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1
Tshisaphungo, Mpho. "Validation of high frequency propagation prediction models over Africa". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015239.
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The ionosphere is an important factor in high frequency (HF) radio propagation providing an opportunity to study ionospheric variability as well as the space weather conditions under which HF communication can take place. This thesis presents the validation of HF propagation conditions for the Ionospheric Communication Enhanced Profile Analysis and Circuit (ICEPAC) and Advanced Stand Alone Prediction System (ASAPS) models over Africa by comparing predictions with the measured data obtained from the International Beacon Project (IBP). Since these models were not developed using information on the African region, a more accurate HF propagation prediction tool is required. Two IBP transmitter stations are considered, Ruaraka, Kenya (1.24°S, 36.88°E) and Pretoria, South Africa (25.45°S, 28.10°E) with one beacon receiver station located in Hermanus, South Africa (34.27°S, 19.l2°E). The potential of these models in terms of HF propagation conditions is illustrated. An attempt to draw conclusions for future improvement of the models is also presented. Results show a low prediction accuracy for both ICEPAC and ASAPS models, although ICEPAC provided more accurate predictions for daily HF propagation conditions. This thesis suggests that the development of a new HF propagation prediction tool for the African region or the modification of one of the existing models to accommodate the African region, taking into account the importance of the African ionospheric region, should be considered as an option to ensure more accurate HF Propagation predictions over this region.
2
Pathan, Bashir Mohammed. "Studies of low latitude ionosphere through satellite radio wave propagation". Thesis, IIG, 1994. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1566.
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Mercer, Christopher Crossley. "The search for an ionospheric model suitable for real-time applications in HF radio communications". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005274.
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Statement of work: In essence the research work was to focus on the development of an ionospheric model suitable for real time HF frequency prediction and direction finding applications. The modelling of the ionosphere had to be generic in nature, sufficient to ensure that the CSIR could simultaneously secure commercial competitiveness in each of the three niche market areas aforementioned, while requiring only minimal changes to software architecture in the case of each application. A little research quickly showed that the development of an ionospheric model capable of driving a HFDFSSL system in "real time" would result in one having to make only slight re-structuring of the software to facilitate application of the same model in the areas of real time frequency prediction and spectrum management. The decision made at the outset of the project to slant the research toward the development of a model best suited for HF direction finding applications is reflected in the avenues followed during the course of the modelling process
4
De, Larquier Sebastien. "The mid-latitude ionosphere under quiet geomagnetic conditions: propagation analysis of SuperDARN radar observations from large ionospheric perturbations". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/24770.
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The Earth's ionosphere is a dynamic environment strongly coupled to the neutral atmosphere, magnetosphere and solar activity. In the context of this research, we restrict our interest to the mid-latitude (a.k.a., sub-auroral) ionosphere during quiet geomagnetic conditions. The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is composed of more than 30 low-power High Frequency (HF, from 8-18 MHz) Doppler radars covering the sub-auroral, auroral and polar ionosphere in both hemispheres. SuperDARN radars rely on the dispersive properties of the ionosphere at HF to monitor dynamic features of the ionosphere. Though originally designed to follow auroral expansion during active periods, mid-latitude SuperDARN radars have observed ground and ionospheric scatter revealing several interesting features of the mid-latitude ionosphere during periods of moderate to low geomagnetic activity. The past 7 years' expansion of SuperDARN to mid-latitudes, combined with the recent extended solar minimum, provides large-scale continuous views of the sub-auroral ionosphere for the first time. We have leveraged these circumstances to study prominent and recurring features of the mid-latitude ionosphere under quiet geomagnetic conditions.
First, we seek to establish a better model of HF propagation effects on SuperDARN observations. To do so, we developed a ray-tracing model coupled with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). This model is tested against another well established ray-tracing model, then optimized to be compared to SuperDARN observations (Chapter 2).
The first prominent ionospheric feature studied is an anomaly in the standard ionospheric model of photo-ionization and recombination. This type of event provides an ideal candidate for testing the ray-tracing model and analyzing propagation effects in SuperDARN observations. The anomaly was first observed in ground backscatter occurring around sunset for the Blackstone, VA SuperDARN radar. We established that it is related to an unexpected enhancement in electron densities that leads to increased refraction of the HF signals. Using the ray-tracing, IRI model, and measurements from the Millstone Hill Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR), we showed that this enhancement is part of a global phenomenon in the Northern Hemisphere, and is possibly related to the Southern Hemisphere's Weddell Sea Anomaly. We also tested a potential mechanism involving thermospheric winds and geomagnetic field configuration which showed promising results and will require further modeling to confirm (Chapter 3).
The second ionospheric feature was a type of decameter-scale irregularity associated with very low drift velocities. Previous work had established that these irregularities occur throughout the year, during nighttime, and equatorward of both the auroral regions and the plasmapause boundary. An initial analysis suggested that the Temperature Gradient Instability (TGI) was responsible for the growth of such irregularities. We first used our ray-tracing model to distinguish between HF propagation effects and irregularity occurrence in SuperDARN observations. This revealed the irregularities to be widespread within the mid-latitude ionosphere and located in the bottom-side F-region (Chapter 4). A second study using measurements from the Millstone Hill ISR revealed that TGI driven growth was possible but only in the top-side F-region ionosphere. We found that initial growth may occur primarily at larger wavelengths, with subsequent cascade to decameter-scale with coupling throughout the F-region (Chapter 5).
In summary, the research conducted during this PhD program has established a robust method to analyze quiet-time SuperDARN observations. It also furthered our physical understanding of some prominent features of the mid-latitude ionosphere. It leaves behind a flexible ray-tracing model, multiple online tools to browse SuperDARN data, and a thorough and growing Space Science API providing access to multiple datasets, models and visualization tools.Ph. D.
5
Löfås, Henrik. "Ionospheric modification by powerful HF-waves : Underdense F-region heating by X-Mode". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-121898.
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Observations of modifications of the electron temperature in the F-region produced by powerful high-frequency waves transmitted in X-mode are presented. The experiments were performed during quiet nighttime conditions with low ionospheric densities so no reflections occurred. Nevertheless temperature enhancements of the order of 300-400K were obtained. The modifications found can be well described by the theory of Ohmic heating by the pump wave and both temporal and spatial changes are reproduced. A brief overview of several different experimental campaigns at EISCAT facilities in the period from October 2006 to February 2008 are also given pointing out some interesting features from the different experiments. The main focus is then on the campaign during October 2006 and modifications of the electron temperature in the F-region.
6
Botai, Ondego Joel. "Ionospheric total electron content variability and its influence in radio astronomy". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005258.
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Ionospheric phase delays of radio signals from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites have been used to compute ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC). An extended Chapman profle model is used to estimate the electron density profles and TEC. The Chapman profle that can be used to predict TEC over the mid-latitudes only applies during day time. To model night time TEC variability, a polynomial function is fitted to the night time peak electron density profles derived from the online International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 2001. The observed and predicted TEC and its variability have been used to study ionospheric in°uence on Radio Astronomy in South Africa region. Di®erential phase delays of the radio signals from Radio Astronomy sources have been simulated using TEC. Using the simulated phase delays, the azimuth and declination o®sets of the radio sources have been estimated. Results indicate that, pointing errors of the order of miliarcseconds (mas) are likely if the ionospheric phase delays are not corrected for. These delays are not uniform and vary over a broad spectrum of timescales. This implies that fast frequency (referencing) switching, closure phases and fringe ¯tting schemes for ionospheric correction in astrometry are not the best option as they do not capture the real state of the ionosphere especially if the switching time is greater than the ionospheric TEC variability. However, advantage can be taken of the GPS satellite data available at intervals of a second from the GPS receiver network in South Africa to derive parameters which could be used to correct for the ionospheric delays. Furthermore GPS data can also be used to monitor the occurrence of scintillations, (which might corrupt radio signals) especially for the proposed, Square Kilometer Array (SKA) stations closer to the equatorial belt during magnetic storms and sub-storms. A 10 minute snapshot of GPS data recorded with the Hermanus [34:420 S, 19:220 E ] dual frequency receiver on 2003-04-11 did not show the occurrence of scintillations. This time scale is however too short and cannot be representative. Longer time scales; hours, days, seasons are needed to monitor the occurrence of scintillations.
