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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Labor market – Germany (West)"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 26 de julho de 2024

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1

Braun, Sebastian, e Toman Omar Mahmoud. "The Employment Effects of Immigration: Evidence from the Mass Arrival of German Expellees in Postwar Germany". Journal of Economic History 74, n.º 1 (24 de fevereiro de 2014): 69–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050714000035.

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This article studies the employment effects of one of the largest forced population movements in history, the influx of millions of German expellees to West Germany after World War II. This episode of forced mass migration provides a unique setting to study the causal effects of immigration. Expellees were not selected on the basis of skills or labor market prospects and, as ethnic Germans, were close substitutes to native West Germans. Expellee inflows substantially reduced native employment. The displacement effect was, however, highly nonlinear and limited to labor market segments with very high inflow rates.

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2

Mika, Tatjana. "The Declining Pension Wealth of Employment for the Birth Cohorts 1935–1974 in Germany". Statistics, Politics and Policy 13, n.º 1 (23 de fevereiro de 2022): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spp-2021-0022.

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Abstract Social inequality in the labor market leads to similarly unequal pension entitlements. From a life-course perspective, however, there are two components of inequality in the labor market: the degree of stability of employment until retirement, as well as the amount of gross income earned in periods of employment. The following analysis focuses on working-life and income trajectories of the birth cohorts 1935–1974 in East and West Germany until age 40. The results demonstrate a structural shift in the German labor market towards less stable employment in the first half of the working career. The labor market therefore offered increasingly less stable employment, with an especially stark negative trend for East Germans. Only West German women born after 1945 experienced a positive trend in employment stability. For employees of all birth cohorts, the analysis demonstrates that instability in the employment career has a strong negative effect on income and, subsequently, on pension wealth. The impact of income discrimination against those with less employment stability thus remained similar for the later-born despite the more widespread experience of employment interruptions.

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3

Bachmann, Ronald, e Michael C. Burda. "Sectoral Transformation, Turbulence and Labor Market Dynamics in Germany". German Economic Review 11, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2010): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00465.x.

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Abstract This paper analyzes the interaction between structural change and labor market dynamics in West Germany, during a period when industrial employment declined by more than 30% and service sector employment more than doubled. Using transition data on individual workers, we document a marked increase in structural change and turbulence, in particular since 1990. Net employment changes resulted partly from an increase in gross flows, but also from an increase in the net transition ‘yield’ at any given gross worker turnover. In growing sectors, net structural change was driven by accessions from nonparticipation rather than unemployment; contracting sectors reduced their net employment primarily via lower accessions from non-participation. German reunification and Eastern enlargement appear to have contributed significantly to this accelerated pace of structural change.

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4

Huang, Siyao. "Analysis and Optimization of Labor Market Policy in East Germany After German Reunification". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 15, n.º 1 (13 de setembro de 2023): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/15/20230909.

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The merger of East and West Germany in 1991 was a very important event in world history and had a great impact not only on the world but also on Germany itself. In particular, the transition of the former GDR is of great concern. Among them, the labor market problem in eastern Germany is one of the important challenges that the former GDR has to face in the transition. Using documentary and comparative analysis, this paper focuses on the excessive unemployment rate and the lack of public welfare policies in the labor market of eastern Germany after 1991. This paper aims to analyze whether the policies adopted by the German government to alleviate the problem are effective in the long run. Although these policies were controversial at the beginning of their implementation, some scholars consider them a failure. However, in view of the current development, these policies are beneficial and feasible for developing the eastern part of Germany in the long run.

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5

Humpert, Stephan. "Occupational sex segregation and working time: Regional evidence from Germany". Panoeconomicus 61, n.º 3 (2014): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1403317h.

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This paper provides descriptive evidence for declining occupational sex segregation on the German labor market, especially concerning the regional differences between the former East and West Germany. I use segregation measures and long-run social security data for the decade of 1992 to 2004. While segregation has declined over time, it remains higher for the eastern part of Germany. Although this finding is observable for full-time and part-time work, segregation is always lower in part-time employment.

