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Fulton, Bruce, Philip Gowman, Tony Malone e Colin Marshall. "ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION ON KOREAN FICTION IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION". Translation Review 108, n.º 1 (1 de setembro de 2020): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07374836.2020.1835434.
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Tamošiūnienė, Lora. "Translating Korean Nature. Translation Strategies in Lithuanian and English Literary Translation". Research in Language 18, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2020): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.18.2.05.
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World literatures today often impose a separation of narratives from their geographic and linguistic origins. Translated versions of literary texts that were created and received within local cultural contexts, when translated, enter new, foreign contexts. When translations into many other languages appear, a writer may expect many diverse valuations of one`s work. Literary texts in translation, in fact, are an inseparable from literary experiences for many readers and the study of translated texts has a long-standing tradition. The future of such texts may also lie in the emerging future reading - “distant reading” to quote Walkowitz` use of Moretti`s term. Among the strongest arguments in support of such reading is the possibility, through translated texts, to establish a more aesthetic distance towards the object of a fictional text in translation. Translation gives us as readers a new and different approach towards objects we fail to notice because of their familiarity. Nature scenes and objects may be included among such features of the narrative that could be more aesthetically appreciated in the translated versions. The paper compares translations of nature scenes and objects of Shin Kyung-Sook`s novel into English Please Look After Mom (2011) and into Lithuanian Prašau, pasirūpink mama (2019). The paper reveals the scope of translation strategies of domestication and foreignization through comparison of translation of nature scenes and items into Lithuanian and English.
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Dohun Kim. "Translation Maxims Based on Grice’s Conversational Maxims: Focusing on Korean-English Translation of Fiction". Journal of Translation Studies 13, n.º 1 (março de 2012): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15749/jts.2012.13.1.001.
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Koh, Sungran. "An Analysis of ChatGPT’s Language Translation Based on the Korean Film Minari". STEM Journal 24, n.º 4 (30 de novembro de 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.16875/stem.2023.24.4.1.
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The emergence of ChatGPT as an AI chatbot has marked significant progress in multiple-language translation. However, concerns persist regarding its capability to precisely translate various languages. This research aims to find a more effective method for improving the quality of Korean-to-English translation by using ChatGPT for EFL learners. To achieve this, EFL learners were asked to make questionnaires to assess the overall awareness and understanding of ChatGPT among their peers. Subsequently, they were instructed to select among Korean-to-English translations generated by ChatGPT and Korean-to-English translations done by human translators, providing reasons for their choices. The script of the film <i>Minari</i> (Lee, 2021) was collected and ChatGPT was used to translate it from Korean to English. These translations, both by the human translator and ChatGPT, were manually evaluated and a comparative analysis of the two translations was conducted. Finally, any errors in ChatGPT’s Korean-to-English translations were addressed by providing additional prompts to achieve the best possible translations. The result showed that overall translations were significantly enhanced by the prompts and demonstrated accuracy in translation. This finding demonstrates that EFL learners should make the most use of ChatGPT as a language learning and translation tool to improve their language communication skills.
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Ebeling, Signe Oksefjell. "The function of recurrent word-combinations in English translations from three different languages". Meta 67, n.º 1 (7 de setembro de 2022): 143–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1092194ar.
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This article compares phraseological tendencies in translated vs. non-translated English through functionally classified 3-word sequences. The study builds on previous research that compared 3-grams in fiction texts originally written in English with fiction texts translated from Norwegian. The current investigation adds English translations from two additional languages – German and Swedish – with the aim of establishing to what extent the tendencies noted for English translations from Norwegian extend to English translations from other languages. Thus the study contributes to the discussion of translation universals and translation as a third code. At the level of 3-gram functions, it has been uncovered that English originals and translations share similar functional characteristics in eight of the fourteen categories identified. Of the remaining six, four show statistically significant differences between originals and translations, regardless of source language. Based on a more qualitative study of four specific 3-grams from two of these categories, it is concluded, in line with the previous studies, that the most likely explanations are source language(s) shining through and the (potentially universal) tendency for translators to use a smaller and more fixed set of expressions in their translations.
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Akhmedova, E. D. "REDUCTION OF ENGLISH FICTION SIMILES IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS". "Scientific notes of V. I. Vernadsky Taurida National University", Series: "Philology. Journalism" 1, n.º 5 (2021): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2710-4656/2021.5-1/40.
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Ki-Seong Park. "English Raising Constructions and Their Korean Translations". Studies in Linguistics ll, n.º 34 (janeiro de 2015): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17002/sil..34.201501.57.
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Chan, Rachel Suet Kay. "Game of Translations: Virtual Community doing English Translations of Chinese Online Fiction". Journal of Science and Technology of the Arts 9, n.º 1 (12 de dezembro de 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7559/citarj.v9i1.263.
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Pidopryhora, Svitlana, e Victoria Kysil. "POETRY AND FICTION BY MYKOLA VINGRANOVSKYJ IN ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies, n.º 32 (2022): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2659.2022.32.11.
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The article examines the poetry and fiction by Mykola Vingranovskyj in English translations. Attention is paid to the chronological sequence of translations, the figures of translators and the works selected for translation, their equivalence to the original. The first translation of M. Vingranovskyj's fiction (the short story "White Flowers") appeared with the assistance of Yu. Lutsky in Canada and aimed at popularizing Ukrainian literature among students. The short story opens the extremely lyrical world of Mykola Vingranovskyj, where the story revolves not around the event, but around the feelings, which brings the short story closer to poetry. The novella was included to the anthology (Modern Ukrainian Short Stories, 1973) as the example of the prose of the sixties (shistdesyatnyky), which departed from socialist-realist ideological canons and turned to the emotional and expressive potential of artistic language. The translation of Yuri and Moira Lutsky is marked by the desire to convey as fully as possible the author's individual style, including figurative metaphor, to create a text equivalent to the original in communicative orientation. The collection Summer Evening (1987), translated by Anatoliy Bilenko, was published after M. Vingranovskyj was awarded the Taras Shevchenko National Prize of Ukraine (1984). The collection includes stories for children's audiences, conveying children's perception of the world: Chest, Shaggi, The Gosling, Good Night, What Makes the World Spin, Summer Evening. A. Bilenko's translations are notable for the adequacy of the reproduction of artistic and stylistic features of the original, semantic equivalence. Some translated poems, which emphasize the civic component (Sistine Madonna, To My Sea, On the Golden Table, The First Lullaby, Star Prelude) were included to the anthology of Ukrainian poetry (Anthology of Soviet Ukrainian Poetry, 1982), and Russian translators were involved in translating the poems (Dorian Rottenberg, Michael McGreg), which significantly reduced the artistic value of poetry. During the times of independent Ukraine, competitions for translations to the writer's anniversaries were initiated. However, translated works have not been published in collections and anthologies. Active work on translations of M. Vingranovskyj's works is still ahead.
