Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Jerusalem Protection Center for Children and Youth"

Violence in children is one of the issues that is most often found in news through electronic media and print media. Based on the results of the 2018 National Survey on Child and Youth Life Experience (SNPHAR) released by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, showed that 6% of boys and 9% of girls had experienced sexual violence. 50% of boys and 60% of girls have experienced emotional abuse. Furthermore, 33% of boys and 20% of girls experience physical violence. The rise of various types of violence requires P2TP2A to be more proactive to reduce the number of violence against children in Mandailing Natal Regency. The purpose of this study is to find a picture of the strategy carried out by P2TP2A in Mandailing Natal Regency in preventing cases of violence against children. The method used is descriptive qualitative by interviewing respondents who come from P2TP2A devices Mandailing Natal Regency. The results showed that P2TP2A Mandailing Natal Regency had carried out its duties and functions based on the Standard Operating Procedures established by the Chairman of the Mandailing Natal P2TP2A Technical Team. The strategy undertaken is to conduct socialization to schools and villages to report acts of violence so that services can be provided in accordance with the needs of victims of good advocacy services, rehabilitation, health, counseling as well as complaints and assistance. The strategy carried out by P2TP2A in Mandailing Natal District has shown results but requires cooperation from various parties due to the limited facilities owned by P2TP2A

The results of the study, WHO said, one of the problems of stunting was due to the high rate of early marriage. the proportion of women aged 20-24 years who are married is higher than Indonesia's figure of 5.43 and 4.60 in 2021. This community service is carried out to provide education about stunting prevention through increasing the age of marriage. The method used in determining the target is the invitation to youth numbers in the Teuku Umar University campus environment by presenting health cadres and participation from the West Aceh Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Service (DP3AD). The activity was assisted by students who are members of the Information and Youth Counseling Center (PIK-R) of Teuku Umar University. Research shows that the earlier the mother gets married, the higher the percentage of children and their malnutrition. Based on these problems, it is necessary to conduct socialization with community service activities for Generation Z to maximize knowledge about the early impact of stunting. The enthusiasm of the participants was seen in the increase in participants' knowledge after participating in the service.

Childhood, as a unique period of development of each individual, in which all life experiences are experienced for the first time, leaves a deep mark on the child's psyche and because of this it is in the center of interest of many children's writers. In particular, this article is devoted to the complex processes of growing-up and maturation as seen through the perspective of authors James Matthew Barry and Jadranka Vladova in their children's novels Peter Panand “The Mirror Behind the Mirror. Through themain characters Peter Pan and Maya (whose attitude towards growth is quite a contrast) the development of the child’s soul is presented, its character formation and some of the possible problems that arise during that process.Peter Pan is a symbol for a boy who refuses to grow up because he is satisfied with his own freedom and independence, but like any other child, he longs at the same time for sincere motherly love and care. In contrast to him, in Vladova’s novel the girl Maja wants to grow up too fastin order to get rid of loneliness, as well as to gain the right of choice and a sense of security that is found in adults. Common to both characters is the premature abandonment of parental protection and care, before their maturity(with Petar because ofthe desire for freedom, while with Maja because of the unavailability of the parents). This circumstance of events leads to problems in the development of both characters. The boy Peter Pan never reaches emotional and cognitive maturity, while the girl Maya falls into dangerous delusions and fantasies from which she frees herself through socializing with her peers, when she realizes that she should not rush into life and preoccupy herself with the difficult problems of adults. Through the events described in these novels, the authors actually achieve their goal of warning aboutsome of the possible problems that arise in the process of growing up and subtly influencing the shaping of the characters of fragile children, their habits and ways of behaving and thinking.Вовед

This study examine first, to what extent the fully restorative justice system could be implemented in the Utah’s JJS and supported by the legislations so that the minor can enjoy a special protection while they still have the opportunity to participate actively with accountability in solving the problem without destroy their freedom and dignity and can bring more benefit to their best interest. Second, to what extent the right to legal counsel could help the minor to enjoy their constitutional rights as well as to seek a better solution of their problem. The research done by observing the review hearing, pre-trial, petition, trial at the Fourth Judicial District Courthouse Provo and the detention hearing at Slate Canyon Youth Center. The data is also collected from various secondary resources such as the Utah Statutes, the international and regional instruments. There is an opportunity for the JJS Utah county to shift from applying the partly to the fully RJP specially for truancy or misdemeanor cases and the right to access public defender should be automatically granted to the minors.

HOW TO REGULATE THE FAMILY GROUP CONFERENCE IN CROATIA Taking into account the proclaimed aim of the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Demography, Family, Youth and Social Policy 2019 − 2021, namely, social empowerment and protection of families, children and young people through enhancing family protection and supporting families at risk as a preventive measure of institutionalisation, this paper seeks to discuss the question of how law and legal forms can be used to strengthen families at risk, activate their resources, create a family group network and plan to address family law conflicts of interest and problems. This is done through determining and analysing the procedure and principles of a family group conference, as an alternative to the administrative and/or judicial one in matters of family law and social protection of children and families. For the purpose of reflection and projection, de lege ferenda, on the family group conference in the field of (administrative and judicial) family law and social protection of family members in Croatia, the New Zealand family group conference model, as a starting point for the development of this procedure, and certain European comparative law systems and good practices (the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Norway) are analysed and discussed in the paper. In particular, open questions about the »right« to the family group conference, the assessment and criteria for referring family members to the conference, including the fact of initiation of the court procedure or if the proceedings are already pending, as well as the legal force or effectiveness of the plans achieved in the family group conference will be discussed. Key words: family group conference; child, family; social welfare center; court

he activities of many non-governmental non-commercial organizations have been launched in Karakalpakstan. Of particular importance in solving social problems in society and in carrying out a humanitarian mission belongs to NGOs of an international level. Among them, the most significant and authoritative are the international non-governmental charity foundation «Soglom avlod uchun» (For a Healthy Generation), the Karakalpak branch of the Association for Supporting Children and Families, «Daulet», «Atamakan», the Center for Public Research (TSOI), the Union protection of the Aral and Amudarya (SZAA), «Perzent», «Women for Sustainable Development», «Aydin «keleshek» (Bright future), Karakalpak Republican Society of Disabled Persons. Their activities are aimed at protecting the interests of citizens, increasing the activity of women and youth in society social and political life of the republic. With the active participation of non-governmental non-commercial organizations in Karakalpakstan, There is the creation of new jobs.

A probation center is one of the educational measures provided in Polish law for socially maladjusted youth. It is a non-isolation form of social rehabilitation and preventive action, which enables young people who are at risk of demoralization to remain in the family and school environment. The current article concerns the potential that Polish probation centers have for realizing the idea of children’s rights. It puts forward the following thesis: Probation centers are spaces for exercising children’s rights as well as Janusz Korczak’s pedagogy. Such centers follow the 3P principle (provision – protection – participation), which is included in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Implementing this principle in probation centers makes it possible to establish a relationship between the probation officer/educator and the child/adolescent that is based on respect, openness, understanding, acknowledgment, ignorance, and love. These attitudes fit into Janusz Korczak’s pedagogy, which is founded on the assumption that children have their rights as human beings and that adults are obligated to respect and protect these rights as well as to allow children to exercise them in everyday activities. As a non-isolating form of social rehabilitation interactions, the probation center does not contribute to the stigmatization of the child, but can be a safe place to practice the rights of the child and citizen.