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Dabbert, Stephan, e Jürgen Oberhofer. "Organic viticulture in West Germany". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, n.º 3 (setembro de 1990): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003404.

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We present results from a survey of organic grape operations in the three most important grape-producing areas in West Germany. Data on expenses for fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and buildings, on labor requirements, on the quantity and quality of yields, and on marketing channels and price premiums are compared to data on conventional grape operations from statistical sources. Based on these data, multi-period linear programming models were constructed to assess the economic implications of a transition to organic grape growing for different types of operations. Model results indicate that the grape production quota implemented in West Germany in 1989-90 favors organic methods. However, with direct marketing of wine, the effect of the quota depends on the effect that the expected rise in the price of conventional wine has on the price of organic wine. Premium prices for organically produced wine currently can be achieved only by farms that sell their wine directly to the consumer, which means that direct marketing is necessary for a profitable organic grape operation under current market conditions.

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Shields, Michael P., e Thomas Janoski. "The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany". Southern Economic Journal 58, n.º 3 (janeiro de 1992): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1059867.

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8

Lippmann, Quentin, Alexandre Georgieff e Claudia Senik. "Undoing Gender with Institutions: Lessons from the German Division and Reunification". Economic Journal 130, n.º 629 (8 de maio de 2020): 1445–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez057.

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Abstract Using the 41-year division of Germany as a natural experiment, we show that the German Democratic Republic’s gender-equal institutions created a culture that has undone the male breadwinner norm and its consequences. Since reunification, East Germany still differs from West Germany not only because of its higher female contribution to household income, but also because East German women can earn more than their husbands without having to increase their number of housework hours, put their marriage at risk or withdraw from the labour market. By contrast, the norm of higher male income, and its consequences, are still prevalent in West Germany.

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9

Wang, Yichang. "How the German Economy Went from Being the Sick Man of Europe to Being a European Leader". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 25, n.º 1 (28 de novembro de 2023): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/25/20230773.

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Germanys economy has been stagnant since the 21st century, and was once called the sick man of Europe. However, in just a few years, Germanys economy has soared to become the leader of the European economy. This economic miracle is inseparable from Germanys economic reforms. Germany solved the problems of its own indebtedness and the solidification of the labor market by reducing welfare support. Secondly, Germany has also shown a solid performance to the world economic crisis, through its usual low consumer demand, good trade performance before the crisis, and short-term labor to reduce the financial burden for the enterprise, to ensure the employment rate during the economic crisis, so that it can quickly come out from the crisis. Not only that, Germany has also fully utilized its own advantages, Germany through the investment in education to ensure that the manufacturing industry continues to innovate, to maintain the competitiveness of the manufacturing industry in the international market, to ensure its export surplus and the advantages of the manufacturing industry.

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10

Schnaus, Julia. "Das leise Sterben einer Branche – Der Niedergang der westdeutschen Bekleidungsindustrie in den 1960er/70er Jahren". Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 62, n.º 1 (10 de março de 2017): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2017-0002.

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AbstractUnnoticed Disappearance – The Decline of the West-German Clothing Industry in the 1960s/70sIn the beginning of the 20th century the German clothing industry used to be a considerable producer of consumer goods, manufacturing clothes for both home and export market. In the 1960s and 70s this branch of the German industry began to decline, mainly due to the pay gap between the labor costs in Germany and low-wage-countries located in Eastern Europe and Asia. In response to this development bigger German companies outsourced their production abroad to save labor costs. Smaller companies often lacked the needed financial resources and had to face bankruptcy as result. At the end only services like planning and quality control remained in Germany. In consequence of this development a lot of German seamstresses lost their jobs. The government did not care about these problems; the enterprises did not receive subsidies. The unions in the sector were weak due to a high percentage of working women and the high ratio of small and medium sized regionally dispersed enterprises.

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11

Spitz-Oener, Alexandra. "Human Capital, Job Tasks and Technology in East Germany After Reunification". National Institute Economic Review 201 (julho de 2007): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950107083054.