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Pieper, Daniel. "Vernacular Visions in North and South Korea: Interlingual Translations of Unyŏng chŏn (The Tale of Unyŏng) and Ideologies of National Literature". Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies 23, n.º 2 (1 de novembro de 2023): 211–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15982661-10773088.
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Abstract This article focuses on two translations of The Tale of Unyŏng (Unyŏng chŏn 雲英傳, early seventeenth century) into vernacular Korean in South Korea (1960) and North Korea (1966). Looking beyond the classical paradigm of interlingual and intralingual translation as “translation proper” and “rewording,” respectively, the article argues that translations of classical Korean fiction from Literary Sinitic into vernacular Korean represented a form of transitional intralingual translation as each nation navigated away from active membership in the Sinographic Cosmopolis and attempted to establish a new national literature and literary medium. Whereas the South Korean translation is tethered closely to the Literary Sinitic original in terms of lexicon, orthography, and representation of classical allusions and perpetuates three tiers of literacy, the North Korean translation hews much more closely to spoken vernacular and traditional kungmun manuscript versions of classical fiction and embodies the overriding North Korean policy of sinograph abolition and han'gŭl promotion.
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Vaičenonienė, Jurgita, e Jolanta Kovalevskaitė. "Lexical and Morphological Features of Translational Lithuanian". Sustainable Multilingualism 14, n.º 1 (1 de maio de 2019): 208–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2019-0010.
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Summary In Lithuanian public and academic discourse, discussions about the influence of English have received considerable attention. Much has been written on the English borrowings in Lithuanian or various translation strategies applied at word, phrase or syntactic levels of language, whereas there have been only few attempts to investigate how Lithuanian translated from English differs from original language. This is why we found it interesting to investigate lexical an morphological features of translated Lithuanian applying the methods of corpus liguistics. For research purposes, we used a morphologically annotated comparable 4 mln. word corpus of original and translated fiction and popular science literature ORVELIT. It has been found that translations deviate in certain ways from original Lithuanian. Translated Lithuanian has: a lower lexical density, higher proportion of function words, shorter sentences, and higher proportion of list heads; translated fiction has a lower lexical variability and smaller proportion of low frequency words, whereas in popular science translations, these differences are less evident. Keyword analysis has shown content differences in originals and translations and the overuse of personal and possessive pronouns in popular science translations. The distribution of content and function words differs in originals and translations and in different registers. Translated Lithuanian has: more verbs (especially finite forms and adverbial participles), but less nouns and adjectives; fiction translations have less and popular science more adverbs than originals; there are more pronouns and prepositions in both popular science and fiction translations; depending on the register, there are higher or lower numbers of conjunctions, particles and interjections. Some of the differences may be explained by the English language interference as: the overuse of the optional 1st person pronoun in subject position, the overuse of optional preposition “su” with instrumental case, or the overuse of optional link verb in the complex predicate. In other words, the English influence is seen in transferring certain features obligatory for analytical language where omission would be a more natural choice in original Lithuanian. These findings in most cases agree with the previous research on translationese of other languages. It is hoped that the identified tendencies to over- or under-use certain lexical and morphological features as a result of English language interference might appear to be useful when editing and translating.
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Muhammad Javed Iqbal, Masroor Sibtain e Rabia Shahzadi. "Translational Style: A Corpus-Based Comparative Analysis of English Translations of Urdu Fiction by Memon and Naqvi". sjesr 3, n.º 3 (29 de setembro de 2020): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(283-292).
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The present paper comparatively analyzes English translations of Urdu fiction by Umer Memon and Saeed Naqvi to identify translational stylistic features. The data for this paper consists of two corpora; the first corpus comprises Memon’s translations (TR1) and the second corpus consists of Naqvi’s translations (TR2). To validate the results, the paper takes Corpus of Canons of Western Literature (CCWL) as a reference corpus. Open class lexis is taken as a stylistic marker. All the three corpora are tagged through Stanford tagger (Toutanova, 2003), and the frequencies of open class lexis are acquired by using AntConc (3.4.4). It is found that TR1 and TR2 show almost the same stylistic qualities on the use of proper nouns, lexical verbs, past tense, comparative and superlative adjectives, and comparative and superlative adverbs. However, the variance occurs in the use of count nouns and proper plural nouns. This paper will contribute to better understand the stylistic features of English translations of Urdu fiction and the trending modes of English translation itself.
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Lee, Jieun, e Hyoeun Choi. "A quality assessment of Korean–English patent machine translation". FORUM / Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 21, n.º 2 (14 de novembro de 2023): 236–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/forum.00030.lee.
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Abstract This paper aims to investigate the quality Korean–English patent translations by three machine translation (MT) engines based on automatic and human evaluations of Korean to English Patent Automatic Translation (K2E-PAT), a pattern-based statistical MT; and Patent Translate and WIPO Translate, both neural MTs. For title translations, WIPO Translate scored the highest in automatic and human evaluations, while results were mixed for the other two MTs. K2E-PAT slightly outperformed Patent Translate in automatic evaluation, whereas Patent Translate outperformed K2E-PAT in human evaluation. For abstract translations, Patent Translate scored the highest in automatic evaluation, followed by WIPO Translate and K2E-PAT. In human evaluation, the ranking order was the same as that of title translations, with WIPO Translate scoring the highest on average. The results indicated correlations between automatic and human evaluations, and the NMTs subject to the current study still do not render satisfactory gist translation from Korean to English.