Abstract It is a type of quantitative documentary research of descriptive and exploratory content in which studied the profile of adolescents with self-injurious behavior and the variables of risk and protection regarding the suicidal intent, reported in a Children and Youth Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS IJ) from a metropolitan region in the south of Brazil. Data from 139 assisted adolescents, admitted for self-injury, reported that self-injuries occurred predominantly at home (M=14,36 years; SD=1,63), with multiple episodes, using sharp objects with suicidal intent. The hierarchical binary logistic regression results point out that experiencing abuse in the present -using non-sharps objects- having severe injuries and practicing them in different places are risk variables. Whereas the existence of community and school social support networks are protective factors. There is a necessity of investment in the studies that explore the etiology of self-injuries and that provide support for cases of prevention, detection, and treatment.

The article describes the Uman territorial community as a social community thanks to its extensive system of social institutions, the implementation of the best international practices, the constant expansion of the social welfare spectrum, the focus on the needs of every individual and the necessity to satisfy those needs according to state standards. At the same time, the community establishes a social protection system (social services and social security) for ATO/OUF participants and their families. For this purpose, four social protection programs for 2021-2025 period have been developed and approved for ATO/OUF participants and the families of the fallen (integrated health, welfare, social security programs, adaptation, psychological rehabilitation, vocational training (retraining) for the anti-terrorist operation participants, the families of the Heavenly Hundred, the victims of the Revolution of Dignity, and fighter - volunteers; housing provision for 2021-2025 period for the participants of the anti-terrorist operation/operation of the joint forces and volunteer fighters who participated in the protection of territorial integrity and state sovereignty in the East of Ukraine and for their family members; "Care" social assistance for 2021-2027; national-patriotic education for children and youth for 2021-2025); an Assistance Center has been established for the Participants of the Anti-Terrorist Operation; there has been established the division of military personnel adaptation, assistance for the participants of the anti-terrorist operation, deportees and labor migrants; benefits and social guarantees are provided to participants (utility reimbursement , free meals in preschool and secondary schools for children of ATO participants, rehabilitation in a summer health camp, provision of a one-time financial assistance, free public transportation within the city, purchase of cold water meters, free education for children of the fallen ATO participants in art schools, etc.), medical and psychological assistance is provided in "Harmony" Rehabilitation Complex for People with Special Needs, professional rehabilitation, sports rehabilitation, employment, informational and explanatory work, etc. are provided.

The daycare service for children with behavioral problems is one of the services in social care that are based on an ecosystem approach and user participation, and that develop cooperation between all actors and systems in the community and pluralism of services. Ten years ago, there were several active day care centers for children and youth with behavioral problems (in Novi Sad, Kragujevac, Knjazevac, Pozarevac) that had clearly articulated work programs, while according to data for 2022, there are only two licensed ones in the Republic of Serbia provider of this daycare service (in Bor and Kragujevac). A survey was conducted among daycare service providers in both licensed daycare centers. Based on the respondents' answers, we can conclude that the daycare service has multiple positive effects on both users and their families, as well as on the local community. The existence of this type of service contributes to respecting the basic principles of social protection, respecting the recommendations of international instruments and implementing the provisions of domestic legislation. Day care provides opportunities to apply such methods aimed at supporting and empowering young people, gaining insight into the problem, correcting behavior and increasing personal responsibility. A special advantage is the formation of a more intensive relationship between the professional worker and the user as well as his family. Time commitment and a wide range of activities that can be realized in immediate work, but also in the community together with the user, give positive results. The results of the research indicate the importance of children and young people with behavioral problems remaining in the natural environment, that is, their families and communities with the aim of preventing institutionalization. The results of questionnaires and interviews with service providers, on the other hand, point to the need for further improvement of this service in the context of developing mechanisms for the sustainability of its quality and efficiency. Funding, availability and cross-sector networking continue to be a challenge in the implementation and functioning of day care. As one of the results of the research, the importance of adequate training of experts, the need for external supervision and the fight against prejudices that are common in smaller local communities emerges. The lack of this type of service as well as other incidental services of a preventive nature in the community increases the risk of continued antisocial behavior of this group of children and youth, stigmatization and institutionalization.

The Yogyakarta Social Protection and Rehabilitation Center for Youth (BPSRR) is a place for safeguarding children in conflict with the law. Children who violate the law must undergo a rehabilitation process. However, before carrying out rehabilitation, some functions must be passed, especially the court process determining how long the child will be in repair. This article examines the process of assisting children in conflict with the law. The type of research used by researchers is qualitative research, with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques in this study were observation and interviews with two social workers, two social workers, and two children dealing with the law and documentation. Using interactive analysis and the triangulation method, it can be seen that the guidance process in assisting children in conflict with the law when carrying out a trial has five stages: the assessment is the initial data stage from children in conflict with the law. Then the second stage is an adaptation in the hostel for children in conflict with the law related to their mental condition. The third stage of the trial guidance process is the direction given by social workers to children in conflict with the law in the trial process that will be carried out. Usually, children are worried because they are unaware of the trial process. Stage four is the individual handling process. In this process, the child experiencing downtime is concerned about personal handling. The fifth stage of group counseling helps children in conflict with the law share experiences with the trial process that is being carried out so that ABH feels better prepared to face the trial.

The activities of boarding schools in Transcarpathia in the first half of the XX-th century were organized and carried out with the direct participation of the state, but the active support of such institutions was carried out by various charitable organizations. The purpose of the article is to study the areas of cooperation of boarding schools in Transcarpathia in the first half of the XX-th century with charitable organizations. Methods applied: search and bibliographic method exists for the study of archival and library catalogs, collections and descriptions; content analysis of archival materials in order to identify the retro features of the organization and the content of cooperation of boarding schools of Transcarpathia with charitable organizations; interpretation and generalization − in order to update and identify ways to implement constructive historical experience in the modern practice of institutional care, formulation of conclusions, recommendations. The formation and development of boarding schools in Transcarpathia in the first half of the twentieth century depended primarily on the educational and social policy of the states to which the Transcarpathian lands belonged. Also, the activities of boarding schools of the first half of the XX-th century were accompanied by the active support of charitable public organizations that operated during the stay of the Transcarpathian lands as part of both Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia, including: League for the Protection of Children (creation of boarding schools at craft schools; holding charity events; supporting families in difficult life circumstances; organization of children's rehabilitation campaigns); the union «Shkolskaia pomoch» /»School help»/ (cooperation in the field of education of pupils of boarding schools, actively carries out student actions); union «Nadiya»/»Hope»/ (guardianship of war veterans' children); union of church teachers (guardianship of orphans of parish and state teachers, assistance in teaching in pedagogical education institutions); union «Patronage» (care for single mothers); counseling center «To our children»(care for the health of vulnerable children); Masaryk League against tuberculosis (children's recovery). Coordination of the actions of this unions, charitable foundations, public organizations was established on April 31, 1923 in the town Mukachevo. This work was carried out by the regional branch of the State Committee for Youth Guardianship, which was opened in the town Mukachevo in 1923.

