Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Justicia alimentaria"

El derecho de acceso a la justicia, constituye uno de los pilares fundamentales dentro de un proceso. En tal sentido, es importante reconocer tal derecho al demandante en el proceso de reducción de los alimentos; dado que, el Art. 565- A, del código procesal civil le impone una barrera al ejercicio del mismo. Por ello, en la presente investigación se propone la modificatoria de tal artículo, únicamente en el caso que, el demandante, fehacientemente, acredite que por causa justificada no se encuentra al día con la misma. Las cuáles son la pérdida de fuente de ingresos, un impedimento físico sobrevenido y el caso de una prisión preventiva. Por otro lado, al solicitar una ejecución anticipada de la reducción, también se encuentra una afectación al derecho de acceso a la justicia, dado que esta medida no es concedida. En tal sentido, atendiendo a la naturaleza de esa pretensión, consideramos que puede emplearse lo dispuesto en el Art. 674° del código procesal civil, el cual contiene las medidas temporales sobre el fondo; siempre y cuando se compruebe que el demandante realmente se encuentra atravesando una de las situaciones excepcionales indicadas. Asimismo, a fin de evitar un ejercicio abusivo de este derecho, se estableció como periodo máximo de dicho incumplimiento, tres meses con el propósito de que el recurrente pueda establecerse en su nueva situación e interponer demanda en tal sentido. Finalmente, no se atenta contra el interés superior del niño, dado que, no se dejará en desamparo la situación del mismo, puesto que, de igual manera, será exigible el pago de la pensión de alimentos al obligado, atendiendo a sus nuevas condiciones.
Tesis

El derecho de acceso a la justicia, constituye uno de los pilares fundamentales dentro de un proceso. En tal sentido, es importante reconocer tal derecho al demandante en el proceso de reducción de los alimentos; dado que, el Art. 565- A, del código procesal civil le impone una barrera al ejercicio del mismo. Por ello, en la presente investigación se propone la modificatoria de tal artículo, únicamente en el caso que, el demandante, fehacientemente, acredite que por causa justificada no se encuentra al día con la misma. Las cuáles son la pérdida de fuente de ingresos, un impedimento físico sobrevenido y el caso de una prisión preventiva. Por otro lado, al solicitar una ejecución anticipada de la reducción, también se encuentra una afectación al derecho de acceso a la justicia, dado que esta medida no es concedida. En tal sentido, atendiendo a la naturaleza de esa pretensión, consideramos que puede emplearse lo dispuesto en el Art. 674° del código procesal civil, el cual contiene las medidas temporales sobre el fondo; siempre y cuando se compruebe que el demandante realmente se encuentra atravesando una de las situaciones excepcionales indicadas. Asimismo, a fin de evitar un ejercicio abusivo de este derecho, se estableció como periodo máximo de dicho incumplimiento, tres meses con el propósito de que el recurrente pueda establecerse en su nueva situación e interponer demanda en tal sentido. Finalmente, no se atenta contra el interés superior del niño, dado que, no se dejará en desamparo la situación del mismo, puesto que, de igual manera, será exigible el pago de la pensión de alimentos al obligado, atendiendo a sus nuevas condiciones.
Tesis

Este trabalho trata da narrativa de resistência que o Movimento de Pequenos Agricultores-MPA constituiu para resistir aos processos de expropriação das sementes dos camponeses, no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. O objetivo é analisar como o projeto de sementes do movimento influenciou a construção da soberania alimentar por meio de suas ações junto às instituições. Como instrumentos metodológicos fontes primárias e secundárias foram utilizadas, levando em consideração o referencial teórico da ecologia política, focado em conceitos de conflitos socioambientais, justiça ambiental e soberania alimentar. Assim, foi realizada pesquisa de campo, nos anos de 2015 e 2016, nos estados do Distrito Federal, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul, com diferentes atores que participaram do processo. Da análise constata-se que o movimento por meio da cooperativa Oestebio, desenvolveu a experiência de massificação de sementes crioulas e varietais a partir de uma ampla articulação de ações, alianças com instituições e outros movimentos, influenciando e sendo influenciado por políticas públicas e ações do Estado para constituir a soberania genética com base no projeto de soberania alimentar. Ao teceram uma longa teia de relações, articulando os campos político, econômico, científico e socioambiental, ancorado no diálogo constante nos diferentes níveis local, regional, nacional e internacional - constituíram uma experiência portadora da soberania alimentar dentro dos limites atuais da economia política contemporânea, expropriadora de recursos e geradora de conflitos e injustiças socioambientais.