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At the time of the fall of the Berlin Wall, employees in East Germany were at least as well educated as employees in West Germany in terms of formal educational qualifications. However, it is unclear to what extent the skills and knowledge acquired through the East German education system, and through employment in a socialist labour market, are transferable to the new market-based economy. This study aims to shed light on this issue by giving a comprehensive description of the work of those employees who remained employed after the first phase of restructuring (i.e. in 1991) in East Germany, and comparing it with work in West Germany. Overall, the similarity between workplaces in East and West Germany soon after reunicication is striking. In addition, the patterns of task changes between 1991 and 1999 were very similar in both parts of Germany. Neither the level of task inputs in1991 nor the changes in task inputs between 1991 and 1999 were driven by cohort effects, a surprising finding given how differently the age groups were affected by the historical event. The Largest difference between the east and the west exists in terms of workplace computerisation. Although East Germany has caught up rapidly, it was still lagging behind the west in terms of computer use in 1999.

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12

Jürgens, Ulrich, Larissa Klinzing e Lowell Turner. "The Transformation of Industrial Relations in Eastern Germany". ILR Review 46, n.º 2 (janeiro de 1993): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304600202.

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Citing case studies based on interviews they conducted in 1991 and 1992 with labor representatives and managers at six eastern German manufacturing firms, the authors argue that the future could hold either vigor and growth or stagnation and permanent second-class status for the economy and labor movement in eastern Germany, depending largely on actor strategy and choice. The rapid spread of privatization and open markets is tending to undermine unions' influence, on the one hand; but on the other hand, institutional transfer from former West Germany (especially of codetermination law and centralized, regional-level collective bargaining) is giving unions and works councils increased possibilities for leverage.

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13

Buettner, Thiess, e Johannes Rincke. "Labor Market Effects of Economic Integration: The Impact of Re-Unification in German Border Regions". German Economic Review 8, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2007): 536–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00417.x.

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Abstract This paper exploits the significant reduction in impediments to labor mobility in the process of German re-unification in order to identify labor supply shocks in the West German labor market. The focus is on the quasi-experiment of the border removal in the regions situated at the German-German border that faced a massive increase of cross-border labor supply. The results indicate that despite a gain in employment, the border removal was accompanied by a decline in wages and an increase in unemployment relative to other West German regions.

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14

Krause, Alexandra, Martin Obschonka e Rainer K. Silbereisen. "Perceived new demands associated with socioeconomic change: A challenge to job security?" Time & Society 27, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2015): 40–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463x15587834.

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Our study focuses on everyday manifestations of contemporary socioeconomic change. For a sample of young- and middle-aged German employees gathered in 2008 ( N = 281), we investigate the relationship of perceived rising demands regarding (a) the labor market and (b) the workplace context with subjective job insecurity. Regression analyses reveal a positive effect of rising labor market demands on job insecurity, which is buffered by education. The effect of education on job insecurity is mediated by rising labor market demands. Rising workplace demands show no effect on job insecurity for West German employees. In contrast, East Germans who experience rising workplace demands report lower levels of job insecurity. Results are discussed with a particular focus on rising demands in employment relationships.

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15

Oehlke, Paul. "The development of labor process policies in the Federal Republic of Germany". Concepts and Transformation 6, n.º 2 (3 de dezembro de 2001): 109–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cat.6.2.03oeh.

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In the years following the Second World War, the West German market economy was to distinguish itself as a social alternative, superior to the real socialism as it existed in East Germany with all its economic weaknesses and democratic deficits. Within the context of this social competition, the crisis of Fordist mass production led to increasing attempts to humanize the workplace. The result in 1974 was that the social/liberal coalition government instigated labor policies that the subsequent Christian Democrat/liberal government continued. As the policies were translated into reality, a reform constellation was to crystallize — a network which, in the 1980s, was able to develop innovative concepts for the labor process. Over the next decade, it promoted extended concepts for production, service and employment which, however, eventually stagnated against the background of increasingly neoliberal strategies of rationalization and deregulation. These resulted in problems for employment and employment policy, the solution of which demands wide-ranging labor policies.