This research focuses on community involvement in the formation of Qanun Anak in East Aceh District, Indonesia. East Aceh has strong religious and cultural values, which require the implementation of Qanun Anak to protect children's rights. Community involvement is considered essential to reflect local values and ensure the protection of children's rights. Community participation is not only limited to the establishment of the Child Qanun, but also includes implementation and supervision. The ongoing education program aims to increase public understanding of children's rights and open dialogue between the community and the government. Regular consultation forums serve as a forum for evaluating the impact of Qanun Anak, sharing success stories, identifying challenges, and finding solutions together. The local child welfare center becomes a dynamic hub that connects the community with resources to support children. The involvement of village governments, the private sector, and NGOs has had a positive impact with financial support and knowledge to overcome challenges. The mass media is a strategic partner in voicing children's rights and raising public awareness. The campaign through the media helped maintain the momentum of awareness of children's rights and the importance of implementing Qanun Anak. This study used qualitative methods with primary data from direct interviews and secondary data from local governments, children's forums, youth institutions, and the people of East Aceh. Community participation in the formation of Qanun Anak reflects the spirit of democracy, involving religious leaders, traditional leaders, child activists, parents, teachers, and children. The public consultation mechanism involves multiple voices in the harmony of discussion, ensuring the Child Qanun reflects the values and needs of the community. Children's participation is recognized and encouraged, creating regulations that strengthen their rights. This process involves technology with online surveys and virtual discussion forums. Education increases public understanding of children's rights and the urgency of Qanun Anak. The Qanun of a child-worthy city is not just a legal text, but rather a moral manifesto and a shared commitment to protecting children's rights. The people of East Aceh play an active role in making unique contributions, overcoming conflicts through collaboration, and creating an environment of support for children. The urgency of Qanun Anak includes the protection of children's rights, child development support, child empowerment in decisions, empowerment of parents and communities, as well as relevance to contemporary challenges. It is hoped that with the sustainability of community commitment and the real implementation of Qanun Anak, every child can grow up in an environment full of support and equal opportunities.

IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in youth are influenced by parental anxiety and stress. When parents have high levels of stress or have developed PTSD themselves, children tend to show more anxiety symptoms. Parental stress can affect the severity of children’s PTSD and lower the success of recovery. However, the influence of parental stress on the effectiveness of trauma-focused therapies (eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing and cognitive behavioural therapy) has not yet been investigated to our knowledge. Hence, we will measure parental stress (using both validated scales and vocal acoustic markers) and investigate how it influences children’s PTSD recovery.Method and analysisSixty children between the ages of 7 and 15 years who experienced type 1 trauma will be recruited at the Nice Pediatric Psychotrauma Center in France. We plan to measure stress using two different approaches. We will ask parents to answer validated scales of stress and mood in general. Stress will also be measured using vocal acoustic markers. Parents will be recorded while narrating their child’s trauma and during the narrative of a positive and neutral recall of events. Child participants will have to complete anxiety, PTSD and depression scales before the beginning of the trauma-focused therapy and after 3 months of treatment.Linear mixed effects models and differential statistics, such as significance testing corrected for multiple testing, will be used to determine the validity of speech features for the proposed hypotheses. Repeated measures analysis of variance will be performed on the clinical scales scores according to parental stress. Correlations will be performed between clinical scales of parents and children according to time of assessment.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Committee for the Protection of Individuals of the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (CERNI) on 21 February 2022, under the number CER2022-015.All participants will be informed that this is an observational study and their consent taken prior to the experiment. Participants will be informed that they can withdraw from the study at any time and that it would not affect the care provided.Trial registration numberCER AVIS n° 2022-015.

A Educação Ambiental é um processo que instiga o ser humano a pensar na maneira ecologicamente correta de se viver, buscando uma construção de conhecimentos voltados para a conservação do meio ambiente. Ela visa despertar nos indivíduos este interesse de proteção, de forma a sensibilizá-lo, buscando garantir que todas as parcelas da sociedade, incluindo aquelas que vivem em condições vulneráveis, como crianças e adolescentes sob tutela e guarda do Estado, não sejam privadas de seus direitos e que assumam suas responsabilidades com o meio ambiente. Assim, este artigo apresenta o relato das ações experienciadas em um projeto de extensão universitária desenvolvido em uma das três casas de acolhimento institucional de Passo Fundo/RS (2016), visando promover a sensibilização ambiental das crianças e adolescentes abrigados. Foram abordadas diversas questões relevantes como, a correta disposição de resíduos sólidos e compostagem dos resíduos orgânicos, consumo de água, e alimentação saudável. Foram construídas e conduzidas oficinas compatíveis com os seis participantes (faixa etária entre 3 e 15 anos) e os recursos disponíveis, com tarefas práticas e dinâmicas. Espera-se que este projeto inspire outras iniciativas similares, instigando crianças e adolescentes a pensarem em seus atos desde o princípio, tornando-se capazes de fazer de suas atitudes, ações transformadoras, independentemente de sua situação de vida e alcançando o que se espera de todos os indivíduos: o respeito com o meio em que se vive. Palavras-chave: Sensibilização Ambiental, Crianças, Adolescentes, Casas de Acolhimento Institucional, Extensão Universitária Educational practices in the environmental context at a foster care institution in the city of Passo Fundo Abstract: Environmental Education is a process that instigates the human being to think of an environmentally friendly way of living, seeking to raise awareness towards environmental conservation. It aims to awaken one’s will for nature protection, sensitizing them, aspiring to guarantee that all layers of society are not deprived of their rights and are held responsible for the environment, including who are in vulnerable conditions, such as children and adolescents under Governmental protection. Thus, this article presents a report of actions that were experienced in a University Extension project, which was developed at one of three reception houses in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (2016), targeting to promote the environmental sensitiveness of the children and adolescents sheltered at the institution. Several relevant issues were approached, such as the proper form of disposing waste and composting of organic waste, water consumption, and healthy eating. Workshops were carried out, according to the age range of the six participants (3 to 15 years old) and the available resources, with practical and dynamic tasks. This project is expected to inspire alike initiatives, provoking the youth to think about their actions so that they can become capable of making each of their doings transformative ones, regardless of their life situation and eventually reaching what is expected of all individual: respect for the environment in which they live. Keywords: Environmental Awareness, Children, Adolescents, Reception Center, University Extension Prácticas educativas en el contexto ambiental en una casa de acogida institucional de Passo Fundo Resumen: La Educación Ambiental es un proceso que impulsa el ser humano a razonar sobre la manera ecológicamente correcta de vivir, buscando una construcción de conocimientos hacia la conservación del medio ambiente. Su objetivo es provocar en los individuos este interés de protección de la naturaleza con el fin de sensibilizarlo, garantizando que todos los estratos de la sociedad no sean privados de sus derechos y que hagan cargo de sus responsabilidades con el medio ambiente, incluyendo los que viven en condiciones vulnerables, como niños y adolescentes bajo tutela y custodia del Estado. Así, este artículo presenta el relato de las acciones experimentadas en un proyecto de extensión universitaria desarrollado en una de las tres casas de acogida institucional de la ciudad de Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (2016), con el fin de promover la sensibilización ambiental de los niños y adolescentes abrigados. Distintas cuestiones de relieve fueron tratadas, como la correcta disposición de residuos sólidos y compostaje de los residuos orgánicos, consumo de agua, e alimentación saludable. Se construyeron y ejecutaron talleres compatibles con los seis participantes (grupo de edad entre 3 y 15 años) y los recursos disponibles, con tareas prácticas y dinámicas. Se espera que este proyecto inspire otras iniciativas semejantes, instigando a niños y adolescentes a pensar en sus actos desde el principio, haciéndose capaces de convertir sus actitudes en acciones transformadoras, independientemente de su situación de vida, y alcanzar lo que se desea de todos los individuos: el respeto con el medio en el que se vive. Palabras-clave: Sensibilización Ambiental, Niños, Adolescentes, Casas de Acogida, Extensión Universitaria

The terms crisis and crisis intervention are a very large issue in this paper, we focused on social curators and field social workers working at the Department of Social and Legal Protection of Children and Social Guard in the Slovak Republic, their perception and use of crisis intervention methods in practice. As amended by Act no. 305/2005 Coll. on Social and Legal Protection of Children, a Social Curator is from the Central Office of Labor, Social Affairs and Family and the Offices of Labor, Social Affairs and Family, Center for International Legal Protection of Children and Youth, Municipality, Higher Territorial Unit, Legal Entity or Individual. These implements measures of social and legal protection of children and social guardianship and are obliged to ensure that rights are not endangered or violated. The right of this intervention is precisely the position of crisis intervention in this legislative system.

<p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRAK</em></strong></p><p><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian jangka waktu penahanan terhadap Anak yang Berkonflik dengan Hukum di Balai Perlindungan dan Rehabilitasi Sosial (BPRSR)Yogyakarta dalam Putusan Nomor 29/Pid.Sus-Anak/2018/PN.Smn dengan Pasal 34 dan Pasal 35 Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif yang bersifat preskriptif dan terapan dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang dan pendekatan kasus. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang meliputi bahan hukum primer dan baham hukum sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan studi kepustakaan yang kemudian di analisis menggunakan pola berpikir deduktif dengan menggunakan premis mayor yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak serta peraturan perundang-undangan terkait dan premis minor yaitu fakta hukum mengenai jangka waktu penahanan Anak yang Berkonflik dengan Hukum di BPRSR Yogyakarta dalam Putusan Nomor 29/Pid.Sus-Anak/2018/PN.Smn. Selanjutnya dari kedua premis tersebut dapat ditarik kesimpulan dari permasalahan yang di kaji dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa jangka waktu penahanan Anak yang Berkonflik dengan hukum di BPRSR Yogyakarta tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 34 dan Pasal 35 Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak.</em></p><p><strong><em>Kata Kunci : Anak yang Berkonflik dengan Hukum, Jangka Waktu Penahanan Anak yang Berkonflik dengan Hukum, Balai Perlidungan dan Rehabilitasi Sosial Remaja (BPRSR) Yogyakarta</em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p><em>The research aims to determine the conformity of the detention period of juvenile delinquent in The Youth Protection and Social Rehabilitation Center Yogyakarta in the Verdict Number 29/Pid.Sus-Anak/2018/PN.Smn. with the provisions of Article 34 and Article 35 of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning The Criminal Justice System for Children. This research used a normative legal research method that prescriptive and applied with the statute and case approaches. This research used secondary data were used primary and secondary legal material sources. Meanwhile, the technical data collection in this research used a literature study which was analyzed by deductive thinking that used in the major promises is Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning The Criminal Justice for Children and related regulations. The minor premises is fact about the detention period of Juvenile Delinquent in The Youth Protection and Social Rehabilitation Center Yogyakarta in the Verdict Number 29/Pid.Sus-Anak/2018/PN.Smn. Furthermore, from two promises can get the conclusion that the detention period of juvenile delinquent in The Youth Protection and Social Rehabilitation Center Yogyakarta in the Verdict Number 29/Pid.Sus-Anak/2018/PN.Smn is not in accordance with the provisions of Article 34 and Article 35 of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Criminal Justice System for Children.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords : Juvenile Delinquent, Detention Period of Juvenile Delinquent, The Youth Protection and Social Rehabilitation Center Yogyakarta</em></strong></p>

Abstract Black family values and behavior have long been at the center of policy solutions to intergenerational poverty. But in the early twentieth century, the Black family took on paradoxical significance as a solution to child poverty and neglect through the foster family. This was part of a broad realignment in child protection that upheld the “Home” as the best place for children—yet the concept came to mean something different for White and Black youth. Using New York City as a case by which to study broad transformations in child protection ideology and local child welfare response, I find that in the 1930s substitute care underwent a dramatic transformation with many White children cared for in their own homes or in therapeutic institutions, while previously excluded Black youth gained disproportionate access through race-matched foster families. Though a seemingly progressive approach, I argue that the prioritization of the foster home over the biological home illuminates how the family was envisioned as a solution to poverty in the context of racial inequality. Child welfare workers imagined that patterns of placement in race-matched foster families could be manipulated to overcome segregation and exclusion from the emerging welfare state. But as more non-White children entered substitute care, the conditions of poverty and distress in segregated communities necessitated a return to congregate care for “hard-to-place” minority youth as Black families seemingly failed to take care of their own. This case is important because it highlights the way in which official foster care systems emerged not as an extension of Black kinship care strategies, but as an experimental solution to dependency and neglect that mobilized the Black family to resolve the many consequences of state abandonment.

Summary In response to the so-called “refugee crisis,” the Catalan regional government set up experimental services for children migrating without guardians, with the explicit aim of safeguarding their rights. With their continued arrival, however, overcrowding in the facilities and the youths’ educational and life prospects have become topics of fierce debate. This article investigates whether young migrants can live in the educational centers that host them. Basing ourselves on the distinction between occupying and living in a place, we call into question the conditions of non-life that, from the educational perspective, the reception system offers migrant youth. A qualitative study was undertaken to gather and triangulate the views of the young migrants ( n = 42), and that of their social educators ( n = 15), and of the management of the reception centers ( n = 2). Findings Despite efforts to put in place policies affording quality attention, a series of contradictions cause the system to favor the homogenization of outcomes rather than adequately acknowledging and addressing the youths’ individual needs. This added to the lack of resources mobilized, has yielded the result that the system that supposedly provides protection for minors, rather than being a lived-in place, has become a classical example of a non-occupied space. Applications Providing a habitable place depends on the pedagogical commitment of social educators and managers to offering these children the chance to build emotional ties with the center, so that it may become a proper place in the world despite the bureaucratic and structural hurdles.

Abstract Background Youth with special healthcare needs or on immunosuppression are at increased risk for severe COVID-19, yet evaluation of the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in this population has been limited. A quarter of individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are diagnosed in childhood and require chronic immunosuppressive therapy. Describing the quality and duration of the humoral and cellular responses to novel mRNA vaccines in this population can improve implementation and protection for this vulnerable population. Methods This ongoing single-center, prospective, longitudinal cohort study enrolled children aged 6–21 years at-risk for severe COVID-19 beginning in January 2023. On enrollment and at pre-specified times after vaccination peripheral blood samples, epidemiologic and clinical data were obtained. Total SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG antibodies, as well as endemic coronavirus (eCoV) antibodies, were measured using a multiplex microsphere immunoassay. SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses were measured with intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) after peptide stimulation. Results 11 SARS-CoV-2-immunized children with IBD treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) therapy were enrolled (Table 1). The seroconversion rate was 100% (Figure 1). Anti-S IgG levels increased with more exposures (r =.81 p =.003) and decreased over time with a negative correlation between anti-S IgG and days since last exposure (r = -.691 p =.02), as well as a significant difference in anti-S IgG when grouped by time since last exposure (p =.02) (Figure 2). ECoV antibody levels did not significantly correlate with anti-S IgG. 63% and 81% of participants developed SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, respectively, though response magnitude was low (Figure 1). A majority of participants demonstrated measurable antibody (100%) and T cell (90%) responses &gt; 12 months after their last vaccination. Table 1 Demographics of Enrolled Research Subjects Figure 1 Cohort Humoral and Cellular Responses. Antibody levels (left) of SARS-CoV-2 wild type plus Delta and Omicron variants in BAU/mL. ECoV antibody levels in U/mL. T cell response (right) evaluated by frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ+ T cells following stimulation with wild type SARS-CoV-2 S, N, M peptides. Figure 2 Humoral Immune Durability and Response. Significant correlation between SARS-CoV-2 S IgG and days since last exposure (left) and SARS-CoV-2 S IgG and number of exposures (right). Exposure = vaccination or infection. Shaded region 95% CI, n=11. Conclusion Our small, ongoing cohort study demonstrates both SARS-CoV-2 antibody and T cell responses can develop following vaccination in children with IBD on anti-TNFα therapy. While the humoral response decreased over time, a durable cellular response persisted at 12 months in most participants. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

As a result of the decentralization reform, the community is a center for ensuring the social well-being of citizens: social services are created, innovative social services are sought at the community level; grant funds are raised to strengthen the social capacity of communities; a partnership with business in the field of social support for vulnerable groups is being developed. However, the pandemic due to the spread of coronavirus infection COVID-19 has become a challenge for the social sphere as a whole. The objective of the article is to summarize the experience of the community of the city of Uman on social services and social support for vulnerable categories of citizens in a pandemic. Research results. The article establishes that the basic structure at the community level of the city of Uman, which is responsible for social protection of citizens is the Department of Labor and Social Protection of Uman City Council. Thanks to an extensive network of institutions that provide social and rehabilitation services to children, youth, families, people with disabilities, members of the ATO / JFO, retirees, and other vulnerable groups, the community has managed to provide quarantine work. It has been established that due to the assignment of a specific social work specialist to a certain district of the city, social work is carried out with families directly in the community. Every social worker has information about each family’s need for social services. Thanks to the prompt response to the needs of the community, local authorities together with socially responsible business provided adequate support to vulnerable categories of citizens during quarantine. Particular attention is paid to the development and approval of measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection COVID-19 among social workers. An electronic call for specialists has been introduced, the official website of the department provides an Internet reception service, and the city residents have been informed about the list of Minsopolitics online resources that can be used by recipients of social benefits. A separate area deserves attention — support for children and families with children during anti-epidemic measures in Ukraine, and after the easing of quarantine restrictions, measures are organized for children in compliance with all quarantine rules. An Observer has been set up on the basis of the Office’s structures, which is under the control of the city commission on technogenic and ecological safety and emergencies.