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Voronova, Z. "ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION OF UKRAINIAN FICTION IN ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS". International Humanitarian University Herald. Philology 3, n.º 47 (2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2409-1154.2021.47-3.20.
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E.D., Akhmedova. "REPLACEMENT OF ENGLISH FICTION SIMILE MAPPINGS IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS". South archive (philological sciences), n.º 87 (29 de setembro de 2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-87-12.
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The purpose of the article is to establish correlations between the presence or absence of cultural specificity of a source-text simile and its replacement with a target-text simile based on a different cognitive model. The paper rests on D.Tartt’s and M. Atwood’s novels and their translations.Methods. The research employs structural-semantic translation analysis, which allows identifying translation transformations, and cognitive translation analysis, which allows constructing cognitive propositional models of the source-text and target-text fiction similes and reveal if they are culturally specific. A simile is defined as an explicit conceptual metaphor, after G. Lakoff and M.Johnson. Cognitive propositional model of the simile is “A is like B”, where “A” and “B” are the target and source domains/concepts respectively. The research addresses the concepts of translation procedure, translation transformation and translation strategy. A translation procedure is conceived as a process of solving a translation problem, a translation transformation – as converting a text unit from one language to another and a translation strategy – as a translator’s general plan of action. Translation transformations are studied as specific linguistic instantiations of translation procedures.Results. The study differentiates between idiomatic, non-idiomatic and allusive conventional similes. It has been revealed that replacement of English fiction simile mappings applies to idiomatic, non-idiomatic and allusive similes and is embodied in the Ukrainian language by culturally specific idiomatic similes.Conclusions. Replacement of fiction simile mappings is carried out by means of lexical-grammatical transformation of holistic substitution, which serves the strategy of domestication. The domestication strategy is compulsory if the translator is limited in making decisions by linguistic and cultural specificity of the English simile, as in the case of idiomatic similes, and it is optional in the case of non-idiomatic or allusive similes that are devoid of linguacultural specificity.Key words: allusive simile, cognitive translation analysis, idiomatic simile, non-idiomatic simile, translation procedure, translation strategy. Мета статті полягає у встановленні кореляцій між наявністю/відсутністю культурної специфіки порівняння тексту оригі-налу і використанням перекладачем процедури його заміни на порівняння, що базується на іншій когнітивній моделі. Робота виконана на матеріалі романів Д.Тартт та М. Етвуд та їхніх українських перекладів.Методи. У дослідженні використано структурно-семантичний перекладацький аналіз, що дозволяє виявити способи і трансформації перекладу і когнітивний перекладацький аналіз, що лежить в основі побудови когнітивних пропозиціональ-них моделей художніх порівнянь в оригіналі і перекладі, і дозволяє встановити, чи є вони культурно специфічними. Порівняння розглядається як експліцитна концептуальна метафора за Дж.Лакоффом та М.Джонсоном, когнітивна пропозиціональна модель якого має такий вигляд: «А є як Б», де «А» є доменом цілі, а «Б» – доменом джерела. У дослідженні визначаються поняття перекладацької процедури, способів/трансформацій перекладу та стратегій перекладу. Перекладацька процедура роз-глядається як процес вирішення перекладацької проблеми, способи/трансформації перекладу – як перетворення текстової одиниці з однієї мови на іншу, а стратегія перекладу – як загальний план дій перекладача. Способи/трансформації перекладу вивчаються як специфічне мовне втілення перекладацькоїпроцедури.Результати. У ході дослідження були розмежовані ідіоматичні, неідіоматичні та алюзивні конвенціональні порівняння. Визначено, що перекладацька заміна когнітивних моделей англомовних художніх порівнянь поширюється на ідіоматичні, неідіоматичні та алюзивні порівняння і втілюється в українській мові культурно специфічними ідіоматичними порівняннями.Висновки. Заміна когнітивних моделей порівнянь здійснюється за допомогою лексико-граматичної трансформації цілісної заміни, яка реалізує стратегію одомашнення. Стратегія одомашнення є примусовою, якщо перекладач є обмеженим у прийнятті рішень лінгвокультурною специфікою англомовного порівняння, як у випадку з ідіоматичними порівняннями, або факультативною, як у випадку з неідіоматичними або алюзивними порівняннями, які не є лінгвокультурно маркованими. Ключові слова: алюзивне порівняння, ідіоматичне порівняння, когнітивний перекладацький аналіз, неідіоматичне порівняння, перекладацька процедура, стратегія перекладу.
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Kang, Hye-jung. "Historical Significance of Gale’s Unpublished English Translations of Korean Classical Sijo(時調)". Research of the Korean Classic 58 (31 de agosto de 2022): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20516/classic.2022.58.35.
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This work explores the characteristics and establishes the historical significance of James Scarth Gale(1863-1937)’s unpublished English translations of Korean classical Sijo(時調). In the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library belonging to the University of Toronto, Canada lies unpublished translations of Korean classics; part of this collection is a typed unpublished book called Pen-Pictures of Old Korea(『朝鮮筆景』) and a manuscript called The Diary(『日誌』) which contains English translations of Korean classical Sijo.
During Gale’s 40 year stay in Korea, he devoted 30 of those years to translating Sijo. Previous research shows Gale’s translations differ in demeanor and purpose by publication period. Specifically, the first series of translations, those published in The Korean Repository between 1895 to 1898, was translated with the English audience in mind. On the other hand, the second series of translations, those published in The Korea Bookman in 1922, strives to highlight the literary qualities of the source. The last series of translations, published between 1924 and 1927 in The Korean Mission Field, amalgamate qualities of the previous two in attempt to please a broader audience.