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16

Prantl, Susanne, e Alexandra Spitz-Oener. "The Impact of Immigration on Competing Natives' Wages: Evidence from German Reunification". Review of Economics and Statistics 102, n.º 1 (março de 2020): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00853.

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After the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, and the collapse of the German Democratic Republic, a sudden, unexpected, and massive influx of East German migrants hit the entire West German labor market. The context is well suited for investigating whether immigration influences natives' wages and how the effects depend on product and labor market conditions. We propose direct measures of potential migration with exogenous variation, compare migrants to natives with similar capabilities, and segment the labor market along predetermined margins. We find that immigration can have negative effects on the wages of natives. These effects surface when product and labor markets are competitive but not under regulations that restrict the entry of firms and provide workers with a strong influence on firms' decision making.

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17

Grahl, John, e Paul Teague. "Labour market flexibility in West Germany, Britain and France". West European Politics 12, n.º 2 (abril de 1989): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402388908424740.

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18

Riphahn, Regina T., e Michael Zibrowius. "Apprenticeship, vocational training, and early labor market outcomes – evidence from East and West Germany". Education Economics 24, n.º 1 (23 de março de 2015): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2015.1027759.

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19

Neugebauer, Martin. "Who chooses teaching under different labor market conditions? Evidence from West Germany, 1980–2009". Teaching and Teacher Education 45 (janeiro de 2015): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.10.004.

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20

Giesecke, Johannes, Jan Paul Heisig e Heike Solga. "Getting more unequal: Rising labor market inequalities among low-skilled men in West Germany". Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 39 (março de 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.10.001.

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21

Lersch, Philipp M., Wiebke Schulz e George Leckie. "The Variability of Occupational Attainment: How Prestige Trajectories Diversified within Birth Cohorts over the Twentieth Century". American Sociological Review 85, n.º 6 (17 de novembro de 2020): 1084–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122420966324.

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This study develops and applies a framework for analyzing variability in individuals’ occupational prestige trajectories and changes in average variability between birth cohorts. It extends previous literature focused on typical patterns of intragenerational mobility over the life course to more fully examine intracohort differentiation. Analyses are based on rich life course data for men and women in West Germany born between 1919 and 1979 from the German Life History Study and the German National Educational Panel Study ( N = 16,854 individuals). Mixed-effects growth-curve models with heterogeneous variance components are applied. Results show that birth cohorts systematically differ in their variability; cohorts who entered the labor market in the late 1950s and 1960s and experienced mostly closed employment relations have exceptionally homogenous trajectories. Earlier and later cohorts, who experienced more open employment relations, are more heterogeneous in their trajectories. Cohorts with higher variability at labor market entry are characterized by persistently strong intracohort differentiation. Women’s variability within employment is similar to men’s but markedly increases once employment interruptions are considered.

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22

Trajman, Joanna. "Przyrodnie siostry – sytuacja kobiet z byłej RFN i NRD 30 lat po zjednoczeniu Niemiec". Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, n.º 28 (17 de dezembro de 2020): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2020.28.11.

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The goal of this article is to present the transition in the situation of women in the former West Germany and East Germany as a consequence of German reunification. Starting with an outline of the legal framework defining gender equality, as well as the actual circumstances of females in society as part of a family and on the labour market in both German countries, the situation of women in the united country is analysed within the context of their professional activity, remuneration and pension amounts and promotion prospects as well as the ability to combine their professional and family lives. I try to answer whether women in the former East Germany became underprivileged due to the German reunification process and whether the situation of the West German women changed as a result of certain equality incentives which could be considered the heritage of the German Democratic Republic.

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23

Fitzenberger, Bernd, Reinhold Schnabel e Gaby Wunderlich. "The gender gap in labor market participation and employment: A cohort analysis for West Germany". Journal of Population Economics 17, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2004): 83–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-003-0141-6.