This thesis is about the resistance narrative of Small Farmers Movement has established to resist to expropriation of peasants seeds, in the Santa Catarina state, Brazil. The goal is to analyze how the project of seed of the movement has impacted the food sovereignty throughout its actions with institutions. Primary and secondary sources were used as methodological tools taking account the political ecology approach, focusing on concepts such as socio-environmental conflicts, environmental justice and food sovereignty. A field work was conducted, in 2015 and 2016, in Distrito Federal, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states, interviewing several actors who took part of this process. It was verified that the movement by means of Oestebio cooperative developed the experience of multliplication of native and varietals seeds throughout a broad articulation of actions, alliances with institutions and others social movements. It has influenced and has received influence of public policies and State actions to constitute genetic sovereignty based on its food sovereignty project. By weaving a long web of relations, connecting the political, economical, scientific and socio-environmental fields, based on a frequent dialogue in different levels local, regional, national and international they built an experience of food sovereignty inside current limits of the political economy, expropriator of resources and producer of socio-environmental conflicts and injustices.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O estudo sobre a aplicação do princípio da prioridade absoluta por varas de Família de Justiça Gratuita da comarca do Rio de Janeiro foi o objetivo principal desse trabalho. Para entender a questão proposta, foi feito um histórico da aplicação das políticas públicas relativas a infância e às doutrinas que as apoiavam nos diferentes momentos da sociedade brasileira. Foi realizado também um histórico da família e suas transformações no decorrer dos séculos XIX a XXI, com a legislação aplicada a ela nesses períodos, iniciando pela família constituída exclusivamente pelo casamento e chegando ao conceito de família monoparental. Quanto à Ação de Alimentos, fez-se uma revisão de sua conceituação no sistema jurídico e sua relação com a família, para mostrar a sua importância face ao problema da garantia de vida digna. O estudo mostrou que não é dada prioridade no andamento das Ações de Alimentos que envolvem crianças de forma que fica mantida a violência estrutural porque passam as classes menos favorecidas, sem atender ao princípio da prioridade absoluta, determinado pelo ECA.
The main goal of this dissertation is to explore the implementation of the principle of the absolute priority by the Family Courts in Rio de Janeiro. It was made a historical study of the application of the public policies concerning the childhood and the thesis which supported it throughout the different moments of the Brazilian society. It was also made a historical study of the family and its changes from the XIX to the XXI centuries, starting from the families based on the marriage to the single parent ones. The concept of the child support suit was reviewed based on the judicial system and its links with the family, in order to demonstrate its importance concerning the survival. The results showed that the maintenance of the actual legislation concerning child support favors the structural violence suffered mainly by the lower income families, and does not follow the principle of the absolute priority, in the way its determined by the Statute of the Child and the Adolescent.

Cette thèse propose une double approche, théorique et expérimentale de la résilience alimentaire dans les Départements et Régions d’outre-mer (DROM) que sont la Guadeloupe, la Guyane, la Martinique, Mayotte et La Réunion. Le contexte actuel qui conjugue le changement climatique global avec des crises sociale, sanitaire et politique amène à considérer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle comme un enjeu fondamental, particulièrement pour les DROM. Nous avons d’abord mené une analyse des caractéristiques ultramarines par l'application d'une méthode originale, l'Economy-Wide Material Flow Analysis (EW-MFA) afin d’identifier les flux de matières, leurs échanges avec les dimensions économiques et environnementales afin d’explorer l'existence d'un métabolisme territorial spécifique aux petites économies ultramarines. L’alimentation apparait comme un défi majeur pour limiter les vulnérabilités de ces territoires. Ensuite, afin de répondre aux objectifs de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle ultramarine, nous avons conçu ainsi une résilience alimentaire adaptée en prenant en considération les spécificités territoriales et les besoins des populations. Elle se définie comme les capacités dynamiques à atteindre les objectifs de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle pour tous malgré les perturbations, notamment à travers les défis de relocalisation et de lutte contre la précarité alimentaire. Puis, en identifiant les contrastes et points communs entre les territoires d’outre-mer, nous avons conduit une étude pour définir un tableau de bord de la résilience alimentaire spécifique à l’aide d’indicateurs relatifs à la fois aux dimensions du système alimentaire et aux enjeux soulevés par l’alimentation durable. Ce tableau est un outil qui illustre les inégalités entre les territoires étudiés et l’Hexagone. À partir des résultats, nous développons les défis prioritaires pour favoriser la résilience, réduire les inégalités et donner accès à la justice alimentaire. Enfin, dans le cadre de cette recherche-action, il a été possible de mettre en place un modèle d’économie circulaire solidaire qui favorise la résilience alimentaire à La Réunion. Pour la première fois il est possible de connaître les retombées de la valorisation du gaspillage alimentaire et la réalité des personnes en situation de précarité alimentaire. Nous avons montré que l’amélioration de la résilience alimentaire passe nécessairement par le développement de la capabilité des personnes
This research introduces a theoretical and experimental approach of the food resilience in the French Overseas Departments and Regions (DROM): Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Mayotte and Reunion. The current social, economic, geopolitical crises and the global deregulation of the climate change strengthens food and nutritional insecurity particularly in the DROM. An analysis of the overseas territories characteristics has been conducted by applying an original method, the Economy-Wide Material Flow Analysis (EW-MFA) to identify the material flows and exchanges between the economic and environmental dimensions. Among these flows, the food one accounts for a major challenge to limit the vulnerabilities of these overseas economies. Secondly, we have considered the territorial and demographic particularities of overseas environments to design an adapted food resilience approach in order to satisfy the objectives of food and nutrition security. Here, food resilience is defined as the dynamic capacity to achieve food and nutritional security for all populations facing disruptions, notably through the production and insecurity challenges. Then, by identifying the contrasts and similarities between the overseas territories, we conducted a study to define a specific food resilience scorecard based on indicators relating the dimensions of the food system and the challenges of sustainable food. Our results show that the priority challenges for food resilience in the French overseas territories are social, nutritional, and economic. Based on these results, we proposed a specific reflection for each DROM to reduce inequalities. Finally, thanks to this research action, it is possible to establish a circular economy and solidarity-based model to promote food resilience in Reunion. For the first time it is possible to identify the benefits of the food waste valorization and the realities of people in food insecurity. Our thesis argues that the promotion of food resilience necessarily involves the development of people's capability

Aux États-Unis, les villes connaissent une crise urbaine qui se manifeste par l’existence de quartiers centraux détériorés, concentrant les minorités pauvres. Les quartiers de Jefferson-Mack (Detroit) et Hunts Point (South Bronx, New York) en sont des archétypes. Ils sont pourtant animés par d’importantes mobilisations civiques, se focalisant sur des questions environnementales et alimentaires. Le but de ce travail est d’évaluer le potentiel d’initiatives environnementales et alimentaires à améliorer les conditions de vie des habitants des inner cities. La première partie, en mobilisant un corpus d’études urbaines, présente ces quartiers comme les produits d’une crise urbaine structurelle. Nous mettons en évidence que les habitants y subissent une « crise urbaine de l’habiter », dans laquelle les nuisances, les pollutions et le manque d’accessibilité aux ressources environnementales et alimentaires, sont déterminants pour comprendre l’essor des mobilisations. La deuxième partie explique le rôle des mobilisations civiques environnementales et alimentaires dans ces quartiers. En nous appuyant sur les corpus de la justice environnementale et alimentaire, nous démontrons que l’hybridation des questions environnementales, alimentaires, sociales et spatiales a reconfiguré l’action collective. La troisième partie analyse les enjeux de la réappropriation du territoire, à partir du corpus des commons studies. À travers le cas de l’agriculture urbaine et d’autres pratiques établies sur des espaces vacants, nous montrons que la réappropriationdu territoire procure de multiples bénéfices. Loin d’être cantonnée aux domaines environnementaux et alimentaires, elle permet d’améliorer partiellement – mais non sans heurts – les conditions de l’habiter
American cities are still affected by the urban crisis, patent through the existence of low-income inner city neighborhoods, concentrating the urban poor and ethnic minorities. The neighborhoods of Jefferson-Mack (Detroit) and Hunts Point (South Bronx, New York) are both considered icons of the urban crisis. Yet they witness substantial environmental and food justice activism. The purpose of this thesis is to understand how grassroots environmental and food practices can be used to improve living conditions for inner city communities. The first section analyzes how these two blighted neighborhoods are products of a structural urban crisis. By using a corpus of urban studies on urban decline, we demonstrate how the daily lives of residents reveal a “crisis of urban living” in which noxious uses and pollution as well as limited environmental and food access are key factors triggering grassroots activism. The second section is grounded in a corpus of studies on environmental and food justice, in order to explore the role of environmental and food justice activism in these neighborhoods. We defend that the hybridity between environmental, food, social and spatial issues reconfigured grassroots activism. The third section mobilizes a corpus of commons studies to analyze the challenges of reclaiming urban space. By studying the rise of urban agriculture and other environmental amenities occurring on vacant land, we explore the multiple benefits of community urban space reclamation. Beyond environmental and food benefits, and despitesome conflicting issues, reclaiming urban space allows transformative processes to noticeably yet incompletely improve living conditions

