Bibliografias temáticas / Intumescen

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Intumescen"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 14 de dezembro de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Intumescen"

Liu, Cong. "Flame Retardancy of Lanthanum Phosphinate in Combination with Intumescen Flame-Retardant in Polypropylene". Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (março de 2012): 3366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3366.

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The flame-retardant of Lanthanum phenylphosphinate(LaPi) was prepared and its combination with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) in polypropylene (PP) was analysed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the UL-94 test. Compared with using IFR alone, using the combination of LaPi and IFR gained the better classification in the UL 94 test thanks to the combination of the different mechanisms. When 20 wt% loading of flame retardant of LaPi and IFR, a halogen-free V-0 PP material was achieved with a LOI of 31%.

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Yu, M. H., L. M. Pakish e J. W. Saunders. "Association of a nematode resistance bearing addition chromosome with a recurring leaf intumescence somaclonal variation in sugar beet". Genome 34, n.º 3 (1 de junho de 1991): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-072.

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Intumescent leaf variants of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were obtained through callus culture of a monosomic addition that carried resistance to Heterodera schachtii Schm. The frothy pockmarked appearance of the leaf surface was due to hyperplastic growth of the mesophyll and epidermal cells. The epidermis had many malformed stomata. Veins were underdeveloped, but protrusions beneath were pronounced. Intumescence occurred in 20.3% of the regenerated plants and it was heritable to F1 and later progeny. Leaf intumescence is a new phenotype for Beta. About 73.5% of regenerants contained the donor somatic chromosome number, the remainder were doubled or mixoploids, with no chromosome losses apparent. The 38-chromosome intumescent plant represents a dual somaclonal variation, chromosome doubling and leaf intumescence. Progeny of the 19- and 38-chromosome intumescent plants intercrossed or pollinated by diploids or tetraploids had 9, 18, 19, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, or 39 chromosomes. All intumescent plants were aneuploids with the monosome addition. There were linkages for leaf intumescence (Li), resistance to H. schachtii (Hs), and hypocotyl color (Rpro) on the addition chromosome. The efficacy of Hs remained intact through the in vitro culture and succeeding crosses. The Li-bearing plants manifested depressed growth and markedly reduced seed set. Leaf intumescence was thought to be the alternative expression of galling potential of Beta procumbens Chr. Sm. germ plasm.Key words: somaclonal variation, leaf intumescence, nematode resistance, monosomic addition, Beta vulgaris L.

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Martynov, A. V., O. V. Popova e V. V. Grekov. "Non-Standard Methods for Assessing the Quality of Intumescent Coatings". Occupational Safety in Industry, n.º 6 (junho de 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-6-15-20.

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The main most frequently used structural materials are monolithic reinforced concrete, steel profiles and lightweight thin-walled building structures, which in case of fire at temperatures above 500 °C lose their mechanical properties, deform, and collapse. To protect the load-bearing structures from dangerous deformations for a certain time before the start of extinguishing a fire, various fire-retardant materials are used, among which thin-layer intumescent coatings occupy a special place. Serious problems with the quality of intumescent coatings are associated with the use by manufacturers of paint components (often counterfeit products of low quality) that do not correspond to those stated in the certificates. In these cases, the intumescent coating does not guarantee the formation of a high-quality protective layer of the coke foam in case of fire. Standard methods for assessing the quality of such coatings allow to assess appearance, thickness, and adhesion of the coating prior to coke foam formation. However, it is required to check directly on the object the additional non-standard parameters of the intumescent coatings: intumescence coefficient, appearance and strength of the coke foam. Ways are described related to the implementation of measuring the structural and mechanical properties of the coke foam: intumescence coefficient, penetration and shear-breakout strength. It is proposed to measure the strength characteristics of the coke foam by the penetrometry method on an original installation (analogue of a cone penetrometer). The proposed measurement method is simple, demonstrative and does not require expensive equipment. The dependence is revealed concerning the strength of the coke foam on its density, which is determined by the intumescence coefficient at all other things being equal. The higher the intumescence coefficient, the lower the density and strength of the coke foam. Therefore, high values of the intumescence coefficient do not guarantee the reliability of fire protection. It is recommended to set normatively limit values for the intumescence coefficient, which will differ for different compositions of the intumescent paints.

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Martynov, A. V., e O. V. Popova. "Methodology to Determine Expansion Rate, Strength, and Adhesion of Protective Coating Produced Based on Formed Coked Form". Occupational Safety in Industry, n.º 9 (setembro de 2024): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2024-9-66-73.

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Today, the production volumes of intumescent paints comprise a significant part of the entire fire-protection production. At the same time, both uncertified and low-quality products can be often offered within the segment. The main implicit factors of the violation of the intumescent coating quality are the thickness of the layer and the degree of dilution of ready-to-use paint immediately before use. These factors affect the quality of coked foam, i.e., its layer thickness and its density; however, these cannot be detected during the external examination of the paint layer, measuring its thickness and conditional adhesion in accordance with modern standards. The reliability of the results of intumescent coating fire-retardant properties evaluation can only be ensured considering the evaluation of additional parameters of coked foam (strength and homogeneity) applied to protected structures measured in conditions close to real fire conditions. A methodology of express analysis of intumescent coatings on steel structures has been considered; the analysis aims to determine the expansion rate, strength, and adhesion of protective coating produced based on formed coked foam. The methodology is based on the theoretical studies of the effects of intumescent paint parameters (layer thickness, degree of dilution) on coked foam parameters and contains non-standard methods of intumescent fire-protection parameters. The intumescent coating spot heating method at sampling sites has been developed; the efficiency of the penetromety method to determine the coked foam strength has been proved. These methods are simple and do not require using any expensive equipment. The methodology can be applied to evaluate the fire-retardant coating directly at a construction site by the following parameters: coked foam intumescence, homogeneity of its structure, ultimate strength in compression, and shear-breakout. It has been established that high values of the intumescence coefficient do not guarantee the reliability of fire protection. The higher the intumescence coefficient is, the lower the thickness and strength of the coked foam. Considering this interdependence of parameters, it is reasonable to establish, on a regulatory basis, the ultimate values of the coked foam intumescence coefficient.