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24

Müller, Dana, e Michaela Fuchs. "Geschlechtsspezifische Ost-West-Unterschiede im Erwerbsverlauf". Sozialer Fortschritt 69, n.º 6-7 (1 de junho de 2020): 445–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.69.6-7.445.

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Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung geschlechtsspezifischer Ungleichheiten über die letzten drei Jahrzehnte in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Unterschiede zwischen beiden Regionen bestehen nach wie vor. Sie haben ihren Ursprung in den verschiedenen gesellschaftlichen Ansätzen der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter vor der Wiedervereinigung und den unterschiedlichen strukturellen Gegebenheiten am Arbeitsmarkt. Dennoch besitzen nach wie vor weder die Frauen in Westdeutschland noch in Ostdeutschland die gleichen Einkommens- und Karrierechancen wie Männer. Die Bemühungen des Staates, den Abbau geschlechtsspezifischer Ungleichheiten voranzutreiben, werden anhand der zahlreichen Maßnahmen der letzten Jahre sichtbar. Sie reichen aber noch nicht aus, wie die Zahlen im Beitrag zeigen. Abstract: Gender-specific Differences on the Labour Market in East and West Germany This article describes the development of gender inequalities over the last three decades in East and West Germany. There are still differences between the two regions. They have their origin in the different social concepts to gender equality before reunification and the different structural conditions on the labour market. Nevertheless, not only women in West Germany but also in East Germany still do not have the same income and career opportunities as men. The state’s efforts to promote the reduction of gender-specific inequalities are evident from the numerous measures taken in recent years. However, they are not yet sufficient.

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Hallett, Graham. "Unemployment and Labour Market Policies: Some Lessons from West Germany". Social Policy & Administration 19, n.º 3 (setembro de 1985): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.1985.tb00233.x.

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Corbett, David, e Thomas Janosky. "The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany and the United States." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45, n.º 2 (janeiro de 1992): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524860.

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Shalev, Michael, e Thomas Janoski. "The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany and the United States." Contemporary Sociology 20, n.º 6 (novembro de 1991): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076178.

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Harris, Joseph. "The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany and the United States". Journal of Economic Issues 25, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1991): 1181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1991.11505249.

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Gangl, Markus. "LABOR MARKET STRUCTURE AND RE-EMPLOYMENT RATES: UNEMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS IN WEST GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES". Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 20 (janeiro de 2003): 185–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0276-5624(03)20004-4.

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Quack, S., e F. Maier. "From State Socialism to Market Economy—Women's Employment in East Germany". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, n.º 8 (agosto de 1994): 1257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261257.

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The transformation from a centrally planned economy to a market economy involves a wide-ranging redistribution of paid employment, income, and individual opportunities. Men and women in the former East Germany (GDR)—who before reunification had equal roles of participation in paid labour—have been affected in different ways by the restructuring of the East German economy. Women are now more often unemployed, and for longer periods, and face greater difficulties in finding a job. In order to explain these differences between men and women, the authors investigate the economic, social, and political dimensions of the transformation process. The main argument is that economic and social disadvantages affecting East German women are not just related to the economic and political transformation as such. Rather, they are rooted in a traditional gender division of paid work in the former GDR which was reinforced by the paternalistic family and social policy developed by the East German state. At the same time, however, East German women's experiences of being fully integrated into employment, and enjoying greater economic independence, make it unlikely that they will easily accept the West German model of partial labour-market integration.

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DENGLER, KATHARINA. "Effectiveness of Active Labour Market Programmes on the Job Quality of Welfare Recipients in Germany". Journal of Social Policy 48, n.º 4 (18 de março de 2019): 807–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000114.

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AbstractUsing rich administrative data on unemployed welfare recipients in Germany and propensity score matching, the author analyses the effects of participating in four major active labour market programmes (ALMPs) on various dimensions of job quality. In Germany, welfare recipients may suffer from poor job quality because they are forced to accept any reasonable job offer. However, few studies consider the effects of participation in ALMPs on job quality. The results imply that participation in a programme not only increases the probability of taking jobs but also increases the probability of holding a high-quality job for some dimension of job quality. In particular, further vocational training is very effective in terms of job quality for West German women. Thus, job centres should focus on the activation of unemployed welfare recipients.

