Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Kwantung Leased Territory (China)"
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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Kwantung Leased Territory (China)"
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Salogub, Yana. "The Russian Empire Policy on the Formation of Population in the Leased from China Territories (1896—1917)". ISTORIYA 13, n.º 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017784-1.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The leased territories status within Russian Empire in the late XIX – early XX centuries had exclusion zone of CER (concession) and Kwantung Leased Territory (international lease). Despite the differences in the legal status, Russia looked at these territories as part of itself, mastering them in such a way as to create conditions for the consolidation of «Yellow Russia» to political space of the empire. Most important role in this process was played by formation of population and creation of conditions for its life and activities in these territories. A number of factors influenced on formation of population at leased territories. First of all, it was sovereign territory of China, which meant Chinese population continued to live on these territories after Russia leased it. Key problem was that Chinese had a negative attitude to presence of any foreigners in Middle Kingdom, they did not want to obey alien administration. The second factor was presence of foreigners – representatives of European states. Many of them (especially subjects of Great powers of Europe) perceived Russian presence in China as competition and a threat to interests of their states and willingly participated in actions aimed at weakening Russia's position. The third factor was related with remoteness of leased territories from populated (and overpopulated) European center of Russia. In immediate vicinity were territories of Siberia and Russian Far East, where «Russian element» was not enough, the population was small. It was difficult to use demographic resource of nearest Russian territories for settlement of «Yellow Russia». This factor was connected with peculiarities of national and religious policy of the empire, which did not want to see marginal and stigmatized ethnic and religious groups in leased territories. All these factors required special political measures, in which the rational and expedient were intertwined with ideological and political, not always subordinated to pragmatic.
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Mun, Heajin. "The Comparison of State Shinto Shrines in Kwantung Leased Territory and Manchukuo : The Case Study of Shrine for Foundation God of Manchukuo". Journal of Asiatic Studies 64, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2021): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31930/jas.2021.09.64.3.137.
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Yang, Shengfu, Shougeng Hu, Weidong Li, Chuanrong Zhang e Dongdong Song. "Spatio-Temporal Nonstationary Effects of Impact Factors on Industrial Land Price in Industrializing Cities of China". Sustainability 12, n.º 7 (1 de abril de 2020): 2792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072792.
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Industrialization has brought about great differences in industrial development and land use demand among different regions and cities, especially in rapidly industrializing countries with a vast territory. In those areas, implementing local-specific policies on industrial land price is of great significance to improve industrial land use efficiency and facilitate the sustainable development of regional economy. Based on the land pricing monition files of 105 industrializing cities, geographically weighted regression (GWR) was applied to detect the spatial variation of the industrial land price and its main impact factors (for example, tax, leased land, population, and location quotient index) in China in 2009, 2011 and 2014. The results show that the relationships were generally spatio-temporally nonstationary. More specifically, while the effect of tax on industrial land price was significantly positive and spatially stable all over China in 2009, the effect varied spatially in the two later studied years, weakened in North and East China and strengthened in South China. The effect of leased land on industrial land price was generally negative; it was very weak in 2009 and 2011 but became negatively strong in most studied cities in 2014, except for a few cities in Middle China. Population had a significant positive effect on industrial land price in the cities of East and Northeast China. For the three studied years, the location quotient index always had negative effect in Bohai Economic Rim and positive effect in Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, and the negative effect strengthened with time. Meanwhile, the underlying reasons behind the relationships were further analyzed, showing that the spatio-temporal changes of industrial land price are closely correlated with the population mobility, industrial agglomeration, government intervention and economic situation.
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Shuyong, Liu. "Hong Kong: A Survey of its Political and Economic Development over the Past 150 Years". China Quarterly 151 (setembro de 1997): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100004683x.
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Hong Kong has been part of Chinese territory since ancient times. Before the British occupation, Hong Kong had achieved considerable development in agriculture, fisheries, the salt industry, transportation, cultural undertakings and education. It was by no means a desolate and barren land at that time. British troops occupied Hong Kong Island on 25 January 1841 during the Opium War. In August 1842, the British government formally annexed Hong Kong Island by forcing the Qing government to conclude the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking. In the Second Opium War, British troops forcibly occupied Kowloon in 1860. In October the same year, the British government annexed Kowloon after forcing the Qing government to conclude the Sino-British Convention of Peking. When imperialist powers were locked in their bid to carve up and grab spheres of influence in China, Britain again forced the Qing government into signing the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory in June 1898 by which it leased a large expanse of Chinese territory south of Shenzhen River and north of Boundary Street and some 235 islands, renamed later as the “New Territories,” thus achieving its occupation and control over the entire Hong Kong region.