The Pen-Pictures of Old Korea, which was set to be published in 1912 but remains unpublished, shows similar qualities to that of Gale’s first series of translations. Although the first series of translations encompasses a large and diverse array of media, judging by time and its attributes, The Pen-Pictures of Old Korea can effectively be categorized into his first series of translations. Assuming such, we arrive at the notion that Gale translated as a service to Western literature until the early 1910s.
Regarding The Diary(『日誌』), previous research has unveiled its publication period as similar to that of The Korea Bookman, the second series of translations. The two works are similar in its originalist motivations, but there also exist points of distinctions. Considering these qualities, we can assume that The Korea Bookman was written prior to The Diary, and The Diary was written to supplement and expand the subject The Korea Bookman was based off of. Through the discovery of The Diary, as Gale emphasized in The Korea Bookman, we arrive at the conclusion that Gale paid respects to the Korean traditional culture and continuously attempted to publicize such to the Western society.
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Γκότση, Γεωργία. "Elizabeth Mayhew Edmonds: Greek prose fiction in English dress". Σύγκριση 25 (16 de maio de 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/comparison.9064.
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Elizabeth Mayhew Edmonds (1823-1907) played a significant role in the mediation of Modern Greek literature and culture in late nineteenth-century Britain, with her translations forming a vital aspect of her activity as a cultural broker. Focusing on Edmond’s transmission of late nineteenth-century Greek prose fiction, the article discusses her translation practices in the contemporary contexts of the publishing domain and the marketplace as well as of her effort to acquire authority in the literary field. Albeit impressive for a woman who was an autodidact in Modern Greek, the narrow scope of Edmonds’ translations offered a limited image of the developments in Modern Greek fiction. Her correspondence with John Gennadius and Thomas Fisher Unwin sheds light on her sense of superiority regarding male Greek authors such as Drosines and Xenopoulos, whose texts she rendered into English. Against this background, the article seeks to explain her translating choices and examines how a self-conscious translator such as Edmonds tried to shape the reception of Greek fiction in Victorian England by portraying it in terms of an ethnographic study of cultural survivals. Finally, through a parallel reading of the original texts and her somewhat mundane renderings, the article seeks to illuminate her translating craft: although worthy for their contribution to the promotion of Modern Greek literature in Great Britain, Edmond’s translations suffered from her inability to recreate the density of the original texts.
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Kwok, Ho Ling, Riccardo Moratto e Kanglong Liu. "Activity versus Descriptivity: A Stylometric Analysis of Two English Translations of Hongloumeng". Glottometrics 56 (2024): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53482/2024_56_414.
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This study examined the translation style of David Hawkes and the Yangs (Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang) in their English translations of Hongloumeng, a Chinese Great Classic, by considering the hybrid register nature of fiction. The activity index, a measure from quanti-tative linguistics that calculates the ratio of verb occurrences to the sum of verb and adjec-tive occurrences, was used to analyze the active-descriptive equilibrium patterns across the two Hongloumeng translations and the two sub-registers of fiction. Our analysis is based on a corpus that separates fictional narration and dialogues from the first 80 chapters of the two Hongloumeng translations. The study found that, overall, dialogues tend to be more active than narration and Hawkes’ translation was characterized by a greater level of activity com-pared to the Yangs’ version. Subsequent analysis revealed that Hawkes' translation dis-played a higher level of activity in fictional dialogues while demonstrating a more descrip-tive approach in fictional narration. The results suggest that Hawkes’ translation adheres more closely to the typical stylistic conventions of fiction writing in English. The stylistic differences between the two translations of Hongloumeng are believed to be a result of a combination of factors, including the translators’ language and cultural backgrounds and their choice of translation strategies and approaches, which may have contributed to the var-iations in the final translated products.
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Šimůnková, Renata. "ENGLISH PRESENT PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS FUNCTIONING AS ADVERBIALS AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS INTO CZECH". Discourse and Interaction 11, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2018): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2018-1-67.
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The paper presents a comparative study of non-finite -ing forms with the aim of justifying their classification into gerunds and present participles. The empirical part focuses on -ing forms functioning as adverbials in contemporary English fiction and their corresponding Czech translations. The study is based on a manually excerpted corpus of works of contemporary English fiction and their translations into Czech. The results have shown present participles are more frequent than gerunds when functioning as adverbials, suggesting functional differences even in the area where they theoretically share a common function. As far as the translations into Czech are concerned, significant differences have been noticed between the two -ing forms, present participles being most commonly translated by means of clauses in a coordinate relation while for gerunds a way of translation which would so significantly prevail has not been identified, but nouns or verbal nouns have been the most common counterparts.
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Yunkova, Evgeniya P. "TRANSLATION OF LINGUOCULTUREMES IN THE FICTION TEXT “PETER PAN”". RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, n.º 1 (15 de dezembro de 2019): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-1-213-224.
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This article presents the comparative analysis of two different Russian translations of English fiction text. The research deals with linguoculturemes. The author gives a variety of definitions of the term linguocultureme, comparing this concept´s studies. The author offers to consider not only Russian-speaking but also foreign theoretical practices on a subject of basic linguoculturological concepts. Thus, through the synthesis of domestic and Spanish-language works the basic definition of a linguocultureme is offered. The four-component classification of the linguoculturemes helps to present the diversity of these components in the space of the English fiction text. The material of the research is Russian variants of translation of the English story “Peter Pan”. The purpose of this article is to compare the translations of the fiction text observing the rate of linguoculturemes in the text and classifying them, showing the variety of translation strategies. The results confirm the thesis about linguocultureme as a “zero-unit” which is a source of a translation problem. Comparative study of two Russian-language translations and its pragmatical analysis also confirms the thesis about the influence of the potential addressee of the text on the choice of language units during the translation. The attempt to study the translation as a part of the cross-cultural communication as well as the presence of the original material make this study relevant.