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Schumacher, Jürgen, e Karin Stiehr. "Market-oriented local employment initiatives in Germany". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 4, n.º 3 (agosto de 1998): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899800400310.

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This paper concerns local employment initiatives in Germany. Particular attention is devoted to the "market orientation" of these initiatives. The concept of market orientation refers on the one hand to the way in which public funding of a subsidised labour market scheme can be topped up by the sale of goods and services and, on the other, to the conversion of local employment initiatives into normal companies following a period of public funding. Since the contexts surrounding local employment initiatives in east and west Germany are very different, developments in the two parts of Germany are portrayed separately. Some provisions of the Employment Promotion Act are cited, and the difficult circumstances under which market-oriented employment initiatives have to operate are described. One promotion scheme, the "Social Enterprises" of Lower Saxony, is presented to exemplify market-oriented local employment initiatives.

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Lersch, Philipp M., Marita Jacob e Karsten Hank. "Long-term Health Consequences of Adverse Labor Market Conditions at Time of Leaving Education: Evidence from West German Panel Data". Journal of Health and Social Behavior 59, n.º 1 (5 de janeiro de 2018): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146517749848.

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Using longitudinal survey data from the Socio-Economic Panel Study ( N = 3,003 respondents with 22,165 individual-year observations) and exploiting temporal and regional variation in state-level unemployment rates in West Germany, we explore differences in trajectories of individuals’ self-rated health over a period of up to 23 years after leaving education under different regional labor market conditions. We find evidence for immediate positive effects of contextual unemployment when leaving education on individuals’ health. We find no evidence for generally accelerated or decelerated health deterioration when leaving education in high-unemployment contexts. We find, however, that individual unemployment experience when leaving education is associated with worse health and with more accelerated health deterioration in high-unemployment contexts. The cumulative experience of unemployment after leaving education does not mediate the influence of early labor market experiences for long-term health outcomes. In addition, our analyses indicate no gender differences in these results.

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Bredtmann,, Julia, Jochen Kluve, e Sandra Schaffner. "Mothers' Transitions into the Labor Market under Two Political Systems: Comparing East and West Germany before Reunification". Schmollers Jahrbuch 133, n.º 3 (setembro de 2013): 375–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.133.3.375.

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35

Hamilton, Stephen F. "The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany and the United States.Thomas Janoski". American Journal of Sociology 97, n.º 2 (setembro de 1991): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/229792.

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Gieseck, Arne, Ullrich Heilemann e Hans Dietrich von Loeffelholz. "Economic Implications of Migration into the Federal Republic of Germany, 1988–1992". International Migration Review 29, n.º 3 (setembro de 1995): 693–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900304.

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An analysis of the effects of the last wave of migration into West Germany on labor markets, public finances and economic growth, this study points at the often ignored fact that the migrants were rather successful in finding jobs and thus helped in eliminating labor shortages in certain industries. Simulations with a macroeconometric model for the FRG indicate that in 1992 the GDP was almost 6 percent higher than without migration, that 90,000 jobs were created and that migration created a surplus of DM14 billion in the public sector, compared to the baseline. This study also makes clear, however that these effects mainly depend on a quick absorption of migrants by FRG labor markets, and as to the social system, the relief may be only transitory.

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Konjunktur, Arbeitskreis. "West Germany: economic recovery still makes no impact on the labour market". Economic Bulletin 22, n.º 6 (agosto de 1985): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02227191.

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Hoffrogge, Ralf. "Voluntarism, Corporatism and Path Dependency: The Metalworkers’ Unions Amalgamated Engineering Union and IG Metall and their Place in the History of British and German Industrial Relations". German History 37, n.º 3 (15 de junho de 2019): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz037.

