Siga este link para ver outros tipos de publicações sobre o tema: Introduction effort.
Livros sobre o tema "Introduction effort"
Crie uma referência precisa em APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, e outros estilos
Veja os 50 melhores livros para estudos sobre o assunto "Introduction effort".
Ao lado de cada fonte na lista de referências, há um botão "Adicionar à bibliografia". Clique e geraremos automaticamente a citação bibliográfica do trabalho escolhido no estilo de citação de que você precisa: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
Você também pode baixar o texto completo da publicação científica em formato .pdf e ler o resumo do trabalho online se estiver presente nos metadados.
Veja os livros das mais diversas áreas científicas e compile uma bibliografia correta.
1
Schneider, Jörg, e Ton Vrouwenvelder. Introduction to safety and reliability of structures. 3a ed. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed005.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
<p>Society expects that buildings and other structures are safe for the people who use them or who are near them. The failure of a building or structure is expected to be an extremely rare event. Thus, society implicitly relies on the expertise of the professionals involved in the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the structures it uses.<p>Structural engineers devote all their effort to meeting society’s expectations effi ciently. Engineers and scientists work together to develop solutions to structural problems. Given that nothing is absolutely and eternally safe, the goal is to attain an acceptably small probability of failure for a structure, a facility, or a situation. Reliability analysis is part of the science and practice of engineering today, not only with respect to the safety of structures, but also for questions of serviceability and other requirements of technical systems that might be impacted by some probability.<p>The present volume takes a rather broad approach to safety and reliability in Structural Engineering. It treats the underlying concepts of safety, reliability and risk and introduces the reader in a fi rst chapter to the main concepts and strategies for dealing with hazards. The next chapter is devoted to the processing of data into information that is relevant for applying reliability theory. Two following chapters deal with the modelling of structures and with methods of reliability analysis. Another chapter focuses on problems related to establishing target reliabilities, assessing existing structures, and on effective strategies against human error. The last chapter presents an outlook to more advanced applications. The Appendix supports the application of the methods proposed and refers readers to a number of related computer programs.<p>This book is aimed at both students and practicing engineers. It presents the concepts and procedures of reliability analysis in a straightforward, understandable way, making use of simple examples, rather than extended theoretical discussion. It is hoped that this approach serves to advance the application of safety and reliability analysis in engineering practice.<p>The book is amended with a free access to an educational version of a Variables Processor computer program. FreeVaP can be downloaded free of charge and supports the understanding of the subjects treated in this book.
2
Salikhov, K. M. Magnetic isotope effect in radical reactions: An introduction. Wien: Springer, 1996.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
3
Barrie, Andrew. Translocation of roan antelope in South Africa and the effect this has had on the genetic diversity of the species. [South Africa]: [s.n.], 2003.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
4
Angus, Fergusson, Whitewood Bob, Hengeveld Henry 1947- e Canada Environment Canada, eds. An introduction to climate change: A Canadian perspective. [Ottawa]: Environment Canada, 2005.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
5
Dagger, Richard. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199388837.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This book aims to develop a unified theory of political obligation and the justification of punishment that takes its bearings from the principle of fair play. Much has been written on each of these subjects, of course, including numerous essays in recent years that approach one or the other topic in fair-play terms. However, there has been no sustained effort to link the two in a fair-play theory of political obligation and punishment. This book undertakes such an effort. This introduction explains why such a theory is an attractive possibility and how the argument for it unfolds in the succeeding chapters.
6
Charon, Rita, Sayantani DasGupta, Nellie Hermann, Craig Irvine, Eric R. Marcus, Edgar Rivera Colón, Danielle Spencer e Maura Spiegel. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360192.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The care of the sick centers on the giving and receiving of accounts of illness. Narrative medicine arose at the turn of this century to equip healthcare professionals with the capacity to skillfully receive these accounts—to recognize, absorb, interpret, and be moved to action by the stories patients tell. The Introduction summarizes the field’s emergence from narrative theory and primary healthcare in an effort to heighten the attention of clinicians for their patients, strengthen their perception of a patient’s situation, and deepen the affiliation between them. The field’s scholarly, educational, and clinical missions are summarized, and a précis of each of the book’s chapters is offered.
7
Browning, Birch P. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199928200.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
It is possible to be both an artistic musician and an effective educator. Becoming both is a process that requires relentless effort to comprehend and apply basic understandings of how music works and how students learn. The core concepts of both fields can be organized into frameworks of understanding, from which details can be derived and on which musical and instructional decisions can be based. During the process of becoming a musician-educator, the student must make wise decisions about what needs to be learned, how it will be learned, and how the knowledge and skills will be used or engaged. Above all, the student needs to be curious.
8
Scheipers, Sibylle. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799047.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
During his early years, Clausewitz spent a large amount of time and effort on analysing small wars. Yet his legacy as a thinker of small war has been neglected by the mainstream traditions of Clausewitz scholarship in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The narrow interpretation of Clausewitz as a paradigmatic thinker of major interstate war was largely a result of a lack of engagement with Clausewitz’s historical intellectual context. The introduction gives an overview of both the mainstream Clausewitz reception and Clausewitz’s contemporary context. Finally, it discusses methodological perspectives that allow us to analyse Clausewitz’s engagement with his context, that stretch beyond the crude concept of ‘influence’.