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Pendharkar, Ashwinee. "The Twice Borne Fiction: French Translations of Indian English Literature". South Asian Review 35, n.º 2 (outubro de 2014): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2014.11932979.
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박경임 e 이일재. "Non-Equivalence in Korean-English Translations of Heart Sutra". Journal of English Cultural Studies 10, n.º 2 (agosto de 2017): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15732/jecs.10.2.201708.101.
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주진국. "A Case Study of English Translations of Korean Interjections". Journal of Translation Studies 17, n.º 2 (junho de 2016): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15749/jts.2016.17.2.006.
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Vaičenonienė, Jurgita. "A Corpus-Based Study of Dual Pronoun Translation". Sustainable Multilingualism 24, n.º 1 (30 de maio de 2024): 257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2024-0010.
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Abstract This article aims to answer the following questions: what is the distribution of dual pronouns in original and translated Lithuanian fiction texts; what English language patterns are rendered by Lithuanian dual pronouns; and how Lithuanian dual pronouns are translated into English. In line with the unique items hypothesis, it is hypothesized that dual pronouns, as a characteristic feature of the Lithuanian language, should be less frequent in translations, as English texts do not have an obvious translation stimulus. Corpus based methods were used for data extraction and analysis. Firstly, from the morphologically annotated ORVELIT corpus, all occurrences of pronouns in original and translated fiction were identified, and all dual forms were extracted. Parallel concordances of dual pronoun translations were obtained from the Lithuanian-English Corpus of Prose LECOP and the Parallel Corpus (English-Lithuanian translation direction) using the ParaConc software (Barlow, 2009). The most frequent forms of personal pronouns were chosen for further analysis: mudu, judu and jiedu. It has been found that differently from initial prediction, Lithuanian translations have similar or slightly higher numbers of dual pronouns in comparison to original Lithuanian texts. The data from English-to-Lithuanian translations shows several patterns rendered by dual pronouns, for example, when English plural personal pronouns describe two referents or when a combination of a personal pronoun and another referent is used with the conjunction and. When translating duals from Lithuanian into English, translators choose English plural forms of pronouns or use the formula ‘pronoun + referent/referent + pronoun’. To compensate for the loss of information about the number of referents or their proximity, translators use the number two. In original English texts, unlike in translated English texts, this usage was not frequent or common.
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Ström Herold, Jenny, Magnus Levin e Jukka Tyrkkö. "RAF, DNA and CAPTCHA: English acronyms in German and Swedish translation". Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 11, n.º 1 (15 de setembro de 2021): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v11i1.3443.
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This study investigates acronyms in English originals and their translations into German and Swedish, comparing forms, functions and distributions across the languages. The material was collected from the Linnaeus English-German-Swedish corpus (LEGS) consisting of original and translated popular non-fiction. From a structural point of view, acronyms most often occur as independent noun heads (When IBM introduced […]) or as premodifiers in a noun phrase (PGP encryption). Due to morphosyntactic differences, English acronym premodifiers often merge into hyphenated compounds in German translations (UN-Klimakonvention), but less frequently so in Swedish. The study also discusses explicitation practices when introducing source-culture specific acronyms in the translations. German translators explain and elaborate more than Swedish translators and they do so in the German language. Swedish translators, however, use English to a greater extent, suggesting that Swedish readers are expected to have better knowledge of English than German readers.
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Havumetsä, Nina. "A comparative study of information change in translation of nonfiction literature". Translation Matters 3, n.º 1 (2021): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/21844585/tm3_1a1.
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The present paper compares translations from Russian into Finnish, Swedish, and English of a work of political non-fiction, Всякремлевскаярать: КраткаяисториясовременнойРоссии(lit. All the Kremlin men: A short history of contemporary Russia) by Mikhail Zygar (2016a) and investigates the use of information change as a translation strategy. Information change covers addition and omission of non-inferable content, used either separately or sequentially (i.e. addition following omission resulting in substitution). De Metsenaere’s and Vandepitte’s (2017) notions of addition and omission are applied. The study shows that the translations into Finnish and Swedish exhibit similarly infrequent use of information changing strategies while the English translation appears more liberal in their use. Possible reasons for the additions, omissions, substitutions, and their effects are discussed, as is the potential impact of the English translations on translation norms
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Sarig, Lea. "On Two Style Markers of Modern Arabic-Hebrew Prose Translations". Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 4, n.º 2 (1 de janeiro de 1992): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.4.2.05sar.
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Abstract Following Enkvist's method for establishing style markers, one 'positive' and one 'negative' marker of modern Arabic-Hebrew prose translations are constituted through a comparison of the translations with their respective original texts. A complementary intra-language study of original Hebrew prose fiction, which revealed the same style markers, shows that the findings are not translation-specific, but rather a language-bound phenomenon. Although the findings for Hebrew translations from English and German concerning the 'negative' style marker do not concur with the findings in the translations from Arabic, they nonetheless indirectly support the conclusion that it is language-bound.
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Herriman, Jennifer. "Metadiscourse in English and Swedish Non-fiction Texts and their Translations". Nordic Journal of English Studies 13, n.º 1 (6 de abril de 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35360/njes.291.
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Axelsson, Karin. "Questions in English and Swedish fiction texts". Languages in Contrast 20, n.º 2 (6 de outubro de 2020): 235–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.00017.axe.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to shed new light on the use and translation of English and Swedish questions in fiction by using a combination of parallel and comparable corpus data extracted from the bidirectional English-Swedish Parallel Corpus. In particular, the study examines questions containing a question mark (QMquestions) categorised into wh-interrogatives, polar interrogatives, alternative questions, tag questions (including those with invariant tags), declarative questions, wh-fragments and non-wh-fragments. The parallel analysis shows that most QMquestion types are more often translated congruently into English than into Swedish. The focus is on types with low mutual correspondence scores: fragments, tag questions and declarative questions. The comparable analyses concern both bilingual contrasts between the original texts and monolingual contrasts between the translation and original subcorpora in both languages. The bilingual analysis aligns with several preliminary findings in the parallel analysis, e.g. the favouring of tag questions and some types of wh-fragments in English. The monolingual analysis reveals both over- and underuse in translations and points to a strong effect of source-language influence.
