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Livros sobre o tema "Isotopes"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 16 de novembro de 2024

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1

Arnikar, Hari Jeevan. Isotopes in the atomic age. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern, 1989.

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2

Marschall, Horst, e Gavin Foster, eds. Boron Isotopes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64666-4.

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3

Tom, Edwards, Kull Christoph e Alverson Keith, eds. Stable isotopes. Bern, Switzerland: PAGES International Project Office, 2002.

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4

M, Andreev B., ed. Separation of isotopes of biogenic elements in two-phase systems. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007.

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5

Symons, E. A. Lithium isotope separation: A review of possible techniques. Mississauga: CFFTP, 1985.

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6

Faure, Gunter. Principles of isotope geology. 2^a ed. New York: Wiley, 1986.

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7

Spivack, Arthur J. Boron isotope geochemistry. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1986.

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8

William, Walker F., Parrington Josef R, Feiner Frank e General Electric Company, eds. Nuclides and isotopes. San Jose, Calif: General Electric Co., 1989.

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9

Firestone, Richard B. Table of isotopes. Editado por Baglin Coral M. 1939-. 8^a ed. New York: Wiley, 1998.

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10

Bowen, Robert. Isotopes and climates. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1991.

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11

S, Shirley Virginia, ed. Table of isotopes. 8^a ed. New York: Wiley, 1996.

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12

Krämer, Hans Georg. Uranisotopentrennung in Zentrifugen. Bonn: Deutsches Atomforum, 1985.

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13

Attendorn, H. G. Radioactive and stable isotope geology. London: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

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14

Kashcheev, N. A. Ėlektromagnitnoe razdelenie izotopov i izotopnyĭ analiz. Moskva: Ėnergoatomizdat, 1989.

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15

Agency, OECD Nuclear Energy, e Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., eds. Beneficial uses and production of isotopes: 2004 update. Paris: Nuclear Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2005.

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16

Plekhanov, Vladimir G. Isotopes in Condensed Matter. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.

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17

Teng, Fang-Zhen, James Watkins e Nicolas Dauphas, eds. Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110545630.

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18

Thoennessen, Michael. The Discovery of Isotopes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31763-2.

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19

Diehl, Roland, Dieter H. Hartmann e Nikos Prantzos, eds. Astrophysics with Radioactive Isotopes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91929-4.

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20

G. Plekhanov, Vladimir. Isotopes in Condensed Matter. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28723-7.

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21

Leng, Melanie J., ed. Isotopes in Palaeoenvironmental Research. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2504-1.

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22

1937-, Fritz P., ed. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, 1997.

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23

J, Leng Melanie, ed. Isotopes in paleoenvironmental research. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.

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24

Patrick, Degryse, Henderson Julian 1953- e Hodgins Gregory, eds. Isotopes in vitreous materials. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 2009.

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25

B, Firestone Richard, e Shirley Virginia S, eds. Table of radioactive isotopes. New York: Wiley, 1986.

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26

Ellam, Rob. 4. Measuring isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0004.

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‘Measuring isotopes: counting the atoms’ explores how isotopes are measured. For stable isotopes, atoms of each isotope are counted using a mass spectrometer. This turns atoms into charged ions and separates them into the different isotopic species using a mass filter. Precise measurements of isotopic abundance can be achieved in a few minutes or hours. Mass spectrometry could be used for radioactive isotopes, but for short-lived isotopes, their low abundance often makes them difficult to detect. The alternative is to use nuclear spectroscopy or counting methods to detect the characteristic energy released by the radioactive decay of a particular isotope, but these can be much longer processes.

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27

Ellam, Rob. Isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.001.0001.

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An isotope is a variant form of a chemical element, containing a different number of neutrons in its nucleus. Most elements exist as several isotopes. Many are stable, others are radioactive, and some may only exist fleetingly before decaying into other elements. The study of isotope ratios has become central to many areas of science, and used to probe the age and history of the Earth and the origins of the Solar System. Radioactive isotopes find wide applications, from nuclear power to medicine and carbon dating. Isotopes: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of the nature of stable and radioactive isotopes, considering their wide range of modern applications.

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28

Ellam, Rob. 6. Measuring isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0006.

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Mass spectrometers have become routine laboratory instruments in many disciplines. ‘Measuring isotopes: mass spectrometers’ concentrates on those used to quantify the abundance of different isotopes—gas source isotope ratio, thermal ionization, inductively coupled plasma, and secondary ion mass spectrometers. A mass spectrometer can be used to quantify the concentration of a particular element by monitoring an isotope of that element not overlapped by isotopes of other elements. All mass spectrometers have three essential components: an ion source, a mass filter, and a detector. There are two main types of detector: Faraday detectors measure large signals and a variant of photomultiplier tubes measures small isotope signals.

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29

Winker, Margaret A. Isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.021.231.

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30

Isotopes. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.

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31

Isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016.

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32

Isotopes. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.

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33

Ellam, Rob. 8. Scratching the surface with cosmogenic isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0008.

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‘Scratching the surface with cosmogenic isotopes’ explains spallation—when a high energy cosmic ray particle removes several nucleons from an atom. Spallation produces 10Be from 16O in the atmosphere and rock surfaces, while spallation of silicon produces another cosmogenic isotope, 26Al. Cosmogenic isotope production is about four times greater at the poles than at the equator and is also greater at higher altitudes. To calculate a cosmogenic isotope exposure age, the latitude and altitude at which the sample was exposed needs to be known. Using ‘exposure’ and ‘burial’ methodologies, cosmogenic isotopes can be used to address various scientific problems such as recreating the seismic histories of tectonically active areas.

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34

Beard, Brian L., Francis Albarède e Clark M. Johnson. Geochemistry of Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2018.

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35

Nielsen, Sune G. Vanadium Isotopes. Cambridge University Press, 2020.

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36

Griffith, Elizabeth, e Matthew Fantle. Calcium Isotopes. Cambridge University Press, 2020.

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37

Young, Roxanne K. Radioactive Isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.021.218.

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38

Winker, Margaret A. Hydrogen Isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.022.503.

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39

Winker, Margaret A. Metastable Isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.022.504.

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40

Griffith, Elizabeth, e Matthew Fantle. Calcium Isotopes. Cambridge University Press, 2021.

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41

Ali Raza Naqvi, Syed, e Muhammad Babar Imrani, eds. Medical Isotopes. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77583.

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42

Lead Isotopes. Springer, 2012.

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43

Fabulous Isotopes. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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44

Lead Isotopes. Springer, 2012.

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45

Committee on Energy and Natura (senate), United States Senate e United States United States Congress. Medical Isotopes. Independently Published, 2019.

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46

Doe, B. R. Lead Isotopes. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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47

Griffith, Elizabeth M., e Matthew S. Fantle. Calcium Isotopes. Cambridge University Press, 2020.

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48

McKown. Fabulous Isotopes. Holiday house, 2000.

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49

Stable isotopes. London: Routledge, 2013.

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50

Jones, J. R. Isotopes: Essential Chemistry and Applicants II (Isotopes). 2^a ed. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1988.

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