Bibliografias temáticas / Labor market – Germany (West)

Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Labor market – Germany (West)"

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Publicado: 25 de julho de 2024
Última modificação: 26 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Labor market – Germany (West)"

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Braun, Sebastian, e Toman Omar Mahmoud. "The Employment Effects of Immigration: Evidence from the Mass Arrival of German Expellees in Postwar Germany". Journal of Economic History 74, n.º 1 (24 de fevereiro de 2014): 69–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050714000035.

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This article studies the employment effects of one of the largest forced population movements in history, the influx of millions of German expellees to West Germany after World War II. This episode of forced mass migration provides a unique setting to study the causal effects of immigration. Expellees were not selected on the basis of skills or labor market prospects and, as ethnic Germans, were close substitutes to native West Germans. Expellee inflows substantially reduced native employment. The displacement effect was, however, highly nonlinear and limited to labor market segments with very high inflow rates.
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Mika, Tatjana. "The Declining Pension Wealth of Employment for the Birth Cohorts 1935–1974 in Germany". Statistics, Politics and Policy 13, n.º 1 (23 de fevereiro de 2022): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spp-2021-0022.

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Abstract Social inequality in the labor market leads to similarly unequal pension entitlements. From a life-course perspective, however, there are two components of inequality in the labor market: the degree of stability of employment until retirement, as well as the amount of gross income earned in periods of employment. The following analysis focuses on working-life and income trajectories of the birth cohorts 1935–1974 in East and West Germany until age 40. The results demonstrate a structural shift in the German labor market towards less stable employment in the first half of the working career. The labor market therefore offered increasingly less stable employment, with an especially stark negative trend for East Germans. Only West German women born after 1945 experienced a positive trend in employment stability. For employees of all birth cohorts, the analysis demonstrates that instability in the employment career has a strong negative effect on income and, subsequently, on pension wealth. The impact of income discrimination against those with less employment stability thus remained similar for the later-born despite the more widespread experience of employment interruptions.
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Bachmann, Ronald, e Michael C. Burda. "Sectoral Transformation, Turbulence and Labor Market Dynamics in Germany". German Economic Review 11, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2010): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00465.x.

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Abstract This paper analyzes the interaction between structural change and labor market dynamics in West Germany, during a period when industrial employment declined by more than 30% and service sector employment more than doubled. Using transition data on individual workers, we document a marked increase in structural change and turbulence, in particular since 1990. Net employment changes resulted partly from an increase in gross flows, but also from an increase in the net transition ‘yield’ at any given gross worker turnover. In growing sectors, net structural change was driven by accessions from nonparticipation rather than unemployment; contracting sectors reduced their net employment primarily via lower accessions from non-participation. German reunification and Eastern enlargement appear to have contributed significantly to this accelerated pace of structural change.
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Huang, Siyao. "Analysis and Optimization of Labor Market Policy in East Germany After German Reunification". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 15, n.º 1 (13 de setembro de 2023): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/15/20230909.

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The merger of East and West Germany in 1991 was a very important event in world history and had a great impact not only on the world but also on Germany itself. In particular, the transition of the former GDR is of great concern. Among them, the labor market problem in eastern Germany is one of the important challenges that the former GDR has to face in the transition. Using documentary and comparative analysis, this paper focuses on the excessive unemployment rate and the lack of public welfare policies in the labor market of eastern Germany after 1991. This paper aims to analyze whether the policies adopted by the German government to alleviate the problem are effective in the long run. Although these policies were controversial at the beginning of their implementation, some scholars consider them a failure. However, in view of the current development, these policies are beneficial and feasible for developing the eastern part of Germany in the long run.
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Humpert, Stephan. "Occupational sex segregation and working time: Regional evidence from Germany". Panoeconomicus 61, n.º 3 (2014): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1403317h.

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This paper provides descriptive evidence for declining occupational sex segregation on the German labor market, especially concerning the regional differences between the former East and West Germany. I use segregation measures and long-run social security data for the decade of 1992 to 2004. While segregation has declined over time, it remains higher for the eastern part of Germany. Although this finding is observable for full-time and part-time work, segregation is always lower in part-time employment.
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Dabbert, Stephan, e Jürgen Oberhofer. "Organic viticulture in West Germany". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, n.º 3 (setembro de 1990): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003404.