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Вахітова, Л. М., В. П. Плаван, В. І. Шологон, К. В. Калафат, Н. А. Таран e В. І. Бессарабов. "ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНИХ ЕПОКСИДНИХ ПОКРИТТІВ СПОЛУКАМИ ІНТЕРКАЛЬОВАНОГО ГРАФІТУ". Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Technical Science Series 152, n.º 6 (1 de outubro de 2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/1813-6796.2020.6.5.

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Investigation of the effect of nitrate oxide graphite on the parameters of char layer, obtained from the system of ammonium polyphosphate / melamine / pentaerythritol / epoxy resin under the influence of temperatures of 200–800 °С. Methodology. A fire retardant mixture was chosen as a model intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate / melamine / pentaerythritol. As a polymer component was used bisphenols A / F epoxy resin together with a polyamidoamine hardener. Nitrate oxide graphite was obtained by oxidation of natural scaly graphite with fuming nitrogen acid. The effect of impurities of nitrate oxide graphite was determined by thermogravimetry on the intumescence coefficient of intumescent compositions and the mass of the char residue intumescent compositions in temperature range of 200–800 °С. Findings. The influence of nitrate oxide graphite on the characteristics was studied of char layer of epoxy intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate / melamine / pentaerythritol / epoxy resin. The study of thermal oxidative degradation was carried out intumescent compositions in the temperature range 200–800 °С. It was shown that intercalated graphite compounds increase the thermal stability of the formed char layer at temperatures > 600 °С. Determined intumescence coefficients and thermogravimetric analysis of modified intumescent systems was performed nitrate oxide graphite with different degrees of intercalation, in the conditions of 200–800 °С. It was established that the optimal parameters of the char layer are in terms of volume intumescence coefficient and mass of the char residue are provided by graphites, which contain 15–25% of intercalant in its composition. But the results obtained allow us to determine nitrate oxide graphite as a promising modifier of epoxy intumescent systems to increase its fire protection efficiency. Originality. The influence of degree of intercalation of nitrate oxide graphite was studied on the characteristics of char layer of epoxy intumescent system for the first time. Practical value. The optimal content of intercalant in nitrate oxide graphite was established for the development of formulations of intumescent epoxy coatings with increased fire retardant properties.

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Ji, Yu, Qiang Yao, Weihong Cao e Yueying Zhao. "Base Promoted Intumescence of Phenols". Polymers 12, n.º 2 (23 de janeiro de 2020): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020261.

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The intumescent process of sodium (substituted) phenolates has been studied. The generation of hydrogen radical via a homolytic cleavage of the Ar–H bond and the subsequent hydroarylation of phenolates to cyclohexadienes along with cyclization and elimination reactions of cyclohexadienes are critical steps in the base promoted intumescence of phenols. The substituents show great influence on the intumescence of phenolates. Phenolates substituted with a weak electron donating group enable intumescence while those with an electron withdrawing group or strong electron donating group suppresses intumescence. This distinction can be justified by both electronic and steric effects of substituents on the generation of hydrogen radical and the degree of hydroarylation.

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Cirstea, Nicoleta Florentina, Alina Badanoiu e Aurelian Cristian Boscornea. "Intumescent Silicate Coatings with the Addition of Alkali-Activated Materials". Polymers 14, n.º 10 (10 de maio de 2022): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14101937.

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Fireproof inorganic coatings based on sodium silicate solution with intumescent additions were prepared and tested to assess their ability to limit the negative effect of a fire. The intumescent materials were obtained by the alkali activation of waste glass powder (obtained by the grinding of recycled soda-lime culet) and slag (waste resulting from the metallurgical industry). The replacement of talc (used as filler in paint formulation) with the intumescent materials obtained by the alkaline activation of waste glass powder (WGP), determined an increase in the intumescence coefficient (up to 65%) and decreased the activation temperature of this process. To evaluate these coatings’ abilities to prevent or delay the temperature increase in metal structures, the paints were applied on steel plates and tested in direct contact with the flame of a butane burner for 60 min. The coatings prevented the increase in the steel substrate temperature over one considered critical (500°C) for steel mechanical properties; the combination of two coatings, with different intumescence activation temperatures, correlated with the increase in the coating’s thickness, sensibly reduced the rate of temperature increase (up to 75%) in the steel substrate.

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Ustinov, Andrey, Olga Zybina, Anastasia Tomakhova e Sergey Pavlov. "The enhancement of operating properties of intumescent fire-protective compositions". MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824511008.

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The paper overviews the operational properties of charred layers which are forming as a result of thermolytical synthesis of intumescent coatings, and the ways of enhancing those properties using different additives mixed with initial intumescent composition. Methods including differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, microscale calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the modified intumescent compositions and the properties of charred layers formed from them. Results show that additives tend to change the microstructure of char which undergoes some transformations; it is proven by increase in volume and stability. Also it is shown that melamine-aldehyde resin was detected in the microstructure of char, and it is a step forward in forming a holistic conception of intumescents operating.