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
La Vía Campesina foi oficialmente criada em 1993, em Mons na Bélgica, e surgiu como resposta às políticas econômicas na agricultura que marginalizavam os camponeses. Sem uma representação oficial dos camponeses as decisões na agricultura desrespeitavam o interesse dos trabalhadores rurais. A partir disso, milhares de camponeses se reuniram e objetivaram criar um movimento mundial de camponeses. O objetivo do movimento é estabelecer uma articulação, comunicação e uma coordenação de atividades em comum na escala mundial e regional. Dessa forma, esse movimento internacional, articulador de outros movimentos camponeses, é sem dúvida, considerado como um processo novo e surpreendente nos levando a questionar as condições históricas que culminaram na organização e a forma de organização. Atualmente, La Vía Campesina é o principal movimento camponês no cenário internacional totalizando a articulação de 164 movimentos de 73 países, com um total de 200 milhões de camponeses, pequenos e médios produtores, povos sem-terras, indígenas, migrantes e trabalhadores agrícolas. Suas ações e propostas confrontam os centros de decisão política na agricultura, como a OMC (Organização Mundial do Comércio), a Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura (FAO), o Banco Mundial, as empresas transnacionais do agronegócio (como Monsanto, Syngenta, etc.) e ONGs e movimentos não camponeses, como a Federação Internacional dos Produtores Agrícolas (IFAP). Seu tema principal envolve a política hegemônica da agricultura, tornando-se interlocutor de temas e reivindicações como reforma agrária, soberania alimentar, soberania energética, gênero, biodiversidade, direitos humanos e agricultura camponesa sustentável. Em escala nacional o movimento articulador é composto pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas (MMC), Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens (MAB), Movimento dos Pequenos Agricultores (MPA), Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT), Federação dos Estudantes de Agronomia do Brasil (FEAB), Pastoral da Juventude Rural (PJR), Coordenação Nacional das Comunidades Quilombolas (CONAQ) e Movimento de Pescadores e Pescadoras Artesanais (MPP). O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender a formação da Via Campesina e articulação do movimento e de suas Ações Territoriais no Brasil
La Vía Campesina was officially established in 1993 in Mons in Belgium, and came as a response to economic policies in agriculture that marginalized peasants. Without an official representation of peasants the decisions in agriculture disregarded the interests of rural workers. From this, thousands of peasants gathered and aimed to create a global movement of peasants. The aim of the movement is to establish a joint communication and joint activities of coordination in global and regional scale. Thus, this international movement, articulator of other peasant movements, is undoubtedly considered as an amazing new process leading us to question the historical conditions that led to the organization and form of organization. Currently, La Vía Campesina is the main peasant movement in the international arena totaling articulation of 164 movements from 73 countries, with a total of 200 million peasants, small and medium-sized producers, landless people, indigenous people, migrants and agricultural workers. His actions and proposals confront the political decision-making centers in agriculture, such as the WTO, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Bank, transnational agribusiness companies (such as Monsanto, Syngenta, etc.) and NGOs and not peasants movements, such as the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP). His outstanding issues involving the hegemonic policy of agriculture, becoming party themes and claims as agrarian reform, food sovereignty, energy sovereignty, gender, biodiversity, human rights, sustainable peasant agriculture. On a national scale the members consists of the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem-Terra (MST), Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas (MMC), Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens (MAB), Movimento dos Pequenos Agricultores (MPA), Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT), Federação dos Estudantes de Agronomia do Brasil (FEAB), Pastoral da Juventude Rural (PJR), Coordenação Nacional das Comunidades Quilombolas (CONAQ) and the Movimento de Pescadores e Pescadoras Artesanais (MPP). The objective of this research is to understand the formation of Via Campesina in Brazil and joint movement and its territorial Shares in Brazil.