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We present results from a survey of organic grape operations in the three most important grape-producing areas in West Germany. Data on expenses for fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and buildings, on labor requirements, on the quantity and quality of yields, and on marketing channels and price premiums are compared to data on conventional grape operations from statistical sources. Based on these data, multi-period linear programming models were constructed to assess the economic implications of a transition to organic grape growing for different types of operations. Model results indicate that the grape production quota implemented in West Germany in 1989-90 favors organic methods. However, with direct marketing of wine, the effect of the quota depends on the effect that the expected rise in the price of conventional wine has on the price of organic wine. Premium prices for organically produced wine currently can be achieved only by farms that sell their wine directly to the consumer, which means that direct marketing is necessary for a profitable organic grape operation under current market conditions.
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Shields, Michael P., e Thomas Janoski. "The Political Economy of Unemployment: Active Labor Market Policy in West Germany". Southern Economic Journal 58, n.º 3 (janeiro de 1992): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1059867.

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Lippmann, Quentin, Alexandre Georgieff e Claudia Senik. "Undoing Gender with Institutions: Lessons from the German Division and Reunification". Economic Journal 130, n.º 629 (8 de maio de 2020): 1445–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez057.

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Abstract Using the 41-year division of Germany as a natural experiment, we show that the German Democratic Republic’s gender-equal institutions created a culture that has undone the male breadwinner norm and its consequences. Since reunification, East Germany still differs from West Germany not only because of its higher female contribution to household income, but also because East German women can earn more than their husbands without having to increase their number of housework hours, put their marriage at risk or withdraw from the labour market. By contrast, the norm of higher male income, and its consequences, are still prevalent in West Germany.
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Wang, Yichang. "How the German Economy Went from Being the Sick Man of Europe to Being a European Leader". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 25, n.º 1 (28 de novembro de 2023): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/25/20230773.

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Germanys economy has been stagnant since the 21st century, and was once called the sick man of Europe. However, in just a few years, Germanys economy has soared to become the leader of the European economy. This economic miracle is inseparable from Germanys economic reforms. Germany solved the problems of its own indebtedness and the solidification of the labor market by reducing welfare support. Secondly, Germany has also shown a solid performance to the world economic crisis, through its usual low consumer demand, good trade performance before the crisis, and short-term labor to reduce the financial burden for the enterprise, to ensure the employment rate during the economic crisis, so that it can quickly come out from the crisis. Not only that, Germany has also fully utilized its own advantages, Germany through the investment in education to ensure that the manufacturing industry continues to innovate, to maintain the competitiveness of the manufacturing industry in the international market, to ensure its export surplus and the advantages of the manufacturing industry.
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Schnaus, Julia. "Das leise Sterben einer Branche – Der Niedergang der westdeutschen Bekleidungsindustrie in den 1960er/70er Jahren". Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 62, n.º 1 (10 de março de 2017): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2017-0002.

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AbstractUnnoticed Disappearance – The Decline of the West-German Clothing Industry in the 1960s/70sIn the beginning of the 20th century the German clothing industry used to be a considerable producer of consumer goods, manufacturing clothes for both home and export market. In the 1960s and 70s this branch of the German industry began to decline, mainly due to the pay gap between the labor costs in Germany and low-wage-countries located in Eastern Europe and Asia. In response to this development bigger German companies outsourced their production abroad to save labor costs. Smaller companies often lacked the needed financial resources and had to face bankruptcy as result. At the end only services like planning and quality control remained in Germany. In consequence of this development a lot of German seamstresses lost their jobs. The government did not care about these problems; the enterprises did not receive subsidies. The unions in the sector were weak due to a high percentage of working women and the high ratio of small and medium sized regionally dispersed enterprises.
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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Labor market – Germany (West)"

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Gangl, Markus. "Unemployment dynamics in the United States and West Germany : economic restructuring, institutions and labor market processes /". Heidelberg : Physica-Verlag, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0817/2004425129-t.html.

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Mayer, Jochen. "State and spaces of official labour statistics in the Federal Republic of Germany, c.1950-1973". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7957.