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Varlashkin, P. G., e M. J. D. Low. "Infrared Spectra of Intumescent Chars". Applied Spectroscopy 40, n.º 3 (março de 1986): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864509141.

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The utility of infrared Fourier transform photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (PBDS) for the examination of intumescent systems was explored. Infrared spectra were recorded of a model system consisting of a mixture of pentaerythritol and (NH4)2HPO4, and of a film of a commercial fire-retardant paint painted on sheet metal, at various stages before, at, and after intumescence. Although the morphology of the materials changes greatly during the thermal decompositions, infrared spectra can be recorded which can provide useful information about the systems and intumescent chars.

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Bourbigot, S., M. Le Bras e R. Delobel. "Fire Degradation of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Using the Cone Calorimeter". Journal of Fire Sciences 13, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1995): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419501300101.

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This work studies the fire degradation of an intumescent for mulation Polypropylene (PP)-Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)/Pentaerythri tol (PER) using the cone calorimeter. An intumescence model is described which introduces the notion of degradation front. From the weight loss data recorded by the cone calorimeter and the results of the invariant kinetic pa rameters method (given in appendix) applied to the PP and to the PP-APP/PER system, the respective temperatures of the degradation fronts are measured. A stability zone is shown where the protection is effective. The intumescent coating degrades then by forming a carbonaceous residue which reduces the heat flux evolved.

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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Intumescen"

Yang, Qi. "Résistance au feu de géopolymère alcalin et de de géopolymère acide". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CLIL0014.

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Cette étude concerne les propriétés de résistance au feu des géopolymères préparés paractivation alcaline ou acide. La première partie passe en revue l’état de l’art sur ledéveloppement des matériaux géopolymères, leur processus de synthèse, les méthodesd'activation, les méthodes d'application et l'influence de leurs composants sur leurspropriétés. Un accent particulier est mis sur leur propriétés de résistance au feu. Les travauxconcernent les facteurs influençant la résistance au feu des géopolymères activés par desalcalins, notamment le rapport Al/Si, et la nature de cations utilisés. Les résultats montrentque plus le rapport Al/Si est faible, plus le géopolymère se ramollit à haute température (≥100°C) et se dilate en raison de la pression interne crée par la vaporisation de l'eau. Comparésaux géopolymères à base de sodium, les géopolymères à base de potassium ont un degré depolymérisation plus faible pour un même temps de polymérisation. Même avec un faiblerapport Si/Al, des silicates à faible polymérisation peuvent se former et provoquer l'expansiondu géopolymère. En revanche, les géopolymères à base de sodium subissent une réaction depolymérisation plus complète, mais perdent leur capacité de ramollissement à hautetempérature (≥ 100°C) et sont sujets à la fissuration.Dans des conditions d'activation acide, les géopolymères présentent également une bonnerésistance au feu grâce à leurs propriétés d’intumescence lorsqu’ils sont soumis à une sourceexterne de chaleur, similaires aux géopolymères activés par des alcalins. Le principal facteurinfluençant cette propriété est le rapport P/Al. Lorsque le rapport P/Al est élevé (≥ 0.74), duphosphore peu condensé est générée lors de la polymérisation, qui se déshydrate et secondense lors du chauffage, provoquant le ramollissement et l'expansion du matériau. Enraison de cette caractéristique d'intumescence, les géopolymères à faible rapport Al/Si(géopolymère alcalin) ou à haut rapport P/Al (géopolymère acide) sont des matériauxrésistants au feu prometteurs
This work deals with the fire resistance properties of geopolymers alkali- or acid-activated.The first part deals with the state of the art of the development of geopolymer materials,including their synthesis process, activation methods, application scenarios, and the influenceof their components on properties. A particular focus is on their potential benefit as fire-resistant materials. The thesis reveals the superior fire resistance of alkaline geopolymers andinvestigate the factors affecting the fire resistance, including the Al/Si ratio, and type ofcations. The results evidence that the lower the Al/Si ratio, the more the geopolymer softensat high temperatures (≥ 100°C) and expands due to the driving force of water vaporization.Compared to sodium-based geopolymers, potassium-based geopolymers have a lower levelof polymerization for the same curing time. Even with a high Al/Si ratio, low-polymerizationsilicates can form and cause the geopolymer to expand at high temperatures. In contrast,sodium-based geopolymers undergo higher complete polymerization reactions but lose theirsoftening ability at high temperatures (≥ 100°C) and are prone to cracking.Similar to alkali-activated geopolymers, acid-activated geopolymers exhibit good fireresistance thanks to their intumescence characteristics upon heating. The main factorinfluencing such property is the P/Al ratio. When the P/Al ratio is high (≥ 0.74), a largeamount of slightly condensed phosphorus is generated, which dehydrates and condensesupon heating, causing the material to soften and expand. Due to this intumescencecharacteristic, geopolymers with low Al/Si (alkaline geopolymer) or high P/Al (acidicgeopolymer) are promising fire-resistant material

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Pinto, Tiago Manuel Carvalho Gomes. "Estudo de tintas intumescentes na protecção de elementos estruturais em condições de incêndio". Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e de Gestão, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/2080.