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Starovoytova, Elena. "Diplomatic Agency of the Russian Empire in Mukden in 1901-1904 and Activities of the Diplomat S.A. Kolokolov". Problemy dalnego vostoka, n.º 2 (2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120025324-7.
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At the end of the nineteenth century, Tsarist Russia's foreign policy in the Far East, particularly in China, became considerably more active. One of the main regions of China within the sphere of interest of the Russian Empire was the so-called «Three Eastern Provinces» (Manchuria), where the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) was laid and the Kwantung Province of the Russian Empire was established. In 1900, the Russian armed forces, led by Admiral E.I. Alexeyev, were forced to temporarily occupy the entire territory of Manchuria in order to suppress an uprising organized by followers of the anti-foreign Yihetuan movement, also known as the Boxer Rebellion. This included the then capital of one of the Three Eastern Provinces, Fengtian Province, the city of Mukden. The importance of Mukden as an administrative and business center and one of the largest railway stations on the CER line made the presence of an official representative of the Tsarist authorities in the city necessary. As the Boxer Rebellion was suppressed, a growing number of diverse firms and trading enterprises began to appear in the region, and foreign powers sought to expand their presence here. In 1901, Sergey Aleksandrovich Kolokolov (1868-1921), then secretary of the Russian consulate in Kashgar and graduate of the Faculty of Oriental Languages at St. Petersburg University, was appointed as diplomatic agent of the Russian Empire in Mukden. He served at this post in Mukden until the beginning of hostilities between Russia and Japan in 1904. S.A. Kolokolov was one of those diplomatic personnel in China at the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries who, thanks to their personal professionalism and loyalty to their work, ensured the safety of Russian interests in the region. This article gives the first detailed look at key aspects of the Russian diplomatic agency in Mukden.
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Tsybenov, Bazar D. "Anti-Japanese Struggle of the Daur People (1932–1945)". Humanitarian Vector 18, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2023): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2023-18-4-84-93.
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The historical development of national minorities in Northeast China during critical periods of the 20th century is a relevant topic in modern history and oriental studies. The occupation of the northeastern part of Chinese territory by the Kwantung Army in 1931 was aimed at proclaiming the state formation of Manchukuo. The topic of resistance of the Daurs ‒ one of the small peoples of Hulun Buir and Heilongjiang Province to the Japanese occupation ‒ is a little-studied area in the Russian study of the history of national minorities in China. The purpose of the study is to analyze the Daurs’ opposition to the plans of Japanese officials and the military in 1932–1945. The article was determined by the hypothesis about the small participation of the Daurs in the partisan movement in Manchuria in 1932–1936 and the change in the situation since the spring of 1936 after the execution of the governor of the Northern Khingan province Lingsheng and three Daur officials. The author also studied other issues: the activation of underground resistance, its local characteristics according to ethno-territorial groups of Daurs, the participation of cadets and officers, Daurs by nationality, in military mutinies in the Manchukuo army in August 1945. The work is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, allowing us to study the Manchukuo period in the modern history of the Daurs in interaction with the history of Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and adjacent territories. The author used comparative-historical, concrete-historical and problem-chronological methods. The source base represented by documents from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AFPRI). The author concluded that the Daurs did not take an active part in the anti-Japanese resistance in 1932–1936. The demonstrative execution of officials of the Northern Khingan province in 1936 was a trigger for the growth of anti-Japanese discontent in Daurian society. Later, anti-Japanese sentiments clearly manifested in the activities of the underground organization in Hailar in 1939–1945, and the participation of Daurs in military mutinies in the Manchukuo army in 1945.
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Kosykh, Vladimir. "Authorities of Zabaikalye Oblast and Chinese Immigrants: Early XX Century". Russian and Chinese Studies 3, n.º 4 (28 de dezembro de 2019): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2019.3(4).28-37.