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This PhD examines the historical making and interpretation of West-German official labour statistics in the period 1950-1973: how did official statistics come to be inscribed in state and administrative attempts to intervene into the labour market with respect to (un-)employment? Rather than considering statistics as a resource for state action and scientific investigation, this thesis is concerned with statistics as a contested topic comprising different techniques and ideas, styles of reasoning, practices, technologies and institutional contexts. Drawing on archival material from the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, the Federal Labour Office, the Federal Statistical Office, the Organisation for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD), and other sources, the thesis examines debates over the abolition of the federal labour office’s labour statistics 1950–1963, and the establishment of a new statistical infrastructure in the following decade. In bridging work in economic and social history, and the history and geography of official statistics and technology, this thesis shows how debate on the employment files – generated in 1935 and reestablished in 1950 – as the basis of quarterly official statistics was centred on the question of which statistics for which polity. This involved different ‘statistical gazes’ at different scales among labour administrators, bureaucratic officials, and statisticians. In studying the scientific-administrative issues of how and where statistics were produced and made credible, the analysis shows how authoritarian conceptions inscribed onto the files gave way, first, to more economical conceptions of data capturing (i.e. representative samples) and, from the late 1960s, to a statistical infrastructure based on electronic data processing. In examining the different rationalities – statistical-technical and political – the thesis shows how transformations in labour statistics were affected by dynamics between: federal state space and locality; technological dreams of labour administrators and statistical requirements; mathematisation and mechanisation of the statistical discourse; trust and credibility; public critique and legitimacy.
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Groero, Jaroslav. "East and West Germany after the Unification: The Wage Gap Analysis". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193373.

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Under socialism workers had their wages set by the central planners.. In my thesis I use panel data from SHARLIFE questionnaire in order to analyze how returns to East German human capital variables changed after the reunification in 1990.I also compare these returns to West German returns to human capital variables. Before 1990 the returns to experience and education were lower in East Germany than in West Germany. After the reunification East German returns to experience obtained before 1990 and to education decreased. I find a significant decrease of returns to high educated workers who spent in the East German educational system 15 and more years. East German returns to both human capital variables are smaller than West German ones before the reunification and the difference is more pronounced after the reunification.
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Schneck, Stefan [Verfasser]. "Labor market mobility in Germany / Stefan Schneck". Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2011. http://d-nb.info/1013288726/34.

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Kastrat, Merima, e Dilan Tas. "Does immigration affect native's labor market outcomes in Germany?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-88104.

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Germany is one of the several countries in Europe that have opened its borders to immigrants for many years. The admission of immigrants into Germany has contributed to the country being the second largest immigration destination in the world, and this has resulted in both negative and positive outcomes for the natives. In this essay, the effect of immigration on natives’ hourly wages and employment was examined, by using microdata for Germany. Native workers’ educational level attainments and 16 different regions in Germany were taken into account to obtain regional variation. Cross-sectional data was used for the years 2005, 2009 and 2015 in order to measure the effect of the share of immigrants on natives’ hourly wages and employment. The findings showed that the share of immigrants, had a positive effect on natives’ wages and employment in 2005 and 2009. In 2015, however, a negative relationship was found, with the share of immigrants impacting negatively on natives’ wages but not on employment. Thus, the study highlights the importance of immigrants on natives’ hourly wages and employment.
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Whang, Eun Ah [Verfasser]. "Social Security and Labor Market in Germany / Eun Ah Whang". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1176632086/34.

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Pancaldi, F. "EMPLOYERS ASSOCIATIONS AND LABOR MARKET POLICIES IN GERMANY AND ITALY". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/174256.

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To what extent did globalization generate uniform employers' pressures for employment protection deregulation and welfare state retrenchment? Which institutional arrangements did employers support and how did they influence policy-making processes in comparative perspective? This work answers these questions by investigating the positions of peak employers associations in Germany and Italy with respect to the reform processes of employment protection legislation and unemployment insurance systems between 1990 and 2008. Building on a theoretical distinction of the policy preferences of different employers groups in postindustrial economies, this research finds that relevant intra-business divides emerged during key reform events mainly between employers in small firms and in the low-productivity sectors and core manufacturing producers. In both countries, the point of contention was not whether to change inherited 'industrial' institutions but rather how to change them. Everywhere, small-firm employers struggled to gain as low levels of job protection and contribution rates to unemployment insurance as possible, whereas core producers indeed tended to advocate for more moderate adjustments. Research findings emphasize the growing influence of small business demands as a consequence of postindustrial economic-structural changes, and suggests that dual reform outputs are intrinsically associated with the development of service-based economies. Two variables are however found shaping different policy arrangements mainly with respect to dismissal protection and unemployment insurance systems in Germany and Italy. On one side, the distributional outcomes of industrial policy structures spurred stronger discontentment with existing labor market institutions among German small-firm employers than among Italian employers. On the other hand, different peak associational systems were conducive to different capacities of employers to organize collective action. An encompassing system facilitated intra-business coordination and the predominance of a 'logic of influence' vis-à-vis other actors in Germany. By contrast, a fragmented associational system incentivized competing positions between different business segments in Italy and oriented them to pursue particularistic reform objectives, consistently with a 'logic of membership'.
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Norquist, Jordan Faith. "RevolutionärInnen am Fließband: a Comparative Gendered Analysis of the 1973 Pierburg and Ford Migrant Labor Strikes". PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4824.

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In the years following the end of the Second World War, the Federal Republic of Germany experienced a "golden age" of economic upturn. Due to the labor shortage in the aftermath of war and the division of Germany, West Germany initially looked to its eastern counterpart, the German Democratic Republic, to meet its labor needs in the immediate postwar years. Once East Germany tightened its border control, the Federal Republic of Germany extended bilateral agreements to Southern Mediterranean countries to meet the nation's labor needs. Italy was the first official nation to have a bilateral work agreement with West Germany in 1955, yet by the end of the labor program, the greatest population of "guest workers" in West Germany were Turkish nationals. The West German public initially heralded the arrival of guest workers as a boon, but by the program's end in November of 1973, the West German press reviled the Turkish migrant worker as they gradually moved out of isolated company employee barracks into single apartments, often with families or spouses joining them from Turkey. In spite of a lack of rights on West German soil, the year of 1973 was witness to a swell in migrant political activity, in the form of unsanctioned labor strikes. Utilizing two of these strikes, this thesis will compare the strategies, support, opposition, and success of the Ford Cologne (Ford Köln-Niehl) Factory strike and the Pierburg factory strike in Neuss. In both instances, the degree of support by ethnic German coworkers and factory management influenced the success of the strike. Additionally, this analysis will demonstrate that gender, in concert with nationality, negatively affected the results of the Ford Cologne Strike by way of public reception, while the negotiation of the Pierburg strike through a gendered lens aided woman migrant workers in the cooperation of factory management, the worker's council, union, and the West German public. Regardless of the strikes' outcomes, the significance of the labor strikes of 1973 is emblematic of both the lack of human rights afforded migrant workers in West Germany at the time and the persistent determination of blue-collar migrant workers to claim space for themselves and their families.
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Diaz, Pablo F. "Labor market integration of immigrants in France, Germany and the United Kingdom". Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FDiaz%5FPablo.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Europe and Eurasia))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Siegel, Scott ; Shore, Zachary. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Labor Market Integration, Immigrants, France, Germany, United Kingdom Institutional Racism, Education, Language. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-88). Also available in print.
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Lüthen, Holger [Verfasser]. "Essays on long-term labor market developments and retirement in Germany / Holger Lüthen". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1105472353/34.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Labor market – Germany (West)"

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Gangl, Markus. Unemployment dynamics in the United States and West Germany: Economic restructuring, institutions and labor market processes. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 2003.

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Gangl, Markus. Unemployment dynamics in the United States and West Germany: Economic restructuring, institutions and labor market processes. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, 2004.

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3

Janoski, Thomas. The political economy of unemployment: Active labor market policy in West Germany and the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

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4

Thomas, Raithel, e Schlemmer Thomas, eds. Die Rückkehr der Arbeitslosigkeit: Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland im europäischen Kontext 1973 bis 1989. München: Oldenbourg, 2009.

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5

Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf. East-West trade and migration: The Austro-German case. Bonn: IZA, 1998.