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Abstract Germany and Britain have served as models of either corporatist or voluntarist industrial relations. The more recent typology of ‘varieties of capitalism’ then identified Britain as a model case of a ‘liberal market economy’ while Germany was portrayed as a (state) ‘co-ordinated market economy’. The mainstream of German-language labour history also tells this success story. Some research on the evolution of co-determination has portrayed its subject as a long-standing trait of German capitalism, with predecessors dating back as far as 1848. With its focus on the history of two key trade unions in core industries of Britain and Germany, the British metalworkers’ union the Amalgamated Society of Engineers / Amalgamated Engineering Union and the German Metal Workers’ Union / IG Metall, this article questions both exceptionalism and continuity. It argues that a path dependency exists in the structure of both unions and the industrial relations around them—but that this never came close to a linear evolution of voluntarism or corporatism. On closer examination, the history of both unions includes localist as well as centralist practices. From the 1890s both unions were part of collective bargaining with strong employers’ associations; especially after 1945 both were open to corporatist compromises. For West Germany only, such a compromise was found in the early 1950s, and not before, while in Britain that same compromise was attempted but failed during the crucial years between 1965 and 1979. Therefore, to quote Stefan Berger, this article argues that ‘similarities between the British and the German labour movements have been underestimated’.

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Siebert, Horst. "Labor Market Rigidities: At the Root of Unemployment in Europe". Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1997): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.3.37.

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This paper studies the major institutional changes at the root of the increase in the west European unemployment trade in the last quarter century from below 3 percent to 11 percent. The institutional characteristics of wage bargaining and the legal rules hamper the self-equilibrating function of the labor market. The reservation wage, raised by the welfare state's rise, has affected the bargaining process, the wage level and the wage structure. Econometric evidence is presented. Since the mid-1980s, differences emerge, and the Scandinavian, the French-Mediterranean, the German, and the British-Dutch approach to the labor market can be distinguished.

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Uunk, W. "Job Mobility in the Former East and West Germany: The Effects of State-Socialism and Labor Market Composition". European Sociological Review 21, n.º 4 (6 de junho de 2005): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jci027.

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Osterland, Martin. "Shutdowns and labour market policies: Administrative measures and their effects in West Germany". Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 3, n.º 1 (maio de 1988): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690948808725925.

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BERGER, PETER A., PETER STEINMÜLLER e PETER SOPP. "Differentiation of Life-Courses? Changing Patterns of Labour-Market Sequences in West Germany". European Sociological Review 9, n.º 1 (maio de 1993): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036660.

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Weigt, Eva. "The Effect of Rapid Structural Change on Workers". Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 241, n.º 2 (14 de janeiro de 2021): 239–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2019-0067.

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Abstract This paper deals with the question how workers’ labour market and non-monetary outcomes are impacted by a negative sector-specific labour demand shock. This issue is analysed in a setting of rapid structural change that happened in Eastern Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The sector-specific labour demand shock can be assumed to be exogenous to other worker characteristics as it was not anticipated and as career planning was highly restricted in the GDR. Using survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), I find considerable and partly persistent losses in labour market outcomes of workers from declining compared to booming industries. Life satisfaction of workers from declining industries is decreased in the short run whereas the probability to move to the West and to identify with a left-wing political party is increased merely in the longer run.

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Lane, Christel. "Gender and the Labour Market in Europe: Britain, Germany and France Compared". Sociological Review 41, n.º 2 (maio de 1993): 274–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1993.tb00066.x.

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This paper has two objectives: to contrast patterns of female labour market participation in three West European societies and to develop a theoretical approach which can encompass both universal features of gender divisions in the labour market and nationally specific ones. Empirically, the focus is on the different levels and forms of labour force participation over the female life cycle, particularly on any resultant employment casualization. Consideration is also given to patterns of horizontal and vertical segregation and to pay. The differences between the three countries are explained by positing the existence of nationally specific gender profiles with a differential impact on labour market patterning along gender lines. These profiles are constructed by gender regimes at the level of the state which, in turn, are the result of political struggles and compromises of a variety of political actors. The paper utilizes European statistical data and secondary sources.