I first came across etoy in Linz, Austria in 1995. They turned up at Ars Electronica with their shaved heads, in their matching orange bomber jackets. They were not invited. The next year they would not have to crash the party. In 1996 they were awarded Arts Electronica’s prestigious Golden Nica for web art, and were on their way to fame and bitterness – the just rewards for their art of self-regard. As founding member Agent.ZAI says: “All of us were extremely greedy – for excitement, for drugs, for success.” (Wishart & Boschler: 16) The etoy story starts on the fringes of the squatters’ movement in Zurich. Disenchanted with the hard left rhetorics that permeate the movement in the 1980s, a small group look for another way of existing within a commodified world, without the fantasy of an ‘outside’ from which to critique it. What Antonio Negri and friends call the ‘real subsumption’ of life under the rule of commodification is something etoy grasps intuitively. The group would draw on a number of sources: David Bowie, the Sex Pistols, the Manchester rave scene, European Amiga art, rumors of the historic avant gardes from Dada to Fluxus. They came together in 1994, at a meeting in the Swiss resort town of Weggis on Lake Lucerne. While the staging of the founding meeting looks like a rerun of the origins of the Situationist International, the wording of the invitation might suggest the founding of a pop music boy band: “fun, money and the new world?” One of the – many – stories about the origins of the name Dada has it being chosen at random from a bilingual dictionary. The name etoy, in an update on that procedure, was spat out by a computer program designed to make four letter words at random. Ironically, both Dada and etoy, so casually chosen, would inspire furious struggles over the ownership of these chancey 4-bit words. The group decided to make money by servicing the growing rave scene. Being based in Vienna and Zurich, the group needed a way to communicate, and chose to use the internet. This was a far from obvious thing to do in 1994. Connections were slow and unreliable. Sometimes it was easier to tape a hard drive full of clubland graphics to the underside of a seat on the express train from Zurich to Vienna and simply email instructions to meet the train and retrieve it. The web was a primitive instrument in 1995 when etoy built its first website. They launched it with a party called etoy.FASTLANE, an optimistic title when the web was anything but. Coco, a transsexual model and tabloid sensation, sang a Japanese song while suspended in the air. She brought media interest, and was anointed etoy’s lifestyle angel. As Wishart and Bochsler write, “it was as if the Seven Dwarfs had discovered their Snow White.” (Wishart & Boschler: 33) The launch didn’t lead to much in the way of a music deal or television exposure. The old media were not so keen to validate the etoy dream of lifting themselves into fame and fortune by their bootstraps. And so etoy decided to be stars of the new media. The slogan was suitably revised: “etoy: the pop star is the pilot is the coder is the designer is the architect is the manager is the system is etoy.” (Wishart & Boschler: 34) The etoy boys were more than net.artists, they were artists of the brand. The brand was achieving a new prominence in the mid-90s. (Klein: 35) This was a time when capitalism was hollowing itself out in the overdeveloped world, shedding parts of its manufacturing base. Control of the circuits of commodification would rest less on the ownership of the means of production and more on maintaining a monopoly on the flows of information. The leading edge of the ruling class was becoming self-consciously vectoral. It controlled the flow of information about what to produce – the details of design, the underlying patents. It controlled the flows of information about what is produced – the brands and logos, the slogans and images. The capitalist class is supplanted by a vectoral class, controlling the commodity circuit through the vectors of information. (Wark) The genius of etoy was to grasp the aesthetic dimension of this new stage of commodification. The etoy boys styled themselves not so much as a parody of corporate branding and management groupthink, but as logical extension of it. They adopted matching uniforms and called themselves agents. In the dada-punk-hiphop tradition, they launched themselves on the world as brand new, self-created, self-named subjects: Agents Zai, Brainhard, Gramazio, Kubli, Esposto, Udatny and Goldstein. The etoy.com website was registered in 1995 with Network Solutions for a $100 fee. The homepage for this etoy.TANKSYSTEM was designed like a flow chart. As Gramazio says: “We wanted to create an environment with surreal content, to build a parallel world and put the content of this world into tanks.” (Wishart & Boschler: 51) One tank was a cybermotel, with Coco the first guest. Another tank showed you your IP number, with a big-brother eye looking on. A supermarket tank offered sunglasses and laughing gas for sale, but which may or may not be delivered. The underground tank included hardcore photos of a sensationalist kind. A picture of the Federal Building in Oklamoma City after the bombing was captioned in deadpan post-situ style “such work needs a lot of training.” (Wishart & Boschler: 52) The etoy agents were by now thoroughly invested in the etoy brand and the constellation of images they had built around it, on their website. Their slogan became “etoy: leaving reality behind.” (Wishart & Boschler: 53) They were not the first artists fascinated by commodification. It was Warhol who said “good art is good business.”(Warhol ) But etoy reversed the equation: good business is good art. And good business, in this vectoral age, is in its most desirable form an essentially conceptual matter of creating a brand at the center of a constellation of signifiers. Late in 1995, etoy held another group meeting, at the Zurich youth center Dynamo. The problem was that while they had build a hardcore website, nobody was visiting it. Agents Gooldstein and Udatny thought that there might be a way of using the new search engines to steer visitors to the site. Zai and Brainhard helped secure a place at the Vienna Academy of Applied Arts where Udatny could use the computer lab to implement this idea. Udatny’s first step was to create a program that would go out and gather email addresses from the web. These addresses would form the lists for the early examples of art-spam that etoy would perpetrate. Udatny’s second idea was a bit more interesting. He worked out how to get the etoy.TANKSYSTEM page listed in search engines. Most search engines ranked pages by the frequency of the search term in the pages it had indexed, so etoy.TANKSYSTEM would contain pages of selected keywords. Porn sites were also discovering this method of creating free publicity. The difference was that etoy chose a very carefully curated list of 350 search terms, including: art, bondage, cyberspace, Doom, Elvis, Fidel, genx, heroin, internet, jungle and Kant. Users of search engines who searched for these terms would find dummy pages listed prominently in their search results that directed them, unsuspectingly, to etoy.com. They called this project Digital Hijack. To give the project a slightly political aura, the pages the user was directed to contained an appeal for the release of convicted hacker Kevin Mitnick. This was the project that won them a Golden Nica statuette at Ars Electronica in 1996, which Gramazio allegedly lost the same night playing roulette. It would also, briefly, require that they explain themselves to the police. Digital Hijack also led to the first splits in the group, under the intense pressure of organizing it on a notionally collective basis, but with the zealous Agent Zai acting as de facto leader. When Udatny was expelled, Zai and Brainhard even repossessed his Toshiba laptop, bought with etoy funds. As Udatny recalls, “It was the lowest point in my life ever. There was nothing left; I could not rely on etoy any more. I did not even have clothes, apart from the etoy uniform.” (Wishart & Boschler: 104) Here the etoy story repeats a common theme from the history of the avant gardes as forms of collective subjectivity. After Digital Hijack, etoy went into a bit of a slump. It’s something of a problem for a group so dependent on recognition from the other of the media, that without a buzz around them, etoy would tend to collapse in on itself like a fading supernova. Zai spend the early part of 1997 working up a series of management documents, in which he appeared as the group’s managing director. Zai employed the current management theory rhetoric of employee ‘empowerment’ while centralizing control. Like any other corporate-Trotskyite, his line was that “We have to get used to reworking the company structure constantly.” (Wishart & Boschler: 132) The plan was for each member of etoy to register the etoy trademark in a different territory, linking identity to information via ownership. As Zai wrote “If another company uses our name in a grand way, I’ll probably shoot myself. And that would not be cool.” (Wishart & Boschler:: 132) As it turned out, another company was interested – the company that would become eToys.com. Zai received an email offering “a reasonable sum” for the etoy.com domain name. Zai was not amused. “Damned Americans, they think they can take our hunting grounds for a handful of glass pearls….”