Cette thèse se demande en quoi les demandes de relocalisation alimentaire contribuent à transformer la gestion de l’accès au foncier agricole. Plus largement, il s’agit de comprendre comment le partage des terres entre les personnes souhaitant y avoir accès prend en compte la diversité des modèles agricoles et alimentaires. Le corpus étudié se compose de mobilisations de terre pour une agriculture nourricière de proximité, qui sont menées par des acteurs publics locaux, le mouvement Terre de Liens et des agriculteurs. Leur analyse est réalisée de manière croisée, à partir d’enquêtes conduites dans trois zones d’étude françaises couplant ville et campagne.Le projet de relocalisation est d’abord porté par une large diversité d’exploitations. Son inscription spatiale complexe et les représentations territoriales qui y sont liées invitent à redéfinir la catégorie de "local" en matière alimentaire. Ensuite, les mobilisations de terre participent à renouveler les voies d’accès au foncier : des stratégies domaniales misent sur la mise en œuvre localisée de modes de gestion du foncier alternatifs, tandis que des stratégies réticulaires ciblent la circulation de l’information foncière. L’application du cadre des faisceaux de droits foncier permet d’analyser les réajustements des limites respectives de la propriété et de l’usage de la terre. Enfin, les rapports de pouvoir présidant au partage du foncier, qui font notamment intervenir les Safer et les représentants de la profession agricole, ne sont modifiés qu’à la marge. Au-delà de rares cas de gouvernance de la coexistence foncière des modèles agricoles, la thèse indique comment comprendre l’objet d’étude depuis une perspective de justice foncière
This dissertation focuses on how the rise of local food issues impacts the way access to farmland is managed in France. This question fits into a a broader concern about how processes of allocation of land take into account the diversity of agricultural models. My corpus is made up of case studies of land operations benefiting a relocalized agriculture and carried out by local public authorities,the civic movement Terre de Liens and farmers. I study them through a cross analysis of surveys undertaken in three regions associating a city and the surrounding countryside : the Ami´enois, the Lyonnais and the south-east of the Aveyron departement.Fist, the relocalization project appears to be implemented in a wide variety of farms. Its complex spatial scope and the related social representations call for a renewed definition of the ”food localness” category. Second, the land operations help renewing the means of accessing farmland. Estate strategies rely on setting up alternative farmland management styles at a local scale, whereas network strategies target land information flows. Building on a bundle of rights framework, the dissertation analyses how the demarcartion between property and use of the land evolves. Third, the power relationships governing the allocation of land are only incrementally modified, as the Safer and traditional farmers’ unions remain at the center. Beyond scarce cases of governance of the land-based coexistence of agricultural models, the dissertation build up a land justice frameworksuited to France

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Public Administration enjoys procedural prerogatives, such as special deadlines for presenting defenses and appeals, a situation that occurs from the public supreme interest principle over the private interest. The Labor Procedure excels for simplicity and celerity of the lawsuit, mostly due to the nature of the quotas under discussion: its alimentary nature. The worker usually remains unbalanced in the material and procedural relationships, and he is not able to survive with dignity, without the strength of his work. Hence the need to simplify the labor lawsuit procedures pattern and to reduce their lasting period. Such is the approach of this dissertation: to discuss the consistency of the special deadlines assured to Public Administration, whenever we are dealing with labor lawsuits, when, on the other side of procedural relationship, stands an unbalanced and weak worker, in need of a fast and effective judicial solution. Mainly since the new interpretations of Administrative Law, after the 1988 Constitution, which adopted the human being dignity basis.
A Administração Pública goza de prerrogativas processuais, dentre elas prazos especiais para apresentação de defesas e recursos, que decorrem do princípio da supremacia do interesse público sobre o interesse privado. O Processo do Trabalho prima pela simplicidade e celeridade dos procedimentos judiciais, principalmente em razão da natureza das parcelas discutidas: natureza alimentar. O trabalhador, em geral parte hipossuficiente nas relações material e processual, não sobrevive dignamente, sem os recursos advindos de sua força de trabalho. Por isso, a necessidade de simplificar a forma dos processos trabalhistas e diminuir seu tempo de duração. Esta é a abordagem desta dissertação: questiona-se a compatibilidade dos prazos especiais assegurados à Administração Pública, quando se cuida de ações trabalhistas, em que, do outro lado da relação processual, há um trabalhador hipossuficiente, carente da solução judicial célere e efetiva. Principalmente a partir das novas interpretações do Direito Administrativo, pós Constituição de 1988, que adota como fundamento a dignidade da pessoa humana.