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Para satisfazer as exigências regulamentares estruturais de segurança contra incêndios, as estruturas metálicas podem utilizar mecanismos de protecção passiva (utilização de tintas intumescentes). Trata-se de um material reactivo que altera as suas propriedades e características termo-físicas, aumentando a resistência térmica da protecção. A resistência ao fogo das estruturas metálicas aumenta com a utilização deste mecanismo de protecção. A metodologia actual para verificação de segurança, preconizada nas normas europeias (Eurocódigos), não tem em consideração o aumento da espessura do material protector, nem a variação das propriedades térmicas e físicas com o aumento da temperatura, não descrevendo o comportamento real deste material, em situação de incêndio. Pretende-se com este trabalho efectuar a caracterização do comportamento deste tipo de materiais, determinando as suas principais características, utilizando metodologias experimentais e numéricas. Pretende-se ainda efectuar um estudo paramétrico dos factores que influenciam esse comportamento, nomeadamente, a espessura de protecção, a dimensão do substrato, o fluxo de calor /temperatura e a taxa de aquecimento. Foi construída uma instalação experimental para realização de ensaios à escala reduzida, com o objectivo de determinar o comportamento de diferentes elementos sujeitos à acção do fogo. A característica inovadora deste trabalho está reflectida na apresentação de uma nova solução de cálculo simplificado para determinação da evolução da temperatura em perfis metálicos protegidos com tinta intumescente em situação de incêndio. The increasing fire protection requirements for elements or structures may involve the employment of passive protection measures. The knowledge of reaction materials, such as intumescent paints, requires the physical and thermal material characterization under fire conditions. Due to the high conductivity of steel section profiles and the reduction of load bearing capacity associated, intumecent paint plays an important role in reducing temperature on steel. This protection mechanism is responsible for increasing thermal resistance, rising structural fire resistance time. The current methodology for safety verification, prescribed in European standards, does not take into consideration the increase of thickness protection material, neither thermal nor physical properties development with temperature. This method does not express the real protection behavior under fire conditions. Numerical and experimental tests are expected to assess the intumescent volume expansion and thermal conductivity. An experimental set-up will be installed for test reduced-scale specimens to assess the material performance. The innovative characteristic of this work is reflected in the presentation of a new simplified solution method to obtain temperature development for protected steel members with intumescent paint, under fire conditions

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Pereira, Alexandre Augusto. "Desenvolvimento experimental e numérico do comportamento de tintas intumescentes na protecção de elementos estruturais em condições de incêndios". Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e de Gestão, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/2034.

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Para satisfazer as exigências regulamentares estruturais de segurança contra incêndios, as estruturas metálicas podem utilizar mecanismos de protecção passiva (utilização de tintas intumescentes). Trata-se de um material reactivo que altera as suas propriedades e características termo-fisicas aumentando a resistência térmica da protecção. A resistência ao fogo das estruturas metálicas aumenta com a utilização deste mecanismo de protecção. A metodologia actual para a verificação de segurança preconizada nas normas europeias (Eurocódigos), não tem em consideração o aumento da espessura do material protector, nem a variação das propriedades térmicas e físicas com o aumento da temperatura. Com este trabalho pretende-se efectuar a caracterização do comportamento deste tipo de materiais, determinando as suas principais características, utilizando metodologias experimentais. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais em perfis metálicos com diferentes secções e diferentes valores de massividade. Foi caracterizado o perfil de intumescência para cada secção e medida a evolução da temperatura de cada perfil em diferentes pontos. The increasing fire protection requirements for elements or structures may involve the employment of passive protection measures. The knowledge of reaction materials, such as intumescent paints, requires the physical and thermal material characterization under fire conditions. Due to the high conductivity of steel section profiles and the reduction of load bearing capacity associated, Intumescent paint plays an important role in reducing temperature on steel. This protection mechanism is responsible for increasing thermal resistance, rising structural fire resistance time. The current methodology for safety verification, prescribed in European standards, does not take into consideration the increase thickness protection material, neither thermal nor physical properties development with temperature. This method does not express the real protection behavior under fire conditions. Experimental tests are expected to access the Intumescent volume expansion and thermal conductivity. Different steel section profiles and section factors were experimentally tested. The intumescence was characterized for each section and temperature evolution was measured in different points.

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Deogon, Malkit Singh. "A study of intumescent coatings". Thesis, Brunel University, 1989. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6297.

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Intumescent coatings are used in the field of fire protection to prevent certain construction elements reaching the critical temperatures at which excessive damage would. occur, thus avoiding premature structural collapse. The studies presented in this thesis have been directed towards an understanding of intumeseent coatings and the process of intumescence. The kinetics and mechanism of intumeseence are discussed. The behaviour of the raw materials used in the preparation of intumeseent coatings, was studied at elevated temperatures using thermal analytical techniques, and new formulations were developed. These formulations were examined In the laboratory using various screening tests and were also subjected to a large scale hydrocarbon fire test alongside other commercially-avallable coatings. A simplified coating formulation with the minimum of ingredients required to produce good intumescent properties was developed. This formulation was subjected to various heat-radiation intensities using an ISO ignitablilty apparatus. The behaviour of the intumescence, process observed was explained by a simple theoretical model. The model of Buckmasterv Anderson and Nachman was used and several new results were derived. In particular a relationship was derived giving the time taken for the temperature at the inner surface of the coating to reach a given value. The durability of the newly-developed intumescent coatings, and methods of improving it, were also investigated.

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Knott, Paula T. A. "Intumescent formulations incorporating melamine phosphate". Thesis, Aston University, 1988. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9707/.