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Krueger, Alan B. A comparative analysis of East and West German labor markets: Before and after unification. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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Christoph, Köhler, ed. Offene und geschlossene Beschäftigungssysteme: Determinanten, Risiken und Nebenwirkungen. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2008.

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1948-, Wood Stephen, ed. Recruitment and selection in the labour market: A comparative study of Britain and West Germany. Aldershot: Avebury, 1988.

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Windolf, Paul. Recruitment and selection in the labour market: A comparative study of Britain and West Germany. Aldershot, Hants [England]: Avebury, 1988.

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Franz, Schober, Matsugi Takashi 1936-, Universität Freiburg im Breisgau. Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät. e Nagoya Daigaku Keizai Gakubu, eds. Labor market issues in Japan and Germany. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1998.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Labor market – Germany (West)"

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Wagner, Michael. "Spatial Determinants of Social Mobility: An Analysis with Life History Data for Three West German Cohorts". In Migration and Labor Market Adjustment, 241–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7846-2_11.

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Korsvold, Tora. "Dilemmas over Childcare in Norway, Sweden and West Germany after 1945". In The Modern Child and the Flexible Labour Market, 19–37. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230314054_2.

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Behle, Heike. "Changes in Mental Health: Young People in Labour Market Schemes in West and East Germany". In Unemployment, Precarious Work and Health, 437–46. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-94345-9_32.

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Walsh, Kenneth, e Adrian King. "West Germany". In Handbook of International Manpower Market Comparisons, 75–91. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08353-4_5.

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Lučev, Josip. "Labor Market in Germany". In Systemic Cycle and Institutional Change, 185–223. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66053-6_7.

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Steiner, Viktor, e Kersten Wagner. "Relative Earnings and the Demand for Unskilled Labor in West German Manufacturing". In Globalization, Technological Change, and Labor Markets, 89–111. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4965-9_5.

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Raschke, Freddy, M. Donald Hancock e Haruo Shimada. "Labour Markets and Wage Determination". In The Politics of Economic Change in Postwar Japan and West Germany, 189–232. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22614-6_6.

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Steiner, Viktor. "Employment and Wage Effects of Social Security Financing — An Empirical Analysis of the West German Experience and Some Policy Simulations". In Labor Markets and Social Security, 319–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24780-7_13.

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Steiner, Viktor. "Employment and Wage Effects of Social Security Financing — An Empirical Analysis of the West German Experience and some Policy Simulations". In Labor Markets and Social Security, 315–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03599-3_10.

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Silvia, Stephen J. "7. Political Adaptation to Growing Labor Market Segmentation". In Negotiating the New Germany, editado por Lowell Turner, 157–76. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501744891-010.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Labor market – Germany (West)"

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Novák, Václav. "Přeshraniční dojížďka za prací z ČR do Německa". In XXVI. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0311-2023-11.

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The contribution analyzes the development of cross-border commuting to work from the Czech Republic to Germany in the context of the situation on the Czech labor market. Employment policy is one of the most important policies of the Government of the Czech Republic. It solves current problems on the Czech labor market. However, it does not reflect the issue of cross-border movement of labor force from the Czech Republic abroad. The question therefore arises whether commuting to the German border is only a marginal task. Or whether it is a escalating phenomenon with the potential to significantly threaten the labor market of the source country. For the analysis, secondary data on employment obtained according to the united methodology of Eurostat was used. It was therefore possible to compare data in a cross-border geographical area. Data from the Federal Labor Office on commuting to work do not include self-employed persons. This methodological insufficiency does not affect the results of the analysis. The volume of cross-border commuting for work from the Czech Republic to Germany has increased several times over the last decade. It is clear that it affects the situation on the regional labor markets of the Czech border regions. There is a potential for continuous dynamic development, to which the Czech employment policy should respond.
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Udelhofen, Stefan, e Jens Dörpinghaus. "IT Professionals in Germany. Labor Market Demands of Computer Science Education and their Perception on Social Media". In ITiCSE 2024: Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3649405.3659493.

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Sviridenko, M. V., A. N. Leontieva e O. M. Bublis. "LABOR POTENTIAL IN THE DIGITAL PARADIGM ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION". In Regional economy and territorial development. Petersburg State University of Economics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52897/978-5-7310-6266-4-2023-17-95-103.