Cette thèse apporte un nouvel éclairage au débat sur la dégradation de l'environnement et le développement. Elle analyse les déterminants et les effets macroéconomiques de la dégradation de l'environnement. Elle est subdivisée en deux parties. La première partie analyse les effets de l'éducation et des institutions démocratiques sur la qualité de l'environnement. Le premier chapitre analyse le rôle de l'éducation dans la protection de l'environnement. Les résultats empiriques indiquent que l’effet dépend du niveau de développement. Contrairement à l’échantillon des pays en développement où elle n’a pas effet, l'éducation est source de pollution dans les pays développés. Cependant, cet effet est atténué en présence de bonnes institutions démocratiques. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'impact des institutions démocratiques sur la qualité de l'environnement. Nous montrons qu´elles ont un effet direct et positif sur la qualité de l'environnement. Celui-Ci est plus élevé pour les polluants locaux que pour les polluants globaux. De plus, ce chapitre identifie des canaux indirects par lesquels l´amélioration de la démocratie dégrade l'environnement. En effet, en favorisant l´adoption de politiques de redistribution des revenus et de politiques économiques, la démocratie a un effet indirect et négatif sur la protection de l'environnement. La deuxième partie propose deux essais sur les effets du changement climatique et des politiques environnementales sur le développement. Le troisième chapitre met en évidence un effet négatif et significatif de la variabilité climatique sur la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement. Cet effet apparait plus élevé dans les pays africains. Par ailleurs, cet effet est exacerbée dans les pays à conflit et ceux vulnérables aux chocs des prix des biens alimentaires. Le quatrième chapitre analyse l’effet de la similitude des politiques environnementales sur le commerce bilatéral. Contrairement aux études précédentes qui utilisent des indicateurs partiels de réglementation environnementale (indicateurs axés sur les moyens ou sur les résultats), nous construisons on un indicateur de politique environnementale révélé. Les résultats suggèrent que la similitude dans les politiques environnementales n'a pas d'effet sur les flux commerciaux bilatéraux. En outre les résultats ne dépendent ni du niveau de développement de pays partenaires ni des caractéristiques des biens exportés (biens manufacturés et biens primaires)
This dissertation is a contribution to the debate on environmental degradation and development. It focuses on the determinants and macroeconomic effects of environmental degradation. It is structured in two parts. The first part analyses the effects of education and democratic institutions on environmental quality. The first chapter analyses the role of education in environmental quality. No evidence of an effect of education on carbon dioxide emissions. However, this effect depends crucially on the sample of countries according to their levels of development. While the effect remains insignificant in developing countries, education does matter for carbon dioxide emissions in developed ones. Moreover, when controlling for the quality of democratic institutions, the positive effect of education on carbon dioxide emissions is mitigated in developed countries while remaining insignificant in developing ones. The second chapter explores the effect of democratic institutions on environmental quality. We evidence that democratic institutions do have a direct and positive effect on environmental quality. This positive effect is stronger for local pollutants than for global ones. More interestingly, it identifies the indirect channels through which democracy affects environmental degradation. Indeed, by increasing people’s preferences for redistribution and economic policies, democratic institutions have indirect and negative effects on environmental protection through income inequality and investments. In the second part, the dissertation provides two essays on the effects of environmental policies and climate change on development. The third chapter investigates the effects of climatic variability on food security. The results show that climatic variability reduces food security in developing countries. The adverse effect is higher for African sub-Saharan countries than for other developing countries. Second, the negative effect of climatic variability on food security is exacerbated in countries facing conditions of conflict and is high for the countries that are vulnerable to food price shocks. The fourth chapter provides new evidence about the effect of a gap in environmental policies between trading partners on trade flow. While previous papers have used partial measures of environmental regulations (input-Oriented or output-Oriented indicators), we compute an index of a country’s environmental policy. Results suggest that a similarity in environmental policies has no effect on bilateral trade flows. Moreover results do not appear to be conditional on the level of development of the countries trading or on the characteristics of exported goods (manufactured goods and primary commodities)

Bien que Montréal soit située dans un pays capitaliste avancé, certains secteurs de la métropole tels que Montréal-Nord sont plus vulnérables sur le plan de l’accès à l’alimentation que d’autres arrondissements montréalais. Caractérisé par une forte population immigrante, un taux de chômage élevé et une forte proportion de citoyens vivant avec un faible revenu, cet arrondissement se distingue par le fait qu’un ménage sur trois est touché par l’insécurité alimentaire. Les études menées sur le sujet tentent généralement d’identifier les zones plus affectées à l’intérieur de l’arrondissement par le biais d’approches quantitatives et d’analyses spatiales. Ce mémoire propose plutôt d’examiner les diverses formes d’interventions qui cherchent à répondre au problème de la faim sur ce territoire en élaborant une typologie permettant de les organiser selon leur degré de remise en question du système alimentaire. Le système alimentaire actuel génère d’importantes inégalités en termes d’accès à l’alimentation. En le réinvestissant, les citoyens Nord-Montréalais développent graduellement une forme de démocratie alimentaire. Le haut niveau d’insécurité alimentaire à Montréal-Nord démontre que l’approche traditionnelle qui s’articule généralement par des solutions allant du haut vers le bas pour répondre au problème de la faim ne suffit pas à adresser la racine du problème. Une nouvelle approche plus radicale et axée sur des solutions provenant du bas vers le haut, se doit d’être identifiée pour commencer à réfléchir aux nouvelles alternatives qui s’offrent aux citoyens de Montréal-Nord afin de réellement s’attaquer aux causes structurelles de l’insécurité alimentaire.