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Once familiar with the fire test rig constructed by M Kay, and modified to allow incorporation of both video and computer facilities, Melamine Phosphate production was scaled up from small to large laboratory scale, and then commercial scale production was considered. Samples produced at each stage were compared analytically, visually and in fire testing. The separation and drying stages on a commercial scale lay unresolved practically, due to lack of test facilities. Different cure regimes for the Araldite MY753 and Versamid system were investigated along with weathering tests and cured samples. Surface priming is suggested for large scale application, though on a small scale a clean unprimed surface was thought sufficient. Some samples heat, aired, cracked at the edges but remained bonded on fire testing. An intumescent sample containing Melamine Phosphate, Araldite and Versamid could not be applied to a vertical surface successfully, the viscosity had to be increased to allow application and curing, various additives were tested, two successful ones being fumed silica and a solvent, isopropanol. The low percentages fumed silica used was incorporated into the sample and the viscosity and fire test results compared with a `standard sample'. An expanding graphite incorporated into a standard sample made mixing and application increasingly difficult, due to the lubricating affect of graphite, but the char produced was a good quality, stable char. A suitable formulation could now be mixed, applied and cured, and assuming no adverse interaction between the additives would protect the sample in the event of a fire.

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Kang, Sungwook. "Thermal-structural behaviour of inorganic intumescent system". Thesis, Ulster University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701059.

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This work discusses the thermal-structural behaviour of an 'inorganic'based intumescent coating. On exposure to heat, this fire-retardant system undergoes particular physical phenomena: (i) Thermo-chemical decomposition reactions; (ii) Formation of numerous micro-scale pores in its internal structure; (iii) Geometrical volume (thickness) expansions; (iv) Variations in its thermal boundaries. These simultaneous occurrences interact with each other's progressions with time. In order to evaluate the coating's thermal insulation performance and to optimise its performance, this study aims to clearly interpret the combined thermal-structural behaviour. This research program is constructed in four stages: • To identify the thermo-kinetic and -physical characteristics of the polymer compound, this work analyses the experimental data, obtained from Thermogravimetric Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Electronic Furnace, and Cone Calorimeter tests; • To accurately quantify the net heat absorbed by the swelling specimen tested with the cone calorimetry, this study investigates (i) the irradiance intensification on the sample's top surface moving toward the heater, (ii) the heat transfer through the surface area of its perimeter being progressively extended, (iii) the convective fluid motions driven in testing and the corresponding coefficients, and (iv) the radiant mechanism generated in testing and the corresponding radiative properties; • To quantitatively assess the thermal insulation performance of the coating, this work numerically simulates the heat transfer mechanism through its porous structure, and analyses individual contributions of the component modes of heat transfer, by adopting 'effective' thermal conductivity; • To comprehensively explain the thermal-structural behaviour of the coating, this study proposes a series of sequential steps of mass and volume changes as a function of temperature, and numerically simulates the process of intumescence. All the findings gained from the previous three stages are applied in this simulation, which is verified by comparison with the experimental data. From this work, it can be identified that the performance of this refractory product is significantly affected by (i) endothermic water vaporisation with dehydration and dehydroxylation, (ii) effective thermal conductivity of its multi-cellular structure, (iii) length of the heat penetration path across its expanding volume, and (iv) radiant heat emission on its heated surfaces. The interacting behaviour of the inorganic-based intumescent coating is systematically analysed, from microscopic thermo-kinetic characteristics to macroscopic behaviours in relation to heat transfer and thermal expansion, in this study. Hence, it can contribute to further studies on intumescent-type materials and their practical development.

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Triantafyllidis, Zafeirios. "Structural enhancements with fibre-reinforced epoxy intumescent coatings". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29514.

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Epoxy intumescent coatings are fire protection systems for steel structural elements that are widely used in applications that protection from severe hydrocarbon fires is required, such as oil and gas facilities. These polymer coatings react upon heating and expand into a thick porous char layer that insulates the protected steel element. In the typical fire scenarios for these applications, the intumescent coatings must resist very high heat fluxes and highly erosive forces from ignited pressurised gases. Hence, continuous fibre reinforcement is embedded in the thick epoxy coating during installation, so as to ensure the integrity of the weak intumesced char during fire exposure. This reinforcement is typically in the form of a bidirectional carbon and/or glass fibre mesh, thus under normal service conditions a fibre-reinforced intumescent coating (FRIC) is essentially a lightly fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite material. This thesis examines the impacts of embedded high strength fibres on the tensile behaviour of epoxy intumescent materials in their unreacted state prior to fire exposure, and the potential enhancements that arise in the structural performance of elements protected with FRICs. An experimental programme is presented comprising tensile coupon tests of unreacted intumescent epoxies, reinforced with different fibre meshes at various fibre volume fractions. It is demonstrated that the tensile properties of FRICs can be enhanced considerably by including increasing amounts of carbon fibre reinforcement aligned in the principal loading direction, which can be tailored in the desired orientation on the coated structural members to enhance their load carrying capacity and/or deformability. An experimental study is presented on coated intact and artificially damaged I-beams (simulating steel losses from corrosion) tested in bending, demonstrating that FRICs can enhance the flexural response of the beams after yielding of steel, until the tensile rupture of the coatings. An analytical procedure for predicting the flexural behaviour of the coated beams is discussed and validated against the obtained test results, whereas a parametric analysis is performed based on this analytical model to assess the effect of various parameters on the strengthening efficiency of FRICs. The results of this analysis demonstrate that it is feasible to increase the flexural load capacity of thin sections considerably utilising the flexural strength gains from FRICs. Finally, a novel application is proposed in this thesis for FRICs as a potential system for structural strengthening or retrofitting reinforced concrete and concrete-encased steel columns by lateral confinement. An experimental study is presented on the axial compressive behaviour of short, plain concrete and concrete-encased structural steel columns that are wrapped in the hoop direction with FRICs. The results clearly show that epoxy intumescent coatings reinforced with a carbon fibre mesh of suitable weight can provide lateral confinement to the concrete core resisting its lateral dilation, thus resulting in considerable enhancements of the axial strength and deformability of concrete. The observed strengthening performance of the composite protective coatings is found to be at least as good as that of FRP wraps consisting of the same fibre reinforcement mesh and a conventional, non-intumescent epoxy resin. The predictive ability of existing design-oriented FRP confinement models is compared against the experimental results, and is found to be reasonably precise in predicting the peak strength of the tested columns, hence existing models appear to be suitable for design and analysis of column strengthening schemes with the proposed novel FRIC system. The research presented herein shows clearly that FRICs have a strong potential as alternative systems for consideration in the field of structural strengthening and rehabilitation, since they can provide substantial enhancements in the load carrying capacity for both applications considered. At the same time FRICs can thermally protect the underlying structural elements in the event of a fire, by intumescing and charring, thus potentially eliminating the need for additional passive fire protection that is common with conventional fire-rated FRP wrapping systems. Although this thesis provides a proof-of-concept for use of the proposed novel FRICs as structural strengthening materials, considerable additional research is particularly required to study their fire protection performance when applied to concrete substrates, to make use of the proposed hybrid functionality with confidence.