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Oronsaye, Samuel Iyen Jeffrey. "Updating the ionospheric propagation factor, M(3000)F2, global model using the neural network technique and relevant geophysical input parameters". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001609.
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This thesis presents an update to the ionospheric propagation factor, M(3000)F2, global empirical model developed by Oyeyemi et al. (2007) (NNO). An additional aim of this research was to produce the updated model in a form that could be used within the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) global model without adding to the complexity of the IRI. M(3000)F2 is the highest frequency at which a radio signal can be received over a distance of 3000 km after reflection in the ionosphere. The study employed the artificial neural network (ANN) technique using relevant geophysical input parameters which are known to influence the M(3000)F2 parameter. Ionosonde data from 135 ionospheric stations globally, including a number of equatorial stations, were available for this work. M(3000)F2 hourly values from 1976 to 2008, spanning all periods of low and high solar activity were used for model development and verification. A preliminary investigation was first carried out using a relatively small dataset to determine the appropriate input parameters for global M(3000)F2 parameter modelling. Inputs representing diurnal variation, seasonal variation, solar variation, modified dip latitude, longitude and latitude were found to be the optimum parameters for modelling the diurnal and seasonal variations of the M(3000)F2 parameter both on a temporal and spatial basis. The outcome of the preliminary study was applied to the overall dataset to develop a comprehensive ANN M(3000)F2 model which displays a remarkable improvement over the NNO model as well as the IRI version. The model shows 7.11% and 3.85% improvement over the NNO model as well as 13.04% and 10.05% over the IRI M(3000)F2 model, around high and low solar activity periods respectively. A comparison of the diurnal structure of the ANN and the IRI predicted values reveal that the ANN model is more effective in representing the diurnal structure of the M(3000)F2 values than the IRI M(3000)F2 model. The capability of the ANN model in reproducing the seasonal variation pattern of the M(3000)F2 values at 00h00UT, 06h00UT, 12h00UT, and l8h00UT more appropriately than the IRI version is illustrated in this work. A significant result obtained in this study is the ability of the ANN model in improving the post-sunset predicted values of the M(3000)F2 parameter which is known to be problematic to the IRI M(3000)F2 model in the low-latitude and the equatorial regions. The final M(3000)F2 model provides for an improved equatorial prediction and a simplified input space that allows for easy incorporation into the IRI model.
8
Habarulema, John Bosco. "A contribution to TEC modelling over Southern Africa using GPS data". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005241.
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Modelling ionospheric total electron content (TEC) is an important area of interest for radio wave propagation, geodesy, surveying, the understanding of space weather dynamics and error correction in relation to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNNS) applications. With the utilisation of improved ionosonde technology coupled with the use of GNSS, the response of technological systems due to changes in the ionosphere during both quiet and disturbed conditions can be historically inferred. TEC values are usually derived from GNSS measurements using mathematically intensive algorithms. However, the techniques used to estimate these TEC values depend heavily on the availability of near-real time GNSS data, and therefore, are sometimes unable to generate complete datasets. This thesis investigated possibilities for the modelling of TEC values derived from the South African Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver network using linear regression methods and artificial neural networks (NNs). GPS TEC values were derived using the Adjusted Spherical Harmonic Analysis (ASHA) algorithm. Considering TEC and the factors that influence its variability as “dependent and independent variables” respectively, the capabilities of linear regression methods and NNs for TEC modelling were first investigated using a small dataset from two GPS receiver stations. NN and regression models were separately developed and used to reproduce TEC fluctuations at different stations not included in the models’ development. For this purpose, TEC was modelled as a function of diurnal variation, seasonal variation, solar and magnetic activities. Comparative analysis showed that NN models provide predictions of GPS TEC that were an improvement on those predicted by the regression models developed. A separate study to empirically investigate the effects of solar wind on GPS TEC was carried out. Quantitative results indicated that solar wind does not have a significant influence on TEC variability. The final TEC simulation model developed makes use of the NN technique to find the relationship between historical TEC data variations and factors that are known to influence TEC variability (such as solar and magnetic activities, diurnal and seasonal variations and the geographical locations of the respective GPS stations) for the purposes of regional TEC modelling and mapping. The NN technique in conjunction with interpolation and extrapolation methods makes it possible to construct ionospheric TEC maps and to analyse the spatial and temporal TEC behaviour over Southern Africa. For independent validation, modelled TEC values were compared to ionosonde TEC and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) generated TEC values during both quiet and disturbed conditions. This thesis provides a comprehensive guide on the development of TEC models for predicting ionospheric variability over the South African region, and forms a significant contribution to ionospheric modelling efforts in Africa.
9
Nordblad, Erik. "Opening New Radio Windows and Bending Twisted Beams". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutet för rymdfysik, Uppsalaavdelningen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158797.
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In ground based high frequency (HF) radio pumping experiments, absorption of ordinary (O) mode pump waves energises the ionospheric plasma, producing optical emissions and other effects. Pump-induced or natural kilometre-scale field-aligned density depletions are believed to play a role in self-focussing phenomena such as the magnetic zenith (MZ) effect, i.e., the increased plasma response observed in the direction of Earth's magnetic field. Using ray tracing, we study the propagation of ordinary (O) mode HF radio waves in an ionosphere modified by density depletions, with special attention to transmission through the radio window (RW), where O mode waves convert into the extraordinary (X, or Z) mode. The depletions are shown to shift the position of the RW, or to introduce RWs at new locations. In a simplified model neglecting absorption, we estimate the wave electric field strength perpendicular to the magnetic field at altitudes normally inaccessible. This field could excite upper hybrid waves on small scale density perturbations. We also show how transmission and focussing combine to give stronger fields in some directions, notably at angles close to the MZ, with possible implications for the MZ effect. In a separate study, we consider electromagnetic (e-m) beams with helical wavefronts (i.e., twisted beams), which are associated with orbital angular momentum (OAM). By applying geometrical optics to each plane wave component of a twisted nonparaxial e-m Bessel beam, we calculate analytically the shift of the beam's centre of gravity during propagation perpendicularly and obliquely to a weak refractive index gradient in an isotropic medium. In addition to the so-called Hall shifts expected from paraxial theory, the nonparaxial treatment reveals new shifts in both the transverse and lateral directions. In some situations, the new shifts should be significant also for nearly paraxial beams.
10
Opperman, B. D. L. "Reconstructing ionospheric TEC over South Africa using signals from a regional GPS network". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005273.
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Radio signals transmitted by GPS satellites orbiting the Earth are modulated as they propagate through the electrically charged plasmasphere and ionosphere in the near-Earth space environment. Through a linear combination of GPS range and phase measurements observed on two carrier frequencies by terrestrial-based GPS receivers, the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) along oblique GPS signal paths may be quantified. Simultaneous observations of signals transmitted by multiple GPS satellites and observed from a network of South African dual frequency GPS receivers, constitute a spatially dense ionospheric measurement source over the region. A new methodology, based on an adjusted spherical harmonic (ASHA) expansion, was developed to estimate diurnal vertical TEC over the region using GPS observations over the region. The performance of the ASHA methodology to estimate diurnal TEC and satellite and receiver differential clock biases (DCBs) for a single GPS receiver was first tested with simulation data and subsequently applied to observed GPS data. The resulting diurnal TEC profiles estimated from GPS observations compared favourably to measurements from three South African ionosondes and two other GPS-based methodologies for 2006 solstice and equinox dates. The ASHA methodology was applied to calculating diurnal two-dimensional TEC maps from multiple receivers in the South African GPS network. The space physics application of the newly developed methodology was demonstrated by investigating the ionosphere’s behaviour during a severe geomagnetic storm and investigating the long-term ionospheric stability in support of the proposed Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio astronomy project. The feasibility of employing the newly developed technique in an operational near real-time system for estimating and dissimenating TEC values over Southern Africa using observations from a regional GPS receiver network, was investigated.
11
Bergadà, Caramés Pau. "Oblique Sounding and HF Communication Techniques for Very Long Haul Ionospheric Links". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285837.
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El sistema de comunicació ràdio d’alta freqüència (HF, en anglès) és usat arreu del món per agències governamentals i no governamentals sempre que calgui una alternativa a les comunicacions via satèl•lit: vaixells a alta mar, avions fora de cobertura de xarxes ràdio amb visió directa, operacions militars, zones on la infraestructura ha estat destruïda per algun tipus de desastre o bé zones llunyanes sense cap altre tipus de comunicació. La ràdio HF representa una alternativa, o un sistema de backup al satèl•lit per a comunicacions de llarg abast i en redueix els costos, evita la vulnerabilitat i els problemes de sobirania.
En aquesta tesi s’ha estudiat l’enllaç HF entre la base antàrtica espanyola Juan Carlos I, situada a l’illa Livingston a l’arxipèlag de les Shetland del Sud, i Espanya. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és estudiar els problemes que afecten la propagació; és a dir, la relació senyal a soroll i interferència, la dispersió multicamí i la dispersió per efecte Doppler, i dissenyar la capa física d’un enllaç HF de baixa velocitat, poca potència i llarg abast. Pel que fa aquest últim punt es fan un parell de propostes: espectre eixamplat per seqüència directa (DSSS, en anglès) i multiplexació per divisió en freqüència ortogonal (OFDM, en anglès). El repte que es planteja és el de la definició de les característiques dels símbols que millor encaixen en aquest canal per tal d’obtenir un benefici de la diversitat temporal i freqüencial que ofereix el canal.
Des de l’any 2003 diverses campanyes han permès estudiar aquest canal HF, però no va ser fins la campanya 2009/2010 que s’obtingué un foto de les característiques, diürnes i nocturnes, de la ionosfera. En els articles que es presenten en aquesta tesi hem estès el rang freqüencial d’estudi respecte a investigacions prèvies i hem mostrat diferències de comportament entre el dia i la nit. Hem usat els resultats de la caracterització del canal per a dissenyar i comparar la bondat dels símbols DSSS i OFDM. Ambdues possibilitats han resultat ser candidates a implementar l’enllaç HF entre l’Antàrtida i Espanya. Tot i així, ambdues tècniques representen visions diferents de la implementació del mòdem: mentre que DSSS obté bons resultats a baixa velocitat en entorns amb baixa relació senyal a soroll, OFDM aconsegueix tasses de velocitat més elevades en canals més benignes.Los sistemas de radio de alta frecuencia (HF, en inglés) son usados por agencias gubernamentales y no gubernamentales en todo el mundo siempre que se necesite una alternativa a las comunicaciones por satélite: barcos en alta mar, aviones fuera del rango de cobertura de las redes radio de visión directa, operaciones militares, zonas donde la infraestructura ha sido destruida por algún desastre. Ésta ofrece una alternativa, o representa un sistema de backup, a las comunicaciones vía satélite, evitando los costes, la vulnerabilidad y los problemas de soberanía de las comunicaciones por satélite. En esta tesis se ha estudiado el enlace HF entre la base antártica española Juan Carlos I en la isla Livingston, en las Shetland del sur y España. El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de las limitaciones de la propagación ionosférica (como la relación señal a ruido e interferencia, la dispersión multicamino y la dispersión por efecto Doppler) y el diseño de la capa física de un enlace HF de baja velocidad, baja potencia y largo alcance. Se han estudiado un par de propuestas para este enlace, como son el espectro ensanchado por secuencia directa (DSSS, en inglés) y la multiplexación por división en frecuencia ortogonal (OFDM, en inglés). El reto ha sido definir las características que mejor se adecuan a este enlace para poder aprovechar la diversidad temporal y frecuencial que ofrece el canal HF. Desde el año 2003 diversas campañas de sondeo han permitido estudiar el canal HF pero no es hasta la campaña 2009/2010 que se consigue una fotografía de la actividad ionosférica tanto nocturna como diurna. En los artículos que se presentan en esta tesis hemos extendido los estudios previos a todo el rango de frecuencias HF y hemos mostrado las diferencias entre el día y la noche. Hemos usado estos resultados de caracterización del canal para diseñar y comparar símbolos DSSS y símbolos OFDM. Ambas posibilidades han resultado ser posibles candidatas para implementar un enlace HF de baja velocidad entre la Antártida y España. Sin embargo ambas técnicas representan dos aproximaciones distintas a la implementación del módem. Mientras que DSSS consigue un buen funcionamiento a baja velocidad en escenarios con baja relación señal a ruido, OFDM consigue tasas de transmisión más altas en escenarios más benignos.
High Frequency (HF) radio is used by governmental and non nongovernmental agencies worldwide whenever an alternative to satellites for sky wave communication is needed: ships at sea, aircraft out of range of line-of-sight radio networks, military operations, disaster areas with communication infrastructure destroyed or distant regions lacking other communications. It offers an alternative to satellites, or a backup, for long-haul communications, thus avoiding the costs, vulnerabilities and sovereignty concerns of satellite communications. In this thesis the HF link between the Antarctic Spanish Station Juan Carlos I in Livingston Island, South Shetlands and Spain is studied. The aim of this study is to address the impairments that affect HF propagation (i.e., signal-to-noise plus interference ratio, multipath and Doppler shift and spread) and to design the physical layer of a low rate, low power and long-haul HF link. Some proposals regarding this last issue are addressed, i.e., direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The challenge is to define the symbol characteristics that best fit the link to benefit from time and frequency diversity that offers the HF channel. Since 2003 several transmission campaigns have allowed to study the HF channel but it is not until the 2009/2010 campaign that we have achieved a whole picture of both diurnal and nocturnal ionospheric activity. In the papers presented in this thesis we have extended the previous research to the whole range of HF frequencies and we have shown the differences on performance between day and night. We have used the results from channel characterization to design and compare the performance of DSSS and OFDM symbols. Both techniques have turned out to be possible candidates to implement a low rate HF link between Antarctica and Spain. However, both techniques stand for different approaches of the modem: DSSS achieves good performance at low data rate in low SNR scenarios, whereas OFDM achieves higher data rate in benign channels
12
Carozzi, Tobia. "Radio waves in the ionosphere : Propagation, generation and detection". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för astronomi och rymdfysik, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-1184.
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We discuss various topics concerning the propagation, generation, and detec-tionof high-frequency (HF) radio waves in the Earth's ionosphere. With re-gardsto propagation, we derive a full wave Hamiltonian and a polarization evo-lutionequation for electromagnetic waves in a cold, stratified magnetoplasma.With regards to generation, we will be concerned with three experiments con-ducted at the ionosphere- radio wave interaction research facilities at Sura, Rus-siaand Tromsø, Norway. These facilities operate high power HF transmittersthat can inject large amplitude electromagnetic waves into the ionosphere andexcite numerous nonlinear processes. In an experiment conducted at the Surafacility, we were able to measure the full state of polarization of stimulatedelectromagnetic emissions for the first time. It is expected that by using thetechnique developed in this experiment it will be possible to study nonlinearpolarization effects on powerful HF pump waves in magnetoplasmas in the fu-ture.In another experiment conducted at the Sura facility, the pump frequencywas swept automatically allowing rapid, high-resolution measurements of SEEdependence on pump frequency with minimal variations in ionospheric condi-tions.At the Tromsø facility we discovered by chance a highly variable, pumpinduced, HF emission that most probably emanated from pump excited spo-radicE. Regarding detection, we have proposed a set of Stokes parametersgeneralized to three dimension space; and we have used these parameters in aninvention to detect the incoming direction of electromagnetic waves of multiplefrequencies from a single point measurement.
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Carozzi, Tobia D. "Radio waves in the ionosphere : propagation, generation, and detection /". Uppsala : Institutionen för astronomi och rymdfysik, Univ. [distributör], 2000. http://publications.uu.se/theses/99-3364278-2/.
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Joshi, Harish P. "Trans-ionospheric radio propagations studies using satellite transmission". Thesis, Saurashtra University, 1989. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1602.
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Xu, Hao. "Terrestrial radio wave propagation at millimeter-wave frequencies". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27522.
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This research focuses on radio wave propagation at millimeter-wave frequencies. A measurement based channel characterization approach is taken in the investigation.
First, measurement techniques are analyzed. Three types of measurement systems are designed, and implemented in measurement campaigns: a narrowband measurement system, a wideband measurement system based on Vector Network Analyzer, and sliding correlator systems at 5.8+AH4AXA-mbox{GHz}, 38+AH4AXA-mbox{GHz} and 60+AH4AXA-mbox{GHz}. The performances of these measurement systems are carefully compared both analytically and experimentally.
Next, radio wave propagation research is performed at 38+AH4AXA-mbox{GHz} for Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS). Wideband measurements are taken on three cross-campus links at Virginia Tech. The goal is to determine weather effects on the wideband channel properties. The measurement results include multipath dispersion, short-term variation and signal attenuation under different weather conditions. A design technique is developed to estimate multipath characteristics based on antenna patterns and site-specific information.
Finally, indoor propagation channels at 60+AH4AXA-mbox{GHz} are studied for Next Generation Internet (NGI) applications. The research mainly focuses on the characterization of space-time channel structure. Multipath components are resolved both in time of arrival (TOA) and angle of arrival (AOA). Results show an excellent correlation between the propagation environments and the channel multipath structure.
The measurement results and models provide not only guidelines for wireless system design and installation, but also great insights in millimeter-wave propagation.Ph. D.
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Groves, Keith Michael. "Nonlinear ionospheric propagation effects on UHF and VLF radio signals". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/52949.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1991.Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-184).
by Keith Michael Groves.
Ph.D.
17
Rehman, F. (Faisal). "Radio wave propagation studies through modern windows". Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201709082871.
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Abstract. It is a growing trend in the modern housing construction especially in northern parts of Europe and America to use modern windows with selective glasses in order to achieve the adequate thermal isolation. The idea is to conserve the energy and discourage the excess use of it following the guidelines of European commission, which aims to achieve zero energy buildings by 2020. Even though the use of such windows do address the energy issue at hand, but on the other hand they cause problems to the radio wave propagation through these windows. The reason for this is the use of metallic coating made of titanium oxide or silver oxide in general on these windows because of their good properties to provide thermal isolation, but are susceptible to deterioration of radio wave propagation through them.
Various solutions to this problem have been addressed in this thesis along with their tradeoffs. The previous and current research being carried out to address this issue also have been discussed thoroughly including the research that worked as the motivation to pursue this issue. Amongst others, one solution is the use of passive repeater to achieve the power gain which have been focused on. A prototype repeater antenna developed earlier at CWC and tested through measurements addresses the problem considerably well. Measurements were taken at EMC chamber, University of Oulu, within the frequency range of 700 MHz to 10 GHz, and the results have been compared and analyzed in this thesis. According to our findings, the repeater antenna under the test has shown promising results. In the future work, the proposed repeater can be tested in real life scenarios and its performance can be analyzed within the real life environmental constraints.
18
Atefi, A. "An investigation of radio wave propagation in mobile radio frequency bands". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354537.
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Wang, Ying. "Site-specific modeling of indoor radio wave propagation". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0020/NQ53522.pdf.
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Qing, Li. "GIS Aided Radio Wave Propagation Modeling and Analysis". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33287.
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The analysis of radio wave propagation is a crucial part in designing an efficient wireless communication system. The Geographic Information System (GIS) can be incorporated into this procedure because most of the factors in radio wave propagation are geographic features.
In this research, a commercial wireless planning software is tested in a field driving test carried out in Montgomery County, VA. The performance of current wireless planning software is evaluated based on field measurement. The received signal strength data collected during this driving test are then analyzed in a GIS environment in a statistical approach. The effects of local geographic features are modeled in GIS by appropriate spatial analyses.Master of Science
21
Thomas, Edwin Christopher. "Phase and amplitude variations in the wave fields of ionospherically reflected radio waves". Thesis, University of Leicester, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35807.
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The wavefronts of high frequency (HF) radio waves received after reflection from the ionosphere exhibit both spatial non-linearities and temporal variations which limit the performance of large aperture receiving arrays. The objective of this investigation was to measure the phase and amplitude of ionospherically propagated signals in order to relate these parameters to the reflection process. This thesis describes the design and construction of a large aperture multi-element array and its implementation for wavefrot investigations. The hardware and software developed to control the equipment and to record the measurements are described. The procedures required to verify the performance of the experimental system are discussed and results are presented which demonstrate the accuracy of the measurements. The array was utilised for studies of signals received from several transmitters situated throughout Western Europe. The results obtained demonstrate the widely different behaviour of signals received over the various propagation paths and these have been related to the modal content of the received signals. Limited periods existed during which a single ionospheric mode was received and data corresponding to this condition have been compared with those which would be expected if the signal consisted of both a specular component and a cone of diffracted rays. This model is unable to explain the experimental results. Numerical models of the received signal were therefore developed. Results of these and comparisons with experimental results suggest that the measured parameters can be explained by the existence of a specular component with a varying direction of arrival (DOA), plus some contribution from random components. The experimental results indicate that the random or diffracted components normally contribute less than 10% of the received power in a single moded signal.
22
Östlin, Erik. "On Radio Wave Propagation Measurements and Modelling for Cellular Mobile Radio Networks". Doctoral thesis, Karlskrona : Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00443.
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To support the continuously increasing number of mobile telephone users around the world, mobile communication systems have become more advanced and sophisticated in their designs. As a result of the great success with the second generation mobile radio networks, deployment of the third and development of fourth generations, the demand for higher data rates to support available services, such as internet connection, video telephony and personal navigation systems, is ever growing. To be able to meet the requirements regarding bandwidth and number of users, enhancements of existing systems and introductions of conceptually new technologies and techniques have been researched and developed. Although new proposed technologies in theory provide increased network capacity, the backbone of a successful roll-out of a mobile telephone system is inevitably the planning of the network’s cellular structure. Hence, the fundamental aspect to a reliable cellular planning is the knowledge about the physical radio channel for wide sets of different propagation scenarios. Therefore, to study radio wave propagation in typical Australian environments, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the Australian Telecommunications Cooperative Research Centre (ATcrc) in collaboration developed a cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) pilot scanner. The pilot scanner measurement equipment enables for radio wave propagation measurements in available commercial CDMA mobile radio networks, which in Australia are usually deployed for extensive rural areas. Over time, the collected measurement data has been used to characterise many different types of mobile radio environments and some of the results are presented in this thesis. The thesis is divided into an introduction section and four parts based on peer-reviewed international research publications. The introduction section presents the reader with some relevant background on channel and propagation modelling. Also, the CDMA scanner measurement system that was developed in parallel with the research results founding this thesis is presented. The first part presents work on the evaluation and development of the different revisions of the Recommendation ITU-R P.1546 point-to-area radio wave propagation prediction model. In particular, the modified application of the terrain clearance angle (TCA) and the calculation method of the effective antenna height are scrutinized. In the second part, the correlation between the smallscale fading characteristics, described by the Ricean K-factor, and the vegetation density in the vicinity of the mobile receiving antenna is investigated. The third part presents an artificial neural network (ANN) based technique incorporated to predict path loss in rural macrocell environments. Obtained results, such as prediction accuracy and training time, are presented for different sized ANNs and different training approaches. Finally, the fourth part proposes an extension of the path loss ANN enabling the model to also predict small-scale fading characteristics.