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The digital transformation of the economy and society is an objective process that determines the contours of the future socio–economic development of the regions of Russia. The article examines the theoretical interpretations of the concept of "labor potential", using the example of the subjects of the North-Western Federal District of the Russian Federation using content analysis and SWOT analysis methods, strategic planning documents are considered: state programs to promote employment and strategies for digital transformation of the regions of the North-West in order to determine the degree of consistency of the regulatory framework for the development of the labor market and the sphere employment and the digital economy. Recommendations are given on the need to adapt state pro-grams in the field of employment to the requirements of the digital economy, ensuring synchronization of target blocks and tools for the implementation of strategic planning documents in the field of em-ployment and digital development of the subjects of the Russian Federation.
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Giabelli, Anna, Lorenzo Malandri, Fabio Mercorio, Mario Mezzanzanica e Andrea Seveso. "Skills2Graph: Processing million Job Ads to face the Job Skill Mismatch Problem". In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/708.

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In this paper, we present Skills2Graph, a tool that, starting from a set of users’ professional skills, identifies the most suitable jobs as they emerge from a large corpus of 2.5M+ Online Job Vacancies (OJVs) posted in three different countries (the United Kingdom, France, and Germany). To this aim, we rely both on co-occurrence statistics - computing a count-based measure of skill-relevance named Revealed Comparative Advantage (rca) - and distributional semantics - generating several embeddings on the OJVs corpus and performing an intrinsic evaluation of their quality. Results, evaluated through a user study of 10 labor market experts, show a high P@3 for the recommendations provided by Skills2Graph, and a high nDCG (0.985 and 0.984 in a [0,1] range), that indicates a strong correlation between the experts’ scores and the rankings generated by Skills2Graph.
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İrmiş, Ayşe, Mehtap Sarıkaya e Hatice Çoban. "People's Sector as an Alternative Economic Model and the Example of Denizli". In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00662.

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People’s sector is an establishment of an enterprise result of bringing together production tools take decisions related to the management of this property and create self-employment opportunities with people’s own savings. This is the most distinctive feature from the private sector and the public sector. As well as the public sector and the private sector, labor is a part of the production, but in people’s sector, employees participate in management, capital and profit. In private sector and public sector there is an up to down organization but in People’s Sector, organization settles from down to top. People’s Sector resemble to publicly held companies and worker companies in Western Europe and United States but differ from them in the form of establishment and statue of partnership. Because in these companies in the West, government or private sector open shares to public or make workers partner to the shares. In these companies, managerial decisions belong to the person or group that holds most of the shares. Whereas in public sector enterprises, people come together and have equal rights in establishment and management of the enterprise, without any person or group keeping the majority of shares in the hand. Without a precedent in the world, this sector is formed in 1970’s with the savings of the workers went from Turkey to Germany and other European countries. In this study, a literature rewiev in the people’s sector has been made, then exemplary research was carried out by the founders of the two People’s sector companies.
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Brecher, Christian, Tobias Kempf e Werner Herfs. "Cognitive Control Technology for a Self-Optimizing Robot Based Assembly Cell". In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49521.

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In the face of global competition there is a great danger for countries with high labor costs (e.g. Germany) to lose more and more production plants to low-wage countries. Almost inevitably there will be a relocation of after-sales services as well as of research and development. Eventually this will cause a significant decline of wealth. For this reason especially high-wage countries are always striving for higher productivity of production processes. On the other hand the products have to be of high-end quality to ensure an advantage in the market. Thus there is an obvious dilemma between planning-orientation and value-orientation which has to be resolved. This could possibly be obtained by shifting planning efforts to the runtime system and at the same time enabling the system to adapt to changing requests and circumstances. In order to get there, automation technology is definitely playing a key role in present-day highly automated production processes. Unfortunately classical automation technology has not been supporting this kind of self-organizing, self-controlling and self-optimizing behavior. This paper introduces an approach to make production systems more “intelligent” based on the idea of a cognitive control architecture. At first the motivation and the research vision are introduced followed by an outline of the research approach. As a concrete example of an application a robot based assembly cell is described. The methods used and insights gained so far are presented in the second part, followed by an outlook towards future activities.
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Węcławowicz-Gyurkovich, Ewa. "Image of a Hanseatic city in the latest Polish architectural solutions". In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8086.