. (Wishart & Boschler: 133) On an invitation from Suzy Meszoly of C3, the etoy boys traveled to Budapest to work on “protected by etoy”, a work exploring internet security. They spent most of their time – and C3’s grant money – producing a glossy corporate brochure. The folder sported a blurb from Bjork: “etoy: immature priests from another world” – which was of course completely fabricated. When Artothek, the official art collection of the Austrian Chancellor, approached etoy wanting to buy work, the group had to confront the problem of how to actually turn their brand into a product. The idea was always that the brand was the product, but this doesn’t quite resolve the question of how to produce the kind of unique artifacts that the art world requires. Certainly the old Conceptual Art strategy of selling ‘documentation’ would not do. The solution was as brilliant as it was simple – to sell etoy shares. The ‘works’ would be ‘share certificates’ – unique objects, whose only value, on the face of it, would be that they referred back to the value of the brand. The inspiration, according to Wishart & Boschsler, was David Bowie, ‘the man who sold the world’, who had announced the first rock and roll bond on the London financial markets, backed by future earnings of his back catalogue and publishing rights. Gramazio would end up presenting Chancellor Viktor Klima with the first ‘shares’ at a press conference. “It was a great start for the project”, he said, “A real hack.” (Wishart & Boschler: 142) For this vectoral age, etoy would create the perfect vectoral art. Zai and Brainhard took off next for Pasadena, where they got the idea of reverse-engineering the online etoy.TANKSYSTEM by building an actual tank in an orange shipping container, which would become etoy.TANK 17. This premiered at the San Francisco gallery Blasthaus in June 1998. Instant stars in the small world of San Francisco art, the group began once again to disintegrate. Brainhard and Esposito resigned. Back in Europe in late 1998, Zai was preparing to graduate from the Vienna Academy of Applied Arts. His final project would recapitulate the life and death of etoy. It would exist from here on only as an online archive, a digital mausoleum. As Kubli says “there was no possibility to earn our living with etoy.” (Wishart & Boschler: 192) Zai emailed eToys.com and asked them if them if they would like to place a banner ad on etoy.com, to redirect any errant web traffic. Lawyers for eToys.com offered etoy $30,000 for the etoy.com domain name, which the remaining members of etoy – Zai, Gramazio, Kubli – refused. The offer went up to $100,000, which they also refused. Through their lawyer Peter Wild they demanded $750,000. In September 1999, while etoy were making a business presentation as their contribution to Ars Electronica, eToys.com lodged a complaint against etoy in the Los Angeles Superior Court. The company hired Bruce Wessel, of the heavyweight LA law firm Irell & Manella, who specialized in trademark, copyright and other intellectual property litigation. The complaint Wessel drafted alleged that etoy had infringed and diluted the eToys trademark, were practicing unfair competition and had committed “intentional interference with prospective economic damage.” (Wishart & Boschler: 199) Wessel demanded an injunction that would oblige etoy to cease using its trademark and take down its etoy.com website. The complaint also sought to prevent etoy from selling shares, and demanded punitive damages. Displaying the aggressive lawyering for which he was so handsomely paid, Wessel invoked the California Unfair Competition Act, which was meant to protect citizens from fraudulent business scams. Meant as a piece of consumer protection legislation, its sweeping scope made it available for inventive suits such as Wessel’s against etoy. Wessel was able to use pretty much everything from the archive etoy built against it. As Wishart and Bochsler write, “The court papers were like a delicately curated catalogue of its practices.” (Wishart & Boschler: 199) And indeed, legal documents in copyright and trademark cases may be the most perfect literature of the vectoral age. The Unfair Competition claim was probably aimed at getting the suit heard in a Californian rather than a Federal court in which intellectual property issues were less frequently litigated. The central aim of the eToys suit was the trademark infringement, but on that head their claims were not all that strong. According to the 1946 Lanham Act, similar trademarks do not infringe upon each other if there they are for different kinds of business or in different geographical areas. The Act also says that the right to own a trademark depends on its use. So while etoy had not registered their trademark and eToys had, etoy were actually up and running before eToys, and could base their trademark claim on this fact. The eToys case rested on a somewhat selective reading of the facts. Wessel claimed that etoy was not using its trademark in the US when eToys was registered in 1997. Wessel did not dispute the fact that etoy existed in Europe prior to that time. He asserted that owning the etoy.com domain name was not sufficient to establish a right to the trademark. If the intention of the suit was to bully etoy into giving in, it had quite the opposite effect. It pissed them off. “They felt again like the teenage punks they had once been”, as Wishart & Bochsler put it. Their art imploded in on itself for lack of attention, but called upon by another, it flourished. Wessel and eToys.com unintentionally triggered a dialectic that worked in quite the opposite way to what they intended. The more pressure they put on etoy, the more valued – and valuable – they felt etoy to be. Conceptual business, like conceptual art, is about nothing but the management of signs within the constraints of given institutional forms of market. That this conflict was about nothing made it a conflict about everything. It was a perfectly vectoral struggle. Zai and Gramazio flew to the US to fire up enthusiasm for their cause. They asked Wolfgang Staehle of The Thing to register the domain toywar.com, as a space for anti-eToys activities at some remove from etoy.com, and as a safe haven should eToys prevail with their injunction in having etoy.com taken down. The etoy defense was handled by Marcia Ballard in New York and Robert Freimuth in Los Angeles. In their defense, they argued that etoy had existed since 1994, had registered its globally accessible domain in 1995, and won an international art prize in 1996. To counter a claim by eToys that they had a prior trademark claim because they had bought a trademark from another company that went back to 1990, Ballard and Freimuth argued that this particular trademark only applied to the importation of toys from the previous owner’s New York base and thus had no relevance. They capped their argument by charging that eToys had not shown that its customers were really confused by the existence of etoy. With Christmas looming, eToys wanted a quick settlement, so they offered Zurich-based etoy lawyer Peter Wild $160,000 in shares and cash for the etoy domain. Kubli was prepared to negotiate, but Zai and Gramazio wanted to gamble – and raise the stakes. As Zai recalls: “We did not want to be just the victims; that would have been cheap. We wanted to be giants too.” (Wishart & Boschler: 207) They refused the offer. The case was heard in November 1999 before Judge Rafeedie in the Federal Court. Freimuth, for etoy, argued that federal Court was the right place for what was essentially a trademark matter. Robert Kleiger, for eToys, countered that it should stay where it was because of the claims under the California Unfair Competition act. Judge Rafeedie took little time in agreeing with the eToys lawyer. Wessel’s strategy paid off and eToys won the first skirmish. The first round of a quite different kind of conflict opened when etoy sent out their first ‘toywar’ mass mailing, drawing the attention of the net.art, activism and theory crowd to these events. This drew a report from Felix Stalder in Telepolis: “Fences are going up everywhere, molding what once seemed infinite space into an overcrowded and tightly controlled strip mall.” (Stalder ) The positive feedback from the net only emboldened etoy. For the Los Angeles court, lawyers for etoy filed papers arguing that the sale of ‘shares’ in etoy was not really a stock offering. “The etoy.com website is not about commerce per se, it is about artist and social protest”, they argued. (Wishart & Boschler: 209) They were obliged, in other words, to assert a difference that the art itself had intended to blur in order to escape eToy’s claims under the Unfair Competition Act. Moreover, etoy argued that there was no evidence of a victim. Nobody was claiming to have been fooled by etoy into buying something under false pretences. Ironically enough, art would turn out in hindsight to be a more straightforward transaction here, involving less simulation or dissimulation, than investing in a dot.com. Perhaps we have reached the age when art makes more, not less, claim than business to the rhetorical figure of ‘reality’. Having defended what appeared to be the vulnerable point under the Unfair Competition law, etoy went on the attack. It was the failure of eToys to do a proper search for other trademarks that created