Although Montreal is located in an advanced capitalist country, certain sectors of the metropolis such as Montreal North are more vulnerable in terms of food access than other Montreal boroughs. Characterized by a large immigrant population, a high unemployment rate and a high proportion of citizens living on low income, this district is distinguished by the fact that one in three households is affected by food insecurity. Studies on the subject generally attempt to identify the most affected areas within the borough by means of quantitative approaches and spatial analyzes. This thesis propose rather propose to examine the various forms of intervention which seek to respond to the problem of hunger in this territory by developing a typology allowing them to be organized according to their degree of questioning of the food system. The current food system generates significant inequalities in terms of food access. By reinvesting it, the citizens of North Montreal are gradually developing a form of food democracy. The high level of food insecurity in Montreal-North demonstrates that the traditional approach, which generally revolves around top-down solutions to addressing the problem of hunger, is not enough to address the root of the problem. A new, more radical approach focused on bottom-up solutions must be identified in order to start thinking about the new alternatives available to the citizens of Montreal-North in order to truly tackle the structural causes of food insecurity.

La présence massive de sans-papiers d'origine mexicaine aux États-Unis est un sujet qui divise le pays. Dans la crise économique actuelle, les sans-papiers sont utilisés comme boucs-émissaires pour détourner l'attention sur les vrais problèmes du système capitaliste. Dans les coulisses, par contre, il est évident que les travailleurs sans-papiers sont essentiels à l'économie des États-Unis telle qu'elle est structurée actuellement. Ce mémoire va traiter du lien entre les sans-papiers d'origine mexicaine et la grande industrie agroalimentaire américaine et, plus spécifiquement, sur le fait que le mode alimentaire dominant dépend d'un système d'immigration en faillite qui permet l'exploitation d'une proportion de plus en plus importante de la population. Du fait de la longue liste d'externalités négatives qui permet à la grande industrie agroalimentaire de produire de la nourriture rapide et bon marché, un nombre croissant de communautés dans le pays commencent à reprendre contrôle de leur système alimentaire au moyen de réseaux décentralisés et divers faisant partie du mouvement communautaire sur l'alimentation. Ces réseaux, par contre, ne saisissent pas souvent l'opportunité qui se présente pour critiquer le maltraitement des travailleurs de l'industrie agroalimentaire. Ce mémoire va argumenter que l'établissement d'un lien entre ces mouvements - surtout le mouvement pour la justice alimentaire - et le mouvement pour la justice des sans-papiers est vital pour le succès des deux ainsi que pour la réforme de l'immigration aux États-Unis. Le lien entre les sans-papiers et la grande industrie agroalimentaire est souvent ignoré. Ce mémoire est un aperçu, qui examine les aspects variés de cette intersection. Une analyse de la situation actuelle de l'immigration aux États-Unis, utilisant la théorie de colonisation interne, présentera une perspective radicalement différente de celle trouvée dans le discours dominant des médias. Comprendre les liens historiques entre le Mexique et les États-Unis et le rôle de la mondialisation dans les migrations construira la base de l'argument contre le sentiment anti-immigration qui balaie les États-Unis. Ce mémoire est un appel à plus de recherche sur le lien entre la justice alimentaire et la justice pour les sans-papiers. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : sans-papiers, immigration mexicaine, justice alimentaire, altermondialisation