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Zlatnar Moe, Marija, e Tanja Žigon. "When the audience changes". Translation and Interpreting Studies 15, n.º 2 (8 de abril de 2020): 242–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.20015.zla.
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Abstract Much is expected to change when a work of fiction is translated from one language and culture to another, but the intended reader is not. This paper deals with the issue of the change of the intended reader from adult to child/adolescent in translations of fiction from English into Slovene. The intended reader is most likely to change in translations of comics/cartoons, fantasy, and realistic fiction with child or animal protagonists. The reasons for the change can be both textual and extra-textual: on the one hand, books are categorized as children’s books by libraries, award boards and marketers, as well as by the publisher’s choice of translator, while, on the other hand, individual translation decisions on the microlevel can help move a book from one category to another.
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Kanesaka, Kirk, e Gladys Mac. "Labour of love: Chinese-to-English fan translations of BL web novels". East Asian Journal of Popular Culture 9, n.º 2 (1 de setembro de 2023): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/eapc_00110_1.
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The genre of boys’ love (BL) has enjoyed huge popularity since its Japanese beginnings in the 1960s, and it has taken root in popular cultures in many countries. BL arrived in China via fan translations of Japanese manga into Chinese. With the rise of online fiction platforms in China, local writers produced widely popular male–male romances that gained traction locally and abroad. The outflow of Chinese BL mirrors fan activities that led to the popularity of Japanese manga and anime in the United States. Fan translations of Chinese-to-English BL fiction are one of the most important links in introducing Chinese BL to the rest of the world. This article focuses on the cultural outflow of Chinese BL through fan translations in gloBLizing the genre. Through interviews with five teams and one individual fan translator, this article examines their roles played in the dissemination of BL web novels beyond the native Chinese-speaking world. These fan translators all resided in anglophone countries, and are diverse in their cultural and linguistic backgrounds, ages and BL interests. We interviewed fan translators that translated works from fantasy, alternative history and contemporary romance. Some of these works have been adapted into multimedia and some have not.
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Kotova, N. V. "TITLES OF WILDE’s PROSE FICTION: TRANSLATIONS INTO RUSSIAN, POETICS, TYPOLOGY". Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, n.º 4 (26 de agosto de 2022): 895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-4-895-903.
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The article examines the titles of prose fiction of the English esthete Oscar Wilde in terms of their formal and content features, the quality of translation into Russian and typological characteristics. Particular attention is paid to the title of Wilde's only novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray”: to the choice of words, rhythm and semantics associated with the author's aesthetic position. The titles of plays by Wilde the playwright follow the English literary tradition and quite often specify the genre, as well as focus on the name, gender, and social status of the main character. Titles of stories and fairy tales have similar characteristics. Approximately one third of all the considered titles are eponymous or literal, the second third are eponymous with an additional attributive characteristic, sometimes with ironic overtones at the level of the poetics of the title, the third part are titles in the possessive form, enhancing the nominative function. Translations of titles into Russian over a century of existence and renewal have come as close as possible to the original, maintaining its simplicity and richness.
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Yukhymets, Svitlana. "Peculiarities of the Scientific and Technical Discourse Translation (based on translations from English into Ukrainian)". Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 26, n.º 27 (fevereiro de 2019): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2018-27-26.
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The article deals with the problem of rendering emotive units in Belles-lettres translation. The fiction text as an object of translation analysis is considered; the role of emotive units in fiction is established; the translation operations employed to render emotive units of Agatha Christie’s “The Mysterious Mr. Quin” from English into Chinese, Russian and Ukrainian languages are regarded; quantitative indicators of obtained results are justified and their linguistic interpretation is made. Key words: work of fiction, translation, emotive statements, translation operations.
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Xu, Jiajin, e Jialei Li. "A syntactic complexity analysis of translational English across genres". Across Languages and Cultures 22, n.º 2 (16 de novembro de 2021): 214–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/084.2021.00015.
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Abstract This study compares the syntactic complexity between translational and non-translational English across four genres (i.e. fiction, news, general prose, and academic prose) and examines the connections between various forms and degrees of syntactic complexity measures and explicitation. Fourteen syntactic complexity indices were examined based on a one-million-word translational English corpus (COTE) and a one-million-word non-translational English corpus (i.e. FLOB), respectively. This study shows that syntactic explicitation in translations varies with the formality of discourse. The most significant complexity difference between translational vis-à-vis non-translational English is found in fiction, which is regarded as the major contributor to translational English syntactic complexity. No significant difference in syntactic complexity was observed between the two types of academic English texts. Translational English news and general prose stand between fiction and academic texts. Translational fiction and news are characterised by more phrasal complexity features such as coordinate and complex nominal phrases, and a key indicator of translational English general prose complexity is subordination. The findings of this study will help students of translation to make informed decisions on the arrangement of sentence structures when given texts of different genres.
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Shin, Hyejung. "A Study on Suspensions in English Translations of Korean Novels". Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 8, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2017): 853–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.8.2.45.
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Kim, Youme. "The Issues in English Translations of Pre-modern Korean Literature". Research of the Korean Classic 42 (30 de agosto de 2018): 47–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20516/classic.2018.42.47.
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김지현, Jin Myung Lee, Jae Hee Yang e Jin Ah Kim. "Asymmetric Cross-language Activation of Translations in Korean-English Bilinguals". Journal of Cognitive Science 19, n.º 1 (março de 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17791/jcs.2018.19.1.1.
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Streltsov, Alexey. "An Anonymous Letter of Warning in Fiction: a Comparative analysis of Translations from English into Russian". Izvestia of Smolensk State University, n.º 3(63) (19 de dezembro de 2023): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2023-63-3-89-103.