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Fayokun, Ranti. "Study of the thermal behaviours of intumescent silicate materials". Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2005. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6167/.

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The fire retardant properties of inorganic silicate based materials were characterised by Thermal, Infrared (IR), Karl Fischer (KF), Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Cone Calorimetry (CC) techniques. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was also employed to study the sample morphologies. In this study, spectral data were analysed by multivariate Target Factor Analysis (TFA) to determine the relative evolution profiles of selected fire gases. A combination of the gas evolution profiles and further numerical treatment of the thermal characterisation data provided a novel set of protocols to assess the high temperature behaviour of the fire protective silicate materials. In the context of this work, the study discusses the structure-property relationships of the silicates, identifies the degradation stages and elucidates the processes involved during thermal treatment by comparison with mechanistic findings in published literature. The following conclusions were drawn. Five transitions were detected by thermal analyses, which correspond to; i) the evolution of water and flammable species ii) the rearrangement of interstitial ions and water molecules iii) the evaporation of water of condensation from silanol groups iv) the decomposition of samples and i) structural rearrangement. Cone calorimetry studies revealed that samples with low polyol (P) and high SiO2:Na2O weight ratio (WR) exhibited very low heat release rates (HRR) and vice versa. It was observed that in general, low polyol content and high SiO2:Na2O WR enhanced fire resistivity. This provided a better understanding of the thermo-degradation patterns of samples and the underlying chemistry influencing the performances of the inorganic silicate based materials.

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Cirpici, Burak Kaan. "Simulating the expansion process of intumescent coating fire protection". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/simulating-the-expansion-process-of-intumescent-coating-fire-protection(6de4a5f5-0fb7-4d28-a083-9c783c692e4c).html.

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The expansion ratio (defined as the ratio of the expanded thickness to the original thickness) of intumescent coatings is the most important quantity that determines their fire protection performance. This thesis explores two possible methods of predicting intumescent coating expansion: an analytical method, and a detailed numerical simulation method using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH).The analytical method is based on a cell-model and predicts bubble growth due to pressure increase in viscous liquid with constant viscosity. It has been extended to non-uniform temperature field and temperature-dependent viscosity of intumescent melt. Accuracy of this extended analytical method is assessed by comparison against the cone calorimeter and furnace fire tests on intumescent coating protected steel plates with different intumescent coating thicknesses, steel plate thicknesses, and heating conditions. The extended analytical method is then used to investigate how intumescent coating expansion and intumescent coating effective thermal conductivity are affected by changing the coating thickness, the steel thickness and the fire condition (including smouldering fire). The main conclusion is that the expansion ratio decreases as the rate of heating increases. Therefore, the intumescent coating properties obtained from the Standard fire exposure may be safely used for slower realistic fires, but would produce unsafe results for faster fires. The second method explores the potential of a meshless numerical simulation: Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). SPH modelling of intumescent coating expansion has been implemented using the SPHysics FORTRAN open-source code as a platform. To check the validity of this modelling method, the modelling results are compared against theoretical solutions for surface tension (Young-Laplace theorem), and available numerical and analytical solutions for bubble expansion. A new algorithm for representing the mass transfer of gas into the bubble using SPH particle insertion and particle shifting scheme is presented to simulate the bubble expansion process. Close agreement with an analytical solution for the initial bubble expansion rate computed by SPH is obtained. Whilst this research has demonstrated the potential of using SPH to numerically simulate intumescent coating expansion, it has also revealed significant challenges that should be overcome to make SPH a feasible method to simulate intumescent coating expansion. The main challenges include:• Simulating gas-polymer flows when expansion is occurring where there are vastly different properties of these two fluids with a density ratio of about 1000. This high density ratio may easily cause numerical pressure noise, especially at the liquid-gas interface.• Extremely high computational cost necessary to achieve sufficient accuracy by using a large number of particles (higher resolution), especially for the multi-phase SPH program, and very small time step for the lighter fluid (air). • The behaviour of intumescent coatings involves expansion ratios on the order of 10-100 with thousands of bubbles which grow, merge and burst. Based on the results of this exploratory research, future improvements are outlined to further develop the SPH simulation method.

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Muller, Maryska. "Systemic approach of the synergism in flame retarded intumescent polyurethanes". Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10109/document.