O excesso de peso e a obesidade são fatores de risco para um conjunto de doenças crónicas, diabetes, alguns tipos de cancro, entre outras. Muitos destes problemas de saúde advêm do consumo excessivo de alimentos menos saudáveis e de um consumo insuficiente de alimentos saudáveis. Para além do papel determinante da autorregulação, tem vindo a ser demonstrado que a justiça e o merecimento podem ser relevantes no estudo do consumo. Este trabalho tem como objetivos testar o efeito causal da exposição à injustiça no consumo de alimentos e o possível papel mediador da autorregulação nessa relação. Estudantes de licenciatura (N = 175; 89% mulheres; MIdade = 24.28, DP = 7.36) foram expostos aleatoriamente a um cenário justo ou injusta e, posteriormente, mediu-se a intenção de consumo de alimentos mais e menos saudáveis, bem como a autorregulação. Verificou-se que a intenção de consumo de alimentos menos saudáveis foi superior na condição injusta. O modelo de mediação revelou que a injustiça tem efeito na intenção de consumo de alimentos menos saudáveis por si só, enquanto que apenas teve efeito nos alimentos mais saudáveis através da autorregulação. Conclui-se que existiu uma relação causal entre injustiça e a intenção de consumo de alimentos através da autorregulação. Estes resultados são relevantes para a escassa investigação em justiça social e consumo, apoiam os profissionais de marketing na publicidade de alimentos e contribui para compreender outro fator na complexidade do processo de adoção de uma alimentação saudável. São ainda discutidas limitações e sugestões para estudos futuros.
Overweight and obesity are risk factors for a range of chronic diseases, diabetes, some types of cancer, among others. Many of these health problems come from excessive consumption of less healthy foods and insufficient consumption of healthy foods. In addition to the determining role of self-regulation, it has been shown that justice and deservingness may be a relevant factor in the study of consumption. This paper aims to test the causal effect of exposure to injustice in food consumption and the possible mediating role of self-regulation in this relation. Bachelor’s students (N = 175; 89% women; Mage = 24.28, SD = 7.36) were randomly exposed to a fair or unfair scenario, and after that was measured the intention to consume more and less healthy foods, as well as self-regulation. It was found that the intention to consume less healthy food was higher in the unfair condition. The mediation model revealed that injustice influenced the intention of consuming less healthy food on its own, while it only influenced healthier food through self-regulation. It is concluded that there was a causal relation between injustice and the intention of food consumption through self-regulation. These results are relevant to the scarce research into social justice and consumption, support marketeers in food advertising, and contribute to understanding another factor in the complexity of the process of adoption of healthy eating. Limitations and suggestions for future research are also discussed.

Esta dissertação designada de “Comércio Justo e Solidariedade: análise de dois casos em Portugal” resulta de uma investigação realizada para a Tese de fim de curso do Mestrado em Desenvolvimento, Diversidades locais e Desafios Mundiais. A investigação apresentada tem como base a teoria conceptual para se conseguiruma estrutura de princípios e objetivos do Comércio Justo. Após esta base segue-se uma análise de dois questionários realizados a duas organizações que têm lojas deste tipo de comércio e que tentam, através de campanhas e projetos, informar os cidadãos o que é este tipo decomércio e quais os seus objetivos e fins. Os conceitos de Economia Social e Economia Solidária servem como base para se entender o surgimento do Comércio Justo. A análise realizada pretende apontar os problemas e desafios do Comércio Justo em Portugal, tentar sugerir opções para conseguir ultrapassa-los e fazer com que este modelo de comércio seja cada vez mais uma alternativa ao comércio tradicional defendendo sempre os princípios de cooperação, autonomia e gestão democrática sem nunca esquecer os Direitos Humanos.
This dissertation designated " Fair Trade and Solidarity: " is the result of an research conducted for the Graduation Thesis of Master in Development, Diversity Local and Global Challenges. The research presented within this thesis is theoretical based on Fair trade and in particular its underlying principles and goals. Twosurveys were conducted on separate organizations and their stores which are operated upon aforementioned Fair Trade principles and goals and whose purpose is to inform the population about them, through a variety of campaigns and projects. The concepts of Social Economy and Solidarity Economy serve as a basis for understanding the emergence of Fair Trade. The analysis attempts to point out the problems and challenges faced by Fair Trade in Portugal and aims to provide solutions for the identified issues. These solutions are aimed at making the Fair Trade model an increasingly viable alternative to the traditional methods of trade while always defending the principles of cooperation, autonomy and management and democratichuman rights.