23
Arshad, Kamran. "Modelling of radio wave propagation using Finite Element Analysis". Thesis, Middlesex University, 2007. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/9768/.
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Fourth generation (4G) wireless communication systems are intended to support high data rates which requires careful and accurate modelling of the radio environment. In this thesis, for the first time finite clement based accurate and computationally efficient models of wave propagation in different outdoor and indoor environments has been developed. Three different environments were considered: the troposphere, vegetation and tunnels and wave propagation in these environments were modelled using finite element analysis. Use of finite elements in wave propagation modelling is a novel idea although many propagation models and approaches were used in past. Coverage diagrams, path loss contours and power levels were calculated using developed models in the troposphere, vegetation and tunnels. Results obtained were compared with commercially available software Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction Software (AREPS) to validate the accuracy of the developed approach and it is shown that results were accurate with an accuracy of 3dB. The developed models were very flexible in handling complex geometries and similar analysis can be easily extended to other environments. A fully vectored finite element base propagation model was developed for straight and curved tunnels. An optimum range of values of different electrical parameters for tunnels of different shapes has been derived. The thesis delivered a novel approach to modelling radio channels that provided a fast and accurate solution of radio wave propagation in realistic environments. The results of this thesis will have a great impact in modelling and characterisation of future wireless communication systems.
24
Sheethalnath, Praveen T. "Novel Site-Specific Techniques for Predicting Radio Wave Propagation". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33016.
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This thesis addresses various aspects related to site-specific propagation prediction using ray tracing techniques. Propagation prediction based on ray tracing techniques requires that all the different physical objects, which affect the propagation of radio waves, be modeled. The first part of the thesis concentrates on modeling the buildings and the terrain for the above-mentioned application. A survey of the various geographic products that are available to model the environment is presented. The different methods used to model the terrain are analyzed and the most suitable method for a ray based application is suggested. A method to model the buildings in an environment from commercially available data is described. A novel method to combine the building information with the terrain information is presented.
An in depth discussion of deterministic propagation prediction using ray tracing is presented in the latter half of the thesis. An overview of the various ray based algorithms that exists in the literature are presented and the limitations and the computational complexity of ray based methods are discussed. All ray based algorithms model the receivers as point objects and predict the propagation characteristics at a particular point in space. However, to optimize the design of a wireless broadcast or a point to multi point system such as a Wireless LAN (WLAN) or a cellular system, propagation characteristics at multiple points in space need to be known. The standard ray tracing algorithms can be notoriously time consuming when used to predict the characteristics of multiple receivers. A new, computationally less intensive algorithm to predict the propagation characteristics of multiple receivers is described. This algorithm significantly reduces the computation time by using â grid modeâ predictions for broadcast channels.Master of Science
25
Finnie, James Smith. "Prediction of ground-wave radio propagation over irregular inhomogeneous terrain". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46767.
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26
Gikas, Stefanos S. "A comparison of high-latitude ionospheric propagation predictions from Advanced Prophet 4.0 with measured data". Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA245995.
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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990.Thesis Advisor(s): Adler, Richard W. Second Reader: Jauregue, Steve. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on March 31, 2010. DTIC Identifier(s): Ionospheric Propagation, Computer Programs, High Frequency, High Latitudes, Advanced Prophet Program, Theses. Author(s) subject terms: High Frequency (HF), Ionospheric Propagation, High Latitude Regions. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-76). Also available in print.
27
Caldeirinha, Rafael F. S. "Radio characterisation of single trees at micro- and millimetre wave frequencies". Thesis, University of South Wales, 2001. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/radio-characterisation-of-single-trees-at-micro-and-millimetre-wave-frequencies(925a7a06-dc26-4ea4-ab20-68967467d7ee).html.
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Wireless Communications are revolutionising personal and telecommunications services and the way in which they are utilised. Overall growth in cellular, fixed and satellite communication system markets in recent years has exceeded expectations. There is a widespread anticipation that customer demand for wireless telecommunication systems will continue to expand in the foreseeable future. Such systems rely in their planning, design and implementation on the availability of radiowave propagation models. These models are required to describe and characterise with sufficient accuracy the interaction of radiowaves with the environment, especially the various obstacles in the radio path. Prediction tools are highly desirable to radio planners in achieving appropriate coverage planning, determination of the propagation modes and the prediction and control of mutual co-channel interference between existing and new radio links. In the case of land mobile systems as well as wireless fixed access systems, trees, singly or in a group, are usually present in the radio cell environment, giving rise to both absorption and scatter of radio signals. An important part of the modelling process applied to vegetation effects is aimed at analysing the radio propagation modes and the identification of individual signal contributions to the scattered signal caused by various elements of the tree. Past research work on vegetation available in the literature does not account for the interaction between an incident plane wave and individual elements constituting the tree. The work reported in this thesis describes detailed studies aimed at the characterisation of propagation mechanisms arising in single trees of various types. It explores effects of geometrical and physical properties of the tree on radiowave propagation modes arising specifically, i.e. absorption, scatter and depolarisation. These have been addressed through a combination of analytical, computational and experimental modelling, based on thorough examination of the re-radiation functions of single trees. Appropriate measurements performed in both anechoic and outdoor environments at microwave and millimetre wave frequencies, covering frequency band from 2 to 62.4 GHz, provided both model validation and a deeper insight into the problem. Single tree scatter has been shown to be modelled adequately in terms of a re-radiation function with parameters which can be deduced from measured data. This is an important extension to the Radiative Energy Transfer (RET) model, which hitherto has been applied to a homogeneous forest half space. Forward, side and back scatter regions have been identified and characterised. Depolarisation effects were subjected to detailed study with the help of an idealised metallic structure. Analyses of measured results provided deep insight into the causes of depolarisation and the specific polarisation states likely to arise in vegetation. Reasons for signal fades or nulls in the re-radiated signals are established. Wideband channel measurements performed at 2 GHz provided valuable information on the dispersive effects of single trees, whose subsequent analyses revealed the sources of scattering, effects of tree elements, e.g. leaves and branches, and wind effects. The thesis provides also a novel method based on the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) technique, used in studying the propagation modes due to interaction with single trees, starting from primary models for leaves, trunk and branches. Re-radiation fields in 3D of the entire tree are predicted by combining the effects of the single elements forming the tree. The model is shown to be capable of predicting the near-field radiated signal and the radar cross section (RCS). RCS predictions yielded good agreement with measurements and have provided a good basis for a planning model capable of accounting for single trees in the radio path. Overall, the thesis contributes new information, results and models which are very useful in radio system planning and design of broadband wireless communication services.
28
Ads, Ahmed Gamal Ahmed Mahmoud. "Soundings of the ionospheric HF radio link between Antarctica and Spain". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/127224.
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Aquest treball ha estat realitzat sota el context del projecte Antàrtic del Grup d’Investigació en Electromagnetisme i Comunicacions de La Salle (Universitat Ramon Llull). L’objectiu d’aquest projecte és l’estudi del canal ionosfèric com a canal de comunicacions digitals i el disseny de modulacions avançades adaptades. Aquest treball de tesi es centra en el sondeig del canal HF al llarg de tres campanyes consecutives des de 2009 fins 2012 entre la Base Antártica Española (BAE) i l’Observatorio de l’Ebre (OE). En primer lloc, a partir del sondeig en banda estreta s’han obtingut la disponibilitat i la freqüència de màxima disponibilitat (FLA) entre la BAE i OE en el període 2009-2012. En segon lloc, el sondeig en banda ampla ens ha permès estimar la relació senyal-soroll en banda ampla, la dispersió temporal (composite multipath spread), la dispersió freqüencial (composite Doppler spread and Doppler frequency shift) i el temps de propagació. En tercer lloc, s’ha investigat la variació intra-diària i inter-diària d’alguns paràmetres (Densitat total d’electrons, freqüències crítiques i la MUF3000) que han estat mesurades en sondeig vertical en quatre estacions situades al llarg del camí entre la BAE i OE. Finalment, s’ha estudiat la correlació entre la FLA de l’enllaç oblic i la MUF300 de les estacions intermèdies properes als punts de reflexió.Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el contexto del proyecto Antártico del Grupo de Investigación en Electromagnetismo y Comunicaciones de La Salle (Universidad Ramon Llull). El objetivo de este proyecto es el estudio del canal ionosférico como canal de comunicaciones digitales además del diseño de modulaciones avanzadas adaptadas. Este trabajo se centra en el sondeo del canal HF a lo largo de tres campañas consecutivas desde 2009 hasta 2012 entre la Base Antártica Española (BAE) y el Observatorio del Ebro (OE). Primero, a partir del sondeo en banda estrecha se han obtenido la disponibilidad y la frecuencia de máxima disponibilidad (FLA) entre la BAE y OE en el periodo 2009-2012. En segundo lugar, el sondeo en banda ancha nos ha permitido estimar la relación señal-ruido en banda ancha, la dispersión temporal (composite multipath spread), la dispersión frecuencial (composite Doppler spread and Doppler frequency shift) y el tiempo de propagación. En tercer lugar, se ha investigado la variación intra-diaria y la inter-diaria de varios parámetros (Densidad total de electrones, frecuencias críticas y la MUF3000) que han sido medidas en sondeo vertical en cuatro estaciones situadas a lo largo del camino entre la BAE y OE.Finalmente, se ha estudiado la correlación entre la FLA del enlace oblicuo y la MUF300 de las estaciones intermedias cercanas a los puntos de reflexión.
This work has been done in the context of the Antarctic Project of the Research Group in Electromagnetism and Communications of La Salle (Ramon Llull University). The aim of this project is to study the ionospheric channel as a digital communications channel as well as to design specific advanced modulations specially adapted to it. This work is devoted to the HF channel sounding throughout three consecutive surveys from 2009 to 2012 between the Spanish Antarctic Station (SAS) and the Ebro Observatory (OE). First, the availability and the Frequency of Largest Availability (FLA) of the SAS-OE link have been obtained from the narrowband sounding technique from 2009 to 2012. Second, wideband sounding of the SAS-OE link has been done to estimate the wideband Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), the time dispersion (composite multipath spread), frequency dispersion (composite Doppler spread and Doppler frequency shift), and the propagation time. Third, there has been an investigation about the day-to-day and inter-day variations of various parameters (e.g., Total Electron Density, critical frequencies, and Maximum Usable Frequency for ground distance MUF(3000)) that have been measured at four Vertical Incidence Sounding (VIS) stations located over the SAS-OE link path throughout three consecutive surveys (from 2009 to 2012). Finally, the correlation between the FLA of the SAS-OE ionospheric link and the MUF(3000) obtained from VIS stations located close to the reflection points of the same link has been studied.
29
Ghobadi, Ch. "Indoor CM and MM wave propagation and diversity techniques". Thesis, University of Bath, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266471.
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Ul-Haq, Syed Muhammad Naveed. "Outdoor to Indoor Radio Wave Propagation For Wireless in Buildings Solutions". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-36195.
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A need for high data rates and reliable communication is required as we are moving from 2nd to 3rd and 4th generation of mobile communications. Therefore we see a tremendous rise in data rates. We know that most part of mobile users are indoor as compared to outdoor users, a new challenge for radio planners is to ensure proper coverage to indoor users so the prime focus is to ensure proper coverage and capacity requirements. There are various factors that account for poor coverage hence various techniques have been introduced to create a breakthrough in this process. This thesis basically focuses on indoor coverage for technologies like GSM 900MHz and 1800MHz as well as Tetra380MHz- 385MHz.I have tried different indoor models that could produce a feasible result. There is a lot of work that have been done in past that focus on outdoor models. Analysis of this thesis reveals that for the typical office environment with moderate amount of obstacle, 380MHz gives the best result as compared to 900MHz and 1800MHz. Observations reveals that 900MHz generates better results as compared to 1800MHz. All PLS coefficients used for 900MHz, 380MHz and 1800MHz are modified ones they are not taken from the standard table. focusing on PLS, Keenan Motley and Free Space models, a general summarization can be drawn that free space model generates least path loss but providing a poor coverage prediction, on the other hand path loss model generate higher loss as compared to free space model but provides good coverage while Keenan Motley model provides good coverage but shows the highest attenuation loss among all the selected models.
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Simon, Reza Simon Reza. "Diffraction modelling of mobile radio wave propagation in built-up areas". Thesis, Brunel University, 1991. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5411.
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This thesis examines theoretical methods of modelling radio wave propagation in built-up areas, with particular application to mobile radio systems Theoretical approaches allow precise quantitative description of the environment in terms of parameters such as mean building heights and densities, in contrast to the ambiguous nature of more conventional empirical models. The models are constructed using both scalar and vector field analysis techniques. The vector analysis is accomplished using the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction to describe the detailed effects of building shape and positioning, particularly for short-range situations. Over longer ranges propagation can often be described in terms of multiple edge diffraction over building rooftops using a scalar field representation. This mechanism accounts well for measured field strength variations, but is time consuming to calculate accurately using standard methods. A rapid algorithm for calculating scalar diffraction over multiple building edges with arbitrary positioning is constructed. This model can be used for deterministic prediction of sector median field strengths including slow fading variations when appropriate building data exists. It is also applicable to terrain diffraction problems. For the case when only average building parameters are available a closed form solution to the problem of multiple diffraction over buildings of equal heights and spacings is derived. The solution is applicable to any antenna heights and so provides a rapid and efficient way to predict gross propagation characteristics. Both models are tested against measurements made in the UHF band and are found to yield good prediction accuracy.
32
Mousselon, Laure. "Radio Wave Propagation Measurements and Modeling for Land Mobile Satellite Systems". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10155.
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The performance of a mobile satellite communications link is conditioned by the characteristics of the propagation path between a satellite and mobile users. The most important propagation effect in land mobile satellite system is roadside attenuation of the signals due to vegetation or urban structures. System designers should have the most reliable information about the statistics of the propagation channel to build reliable systems that can compensate for bad propagation conditions.
In 1998, the Virginia Tech Antenna Group developed a simulator, PROSIM, to simulate a propagation channel in the case of roadside tree attenuation in land mobile satellite systems. This thesis describes some improvements to PROSIM, and the adaptation and validation of PROSIM for Digital Audio Radio Satellite systems operating at S-band frequencies. The performance of the simulator for S-band frequencies was evaluated through a measurement campaign conducted with the XM Radio signals at 2.33 GHz in various propagation environments. Finally, additional results on dual satellite systems and fade correlation are described.Master of Science
33
Nilsson, Månz. "Radio-wave propagation modelling over rough sea surfaces and inhomogeneous atmosphere". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84595.
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Hawbaker, Dwayne Allen. "Indoor wide band radio wave propagation measurements and models at 1.3 ghz and 4.0 ghz /". This resource online, 1989. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08182009-040436/.
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Kim, Daeyoung. "Propagation measurements and system design for long-range RF tags". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13876.
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Ngai, Hing-on. "A study of radiowave propagation at 900 MHz in the highly urbanised areas /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19667929.
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Sengul, Orhan. "Low Altitude Radar Wave Propagation Modelling". Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608467/index.pdf.
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LOW ALTITUDE RADAR WAVE PROPAGATION MODELLING
In this PhD thesis, propagation aspects of low altitude radar performance have been modeled using geometrical optics. Both the path propagation factor and the radar clutter have been modeled. Such models already exist at various complexity levels, such as round earth specular reflection combined with knife edge hill diffraction [SEKE:IEEE,Ap-
34,No:8,1980] and round earth and slant plateau reflection combined with hill diffraction [RADCAL: 1988-2000,EE,METU]. In the proposed model we have considered an extension
to RADCAL&rsquos model to include convex and concave slant plateaus between hills and depressions (troughs). This propagation model uses a reflection model based on the Geometrical Theory of Reflection for the convex and concave surfaces. Also, back scattering from surface (clutter) is formulated for the new model of the terrain profile. The effects of the features of the terrain profile on the path propagation factor have been investigated. A real terrain data have been smoothed on the basis of the above study. In order to verify the formulation, the Divergence and Convergence Factors associated with the convex and concave plateaus, respectively are inserted into the RADCAL program. The chosen terrains have convex or concave plateaus in the model. The output of the RADCAL is compared with measured values and other propagation algorithms such as Forward-Backward Spectrally Accelerated (FBSA) [FBSA:IEEE Vol.53, No:9,2005] and Parabolic Equation Method [TPEM:IEEE Vol.42,No:1,1994]. Moreover, as the RADCAL Propagation model is based on the ray optics, the results are also compared with another ray optics based propagation model. For this purpose the results of SEKE [Lincoln Lab.] propagation model are used. SEKE model has been used to compute path loss for different types of terrain as a function of receiving antenna height at a fixed distance between transmit and receive antennas. For Beiseker W35 Terrain profile, the results of RADCAL, SEKE and measurements are compared. All results are in good agreement with those of RADCAL.
38
Cui, Huajian. "Extraction of input parameters for the theory of radiative energy transfer using deconvolution". Thesis, University of South Wales, 2009. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/extraction-of-input-parameters-for-the-theory-of-radiative-energy-transfer-using-deconvolution(4eb05b79-5ef1-4a06-8cba-471d9fb82431).html.
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The ever growing application of wireless communication systems requires accurate models for characterising radiowave propagation when affected by the presence of a variety of obstacles. In particular if the obstacles take the shape of vegetation volumes, like single trees or groups of trees and are present in the radio path, they give rise to absorption and scattering of radio signals. This thesis presents a literature review of common models for radiowave propagation through vegetation, the theory of Radiative Energy Transfer (RET) is one of these models and provides an accurate analysis of radiowave propagation through a vegetation media. Extensive measurements have been designed and conducted in a controlled indoor environment to provide valuable measurement data for later development of deconvolution approaches. It can be shown that the measured directional spectra are convolution products of the phase function pattern and the receiver antenna radiation patterns, which impacts determination of the RET input parameters. Consequently, in order to achieve more accurate determination of the RET input parameters, the adverse influence caused by receiver antenna radiation patterns have to be removed from measured directional spectra by implementing a process of deconvolution. This thesis provides successful implementation of two iterative based deconvolution techniques on the measurement directional spectra. To the author's knowledge, this is its first kind of application to eliminate distortion caused by the receiver antenna radiation pattern during measurements. This thesis reports a number of novel approaches. These include the further development and extension of deconvolution techniques such as combining the Bennia-Riad criterion and an error function to determine optimal parameters, as well as using pre-filtering techniques to improve the deconvolution results. Development of clearly defined criteria based on the knowledge of the central-limit theorem and discussion of loss of information avoidance during convolution is another novel contribution. Further novelty lies in the modification of the two methods to suit implementation on the measurement data from radiowaves impacting on vegetation volumes. As a result of these refinements, extracted RET input parameters from the restored patterns after applying the deconvolution processes show evident improvements compared to those extracted from directly measured patterns. Early stage results of this project are published in the IEEE Proceedings on Next Generation Applications, Services and Technologies.
39
Fernandes, Telmo Rui C. C. "A discrete RET model for micro- and millimetre wave propagation through vegetation". Thesis, University of South Wales, 2007. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/a-discrete-ret-model-for-micro-and-millimetre-wave-propagation-through-vegetation(0989dc1c-4bba-4653-b0aa-4d684f82033c).html.
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The overall growth in cellular, fixed and satellite communications markets, has exceeded many expectations and there is a widespread anticipation that the demand for wireless telecommunication systems will continue to expand in the foreseeable future. Such systems rely in their planning, design and implementation on the availability of radiowave propagation models. In the particular case of land mobile radio systems and wireless fixed access systems, obstacles in the form of vegetation volumes, e.g formations of trees, are likely to influence radio propagation, giving rise to absorption and scattering of radio signals. In this context, this thesis investigates suitable techniques to characterise and model the effects of inhomogeneous volumes of vegetation on the propagation modes of radiowaves. The thesis proposes an enhanced model based on the Radiative Energy Transfer theory (RET) which was discretised to accommodate forests formed by different vegetation species with their distinct propagation characteristics. The discretised model computational structure, comprises several element cells, whose characteristic propagation parameters may be assigned independently. The discretised RET (dRET), is therefore capable of gathering the interactive responses between the element cells comprising the computational structure, leading to the determination of the received signal inside or around a given illuminated vegetation medium. The performance of the proposed model, was assessed utilising results from an extended range of measurements, carried out in different environments. Such measurements comprised those necessary for the model input parameters extraction. Others enabled the model assessment through comparison between the model predictions and the actual directional profile of the measured received signal results. An initial assessment of the model was carried out in the laboratory, using an idealised test forest formation placed inside an anechoic chamber, whereas the final model assessment was performed in an outdoor tree groupings formed by several different full size trees. Both indoor and outdoor measurements, confirmed good overall model performance and predictions of both absorption and scattering propagation modes caused by the presence of vegetation in the radio path. This was demonstrated at micro- and millimetre wave frequency bands, centered at 11.2, 20, 40 and 62.4 GHz frequencies. The thesis provides a valid tested method to evaluate the dRET propagation parameters for various isolated volumes of vegetation. Such parameters, may subsequently be utilized into the proposed propagation model, which is shown to be capable of dealing with typical and non homogeneous forests thereby effectively predicting the received signal directional profile at several locations inside and around the inhomogeneous forest. The thesis has many novel features. These include the development and extension of the basic dRET model removing many limitations. The parameter extraction including the effects of the receive antenna radiation pattern is another novel contribution. Further novelty lies in the application of the dRET model to mixed, finite and inhomogeneous vegetation formations. As a result of these refinements and extensions, the dRET propagation model has been shown to yield predicted results which agree well with measurements.
40
Ryan, Patrick L. "Radio frequency propagation differences through various transmissive materials". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5801/.
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The purpose of this research was to determine which of the commonly used wireless telecommunication site concealment materials has the least effect on signal potency. The tested materials were Tuff Span® fiberglass panels manufactured by Enduro Composite Systems, Lexan® XL-1 polycarbonate plastic manufactured by GE Corporation and Styrofoam polystyrene board manufactured by The Dow Chemical Company. Testing was conducted in a double electrically isolated copper mesh screen room at the University of North Texas Engineering Technology Building in Denton, Texas. Analysis of the data found no differences exist between the radio frequency transmissiveness of these products at broadband personal communication service frequencies. However, differences in the signal do exist with regards to the angle of incidence between the material and the transmitting antenna.