the problem in the first place. Meanwhile, in Federal Court, lawyers for etoy launched a counter-suit that reversed the claims against them made by eToys on the trademark question. While the suits and counter suits flew, eToys.com upped their offer to settle to a package of cash and shares worth $400,000. This rather puzzled the etoy lawyers. Those choosing to sue don’t usually try at the same time to settle. Lawyer Peter Wild advised his clients to take the money, but the parallel tactics of eToys.com only encouraged them to dig in their heels. “We felt that this was a tremendous final project for etoy”, says Gramazio. As Zai says, “eToys was our ideal enemy – we were its worst enemy.” (Wishart & Boschler: 210) Zai reported the offer to the net in another mass mail. Most people advised them to take the money, including Doug Rushkoff and Heath Bunting. Paul Garrin counseled fighting on. The etoy agents offered to settle for $750,000. The case came to court in late November 1999 before Judge Shook. The Judge accepted the plausibility of the eToys version of the facts on the trademark issue, which included the purchase of a registered trademark from another company that went back to 1990. He issued an injunction on their behalf, and added in his statement that he was worried about “the great danger of children being exposed to profane and hardcore pornographic issues on the computer.” (Wishart & Boschler: 222) The injunction was all eToys needed to get Network Solutions to shut down the etoy.com domain. Zai sent out a press release in early December, which percolated through Slashdot, rhizome, nettime (Staehle) and many other networks, and catalyzed the net community into action. A debate of sorts started on investor websites such as fool.com. The eToys stock price started to slide, and etoy ‘warriors’ felt free to take the credit for it. The story made the New York Times on 9th December, Washington Post on the 10th, Wired News on the 11th. Network Solutions finally removed the etoy.com domain on the 10th December. Zai responded with a press release: “this is robbery of digital territory, American imperialism, corporate destruction and bulldozing in the way of the 19th century.” (Wishart & Boschler: 237) RTMark set up a campaign fund for toywar, managed by Survival Research Laboratories’ Mark Pauline. The RTMark press release promised a “new internet ‘game’ designed to destroy eToys.com.” (Wishart & Boschler: 239) The RTMark press release grabbed the attention of the Associated Press newswire. The eToys.com share price actually rose on December 13th. Goldman Sachs’ e-commerce analyst Anthony Noto argued that the previous declines in the Etoys share price made it a good buy. Goldman Sachs was the lead underwriter of the eToys IPO. Noto’s writings may have been nothing more than the usual ‘IPOetry’ of the time, but the crash of the internet bubble was some months away yet. The RTMark campaign was called ‘The Twelve Days of Christmas’. It used the Floodnet technique that Ricardo Dominguez used in support of the Zapatistas. As Dominguez said, “this hysterical power-play perfectly demonstrates the intensions of the new net elite; to turn the World Wide Web into their own private home-shopping network.” (Wishart & Boschler: 242) The Floodnet attack may have slowed the eToys.com server down a bit, but it was robust and didn’t crash. Ironically, it ran on open source software. Dominguez claims that the ‘Twelve Days’ campaign, which relied on individuals manually launching Floodnet from their own computers, was not designed to destroy the eToys site, but to make a protest felt. “We had a single-bullet script that could have taken down eToys – a tactical nuke, if you will. But we felt this script did not represent the presence of a global group of people gathered to bear witness to a wrong.” (Wishart & Boschler: 245) While the eToys engineers did what they could to keep the site going, eToys also approached universities and businesses whose systems were being used to host Floodnet attacks. The Thing, which hosted Dominguez’s eToys Floodnet site was taken offline by The Thing’s ISP, Verio. After taking down the Floodnet scripts, The Thing was back up, restoring service to the 200 odd websites that The Thing hosted besides the offending Floodnet site. About 200 people gathered on December 20th at a demonstration against eToys outside the Museum of Modern Art. Among the crowd were Santas bearing signs that said ‘Coal for eToys’. The rally, inside the Museum, was led by the Reverend Billy of the Church of Stop Shopping: “We are drowning in a sea of identical details”, he said. (Wishart & Boschler: 249-250) Meanwhile etoy worked on the Toywar Platform, an online agitpop theater spectacle, in which participants could act as soldiers in the toywar. This would take some time to complete – ironically the dispute threatened to end before this last etoy artwork was ready, giving etoy further incentives to keep the dispute alive. The etoy agents had a new lawyer, Chris Truax, who was attracted to the case by the publicity it was generating. Through Truax, etoy offered to sell the etoy domain and trademark for $3.7 million. This may sound like an insane sum, but to put it in perspective, the business.com site changed hands for $7.5 million around this time. On December 29th, Wessel signaled that eToys was prepared to compromise. The problem was, the Toywar Platform was not quite ready, so etoy did what it could to drag out the negotiations. The site went live just before the scheduled court hearings, January 10th 2000. “TOYWAR.com is a place where all servers and all involved people melt and build a living system. In our eyes it is the best way to express and document what’s going on at the moment: people start to about new ways to fight for their ideas, their lifestyle, contemporary culture and power relations.” (Wishart & Boschler: 263) Meanwhile, in a California courtroom, Truax demanded that Network Solutions restore the etoy domain, that eToys pay the etoy legal expenses, and that the case be dropped without prejudice. No settlement was reached. Negotiations dragged on for another two weeks, with the etoy agents’ attention somewhat divided between two horizons – art and law. The dispute was settled on 25th January. Both parties dismissed their complaints without prejudice. The eToys company would pay the etoy artists $40,000 for legal costs, and contact Network Solutions to reinstate the etoy domain. “It was a pleasure doing business with one of the biggest e-commerce giants in the world” ran the etoy press release. (Wishart & Boschler: 265) That would make a charming end to the story. But what goes around comes around. Brainhard, still pissed off with Zai after leaving the group in San Francisco, filed for the etoy trademark in Austria. After that the internal etoy wranglings just gets boring. But it was fun while it lasted. What etoy grasped intuitively was the nexus between the internet as a cultural space and the transformation of the commodity economy in a yet-more abstract direction – its becoming-vectoral. They zeroed in on the heart of the new era of conceptual business – the brand. As Wittgenstein says of language, what gives words meaning is other words, so too for brands. What gives brands meaning is other brands. There is a syntax for brands as there is for words. What etoy discovered is how to insert a new brand into that syntax. The place of eToys as a brand depended on their business competition with other brands – with Toys ‘R’ Us, for example. For etoy, the syntax they discovered for relating their brand to another one was a legal opposition. What made etoy interesting was their lack of moral posturing. Their abandonment of leftist rhetorics opened them up to exploring the territory where media and business meet, but it also made them vulnerable to being consumed by the very dialectic that created the possibility of staging etoy in the first place. By abandoning obsolete political strategies, they discovered a media tactic, which collapsed for want of a new strategy, for the new vectoral terrain on which we find ourselves. Works Cited Negri, Antonio. Time for Revolution. Continuum, London, 2003. Warhol, Andy. From A to B and Back Again. Picador, New York, 1984. Stalder, Felix. ‘Fences in Cyberspace: Recent events in the battle over domain names’. 19 Jun 2003. <http://felix.openflows.org/html/fences.php>. Wark, McKenzie. ‘A Hacker Manifesto [version 4.0]’ 19 Jun 2003. http://subsol.c3.hu/subsol_2/contributors0/warktext.html. Klein, Naomi. No Logo. Harper Collins, London, 2000. Wishart, Adam & Regula Bochsler. Leaving Reality Behind: etoy vs eToys.com & Other Battles to Control Cyberspace Ecco Books, 2003. Staehle, Wolfgang. ‘<nettime> etoy.com shut down by US court.’ 19 Jun 2003. http://amsterdam.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9912/msg00005.html Links http://amsterdam.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9912/msg00005.htm http://felix.openflows.org/html/fences.html http://subsol.c3.hu/subsol_2/contributors0/warktext.html Citation reference for this article Substitute your date of access for Dn Month Year etc... MLA Style Wark, McKenzie. "Toywars" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0306/02-toywars.php>. APA Style Wark, M. (2003, Jun 19). Toywars. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 6,< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0306/02-toywars.php>