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L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de mettre en évidence et de comprendre le mécanisme de synergie observé au niveau des propriétés retard au feu de polyuréthanes (PUs) intumescents par l’ajout de nanoparticules (NPs). En effet, l’addition de polyphospha te d’ammonium (APP) dans une matrice PU conduit à une amélioration de ses propriétés retard au feu. La substitution d’une petite quantité d’APP par des NPs (MgO, SiO2, octamethyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (OMPOSS) et or) conduit de plus à un phénomène de synergie. Il a été montré que la nature et la quantité de NPs jouent un rôle important sur les propriétés retard au feu et sur le mécanisme de protection. L’étude de la stabilité thermique des différents systèmes a premièrement mis en évidence une stabilisation entre l’APP et les NPs à l’exception de l’OMPOSS. Il a donc été proposé que la synergie intervienne en phase condensée où diverses réactions chimiques, caractérisées par RMN du solide, ont lieu lors de la dégradation des matériaux entrainant la formation d’une barrière protectrice intumescente. Les propriétés de cette barrière, telles que sa conductivité thermique, son expansion et sa morphologie, ont été étudiés dans un second temps à l’aide de techniques spécifiques développées dans le cadre de cette étude (en particulier la tomographie). Ces propriétés ont été reliées à la meilleure protection observée pour le système contenant l’APP et les NPs. La résistance mécanique de barrières intumescentes développées dans différentes conditions a finalement été étudiée mais n’intervient pas dans le mécanisme de synergie
The purpose of this Ph.D work is to present and to understand the synergy observed in the fire performances of intumescent polyurethane (PU) formulations by the addition of nanoparticles (NP). Indeed, it was shown that the addition of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in PU leads to interesting fire properties that can be enhanced substituting a small amount of APP by NPs (MgO, SiO2, octamethyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (OMPOSS) and gold). The nature and content of the NPs play an important role on the fire retardant properties and mechanisms. First, a thermal stabilization was observed between APP and the different NPs except OMPOSS. The synergy mechanism was thus attributed to a condensed phase action where a range of chemical species, characterized by solid state NMR, are created upon heating the material in different conditions. The char properties, such as thermal conductivity, expansion and morphology, were then characterized using novel techniques (in particular tomography). It was shown that they are linked with the thermal barrier effect of the residual material explaining the good fire properties obtained when combining APP and NPs. The mechanical strength of chars developed in different conditions was also investigated but do not play a significant role on the synergy mechanism

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Mais fontes

Livros sobre o assunto "Intumescen"

Deogon, Malkit Singh. A study of intumescent coatings. Uxbridge: Brunel University, 1989.

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Knott, Paula Theresa Anne. Intumescent formulations incorporating melamine phosphate. Birmingham: Aston University. Departmentof Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry., 1988.

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Heritage, English, ed. The use of intumescent products in historic buildings. London: English Heritage, 1997.

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Zybina, Olga, e Marina Gravit. Intumescent Coatings for Fire Protection of Building Structures and Materials. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59422-0.

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M, Le Bras, Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). Information Services. e European Meeting on Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials (6th : 1997 : University of Lille), eds. Fire retardancy of polymers: The use of intumescence. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry Information Services, 1998.

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Zhang, Chao. Reliability of Steel Columns Protected by Intumescent Coatings Subjected to Natural Fires. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46379-6.

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National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), ed. Evaluation of intumescent body panel coatings in simulated post-accident vehicle fires. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998.

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Wang, Ling-Ling, Jun-Wei Ge, Guo-Qiang Li e Qing Xu. Intumescent Coating and Fire Protection of Steel Structures. Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.

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Wang, Ling-Ling, Jun-Wei Ge, Guo-Qiang Li e Qing Xu. Intumescent Coating and Fire Protection of Steel Structures. Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Intumescen"

Gooch, Jan W. "Intumesce". In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 395. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6431.

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Kim, Wan Soo, e Kyeong Hwan Kim. "Intumescent Cataract". In Challenges in Cataract Surgery, 1–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46092-4_1.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Intumescent Coatings". In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 395. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6433.

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Duquesne, S., e T. Futterer. "Intumescent Systems". In Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook, 293–346. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118939239.ch8.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Intumescence". In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 395. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6432.

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Mishra, Munmaya, e Biao Duan. "Intumescent Fire Retardant". In The Essential Handbook of Polymer Terms and Attributes, 84. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003161318-81.

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Camino, Giovanni. "Flame retardants: intumescent systems". In Plastics Additives, 297–306. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_33.

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Li, Guo-Qiang, Ling-Ling Wang, Qing Xu e Jun-Wei Ge. "Introduction to intumescent coatings". In Intumescent Coating and Fire Protection of Steel Structures, 1–28. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003287919-1.

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Zhang, Chao. "Service Life of Intumescent Coatings". In Reliability of Steel Columns Protected by Intumescent Coatings Subjected to Natural Fires, 103–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46379-6_7.

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Bras, Michel Le, e Serge Bourbigot. "Intumescent fire retardant polypropylene formulations". In Polymer Science and Technology Series, 357–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4421-6_51.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Intumescen"

Otaka, Takeshi, e Yutaka Asako. "Thermal Intumescent Characteristics of Heated Sodium Silicate". In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39393.

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A fire barrier material is made of a rubber in which intumescent materials are mixed. Sodium silicate is one of the intumescent materials which intumesces at low temperature. In this report, the thermal intumescent characteristics of water glass and sodium metasilicate are investigated. Thermal intumescent ratio of water glass and sodium metasilicate were measured using a thermo-gravimetry (TG/DTA) with the heating rate in the range from 1 K/min to 99.9 K/min. As the result, it is clarify that thermal intumescent characteristics depend on the heating rate. Thermal intumescent ratio increases with increasing the heating rate. No intumescence was observed under the condition that the heating rate ranges from 1 K/min to 20 K/min.

