence and popularization of modern, atypical types of employment. Research and reports from the International Labour Organization and the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions were analyzed regarding atypical labor relations. Atypical types of employment existing in developed countries, such as remote work, secondment (temporarily sending an employee on a business trip to another employer), outstaffing, one-time work, etc., which have atypical features included in our national legislation and differ from traditional employment, have been studied in comparison. "

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