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The paper examines interrelations developed between various authorities of Zabaikalye Oblast and Chinese immigrants who arrived here in early XX century. The author analyses the causes that had motivated the subjects of the Heavenly Empire to appear on the territory of the Russian Empire. The paper shows that the Chinese arrived here due to the simplest reason — in order to provide for their families, that had stayed at home, and with any luck, to open their businesses in Zabaikalye, like their compatriots who had settled down in Russia. The article underlines that the Chinese absolutely took up any job, being not above the most unskilled labor, what’s more, for the same payment the Russians would refuse. In the author's opinion, they made great strides in market gardening as they constantly surprised the Zabaikalye people with their coming out with fresh vegetables to be bought up quickly. Many subjects of the Heavenly Empire labored at the Zabaikalye gold workings, construction sites, including the Zabaikalye railway road, engaged in trade, marketing the products carried out from the motherland. They leased patches of land from local population, doing market gardening. One may believe that such industriousness could win respect of the Zabaikalye people. The truth was that interrelations of the authorizes with part of the Chinese evidently did not develop. Their major mass arrived to Zabaikalye and lived here with their national passports or residence permits, issued by Russian consulates in China or on the place of their stay and living. The Chinese were supposed to have similar documents constantly with them. But not all Chinese arrived legally: part of them penetrated without permitting documents, which caused headaches to civil servant of the Russia’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to the military and civil authorities of Siberia, Zabaikalye, Primorye, who saw «yellow danger» in it. Those having no passports or residence permits were not allowed to pass through the border or sent back to China, they were forbidden (since 1910) to be hired for state-owned jobs.
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LIXIA, ZHOU. "SOCIALIZATION OF SPACES IN HARBIN BY RUSSIANS IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES". CASPIAN REGION: Politics, Economics, Culture, 2021, 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-510x-2021-68-3-085-093.
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At the end of the XIX century. Russian railway workers started the construction works of the CER junction centre, which eventually led to the emergence of an entire city on a leased territory in Northern Manchuria. The territory where the Chinese Eastern Railway was laid and Harbin was built was leased from China as a result of Russian-Chinese negotiations in 1896. This article outlines a very important and multifaceted problem of building new spaces on the leased territory in Northern Manchuria in the city of Harbin. This resulted in socialization of a new locus that became a meeting place for different cultures and intercultural interactions. Russian emigrants, as well as the employees of the Chinese Eastern Railway, created new spaces on Chinese territory, with different rules and laws. For several decades of the XX century. Harbin was a frontier city. History of North-eastern China at the end of the 19th - first half of the 20th centuries is the history of trains and railroad workers, the road from rural hinterland to industrial civilization. As a result of socialization of space by Russians, Harbin has turned from a nodal center of the Chinese Eastern Railway into an innovative city of the 20th century with high growth rates in China.
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Shen, Jiaying. "Free sea or territorial waters? The Sino-Japanese Xiongyue fishing dispute, 1906–1912". Modern Asian Studies, 1 de fevereiro de 2023, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x22000233.
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Abstract Following victory in the Russo-Japanese War, the Meiji government sought to expand its maritime influence in Northeast Asia by developing pelagic fisheries in the newly acquired Kwantung leased territory, but it encountered immediate resistance from the Qing court, which had just embarked upon ambitious reform to strengthen maritime defence through the building of a national fishing industry. The dispute first emerged as a clash between Japanese and Chinese fishery protection companies on the seas adjacent to the Chinese city of Xiongyue. It then gave rise to a protracted Sino-Japanese legal debate on the question of whether the Xiongyue fishing ground was in the free sea or part of Chinese territorial waters. However, the 1912 settlement agreement made no mention of the legal status of the fishing ground. By examining this oft-neglected dispute, this article not only provides a rare East Asian case that illustrates the tension between the requirements of national sea borders and the principle of navigational freedom, but also explores how the Meiji and Qing governments perceived and practised international maritime law at the turn of the twentieth century. It argues that neither government viewed international maritime law as the only referential framework to solve the dispute, especially when it contributed little to the conflict settlement and contradicted their perceptions of the historical relations between East Asian countries.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Kwantung Leased Territory (China)"
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Nieh, Christopher T. "Japan's Manchuria policy from the Kwantung Leased Territory to the formation of Manchukuo". 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32041317.html.
Texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Kwantung Leased Territory (China)"
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Li, Si-ming. "Hong Kong: From a Colony to a Model for China". In Culture and the City in East Asia, 185–211. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233589.003.0010.
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Abstract Hong Kong, until now a British crown colony, is often said to be ‘a borrowed place on borrowed time’ and a place where the East meets the West. The city is located on the south China coast and consists of Hong Kong Island, ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, Kowloon Peninsula, ceded under the Convention of Beijing in 1860, and the New Territories, the portion leased to Britain for a period of ninety-nine years under a second Convention of Beijing in 1898. Together the entire Territory has a land area of 1,070 square kilometres (Fig. 10.1). Under the Joint Declaration on the Future of Hong Kong signed between the Chinese and British governments in 1984, the sovereignty of Hong Kong will revert back to China on 1 July 1997. From that date onwards, Hong Kong will become a Special Administration Region (SAR) of China with its own mini-constitution-the Basic Laws--under the principle of Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong.