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Ummah, Maela Khoirul, e Kholis Roisah. "Legal Protection of Employee Invention for Patent Inventors in the Working Relationship". International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, n.º IX (2023): 573–679. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70957.
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The development of intellectual property rights is influenced by technological developments. One form of intellectual property is a patent that is produced in the form of inventions or new inventions by inventor employees who work in the official or government or private sector. The purposes of this study are: (1) To find out the doctrine used in patent renewal, (2) Legal protection against employee invention for employees in the government sphere with private companies, and (3) Patent ownership arrangements for inventor employees in Asian countries. The research method used is normative juridical by using secondary data. This study’s results indicate differences in the protection of ownership of inventions produced by inventors or employees from several countries, such as Indonesia, Japan and the United States. Some patents are owned by the inventor’s employees and some are owned by the employer.
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Gow, Kenneth W., David Tapper e Robert O. Hickman. "Between the Lines: The 50th Anniversary of Long-Term Central Venous Catheters". Journal of the Association for Vascular Access 22, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2017): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.java.2017.10.004.
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Abstract Background: Tunneled central venous catheters (CVC) were developed five decades ago. Since then, several clinician-inventors have created a variety of catheters with different functions. Indeed, many catheters have been named after their inventor. Many have wondered who the inventors were of each catheter, and what specifically inspired their inventions. Many of these compelling stories have yet to be told. Data source: A literature review of common catheters and personal communication with inventors. Only first person accounts from inventors or those close to the invention were used. Conclusions: CVCs are now essential devices that have saved countless lives. Though the inventors have earned the honor of naming their catheters, it may be reasonable to consider more consistent terminology to describe these catheters to avoid confusion.
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Sukalski, Pam. "Sources: Inventors and Inventions". Reference & User Services Quarterly 47, n.º 4 (1 de junho de 2008): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.47n4.399.2.
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Muskiewicz, Marion. "Sources: Inventors and Inventions". Reference & User Services Quarterly 49, n.º 4 (1 de junho de 2010): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.49n4.395.2.
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Lee, Eunsang, e Hyuksoo Kwon. "PRIMARY STUDENTS' STEREOTYPIC IMAGE OF INVENTOR IN KOREA". Journal of Baltic Science Education 17, n.º 2 (25 de abril de 2018): 252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/18.17.252.
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The purpose of this research is to compare the previous stereotypes of the scientist image and the current stereotypes of the inventor image among Korean students. For this purpose, three primary schools located in the metropolitan area of Korea were selected under a convenience sampling method, with one class selected for each of the 2nd, 4th, and 6th grades of each school. The conclusions of this research are as follows. First, analyzing students' stereotypes of the inventor image showed that older students had more stereotypes about inventors than younger students did. Second, as a result of analyzing the images according to each indicator, Korean students were found to have stereotypes about the inventor. Third, the symbol of research was expressed together with one of the science-related experiment tool and the making-related experiment tool. Fourth, primary students perceived the inventor as mainly male. Male students mostly drew male inventors and female students mostly drew female inventors. Based on the conclusions obtained through this research, various educational implications to be reflected in primary technology education were suggested to escape the stereotypes of the inventor’s image. Keywords: Inventor images, invention education, technology education, science education, South Korea
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Griņevičs, Ivans. "Development of Inventors’ Activities in Latvia: Inventors’ Societies, Exhibitions, Patents and the Rationalizers’ Movement". History of Engineering Sciences and Institutions of Higher Education 4 (30 de setembro de 2020): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/hesihe.2020.003.
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The article introduces inventors’ activities and inventors’ societies in Latvia in the 18th century, when it was part of tsarist Russia, until 2019. There is only one study on inventors’ activities, which includes the interwar period. There are many engineers among inventors, and this study reflects the participation of students, graduates and lecturers of Riga Polytechnicum (RP), Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and Riga Technical University (RTU) in inventors’ activities. The research provides an insight into the history of protection of inventions, inventors’ activities, international exhibitions of inventions and innovations, activities of inventors’ societies.
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Sun, Ziyuan, Man Wang, Weiwei Zhang, Yanli Li, Dan Wang e Feng Dong. "How Can We Improve the Transformation Success Rate of Research Results in the Pharmaceutical Industry? The Game Theoretic Model of Technology Transfer Subjects". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 9 (7 de maio de 2019): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091588.
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University–industry technology transfer (UITT) plays an important role in the construction of the national pharmaceutical innovation system. The speculations of a faculty inventor may hinder the successful transfer of pharmaceutical research results. This paper divides the specific process of the transformation of pharmaceutical research results into two parts: (1) an evolutionary game between faculty inventors and universities; and (2) a Stackelberg game between faculty inventors and pharmaceutical companies. Further, we carry out numerical simulations to analyze the impact of transformation success rate, income distribution coefficient, and a faculty inventor’s future working years on the transformation of pharmaceutical research results. The findings indicated that whether a combination of action strategies of faculty inventors and universities can evolve to the optimal equilibrium is determined by many factors, such as the technological transaction price of the pharmaceutical company and the reward or the income obtained by the faculty inventor. The transformation success rate and the income distribution coefficient are the key factors that affect the faculty inventor’s will and the behavior of the pharmaceutical company. The conclusions of this paper contribute to the research on how we can improve the success rate of research results and avoid resource waste, and provide a decision-making reference for the management of pharmaceutical research results in universities.
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Weick, Cynthia Wagner, e Cynthia F. Eakin. "Independent Inventors and Innovation". International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 6, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2005): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000053026400.
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Independent inventors have generally been overlooked in research on innovation. This study helps fill the knowledge gap. A survey of independent inventors in the USA showed that their inventions tended towards hardware/tool, household products, industrial/commercial products, novelty items and toys/games/hobbies. Thirty-nine per cent of the respondents generated sales from their inventions and approximately 20% profited from them. Inventors who established a company to commercialize their inventions were most likely to achieve sales. However, inventors who licensed their inventions were more likely to achieve higher sales levels than those who commercialized them only via their own company, or by selling their inventions outright.
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Morgan, Jenna, Chafony Poole, Lynn Kelley e Jodie Winship. "Notable Trade Book Lesson Plan Neo Leo: The Ageless Ideas of Leonardo da Vinci Now & Ben: The Modern Inventions of Benjamin Franklin Timeless Thomas: How Thomas Edison Changed Our Lives Written by Gene Barretta". Social Studies Research and Practice 10, n.º 3 (1 de novembro de 2015): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-03-2015-b0015.
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Gene Barretta’s books Neo Leo: The ageless ideas of Leonardo da Vinci, Now & Ben: The modern inventions of Benjamin Franklin, and timeless Thomas: How Thomas Edison changed our lives give us a glimpse into the famous inventors’ lives and introduce us to their incredible inventions. Neo Leo immerses readers in Leonardo da Vinci’s world as an artist, inventor, engineer, and scientist. Leonardo da Vinci wrote and drew detailed pictures of innumerable inventions, but never had the chance to build many of them. Now & Ben chronicles the life of Benjamin Franklin who used his common sense and innovative thinking to design inventions that changed society and our culture. Timeless Thomas provides readers with the opportunity to examine Thomas Edison’s inventions and how they have changed over time. The following lessons were designed to introduce the young child to the world of inventors and challenge them to invent.
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Buzu, Irina. "The Inventorship Paradox within Generative AI". IntellectusDevelopment, n.º 1 (julho de 2024): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56329/1810-7087.24.1.03.
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The advancement of AI, especially generative AI, has brought the inventor designation debate back to the forefront. Can an AI system be considered an inventor when it does not have legal personality? This paradox, highlighted by the DABUS case, requires the exploration of both practical and legal as-pects. Even though the EPO considers AI-generated inventions to be “computer-implemented inven-tions”, the key question that more and more people are asking is this: Can AI really invent something new independently, or is it just a tool for human inventors? Most countries, including those in the EU, maintain that only humans can be inventors and therefore patents cannot be granted to machines, regardless of their capabilities, thus supporting the European human-centred approach. To elucidate this complex issue, we aim to analyze cases like DABUS, taking into account the advances in AI and the position of experts. This will help identify challenges and potentially redefine the legal landscape for AI-generated inventions in the future.
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Fritsch, Michael, e Moritz Zoellner. "Actor Fluidity and Knowledge Persistence in Regional Inventor Networks". Economies 10, n.º 12 (26 de novembro de 2022): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10120298.
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The development of inventor networks is characterized by the addition of a significant number of new inventors, while a considerable number of incumbent inventors discontinue. We estimated the persistence of knowledge in the inventor networks of nine German regions using alternative assumptions about knowledge transfer. Based on these estimates, we analyzed how the size and structure of a network may influence knowledge persistence over time. In a final step, we assessed how persistent knowledge as well as the knowledge of new inventors affect the performance of regional innovation systems (RIS). The results suggest that the knowledge of new inventors is much more important for RIS performance than old knowledge that persists.
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Bosse, Jocelyn, e Johanna Dahlin. "Spectres of Intellectual Property in the Soviet Union: The Development and Recognition of the Inventor’s Certificate". Pólemos 17, n.º 2 (1 de setembro de 2023): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pol-2023-2022.
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Abstract After the October Revolution in 1917, the legal protection for inventions in the Soviet Union underwent a series of transformations. One of the key changes was the emergence of the “inventor’s certificate” as a socialist alternative to patents, whereby inventions were declared to be state property, but inventors were entitled to recognition and compensation. Patents were generally available in parallel to inventor’s certificates, but the latter remained the preferred mechanism for encouraging the worker-inventor and mass inventing activity, as well as promoting the free flow of information that capitalist patent systems had failed to achieve. However, as the Soviet Union started to pursue membership of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, several socialist countries sought to amend the treaty to recognise their inventor’s certificates as equivalent to patents. This sparked a debate amongst Paris Union members, during which the socialist countries portrayed the inventor’s certificate in a manner analogous to Schrödinger’s cat: it simultaneously was and wasn’t a patent. While the debate was never fully resolved by the Paris Union members, this article revisits the history and international debates about the Soviet protection of inventions to consider what the uncertainty about the inventor’s certificate might reveal about the circulation of technical information and the nature of global intellectual property law.
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Bell, Alex, Raj Chetty, Xavier Jaravel, Neviana Petkova e John Van Reenen. "Joseph Schumpeter Lecture, EEA Annual Congress 2017: Do Tax Cuts Produce more Einsteins? The Impacts of Financial Incentives VerSus Exposure to Innovation on the Supply of Inventors". Journal of the European Economic Association 17, n.º 3 (12 de abril de 2019): 651–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz013.
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Abstract Many countries provide financial incentives to spur innovation, ranging from tax incentives to research and development grants. In this paper, we study how such financial incentives affect individuals’ decisions to pursue careers in innovation. We first present empirical evidence on inventors’ career trajectories and income distributions using deidentified data on 1.2 million inventors from patent records linked to tax records in the United States. We find that the private returns to innovation are extremely skewed—with the top 1% of inventors collecting more than 22% of total inventors’ income—and are highly correlated with their social impact, as measured by citations. Inventors tend to have their most impactful innovations around age 40 and their incomes rise rapidly just before they have high-impact patents. We then build a stylized model of inventor career choice that matches these facts as well as recent evidence that childhood exposure to innovation plays a critical role in determining whether individuals become inventors. The model predicts that financial incentives, such as top income tax reductions, have limited potential to increase aggregate innovation because they only affect individuals who are exposed to innovation and have essentially no impact on the decisions of star inventors, who matter most for aggregate innovation. Importantly, these results hold regardless of whether the private returns to innovation are fully known at the time of career choice or are fully stochastic. In contrast, increasing exposure to innovation (e.g., through mentorship programs) could have substantial impacts on innovation by drawing individuals who produce high-impact inventions into the innovation pipeline. Although we do not present direct evidence supporting these model-based predictions, our results call for a more careful assessment of the impacts of financial incentives and a greater focus on alternative policies to increase the supply of inventors.
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Griņevičs, Ivans. "Izgudrotājdarbības attīstība Latvijā: izgudrotāju biedrības, izstādes, patenti un racionalizatoru kustība". Inženierzinātņu un augstskolu vēsture 4 (30 de setembro de 2020): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/iav.2020.003.
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Raksts iepazīstina ar izgudrotājdarbību un izgudrotāju biedrībām Latvijā no cariskās Krievijas laika 18. gadsimtā līdz 2019. gadam. Par izgudrotājdarbību līdz šim apkopojoša pētījuma nav, ir pētījums tikai par starpkaru laiku. Izgudrotāju vidū ir daudz inženieru, un šajā pētījumā atspoguļota Rīgas Politehnikuma (RP), Rīgas Politehniskā institūta (RPI) un Rīgas Tehniskās universitātes (RTU) studentu, absolventu un mācībspēku līdzdalība izgudrotājdarbībā. Pētījumā sniegts ieskats izgudrojumu aizsardzības vēsturē, izgudrotājdarbībā, starptautiskajās izgudrojumu un inovāciju izstādēs, izgudrotāju biedrību darbā.The article introduces inventors’ activities and inventors’ societies in Latvia in the 18th century, when it was part of tsarist Russia, until 2019. There is only one study on inventors’ activities, which includes the interwar period. There are many engineers among inventors, and this study reflects the participation of students, graduates and lecturers of Riga Polytechnicum (RP), Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and Riga Technical University (RTU) in inventors’ activities. The research provides an insight into the history of protection of inventions, inventors’ activities, international exhibitions of inventions and innovations, activities of inventors’ societies.
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Akcigit, Ufuk, Salomé Baslandze e Stefanie Stantcheva. "Taxation and the International Mobility of Inventors". American Economic Review 106, n.º 10 (1 de outubro de 2016): 2930–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150237.
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We study the effect of top tax rates on “superstar” inventors' international mobility since 1977, using panel data on inventors from the US and European Patent Offices. We exploit the differential impact of changes in top tax rates on inventors of different qualities. Superstar inventors' location choices are significantly affected by top tax rates. In our preferred specification, the elasticity to the net-of-tax rate of the number of domestic superstar inventors is around 0.03, while that of foreign superstar inventors is around 1. These elasticities are larger for inventors in multinational companies. An inventor is less sensitive to taxes in a country if his company performs a higher share of its research there. (JEL F22, F23, H24, H31, J61, O31, O34)
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Šugar, Violeta, Alen Belullo e Emin Džanić. "Are Individual Inventors Invisible?" Ekonomski pregled 72, n.º 6 (2021): 840–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.72.6.3.
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The research about the population of individual inventors/innovators in Croatia was carried out with the aim of finding answers to the following questions: 1. How many inventions/patents in Croatia are (not) commercialized; 2. What are the reasons of (un)successful commercialization of Croatian individual inventors' inventions/patents; 3. Is there any correlation between various forms of support for inventors / patent owners and successful commercialization; 4. Could education/training contribute to the successful commercialization of inventions/patents? The research was designed and carried out on individual inventors/innovators in Croatia via combination of online questionnaire and telephone interviews. The acquired data were analysed by descriptive statistics and nonparametric inferential statistics. Based on the results of the research, the literature and practical experience, a typology of individual inventors / innovators has been created. The research limitations relate to the lack of the institutional data and literature regarding the individual inventors. In addition to practical contribution of the findings regarding the public policies, there is also a theoretical contribution to existing literature.
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Tahmooresnejad, Leila, e Ekaterina Turkina. "Economic geography of innovation: The effect of gender-related aspects of co-inventor networks on country and regional innovation". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 7 (27 de julho de 2023): e0288843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288843.
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This paper focuses on the analysis of the effects of inventor networks on country and regional innovation. We use data from an OECD inventor database that spans more than forty years to build collaboration networks in which the network nodes are countries and regions, and linkages are patents produced by inventors from different regions and countries. We first investigate the network that includes all inventors and then analyze the network focusing on women inventors. We argue that both country and regional-level network centrality positively affect country and regional innovation (with stronger effects at the country level), and centrality in collaborations that involve women has an additional positive impact. We also find that women inventors’ share in the pool of inventors is positively associated with innovation quality both at the county and regional levels. Furthermore, our findings indicate that in the network of women inventors, countries and regions that are in cohesive clusters (formed by repeated interactions between interconnected actors) show stronger innovation performance. Our study also highlights important nuances between country-level and region-level effects.
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Teska, Kirk. "Patent Watch: Who's on first?" Mechanical Engineering 134, n.º 02 (1 de fevereiro de 2012): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2012-feb-3.
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This article highlights the significance of being first in a patent system. In a first-to-file patent system, the inventor who files the first patent application wins the patent. All countries except the United States, until now, have first-to-file systems. The United States has been a first-to-invent country. That means, if two or more inventors apply to patent a similar idea, the inventor who can establish that he worked out the idea first will win the patent even if another inventor has filed a patent application first. Who was first to invent the idea can be decided by using a quasi-judicial procedure convened at the Patent Office called an “interference.” During an interference, first to invent means looking at both inventors’ invention conception dates and how and when they each reduced their inventions to practice. Lawyers are hired, invention notebooks are reviewed, and after a lot of time and money are spent, a winner is declared by a patent examiner.
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Tavakolizadeh-Ravari, Mohammad, Faramarz Soheili, Fatemeh Makkizadeh e Fatemeh Akrami. "A study on first citations of patents through a combination of Bradford’s distribution, Cox regression and life tables method". Journal of Information Science 46, n.º 4 (8 de maio de 2019): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551519845848.
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The current research employs two survival analysis methods: Cox regression and life tables. The first determines the effect of inventor, assignee and country for receiving the first citation by patents. Life tables concern the time-lag between the dates of granting and receiving the first citation by patents. Bradford’s method is also established as a technique for categorization of patents, inventors, assignees and countries as a prerequisite for survival analysis. The research materials consist of 2837 patents in the area of ‘purification, separation, or recovery of hydrocarbon components’ which were classified under the classes 585/800 and 585/868 by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The findings showed that Bradford’s method complies with the distribution of citations of patents, first inventors and assignees. It means that Bradford’s distribution is well suited for determination of key patents, inventors and assignees in an area too. Cox regression revealed that only the inventors’ variable decides for receiving the first citation in terms of frequency, degrees of their inventions and citations. Life table data revealed that one half of the first citations were received in the first 10 years. As a conclusion, survival analysis methods provide the possibility for deciding technology lifetime and for predicting the determinants for the flow of knowledge through citation analysis.
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Wang, Shih-Hao, Chung-Lin Tsai e Han-Chao Chang. "Laboratory Environmental Conditions Influence Patent Inventors’ Creative Self-efficacy". International Business Research 11, n.º 5 (23 de abril de 2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n5p159.
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A comfortable experimental environment usually enables stress relief among inventors, allowing them to focus on inventing. However, to facilitate smooth and continuous experimental procedures, the public spaces and computing environments of conventional laboratories are usually replete with heavy instruments and interconnected wires; consequently, inventors have limited space to conduct complex experiments. These public spaces and computing environments negatively affect the creative self-efficacy (CSE) of inventors. Based on CSE theory and modified information layout complexity theory, in this study, 100 inventors who had obtained patents were recruited. The results indicated that a wireless cloud public space and computing environment positively moderated and enhanced the relationship between low layout complexity and inventor CSE; conventional public spaces and computing environments featuring cables negatively moderated and weakened the relationship between high layout complexity and inventor CSE. More than 40% of participants highly supported using one electronic tablet to manipulate multiple instruments. The results also revealed that approximately 64% of participants did not think they were essential in promoting critical mass in the laboratory. This finding was significantly different from the degree centrality of creativity perspective. Critical indicators of inventor CSE were found to be inventors’ decision-making capabilities regarding innovative research directions and their communication skills with supervisors.
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Akcigit, Ufuk, John Grigsby e Tom Nicholas. "Immigration and the Rise of American Ingenuity". American Economic Review 107, n.º 5 (1 de maio de 2017): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171021.
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We build on the analysis in Akcigit, Grigsby, and Nicholas (2017) by using US patent and census data to examine the relationship between immigration and innovation. We construct a measure of foreign born expertise and show that technology areas where immigrant inventors were prevalent between 1880 and 1940 experienced more patenting and citations between 1940 and 2000. The contribution of immigrant inventors to US innovation was substantial. We also show that immigrant inventors were more productive than native born inventors; however, they received significantly lower levels of labor income. The immigrant inventor wage-gap cannot be explained by differentials in productivity.
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Nissanka, Ruwini Uthpala. "The Concept of ‘Inventiveness of Machines’: How Ready is Patent Law to Afford the Creative Inventiveness of Artificial Intelligence?" KDU Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, n.º 1 (8 de julho de 2024): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/kjms.v6i1.114.
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Making science fiction a reality, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a transformative drive in almost every aspect of human life today. With the advancements of modern technology, AI has acquired the ability to think like humans and create inventions that are economically worthwhile. The concept of ‘inventiveness of machines’ has become a focal point in the field of intellectual property law at present. It has compelled the world to reconsider the parameters of patent law in terms of protecting AI inventors and inventions of AI. Simultaneously, the procurement of patents for inventions of AI has posed challenges not only in the legal field but also in ethical and moral aspects. As AI is gradually becoming an undeniable part of human life, every nation will have to adopt the developments of AI technology into their legal systems sooner or later. Taking the prevailing definitions of ‘inventor’ into account, this research mainly discusses whether machine inventors and human inventors be given equal protection of law or whether there should be different dimensions of protection. This paper also discusses the moral and ethical dilemma of granting legal recognition for AI inventors while examining the capability of existing legal framework including Sri Lanka in accommodating the inventiveness of machines. This research was carried out using mixed method approach. Literature review, qualitative and empirical research methodologies and comparative analysis were incorporated to strengthen the study. The paper concludes by highlighting the need of legislative intervention of competent authorities to reconsider the legal parameters to accommodate the possible challenges waiting to be imposed by inventiveness of machine in future. This paper also introduces the concept of ‘collaborative inventiveness of humans and AI’ and suggests recommendations to amend existing laws in a manner that they afford the technological advancements of modern times.
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Daemmrich, Arthur. "Inventor-Entrepreneurs: Patents and Patent Licensing in the Early Republic". Technology & Innovation 22, n.º 1 (28 de junho de 2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21300/21.4.2021.6.
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Independent inventors have limited routes to secure financial returns on the time and capital they invest to develop and realize a new idea. Research into two centuries of inventors has identified their options as licensing patents once they are issued, selling inventions (and patents) to existing companies, forging consulting arrangements with operating firms, or raising funds and starting a business. This article explores patent licensing as an entrepreneurial approach using a case study of the largely unknown licensing program undertaken by Samuel Hopkins after receiving the first U. S. patent. A license agreement signed between Hopkins and Eli Cogswell, a potash manufacturer in Vermont, offers a case study of how an inventor-entrepreneur worked in the early American republic. It also provides insights into the links between intellectual property and entrepreneurship, the mindset of inventor-entrepreneurs, and the challenges of bringing a new technology to market at a foundational moment in U. S. history.
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Kageyama, K. "The practice of recognizing an inventor/joint inventors and calculation of contribution ratios among joint inventors". Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 7, n.º 8 (12 de julho de 2012): 590–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jps090.
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Moretti, Enrico. "The Effect of High-Tech Clusters on the Productivity of Top Inventors". American Economic Review 111, n.º 10 (1 de outubro de 2021): 3328–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191277.
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The high-tech sector is concentrated in a small number of cities. The ten largest clusters in computer science, semiconductors, and biology account for 69 percent, 77 percent, and 59 percent of all US inventors, respectively. Using longitudinal data on 109,846 inventors, I find that geographical agglomeration results in significant productivity gains. When an inventor moves to a city with a large cluster of inventors in the same field, she experiences a sizable increase in the number and quality of patents produced. The presence of significant productivity externalities implies that the agglomeration of inventors generates large gains in the aggregate amount of innovation produced in the United States. (JEL D62, J24, L60, O31, 034, R32)
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Koning, Rembrand, Sampsa Samila e John-Paul Ferguson. "Inventor Gender and the Direction of Invention". AEA Papers and Proceedings 110 (1 de maio de 2020): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20201045.
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We study whether increasing the share of female inventors leads to more biomedical inventions that focus on the needs of women. After accounting for detailed disease-technology, disease-year, and technology-year fixed effects, we find that a 10 percentage point increase in the share of female inventors in a research area yields 1.2 percentage points more female-focused patents. Notably, this effect only holds for female-led invention teams. Areas with a greater share of female inventors in supporting roles do not produce more female-focused inventions. For gender to impact the direction of invention, it appears that women must occupy positions of power.
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Lewensohn, Danielle, Ebba Sjögren e Carl Johan Sundberg. "Does Productive Mean Active? The Behavior of Occasional and Serial Academic Inventors in Patenting Processes". Triple Helix 8, n.º 1 (2 de novembro de 2021): 163–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21971927-bja10021.
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Abstract Previous literature has attributed differences in individuals’ inventive productivity to a range of environmental, organizational and individual traits. However, the behavior of individuals with different inventive productivity has not been empirically explored in detail. Based on interviews with twenty Swedish academic inventors of diverse patenting experience, this paper analyses how serial and occasional inventors acted in patent initiation, patent application and subsequent patent management for specific inventions. Two modes of behavior are identified: passive and active. Individuals’ inventive productivity was not aligned with behavioral mode, with both modes of behavior exhibited by occasional as well as serial academic inventors. Individual academic inventors also varied in mode of behavior across different patent processes. These findings suggest that commonly used volume-based classifications of academic inventors obscure potentially relevant behavioral differences. This insight has implications for contemporary policy and organizational practice. It also highlights the need for further investigation of when academic inventors assume an active or passive mode of behavior in processes of academic commercialization.
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Rainatto, Giuliano Carlo, Orlando Roque Silva, Denis Gustavo Paschoal, Norberto Almeida Andrade e Fernando Silva. "Análise do Ambiente Informacional no Processo de Patente Brasileiro". Revista de Ciências Gerenciais 23, n.º 38 (19 de fevereiro de 2020): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6571.2019v23n38p160-169.
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A patente é uma ferramenta importante para o inventor, pois concede a ele um monopólio temporário de exploração devido à novidade atingida durante as pesquisas para a invenção. Atualmente os inventores brasileiros têm 30 mil pedidos no INPI, que concede cerca de 900 pedidos por ano de patentes depositadas. Essa lacuna entre entrada e saída de patentes, ocorre muito por parte de um sistema lento e criado só para poder coexistir com outros modelos de proteção. A presente pesquisa teve o intuito de analisar o processo de patentes brasileiro, valendo-se da ótica da informação, observando se a mesma é responsável pela fuga de pedidos de patentes do Brasil para o exterior. Foi utilizada uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, com questionário apresentado via web, e também um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada, visando identificar o que os inventores percebiam no ambiente informacional do INPI. Foi possível identificar que existe um gap entre a percepção e a expectativa da informação vinda do INPI para os inventores, criando um ruído em todo o processo de patenteamento. As entrevistas efetuadas corroboram com o questionário quantitativo, pois mostraram o descontentamento tanto ao volume quanto à qualidade e à velocidade da informação apresentada pelo INPI. Esses dados são suficientes para mostrar que o processo de patentes brasileiro, na ótica da informação, é muito ruim, pois, após longos anos de espera, a expectativa do inventor é muito distante da percepção. Palavras-chave: Patentes. Proteção Industrial. SERVQUA. Vantagem Competitiva. AbstractA patent is an important tool for the inventor as it gives him a temporary monopoly of exploitation due to the novelty achieved during research for the invention. Currently Brazilian inventors have 30,000 applications at the INPI, which grants about 900 patent applications per year filed. This gap between patent entry and exit occurs largely from a slow system designed just to coexist with other protection models. This research aimed to analyze the Brazilian patent process, using the information perspective, observing if it is responsible for the escape of patent applications from Brazil to abroad. A qualitative and quantitative research was used, with a questionnaire presented via the web, as well as a semi-structured interview script, aiming to identify what the inventors perceived in the informational environment of the INPI. It was possible to identify that there is a gap between the perception and expectation of the information coming from the INPI to the inventors, creating a noise throughout the patenting process. The interviews carried out corroborate the quantitative questionnaire, as they showed discontent regarding both the volume and the quality and speed of the information presented by the INPI. These data are sufficient to show that the Brazilian patent process, from an information point of view, is very bad, because after long years of waiting, the inventor's expectation is very far from perception. Keywords: Patents. Industrial Protection. SERVQUAL. Competitive Advantage.
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Burrell, Robert, e Catherine Kelly. "PARLIAMENTARY REWARDS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE PATENT SYSTEM". Cambridge Law Journal 74, n.º 3 (27 de agosto de 2015): 423–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197315000690.
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AbstractThis article examines the impact on the patent system of rewards for innovation across the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. During this period, Parliament would regularly grant rewards to inventors, with many of these rewards being set out in legislation. This legislation provided Parliament with the opportunity to promote a model of state support for inventors: a model that made public disclosure of the invention a precondition for assistance. This had important implications for patent law, in particular, in helping to develop the role of the patent specification and the doctrine of sufficiency of disclosure. In this way, the reward system helped establish the framework under which the state would provide support for inventors. Simultaneously, however, the reward system created a space in which inventors would have to do more than meet the minimum requirement of public disclosure. Rewards allowed the state to distinguish between different classes of inventor and to make special provision for particularly worthy individuals. In this way, the reward system recognised the contribution of the “heroic inventor”, whilst leaving the core of the patent system undisturbed.
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Thomas, Brychan, Lynne Gornall, Gary Packham e Christopher Miller. "The Individual Inventor and the Implications for Innovation and Entrepreneurship". Industry and Higher Education 23, n.º 5 (outubro de 2009): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000009789711918.
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This paper investigates, through quantitative and qualitative analysis, inventive activity in the modern technological setting of Wales in the 21st century. The paper reports on the barriers, motivations and drivers to inventors becoming entrepreneurs in exploiting their ideas and taking them to market, and indicates the outcomes of a pilot phase of the Wales Inventors' Questionnaire (WIQ). The paper concludes by considering some of the barriers, motivations and drivers faced by the inventors – both those suggested by inventors themselves and those reported in the academic literature – and possible ways of overcoming difficulties. From the findings, it is proposed that there is more to the inventive process than the barriers, motivations and drivers observed and that personal characteristics may inhibit or inspire the individual inventor.
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Ganguli, Ina, Jeffrey Lin e Nicholas Reynolds. "The Paper Trail of Knowledge Spillovers: Evidence from Patent Interferences". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 12, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2020): 278–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180017.
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We show evidence of localized knowledge spillovers using a new database of US patent interferences terminated between 1998 and 2014. Interferences resulted when two or more independent parties submitted identical claims of invention nearly simultaneously. Following the idea that inventors of identical inventions share common knowledge inputs, interferences provide a new method for measuring knowledge spillovers. Interfering inventors are 1.4 to 4.0 times more likely to live in the same local area than matched control pairs of inventors. They are also more geographically concentrated than citation-linked inventors. Our results emphasize geographic distance as a barrier to tacit knowledge flows. (JEL D83, O31, O33, O34)
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Dyah A, Tata Eliestiana, Lalu Muhammad Hayyanul Haq e Abdul Atsar. "The Parallel Imports of Invention Patents in Pharmaceutical Products". International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, n.º 07 (27 de julho de 2022): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i07.lla01.
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This research was carried out with the aim of knowing the nature of parallel imports, regulations in optimizing parallel imports of pharmaceutical patent products and strategies for using parallel imports in pharmaceutical patent product inventions in Indonesia. This research uses a normative type of research by utilizing a legal research approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this study, namely: 1) Parallel import is an activity of importing patent protected inventions without third party permission to the inventor/patent holder so that the patent holder cannot enjoy the incentives for the exploration process by a third party. This activity is carried out because it is crucial and fundamental in nature, namely the interests of health and is related to human life. This activity is to ensure a reasonable price and fulfill a sense of justice for essential pharmaceutical inventions that are very much needed by humans and can cure diseases. The implication is the lack of a sense of justice for the inventor/patent holder and the inventor/patent holder cannot enjoy the maximum economic benefits and exclusive rights over the third party invention exploration process. However, there are exceptions to minimize losses for inventors/patent holders, namely the doctrine of national exhaustion (earning royalties and economic benefits from the first sale) which upholds Article 19 of Law no. 13 of 2016. 2) importers are required to fulfill administrative requirements such as distribution permits, pharmaceutical industry permits from abroad and SKI Border or Post Border. Regulation of parallel import pharmaceutical inventions is regulated in the TRIPs Agreement, Law No. 13 of 2016, Law no. 36 of 2009, Law no. 17 of 2006, Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 of 2021, Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2014, BPOM Regulation Number 15 of 2020 and PerKa BPOMRI Number 24 of 2017. 3). Parallel import strategy for patent pharmaceutical inventions with an obligation to importers to complete administrative requirements to prevent misuse of parallel imports, and in accordance with the provisions of Article 167 letter (a) which states a price determination in order to obtain cheaper prices in the international market and reduce competition. healthy so that consumers can get fair prices and create a sense of justice, adhere to the national doctrine of exhaustion which pays attention to the interests of inventors, and imports in reasonable quantities to foster a sense of justice between inventors and importers.
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Hoisl, Karin. "Tracing mobile inventors—The causality between inventor mobility and inventor productivity". Research Policy 36, n.º 5 (junho de 2007): 619–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.009.
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Chick, Linda, Andrea S. Holmes, Nicole McClymonds, Steve Musick, Patti Reynolds e Gilda Shultz. "Math by the Month: Inventors and Their Inventions". Teaching Children Mathematics 14, n.º 2 (setembro de 2007): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.14.2.0096.
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“Math by the Month” activities are designed to engage students to think as mathematicians do. Students may work on the activities individually or in small groups, or the whole class may use these as problems of the week. Because no solutions are suggested, students will look to themselves for mathematical justification, thereby developing the confidence to validate their work.
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Zhao, Qifeng, e Yongzhong Wang. "Pay gap, inventor promotion and corporate technology innovation". China Finance Review International 9, n.º 2 (20 de maio de 2019): 154–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-06-2017-0073.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the pay gap between the management and ordinary employees influence corporate technology innovation. Design/methodology/approach This study built a tournament model based on inventor innovation and career promotion. In addition, the authors use IV-GMM estimation method to address the possible endogeneity issue in the regressions. Findings Based on the unbalanced panel data of patents and pay gap in 1,501 Chinese listed manufacturing firms during 2001-2015, this paper finds that the pay gap could lead inventor innovation and improve technology innovation. The pay gap could encourage corporate innovation significantly: 1 percent increase in pay gap may increase the number of patents by 2 percent in the next year. The pay gap between the management and ordinary employees facilitates corporate innovation via two possible channels. First, inventor innovation and career promotion. Inventors are selected into the management mainly based on their innovation output. The larger the pay gap, the more innovation incentives and patents would gain. Second, investment increase in technology innovation. The pay gap and more patents that inventors gain would increase the ratio of inventors promoted to the management, who tend to pour more resources into R&D activities and absorb more inventors to the management due to their sectionalism and R&D preference. The above two channels constitute a positive feedback mechanism among technology innovation, inventor promotion and increase in R&D investment. Research limitations/implications This paper highlights that pay gap between the management and ordinary employees is an important issue that could encourage corporate innovation. The conclusions imply that pay gap could encourage inventors to work hard and produce more patents, which could help them to enter into the management such as executives or directors. Originality/value This study contributes to the current literature by implying that pay gap could have positive effects on innovation through theoretical and empirical analysis. Also, this study finds that inventor promotion due to the pay gap is a critical channel to stimulate corporate technology innovation.
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Sheahan, M., e P. Andrews. "Inventors inbox". Engineering & Technology 3, n.º 21 (6 de dezembro de 2008): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et:20082126.
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Biel, Melissa Hitchens. "Nurse Inventors". Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 13, n.º 4 (julho de 1994): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003465-199407000-00010.
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Sheahan, M., e P. Andrews. "Inventors' inbox". Engineering & Technology 5, n.º 13 (11 de setembro de 2010): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2010.1304.
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Anderson, Alun. "Inventors' rewards". Nature 322, n.º 6079 (agosto de 1986): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/322487b0.
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Kobayashi, Bruce H., e Ben T. Yu. "Indexing inventors". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 21, n.º 2 (junho de 1993): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(93)90048-t.
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Woolley, Steve. "Inventors World". Electronics Education 1996, n.º 3 (1996): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ee.1996.0083.
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Holland, R. "The Inventors". Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 34, n.º 1_suppl (junho de 2006): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0603401s06.
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Moser, Petra, Alessandra Voena e Fabian Waldinger. "German Jewish Émigrés and US Invention". American Economic Review 104, n.º 10 (1 de outubro de 2014): 3222–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.10.3222.
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Historical accounts suggest that Jewish émigrés from Nazi Germany revolutionized US science. To analyze the émigrés' effects on chemical innovation in the United States, we compare changes in patenting by US inventors in research fields of émigrés with fields of other German chemists. Patenting by US inventors increased by 31 percent in émigré fields. Regressions which instrument for émigré fields with pre-1933 fields of dismissed German chemists confirm a substantial increase in US invention. Inventor-level data indicate that émigrés encouraged innovation by attracting new researchers to their fields, rather than by increasing the productivity of incumbent inventors. (JEL J15, L65, N62, O31, O34)
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Mayo PhD, Michael Ty, e Leovigildo Lito D. Mallillin PhD. "RETAINING LOCAL INVENTORS AND SCIENTISTS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH POLICY AMENDMENTS". American Journal of Management and Economics Innovations 05, n.º 10 (29 de outubro de 2023): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmei/volume05issue10-09.
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The study investigates the retention of local inventors and scientist for economic development through policy amendments. It aims to investigate how may the profile of the respondents be described in terms of gender, age, highest educational attainment, and, years of experiences in his/her field. Likewise, to measure existing policies to the retention of local inventors and scientists in the Philippines demonstrating “as Planned” and “as Implemented” among the respondents, to what extent do these policies affect the decision of local inventors and scientists to stay or leave the country, and to what extent does the demographic profile moderate the retention of scientist and inventors in the Philippines. This study utilizes the descriptive quantitative research design which aims to describe the systematically and accurately phenomenon and situation of the study. Purposive sampling is utilized in gathering the sample size. It is straightforward and simple in its complexity. The study comprised One Hundred Fifty (150) only. Results show that most of the profiles of respondents are female with the age bracket of 46-66 years of age where they have obtained a graduate studies with 11-15 years of experienced as inventors and scientists in their own fields which shows that they are knowledgeable on the RA 7459 and RA 11035 among them as basis for economic development policy amendment, show that the existing policies to the retention and local inventors and scientists are initially planned by the respondents which is being supported by the government. Likewise, the implemented policies of RA 7459 shows that they are being supported by the government as mandated in the existing policy for the retention of local inventors and scientists in the Philippines, show that the extent of the policies for the decision the local inventors and scientist to stay or leave in the country is being initiated in the objectives of RA 7459 which are conducive for the respondents to stay in the country because the policy is being supported from the government significantly that influences their decision to continue their work as an inventor/scientist in the Philippines, and show that the extent of the demographic profile moderate in retention of scientists and inventors in the Philippines under the incentives of RA 7459 that motivates them to continue their work as a scientist/inventor in the Philippines since they are satisfied with the overall support from the government for scientists and inventors influence their decision to stay or leave the country.
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Kneeland, Madeline K., Melissa A. Schilling e Barak S. Aharonson. "Exploring Uncharted Territory: Knowledge Search Processes in the Origination of Outlier Innovation". Organization Science 31, n.º 3 (maio de 2020): 535–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2019.1328.
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Most innovation builds closely on existing knowledge and technology, delivering incremental advances on existing ideas, products, and processes. Sometimes, however, inventors make discoveries that seem very distant from what is known and well understood. How do individuals and firms explore such uncharted technological terrain? This paper extends research on knowledge networks and innovation to propose three main processes of knowledge creation that are more likely to result in discoveries that are distant from existing inventions: long search paths, scientific reasoning, and distant recombination. We explore these processes with a combination of a large and unique data set on outlier patents filed at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and interviews with inventors of outlier patents. Our exploratory analysis suggests that there are significant differences in the inventor teams, assignees, and search processes that result in outlier patents. These results have important implications for managers who wish to encourage a more exploratory search for breakthrough innovation.
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Le Bas, Christian, William Latham e Dmitry Volodin. "Prolific Inventor Productivity and Mobility: A Western/Asian com-parison. Evidence from US Patent Data for 12 Countries". Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 15, n.º 4 (8 de março de 2013): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-012-0030-x.
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This paper provides new insights into the role of individual inventors in the innovation process. Individuals are central in this creative process because innovation is not simply a product of firms and organizations; it requires individual creativity (Rothaermel and Hess, 2007). We focus our analysis on prolific inventors (a rich sub category of inventors) because they contribute so hugely to national invention totals (Le Bas et al., 2010) and tend to produce inventions that have more economic value (Gambardella et al., 2005; Gay et al., 2008). Converging empirical evidence has established the significance of prolific inventors (Ernst et al., 2000). Previous studies of prolific (or “key”) inventors have focused more on the firms in which they work or on the industries in which the firms operate. Narin and Breitzman’s (1995) seminal work on the topic is based on an analysis of only four firms in a single sector and a recent paper by Pilkington et al. (2009) uses only two firms. In contrast to these studies on small samples, we use a very large data set which includes thousands of inventors in thousands of firms from several countries.
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Duvall, Jonathan, Sivashankar Sivakanthan, Brandon Daveler, S. Andrea Sundaram e Rory A. Cooper. "Inventors with Disabilities — An Opportunity for Innovation, Inclusion, and Economic Development". Technology & Innovation 22, n.º 3 (28 de dezembro de 2022): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21300/22.3.2022.5.
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In the United States, about 26% of the population reports having some form of disability. However, people with disabilities (PwD) are under-represented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The representation of PwD as patented inventors is unknown, but likely under-represented, given their limited numbers in STEM and the workplace. This study set the goal of identifying PwD with patented technologies that have also been introduced into the marketplace. Using web searches and patent awards/applications, 21 influential inventors with disabilities were identified. The impact of these inventors was assessed and is briefly described. Technologies that were invented for PwD that have had mainstream success were also identified. Inventors with disabilities have made important contributions, but further study is required, as the inclusion of PwD in the inventor community is a nascent field of study that is important for expanding the innovation community.
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Donges, Alexander, e Felix Selgert. "The Social Background of Prussian Inventors and Entrepreneurs during the First Industrial Revolution". Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 66, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2021): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2019-0030.
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Abstract In this paper, we study the social background of Prussian inventors in the mid-19th century, using biographical information for over 1,500 individuals that filed a patent in Prussia. There are four major findings. First, there is evidence for broadly based inventive activity, including a large number of inventors from middle- and lower-class backgrounds. Second, concerning the role of human capital, we argue that a combination of formal and informal education was crucial for the generation of innovation, though the importance of formal education increased over time. Third, we provide evidence that inventive activity fostered social mobility. Many inventors founded companies after they had filed a patent, suggesting that they could exploit their inventions commercially. Fourth, we show that inventors were highly mobile. Inventors migrated to the commercial centers of Prussia, in particular to Berlin and to the booming cities of the Rhine Province. In this regard, migration of highly skilled individuals may provide an explanation for the strong path-dependency that we observe when studying the geography of innovation and patenting.
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Weick, Cynthia Wagner, e James D. Martin. "Full-Time and Part-Time Independent Inventors". International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 7, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2006): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000006775870460.
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Analysis of data from a survey of independent inventors showed that part-time and full-time inventors were similar in terms of age, gender, educational level and the types of inventions they pursued. However, sales levels achieved were significantly related to the combination of a full-time commitment to inventing and a willingness to invest in patent protection. Further interviews of successful inventors indicated that the transition from part-time to full-time inventing was driven by either unexpected events, a desire to change careers, or preference for working in a more creative atmosphere. The interviewees showed optimism for the future of independent inventors, who they believed would benefit from the creativity encouraged by unstructured environments. They were also optimistic about a broader customer base due to global expansion of market-based economies, and increased distribution opportunities.
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Xun, Helen, Jose A. Foppiani, Valeria P. Bustos, Lauren Valentine, Allan Weidman, Angelica Hernandez Alvarez, JacqueLyn Kinney et al. "Women in Plastic Surgery Innovation". Annals of Plastic Surgery 92, n.º 4S (abril de 2024): S305—S308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000003872.
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Background This study aims to pioneer in evaluating women's representation in plastic surgery innovations, focusing on mammary prosthesis devices' inventorship. Despite growing gender parity in the field, women's involvement in innovation remains underexplored. This is especially crucial, as the predominant recipients of these innovative technologies are women, urging a necessity for broader female engagement in pioneering surgical advancements. Method Patents under the “A61F2/12: Mammary prostheses and implants” classification between the dates January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2020, were identified using Google Patents Advanced. Inclusion criteria included patents (not designs) in English and applications (not grants), with no litigation limitations. Data collected included ID, title, assignee (categorized as industry, academic, private, individual), inventors, and dates (priority, filing, and publication). Sex of inventors was identified with the literature validated gender API, with manual resolution of unresolved genders or with ga_accuracy scores of less than 75%. Data were analyzed using 2-tailed Student t tests, χ2 analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient (significance set at P ≤ 0.05). Results Of the more than 130,000 plastic surgery patents in English identified between the 10-year period, 1355 were classified as A61F2/12. A total of 374 unique patents were included for analysis (841 duplicates were removed, and 140 patents were excluded because of non-English character author names). There was a significant increase in patents over the decade (from 15 in 2011 to 88 in 2020, R 2 = 0.74, P < 0.05), with a decrease in number of inventors per patent (R 2 = 0.12, P < 0.05). Of the 1102 total inventors, 138 were female (11.2%), with a 4-fold increase in representation over the decade (R 2 = 0.58, P < 0.05), including increase in patents filed with a woman first inventor (0%–14.8%). Women were equally likely to be first 3 inventors versus middle to last inventors (12.8% vs 11.1%, respectively). Conclusions Over a decade, mammary device innovations rose significantly. Although women inventors' representation improved, it remains disproportionate compared with women in residency/practice. Hence, interventions should aim to align inventor representation with training ratios, through institutional optimization, reducing gender segmentation, and enhancing funding opportunities.