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Cash, Jason M. "Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Imagery to Model Radio Wave Propagation". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31615.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if light detection and ranging (LiDAR) imagery could provide a significantly more accurate data set for modeling near line-of-sight (LOS) propagation at higher frequencies, specifically 27.810 GHz. than a USGS digital elevation model (DEM). In addition, the study tested for significant differences in LiDAR elevation data created at various resolutions ranging from 1 to 100 meters. Finally, this study examined the effects of various classification thresholds for transforming continuous signal strength measurements into LOS or non-LOS (NLOS) classifications used in determining prediction accuracy. The capability to transmit information via higher frequency wireless equipment requires a near LOS path between the transmitter and the antenna receiving the signal. USGS DEMs, commonly used in GIS programs to predict communication viewsheds (commsheds), represent the bare earth topography and do not reflect surface features such as vegetation and buildings. In actuality these surface features can significantly influence near LOS paths and therefore a data set that contains these features can greatly improve the ability to predict commshed areas. LiDAR is a form of active imagery that records both the bare-earth as well as these surface features, at a high resolution, making it well suited for wireless modeling applications. Results indicate that signal strength threshold classification has a direct influence on the accuracy of predicted commsheds across all resolutions. Secondly, LiDAR resolutions lower than 40m as well as bare-earth DEMs were unsuccessful in predicting an accurate commshed while LiDAR resolutions coarser than 15m provided significant predictions of equal accuracy. These results indicate that high resolution LiDAR is needed to accurately model commsheds but signal strength threshold classification determines which of these higher resolutions are significant.Master of Science
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Tharek, A. R. "Propagation and bit error rate measurements in the millimetre wave band about 60GHz". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/1b39cd0b-e371-46a5-9ce4-463e2167a6b5.
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Banola, S. "Some characteristics of ionospheric irregularities at low latitudes deduced from VHF scintillation measurements". Thesis, IIG, 2001. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1574.
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Durgin, Gregory David. "Advanced Site-Specific Propagation Prediction Techniques". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36746.
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This thesis describes advanced techniques for site-specific propagation prediction. The need for accurate site-specific propagation is discussed in the context of current trends in the wireless industry. The first half of the report is dedicated to measuring and modeling continuous wave (CW) local-area path loss. Specifically, the text uses examples from a 5.85 GHz CW measurement campaign in and around suburban homes. Not only do these measurements demonstrate the validity of the original models and techniques presented in the thesis, but the results themselves may prove particularly useful for developing in-home wireless devices operating in the National Information Infrastructure band. This unlicensed spectrum was allocated in January of 1997 and holds promising applications for public and private telecommunications, home-based wireless internet, wireless local loops, and any number of wideband wireless applications.
There is an in-depth development of deterministic propagation prediction techniques in the latter half of the thesis. The use of geometrical optics for terrestrial microwave propagation is discussed as well as an overview of the numerous ray tracing techniques that exist in the literature. Finally, a new 3D ray launching method is presented which improves upon many of the existing ray tracing algorithms. The thesis demonstrates how this algorithm is capable of recovering very detailed channel information from a wideband deterministic propagation prediction.Master of Science
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Ängskog, Per. "Measurement and Analysis of Radio Wave Coverage in Industrial Environments". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för elektronik, matematik och naturvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-13615.
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Several studies have characterized the path loss properties in industrial environments. However most of them have focused on one frequency, and some two or maximum three frequencies, usually cellular telephone frequencies or the unlicensed ISM bands that are commonly used in various industries. Few, if any, have characterized a larger part of the useable frequency range.This thesis is taking that challenge and investigates the path loss characteristics over a large frequency range, 300 MHz – 3 GHz, in industrial environments. First a measurement system suitable for the harsh environments found in industries is designed and verified. The measurement system is designed as two asynchronous stand-alone units that can be positioned at an arbitrary position to measure the path loss characteristics in any environment without interfering with the normal activities at the location. After that a measurement campaign involving three different types of environments is carried out. The environment types are: first, one highly absorbing – a paper warehouse at a paper mill; second, one highly reflective – a furnace building filled with metal objects and constructions and third, a mine tunnel – located 1 km below the surface of earth which is neither highly reflective nor absorbing but exhibits somewhat wave-guide like characteristics. The environments are shown to have very different behavior when it comes to propagation characteristics. Observations in the first environment reveal an environment that almost cancels out certain frequency bands and only line-of-sight communication is possible, hence no improvement will be achieved if installing systems that take multipath propagation into account, like MIMO. In the second environment reflections are legion; there are so many reflecting surfaces at different angles so any polarization of the signal is almost completely eliminated. Large fading variations were observed.The third environment is the underground mine where signals propagate inside the tunnels like in waveguides. It is shown that there are regions in the spectrum where the path loss dips and that these dips at least partly can be modeled with a simple two-beam propagation model normally used for outdoor propagation over infinite fields. The overall conclusion is that industrial environments are more heterogeneous regarding propagation characteristics than commonly assumed when selecting communication solutions. And that the only way to really know if a radio system will work at a certain location is to measure and characterize the environment.
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Bradley, W. Scott. "Propagation modeling for land mobile satellite communications". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74511.
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Satellite systems are being planned for two-way communication with mobile vehicles using UHF and L-band frequencies. Of special concern in the system design are the characteristics of propagation in suburban and rural areas where fading occurs due to multipath effects and vegetative shadowing. A review of the literature was performed to study these propagation impairments. Available experimental data are examined, compared, and summarized. Propagation through vegetation is studied in order to compare reported modeling efforts and to determine the parameter dependences of path loss. A simple deterministic path model is then presented to estimate vegetative path loss. An overall statistical model is also proposed to describe the signal level fading statistics. The statistical model is compared to data, and the deterministic path model is used to determine the mean of signal level distribution functions in the presence of shadowing.Master of Science
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Hunter, Brandon Rosel. "Channel probing for an indoor wireless communications channel /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd196.pdf.
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Pirkl, Ryan J. "Measurement-based investigations of radio wave propagation: an exposé on building corner diffraction". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33961.
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Predicting performance metrics for the next-generation of multi-mode and multi-antenna wireless communication systems demands site-specific knowledge of the wireless channel's underlying radio wave propagation mechanisms. This thesis describes the first measurement system capable of characterizing individual propagation mechanisms in situ. The measurement system merges a high-resolution spatio-temporal wireless channel sounder with a new field reconstruction technique to provide complete knowledge of the wireless channel's impulse response throughout a 2-dimensional region. This wealth of data may be combined with space-time filtering techniques to isolate and characterize individual propagation mechanisms. The utility of the spatio-temporal measurement system is demonstrated through a measurement-based investigation of diffraction around building corners. These measurements are combined with space-time filtering techniques and a new linear wedge diffraction model to extract the first semi-mpirical diffraction coefficient. Specific contributions of this thesis are:
* The first ultra-wideband single-input multiple-output (SIMO) channel sounder based upon the sliding correlator architecture.
* A quasi 2-dimensional field reconstruction technique based upon a conjoint cylindrical wave expansion of coherent perimeter measurements.
* A wireless channel ``filming' technique that records the time-domain evolution of the wireless channel throughout a 2-dimensional region.
* High-resolution measurements of the space-time wireless channel near a right-angled brick building corner.
* The application of space-time filtering techniques to isolate the edge diffraction problem from the overall wireless channel.
* An approximate uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD)-style linear model describing diffraction by an impedance wedge.
* The first-ever semi-empirical diffraction coefficient extracted from in situ measurement data.
This thesis paves the way for several new avenues of research. The comprehensive measurement data provided by channel "filming" will enable researchers to develop and implement powerful space-time filtering techniques that facilitate measurement-based investigations of radio wave propagation. The measurement procedure described in this thesis may be adapted to extract realistic reflection and rough-surface scattering coefficients. Finally, exhaustive measurements of individual propagation mechanisms will enable the first semi-empirical propagation model that integrates empirical descriptions of propagation mechanisms into a UTD-style mechanistic framework.
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Lindquist, Tim. "Wave Propagation Models in the Troposphere for Long-Range UHF/SHF Radio Connections". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-80679.
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Boukraa, Lotfi. "Simulation of wireless propagation in a high-rise building". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Dec%5FBoukraa.pdf.
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