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The article deals with a letter, that doesn’t bear the name of the sender, and which is given in a work of fiction for the sake of plot development and creating suspence in particular. This kind of inserted texts so far has not been covered by either linguistic or literary scholars, which specifies the novelty in this research. The peculiarities of an anonymous letter, that bears a warning – the
most frequent kind in both Russian and English literature – have been made clear. We have studied eight translations of a small-size text from the novel «Adventures of Huckleberry Finn» by Mark Twain into the Russian language, made from the late XIXth up to the early XXIst century. Such fiction text fragments are
comprehensible by themselves and, therefore, ideal for comparative analysis of translations. We have determined considerable variations in translation of separate words and combinations, and relative congruity of simple sentences. The
latter can either be explained by the same syntactical structure and observance of language and speech norms, or by the awareness of the previous works.
Our results can be used by those, who study the rules of translaing fiction, detective and adventure fiction in particular.
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Streltsov, Alexis A. "Reproduction of encrypted messages in fiction from English into Russian". RESEARCH RESULT Theoretical and Applied Linguistics 7, n.º 3 (1 de outubro de 2021): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2313-8912-2021-7-3-0-5.
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This article examines cases where translators are confronted with messagesm whose meaning is obscured by a simple cipher. Russian translators had to overcome certain difficulties while translating certain passages in the works of British (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie) and American (Edgar Allan Poe, Dan Brown) fiction writers. Substitution code (―The Gold-Bug‖, ―The Adventure of the Dancing Men‖), anagrams (―The da Vinci Code‖), as well as different kinds of text steganography (―The Gloria Scott‖, ―The Four Suspects‖) can be used to encrypt the information. Each case is illustrated with two examples. The translator has to depict not only the very process of deciphering a message, but also render its cryptic nature with the means of a target language (Russian). We show, that in half of the cases it is a mere translation of the deciphered text. It is a simpler way, because there is no need to create an analogue thereof. The grand purpose, however, remains unachieved. In two instances there were multiple translations of the same text (6 of ―The Gold-Bug‖ by E.A Poe and 9 of ―The Four Suspects‖ by A. Christie). This phenomenon can be explained not only by the popularity of the stories, but by the relatively small circulation of certain editions. We have undertaken a comparative analysis of these translations and have revealed discrepancies, concerning more and less significant translation units and, in some cases minor errors.
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Streltsov, Alexis A. "Reproduction of encrypted messages in fiction from English into Russian". RESEARCH RESULT Theoretical and Applied Linguistics 7, n.º 3 (1 de outubro de 2021): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2313-8912-2021-7-3-0-5.
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This article examines cases where translators are confronted with messagesm whose meaning is obscured by a simple cipher. Russian translators had to overcome certain difficulties while translating certain passages in the works of British (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie) and American (Edgar Allan Poe, Dan Brown) fiction writers. Substitution code (―The Gold-Bug‖, ―The Adventure of the Dancing Men‖), anagrams (―The da Vinci Code‖), as well as different kinds of text steganography (―The Gloria Scott‖, ―The Four Suspects‖) can be used to encrypt the information. Each case is illustrated with two examples. The translator has to depict not only the very process of deciphering a message, but also render its cryptic nature with the means of a target language (Russian). We show, that in half of the cases it is a mere translation of the deciphered text. It is a simpler way, because there is no need to create an analogue thereof. The grand purpose, however, remains unachieved. In two instances there were multiple translations of the same text (6 of ―The Gold-Bug‖ by E.A Poe and 9 of ―The Four Suspects‖ by A. Christie). This phenomenon can be explained not only by the popularity of the stories, but by the relatively small circulation of certain editions. We have undertaken a comparative analysis of these translations and have revealed discrepancies, concerning more and less significant translation units and, in some cases minor errors.
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Lasinska, Tatiana. "TRANSLATING ARCHAIC PRONOUNS OF ENGLISH FICTION: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES". PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, n.º 45 (2024): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2024.45.13.
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This article is devoted to the analysis and study of the translation of archaic pronouns in fiction. Archaic pronouns are important lexical elements that not only serve semantic functions but also significantly influence the stylistics and emotional perception of the text. The aim of the study is to explore the practical aspects of translating archaic pronouns and their impact on the perception of the original text. Different methods of translating archaic pronouns from English to Ukrainian are analyzed in the research as well as their influence on the stylistics and emotional expressiveness of the text. The study is based on the analysis of fiction and its translations for various genres, including poetry and prose.
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Li, Ping, e Chuanmao Tian. "Translation Policy, Social System, and Ideology: A Study on the English Translation of Modern Chinese Fiction for America During the CWRAJ". SAGE Open 11, n.º 3 (julho de 2021): 215824402110469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211046944.
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This article explores translation policy on the English translations of modern Chinese fiction to American readers during China’s War of Resistance against Japan (1931–1945). The research findings show that translation policy may not be explicitly stated, but implicitly embodied in some political, diplomatic, and cultural policies made by the American and Chinese governments. Translation policy making as a social system is influenced by the political environment during the war. Different policy makers’ motives and policies change over time in reaction to each other with the course of the war, and the changing socio-political climate in China and the US had great effects on the English translations of Chinese fiction before the entry of the US into the war and after the US government became actively involved in translation projects. Moreover, the ideological preferences and political interests of the various actors shape actual translation practice—the selection of texts and actual choices in wording. This course of events affects the reception of these translations by the US public. In other words, the readership of these books grew after the Chinese government became allies in the war with the American government.
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Lim, Jung Hyun, e Kiel Christianson. "Integrating meaning and structure in L1–L2 and L2–L1 translations". Second Language Research 29, n.º 3 (5 de junho de 2013): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658312462019.