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Spiridonova, Veronika G., Olga G. Tsirkina, Sergey A. Shabunin, Alexander L. Nikiforov e Svetlana N. Uleva. "Evaluation of the effect of intumescent flame retardants on the fire hazard indicators of textile materials". In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM (ISTS) «IMPROVING ENERGY AND RESOURCE-EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF PROCESSES AND DEVICES IN CHEMICAL AND RELATED INDUSTRIES». The Kosygin State University of Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/eeste-2021-2-217-221.

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This article discusses the aspects of the use of intumescent flame retardants to reduce the fire hazard of technical fabrics made of natural fibers. The effectiveness of bulging compositions based on tannic acid is shown. Experimental data on the fire-hazardous properties of the starting material and its constituent textile fibers, as well as fabrics treated with an intumescent flame retardant, are presented.

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Abu-Isa, Ismat A. "Intumescent Thermoplastic Elastomer Fire Shield Material". In SAE 2002 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-1318.

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Bao, Wenbo, Miaojun Xu, He Jia, Hong Liu e Bin Li. "Triazine macromolecule containing intumescent flame retardant polyolefin". In 2009 IEEE 9th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpadm.2009.5252290.

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Autrique, Laurent, Laetitia Perez e Mathieu Gillet. "Analysis of intumescent system: Model and experimentation". In European Control Conference 2007 (ECC). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2007.7068682.

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Jinarakpong, Suthasinee, Suchada Punpruk, Sith Kumseranee, Thirawat Sanitmuang e Nopphan Rattanasombattawee. "Innovative Fireproof Insulation for Safe Operation of Non-Metallic Pipe". In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23082-ea.

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Abstract Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe (RTP) is one of the solutions considered using instead of metal pipe to avoid the corrosion problem. As RTP is a non-metallic pipe that is subjected to damage or deformation when get fire. A protective fireproof system is required to protect RTP from cellulosic fire for at least 2 hours. and pipe surface temperature not over 82 °C per RTP specification and should be reusable and has a long service life. From the performance test results, there are two materials of PFP (Passive Fire Projection) that passed the requirement. One is intumescent (Composite fiber glass fabric with external polyurethane "PU" coating 0.7 mm.) and the other one is rockwool insulation (Reflective heat guard 3 mm. + Rockwool insulation 50 mm. + Aluminium 1 mm.). The rising of the surface temperature of the Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe (RTP) is in the acceptable criteria. The RTP pipe appearance is still in good condition. For PFP appearance, the intumescent will be damaged after burning while rockwool insulation is not changed and is reusable. In terms of material cost, the price of intumescent including material cost and installation cost is lower by about 20%. Both options are interesting and shall be considered again for usage purposes. Replacement of metal pipe with spoolable pipe with PFP has advantages in terms of low maintenance cost and higher corrosion resistance. The Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe with PFP can be installed on existing pipe support with enough space for inspection. This solution can eliminate the weak point of RTP and allows the application of RTP without pull through carbon steel pipe. The PFP rockwool insulation is a good option to protect pipeline damage from unpredictable fire with low material and installation costs.

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Fox, Douglas J., James F. Unruh, Martin J. Schad e Robert J. Locker. "Vibration Characterization of Intumescent Mat Mounted Ceramic Preconverters". In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/980051.

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Kim, Jae Su. "Theories and Capabilities of Intumescent Mat Numerical Modeling". In SAE 2003 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0664.

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Black, Kevin M. "An Atrium Exposed: When Intumescent Fireproofing Coatings Fail". In 10th Congress on Forensic Engineering, 195–203. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784485798.022.

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Pötzsch, Sina, Sebastian Timme, Christian Sklorz, Danilo Skoczowsky, Frank Otremba e Simone Krüger. "Fire Protection Systems for Tanks Made of GFRP". In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70381.

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The application of lightweight materials for tanks for transportation appears promising. Besides saving weight and therefore transportation costs, new complex geometries that depart from common cylindrical shapes of steel tanks can be manufactured. For transportation of dangerous goods, fire and explosion safety must be maintained to prevent accidents with serious consequences. In this work the fire behavior of lightweight tanks made from glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) with complex geometries is investigated. Pretests on intermediate scale GFRP plates are conducted to identify suitable fire protection systems and surface treatments for composite tanks. The fire resistance is shown to be improved by addition of fire protective coatings and integrated layers. Finally, a complex rectangular GFRP tank with a holding capacity of 1100 liters is fire protected with an intumescent fire coating. The tank is filled up to 80 % with water and burned under an engulfing fully developed fire. It was shown that the intumescent layer could expand before the decomposition of the resin occurred. Furthermore, the adhesion between tank surface and coating was maintained. The structure could withstand a fire for more than 20 min.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Intumescen"

Song, Qian-Yi, Lin-Hai Han, Kan Zhou e Yuan Feng. TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF CFST COLUMNS PROTECTED BY INTUMESCENT FIRE COATING. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, dezembro de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.164.

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Hamins, Anthony. Evaluation of intumescent body panel coatings in simulated post-accident vehicle fires. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6157.

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Nicholson, J. C. Evaluation of Environmental Conditions on the Curing Of Commercial Fixative and Intumescent Coatings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), setembro de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1404905.

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Nicholson, J. C. Evaluation of Environmental Conditions on the Curing Of Commercial Fixative and Intumescent Coatings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), janeiro de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1404906.

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Babiniec, Sean, Emilee Reinholz, Eric Coker e Marin Larsen. Thermochemical characterization of intumescent materials and their application in FEM models using Aria. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), junho de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1871622.

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