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The problem of the reconstruction of centres of Polish towns and cities after the destructions of the World War II evoke discussions even today. Over the first years after the war, in numerous cases the centres of historical cities and towns were lost; in the place of former market squares and networks of streets with tenements crowned with endwall trims, randomly dispersed concrete blocks of flats were erected, in order to satisfy urgent housing demands. The situation changed after 1980, when in Elbląg, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, a rule was adopted according to which the peripheral development of city quarters was to be recreated, restoring tenements located in historical plots of land, but contemporary in style, maintaining the silhouettes and sizes from years before. It is also possible to observe other activities in the solutions of the latest public utility buildings, which - often by using a sophisticated intellectual play - restore the climate and character of cities remembered and known from the past centuries. In the west and north of Europe there are many towns and cities, predominantly ports, which used to be members of Hansa. The organisation of Hansa, the origins of which reach back to the Middle Ages, associated a number of cities which could decide about the provision of goods to cities within a specific territory, and secure markets for products manufactured in them. Thanks to that, cities that belonged to Hansa were developing more rapidly and effectively, and the beginnings of their development within the territory of Germany and in the Baltic states date back to the 13th and 14th centuries. The peak period of the development of Hanseatic cities, where merchants were engaged in free trade with people from European countries, fell in the 14th and 15th centuries, but already in the 17th century there was a complete decline of Hansa, resulting from the occurrence of competition in the form of associations of Dutch and English cities, as well as the Scandinavian ones. From amongst Polish towns and cities, members of Hansa were e.g. Szczecin, Gdańsk, Kołobrzeg, Elbląg, as well as Cracow. In 1980 an association of partner cities of North Europe, dubbed a New Hansa, was established, the objective of which is to attract attention to the common development of tourism and trade. Nowadays, this New Hansa associates over a hundred cities, similarly to what once was in the medieval Hansa. Numerous Polish cities faced the problem of reconstruction after the destruction of the World War II. The effects varied. By adopting the programme of satisfying predominantly housing demands in the 1960s and 1970s, historical old towns in dozens of cities from amongst nearly 2 hundred destroyed by warfare of the World War II in the north and west of Poland were lost forever. Today we can still encounter ruins of Gothic churches in Głogów or Gubin, where in the place of a market square and tenements of townsmen, randomly located rows of typical four- or five-storey blocks of flats have been erected.
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Densmaa, Oyuntsetseg, Gerelchimeg Kaliinaa, Norovsuren Nanzad e Tsogzolboo Otgonbayar. "MONGOLIA’S “THIRD NEIGHBOR POLICY”". In Proceedings of the XXV International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25012021/7365.

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Geographically Mongolia has two neighbors. Mongolia’s existence today depends largely on mutually friendly relationships with two big neighbors. The main pillars of Mongolia’s new international strategy were incorporated in Mongolia’s National Security Concept adopted on June 30, 1994. This document, approved by the Mongolian Parliament, emphasizes a balanced policy towards the country’s two giant neighbors, underlines the importance of economic security in protecting Mongolia’s national integrity, and warns about too much dependence on any one country for trade. In today’s world of globalization and interdependence, Mongolia has to engage with other countries beyond these two neighbors, Russia and China. This is fundamental thing of the Mongolia’s searching third neighbor. Mongolia needs more friends to ensure its national security interests and achieve economic prosperity its ‘Third Neighbor Policy’1 is a policy of extending its friends all around the world. Two immediate neighbors of Mongolia, Russia and China, remain the foreign policy priority and this priority is not contradictory to the policy of having more friends. Mongolia is becoming an arena of clashes of economic interests of developed countries, multinational corporations due its rich mining deposits. Mongolia's Third Neighbor Policy is aimed to leverage the influence of neighboring countries in the national security issues of Mongolia. In contrast with other satellite states of the former Soviet Union, Mongolia concurrently instituted a democratic political system, a market-driven economy, and a foreign policy based on balancing relations with Russia and China while expanding relations with the West and East. Mongolia is now pursuing a foreign policy that will facilitate global engagement, allow the nation to maintain its sovereignty, and provide diplomatic freedom of maneuver through a “third neighbor” policy. 2 This policy is very much alive today but there is no reason to claim that its implementation is satisfactory. Mongolia has major investors from the US, Japan, Germany and France from the EU, for example. There are many universal conventions related to landlocked country. For Mongolia, access to sea via our two neighbors, means promoting economic ties with the third neighbors, as an important factor conducive to reinforcing the material foundations of Mongolia’s third neighbor policy.
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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Labor market – Germany (West)"

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Krueger, Alan, e Jorn-Steffen Pischke. A Comparative Analysis of East and West German Labor Markets: Before and After Unification. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, agosto de 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4154.

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Franz, Wolfgang, Joachim Inkmann, Winfried Pohlmeier e Volker Zimmermann. Young and Out in Germany: On the Youths' Chances of Labor Market Entrance in Germany. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, outubro de 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6212.

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Abraham, Katharine G., e Susan N. Houseman. Does Employment Protection Inhibit Labor Market Flexibility?: Lessons from Germany, France and Belgium. W.E. Upjohn Institute, março de 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp93-16.

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D'Amuri, Francesco, Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano e Giovanni Peri. The Labor Market Impact of Immigration in Western Germany in the 1990's. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, março de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13851.

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Abraham, Katharine, e Susan Houseman. Does Employment Protection Inhibit Labor Market Flexibility? Lessons from Germany, France, and Belgium. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, junho de 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4390.

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Urfels, Marie. From state support to market and financialization measures in crisis times: A comparative literature review of the Swedish and German housing systems. Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178772605.

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This paper present the findings of an extensive literature review on the housing systems in Germany and Sweden. The literature review majorly focuses on the rental housing sector but also touches upon other segments of the housing market, especially the cooperative housing sector. The report thus provides a general overview and situates the rental sector in the wider context of the overall housing market in the two countries. The paper adds valuable knowledge about the large differences in the post-war responses to the housing shortage in Germany and Sweden. While Sweden responded with a universal off-market approach to housing, (West) Germany implemented a dualist housing system within a social market economy. Despite differences in past solutions, the contemporary problems seem to be similar. The report concludes that, in the search of a response to the current housing crisis, Germany sees a re-emergence of the state, while Sweden’s next moves are uncertain.
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Ripani, Laura, e Claudia Piras. The Effects of Motherhood on Wages and Labor Force Participation: Evidence from Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, novembro de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008892.

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This study asks a simple question that has significant implications for gender equality. After decades of increasing female participation in the labor market, advances in the labor legislation and persistent gender wage gaps, what are the effects of motherhood on labor force participation and wages in Latin America? The data presented in this report show that mothers with children under 7 years of age participate less in the labor market than those with no children, except for single mothers. Another interesting result is that female labor force participation generally increases with age and decreases with family responsibilities. In contrast to the evidence found in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Germany, where mothers earn lower wages than women with no children, the results for Latin America do not show a homogeneous impact of motherhood on wages. While in Peru there exists a penalty for mothers of children under 7, in Bolivia and Brazil there is a premium for being a mother. Ecuador shows no significant effects. This heterogeneity is further investigated by considering public and private sectors, educational levels and age groups. The study finds that wage penalties and premiums are not borne equally among all mothers.
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Abramitzky, Ran, Travis Baseler e Isabelle Sin. Persecution and Migrant Self-Selection: Evidence from the Collapse of the Communist Bloc. Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, julho de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29310/wp.2022.07.

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How does persecution affect who migrates? We analyze migrants’ self-selection out of the USSR and its satellite states before and after the collapse of Communism using census microdata from the three largest destination countries: Germany, Israel, and the United States. We find that migrants arriving before and around the time of the collapse (who were more likely to have moved because of persecution) were more educated and had better labor market outcomes in the destination than those arriving later. This change is not fully explained by the removal of emigration restrictions in the Communist Bloc. Instead, we show that this pattern is consistent with more positive self-selection of migrants who are motivated by persecution. When the highly educated disproportionately forgo migrating to enjoy the amenities of their home country, persecution can induce them to leave.
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