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This article examined the integration of semantic and morphosyntactic information by Korean learners of English as a second language (L2). In Experiment 1, L2 learners listened to English active or passive sentences that were either plausible or implausible and translated them into Korean. A significant number of Korean translations maintained the original passive/active structure, but switched the thematic roles of the actors in the sentences. In Experiment 2, the direction of translation was reversed and participants made very few translation errors, showing that the errors in Experiment 1 were not due to participants’ lack of control over the English passive morphosyntax. The results are strikingly similar to previous results in the first language (L1) psycholinguistics literature, and support a view of L2 processing (like L1 processing) that is ‘good enough’ in nature: misinterpretations arise from only a ‘good enough’ integration of semantic and morphosyntactic information in the input.
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Espunya, Anna, e Anita Pavić Pintarić. "Language style in the negotiation of class identity in translated contemporary Spanish fiction". Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 64, n.º 3 (2 de outubro de 2018): 348–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00042.esp.
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Abstract In the early novels of the Carvalho detective series by Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, set in the years of Spain’s transition to democracy, the negotiation of identities and political stance are paramount characterization resources. Given the role of speech in the construction of identity, translations may vary in the readings they afford beyond the detective aspects. We apply the sociolinguistic concepts of identity work and language style (albeit mediated by fictive orality), and the discourse analysis tools of Appraisal Theory, to analyse two working-class characters in Los mares del sur (1979) and in its English (1986) and Croatian (2007) translations. In Spanish the language style of both characters reflects class allegiance, involvement and tenacity, intense feelings, a direct interpersonal approach and a rejection of altercasting. Their vocabulary and quotations from external sources index their ideology. The English translation is the least aware of identity work through language style and interaction. The characters’ standardized speech shows less involvement, tenacity and intensity. The Croatian translation follows the source text literally; involvement is maintained within a fictive colloquial spoken variety. Both translations maintain directness and a contractive dialogic style, and both make references to class and ideology more explicit.
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Sysoev, Vasiliy V., e Zoya G. Proshina. "TRANSLATION MULTIPLICITY AND TRANSLATION DISPERSION AS PHENOMENA OF TRANSLATING FICTION". HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES IN THE FAR EAST 20, n.º 1 (2023): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2023-20-1-123-129.
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The article specifies the terms of translation multiplicity and translation dispersion used in analysing fiction translations. Their typologies are offered. Based on the analysis of Dead Souls, Gogol’s poem, into English, the new terms of high translation dispersion and low translation dispersion are introduced. A new variant of translating the Gogol’s poem into English is offered. It accommodates the author’s conception and the specifics of culture-loaded phenomena of the 19th century Russia. Conclusions are drawn on interrelations of the translation multiplicity and translation dispersion terms.
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Ji, Yuri. "The Citizen Reader (c. 1894): An English Book of the British Empire in Joseon in the Late Nineteenth Century: Focusing on Its Literary Quotes and Introduction of British Literature". Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, n.º 8 (31 de agosto de 2022): 669–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.8.44.8.669.
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For a long time, it has been generally believed that British literature has been introduced to Korea in the form of a translation and Tyurnroleokdyeong (The Pilgrim’s Progress) in 1895 and ‘Saygusbeea (Shakespeare)’ in 1906 are believed to be the two earliest examples of British literature in Korea. However, this study finds out that there existed at least one English book that was read by an important figure in the Joseon Dynasty and that contains British literature quotes. This interdisciplinary study of the reception history of British literature in Korea analyzes this school textbook of The Citizen Reader (c. 1894) and shows us that literary works while living in the forms of head notes, mottoes, and examples not only function as authorities in binding the expanding empire into a cultural community but also reveal the limitation of the imperial discourse which projects the idea of patriotic citizenship via fiction.
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Dinçkan, Yeşim. "Culture-Bound Collocations in Bestsellers: A Study of Their Translations from English into Turkish". Meta 55, n.º 3 (9 de dezembro de 2010): 456–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/045065ar.
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This paper discusses the treatment of culture-bound collocations in translations of three recent English bestsellers into Turkish. The findings are categorized as per the nature of the example and translation strategy, and they are further discussed within the framework of domestication and foreignizing. Factors that may affect translators, such as context, the demands of publishers in Turkey and the genre of the novels – bestsellers – and the relations between best-sellerization, popular fiction, and translation are also discussed. The conclusion includes reflections concerning the consistency in the choices of translators, the least preferred strategies and eleven factors that may affect the translators of bestsellers. It is argued that the fact that the source language is English and the source books are bestsellers have affected the choices of the translators. In conclusion, some suggestions in reference to the translation of bestsellers are made and it is emphasized that not only translations of classical literature, but also of popular fiction constitute a fruitful field of study for translation scholars.
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Cho, Heekyoung. "Imagined, Transcultural, and Colonial Spaces in Print: Newspaper Serialization of Translated Novels in Colonial Korea". East Asian Publishing and Society 3, n.º 2 (2013): 153–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22106286-12341248.
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Abstract This essay analyzes the Korean ‘relay translation’ of a Japanese adaptation of an English popular novel, entitled Chŏngbuwŏn (A virtuous woman’s resentment) in Korean, which was serialized in a daily newspaper in the mid-1910s. In tandem with the English source text and the Japanese translation, the meaning of the Korean translation was overdetermined by advertisements for the translation, the translator’s preface and footnotes, the readers’ responses, and the serialized novel’s physical coexistence with news carried in the same visual space. Using the prism of space (both tangible and imagined) as a pivot, I argue that the publication of serialized translations of novels in newspapers was situated on the cultural front-line that confronted and negotiated the diverse constructive forces that shaped modern Korean literature. This form of publication thus highlights the characteristics of literature as process, a view that reinstates such seemingly incomplete writings and translations as authentic and legitimate cultural (literary) constituents in modern Korea.
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Park, Mi-jung. "Semiotic analysis of photojournalism captions: A comparison of Korean–English and Korean–Japanese translations". Perspectives 24, n.º 3 (13 de outubro de 2015): 498–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2015.1076491.
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성승은. "Adult Ideology Reflected in Translation of Character Names: Japanese-Korean Picture Book Translations Compared with English-Korean Picture Book Translations". Journal of Translation Studies 14, n.º 2 (junho de 2013): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15749/jts.2013.14.2.004.
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