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GEYER, JOHANNES, e VIKTOR STEINER. "Future public pensions and changing employment patterns across birth cohorts". Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 13, n.º 2 (12 de novembro de 2013): 172–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747213000334.

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AbstractWe analyse the impacts of changing employment patterns and pension reforms on the future level of public pensions across birth cohorts in Germany. The analysis is based on a microsimulation model and a rich data set that combines household survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and process-produced microdata from the German pension insurance. We account for cohort effects in individual employment and unemployment affecting earnings over the life cycle as well as the differential impact of recent pension reforms. For individuals born between 1937 and 1971, cohort effects vary greatly by region, gender and education, and strongly affect life cycle earnings profiles. The largest effects can be observed for younger cohorts in East Germany and for the low educated. Using simulated life cycle employment and income profiles, we project gross future pensions across cohorts taking into account changing demographics and recent pension reforms. Simulations show that pension levels for East German men and women will fall dramatically among younger birth cohorts, not only because of policy reforms but also due to higher cumulated unemployment. For West German men, the small reduction of average pension levels among younger birth cohorts is mainly driven by the impact of pension reforms, while future pension levels of West German women are increasing or stable due to rising labour market participation of younger birth cohorts.

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Scherer, Stefani. "Stepping-Stones or Traps?" Work, Employment and Society 18, n.º 2 (junho de 2004): 369–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09500172004042774.

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This article addresses the question of whether the first job functions as a ‘stepping stone’ or as a ‘trap’. It does so by using individual longitudinal data to estimate the consequences on future occupational attainment of entry into the labour market via (a) ‘under-qualified’ jobs or (b) via temporary contracts. A cross-national comparison of West Germany, Great Britain and Italy allows assessment of the impact of different labour market structures on this allocation process. With regard to ‘under-qualified’ positions, the findings are not consistent with the stepping-stone hypothesis but provide some support for the entrapment hypothesis. Despite the greater mobility chances of over-qualified workers, the initial disadvantage associated with status-inadequate jobs is not fully overcome during their future careers. The article shows, however, that the negative effects are not due to the mismatch as such but rather to the relatively lower level positions. These effects are mediated by the national labour market structure, with the British flexible model providing the best chances of making up for initial disadvantages, and the more tightly regulated and segmented markets in Germany and Italy leading to stronger entrapment in lower status positions. No negative effects of the type of contract are found for later occupational positions in any of the countries.

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Kontuly, T., e K. P. Schön. "Changing Western German Internal Migration Systems during the Second Half of the 1980s". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, n.º 10 (outubro de 1994): 1521–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261521.

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The slow downward trend toward greater spatial deconcentration in West Germany during the time period 1970 to 1984 shifted back toward concentration from 1985 and through 1988. This ‘swing back’ occurred over only a three-year period. Regional labor-market changes appear to be the only factor able to cause such an abrupt shift to concentration, suggesting the importance of the regional restructuring hypothesis as an explanation. Changing internal migration patterns by two age-groups, 25–29 and 30–49, were responsible for the shift. A reduction of net in-migration to intermediate-sized regions with favorable structures as well as to small-sized rural regions with unfavorable structures, in the northern and central parts of the country, caused the shift. The concentration trend remained unaltered during 1989, in spite of large transfers of population out of eastern and into western Germany, because these exchanges favored the large-sized, densely populated, structurally weak regions in the Ruhr-Rhine and the Saarland.

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Hyclak, Thomas, e Geraint Johnes. "REAL WAGE RIGIDITY IN REGIONAL LABOR MARKETS IN THE U.K., THE U.S., AND WEST GERMANY*". Journal of Regional Science 29, n.º 3 (agosto de 1989): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01387.x.

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Kleinert, Corinna, e Marita Jacob. "Demographic changes, labor markets and their consequences on post-school-transitions in West Germany 1975–2005". Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 32 (junho de 2013): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2013.01.004.

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Corbett, David. "Book Review: International and Comparative: The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany and the United States". ILR Review 45, n.º 2 (janeiro de 1992): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204500231.

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