9
Roberson, Quinetta M. Introduction. Editado por Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Diversity refers to differences among people. While such differences are characteristic of the human race, socio-cultural and economic trends have given rise to such variation in organizational workforces as well. To keep pace with society and the changing business environment, researchers across a number of disciplines have studied the phenomenon in an effort to understand its meaning, import, operation and consequences in organizations. The purpose of this chapter is to consider the environmental trends that have changed the composition of workforces and brought diversity to the forefront as an important management and research concern. In addition, it provides a tour of the structure of the volume and topics covered, which illustrate the diversity of this science and its application to work and organizations.
10
Goodall, Alex. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038037.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This introductory chapter analyzes how conflicting impulses for loyalty and liberty shaped the politics of countersubversion between World War I and the McCarthy era. By examining the ways this intellectual problem manifested in various historical contexts, the chapter uncovers a history of fits and starts rather than simple, linear progression: waves of growth in political policing followed by undercurrents of reform. The contradictory effort to retain historic freedoms while simultaneously limiting them is what gave American countersubversion its distinctively American character: populist, legalistic, voluble, and partisan. The chapter also seeks to explain how a country with a long-standing hostility to the centralization of power, and a strong disposition to associate activist government with tyranny, gradually reconciled itself to a domestic security state.
11
Goodier, Susan. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037474.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This introductory chapter sets out the book's primary goal, which is to understand the movement for women's rights from the point of view of the women who opposed their enfranchisement in New York State. Recovering a clearer understanding of attitudes regarding women's power, as well as the meaning of the vote to women of the time, more accurately illuminates any study of women's rights movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The book analyzes activities at the local and state levels, and those that connected New York State to the national perspective, in an effort to clarify the importance of anti-suffragism for the suffrage movement, as well as for the movement for women's rights. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
12
Clark, Catherine E. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681647.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
What is the history of preserving, writing, exhibiting, theorizing, and imagining the history of Paris photographically? How, when, and to what end did photographs become interesting as historical evidence—and more specifically, evidence of the history of Paris—and to whom? These questions can be best answered by an institutional history of photo collecting in the city’s historical museum and library alongside an effort to traces the uses of photographs by amateur and popular historians, publishers, and photographers beyond their walls. This investigation builds on literatures about the city of Paris, its visual regimes, the relationship between history and memory, the role of the historical imagination, the reduction of Paris to an image, and histories of the “Visual Turn.” It deploys the cliché as a methodological approach to tell a new history about the relationship between Paris and its insistently photographic past.
13
Gordon, Matthew S. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622183.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Concubines and Courtesans examines the intersection of slavery, gender, social networking, cultural production (music, poetry, and dance), sexuality, Islamic family law, and religion. The essays that make up the volume range over nearly a thousand years of Islamic history—from the early, formative period (7th–10th century CE) to the late Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal eras (16th–18th century CE)—and regions from al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) to Central Asia (Timurid Iran). The close, common thread is an effort to account for the lives, careers, and representations of female slaves participating in and contributing to elite, mostly urban, Islamicate society. The classical Arabic sources evince a trajectory from enslavement and early training of these women to a status as mature and dynamic social actors. Sources in other Near Eastern languages, notably Ottoman Turkish and Persian, provide much the same kind of evidence.
14
Abrahams, Frank, e Paul D. Head. Introduction. Editado por Frank Abrahams e Paul D. Head. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199373369.013.28.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
As editors and contributing authors, we found one of the largest challenges of this project to be the very definition of the project itself. What is Choral Pedagogy? Should this volume focus on research? Conducting theory? A cappella singing? The mentors and trail-blazers in the profession? In fact, we believe that the strength of this project is the effort to acknowledge that a study of choral pedagogy requires a comprehensive approach that embraces the immediate relevance between research, theory, and practice. This chapter speaks to the philosophical stance of the editors, the identity of the book, and how we arrived at a sense of cohesion. At the same time, the editors draw attention to the dynamic nature of the choral endeavor, in this age of global interaction and unprecedented technical advancement in the digital age.
15
Montgomery, Erwin B. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Even by the standards at the time of the first edition, programming for some patients can still be a challenge. Even with the old systems, there were literally thousands of possible combinations of stimulator parameters which often intimidates programmers. The increase in functionality, such as multiple stimulation patterns and interleaved electrode configurations, has exponentially increased the number of combinations of DBS settings. Fortunately, most patients respond to a similar and narrow range of combinations, provided that the DBS stimulating leads are optimally placed. For other patients, however, dedicated effort is required to identify the optimal combination. The greatest danger for patients is that programmers will give up too soon. The premise of this text is that post-operative DBS programming can be made more effective and efficient by knowing some basic electrophysiological principles and some details of neuroanatomy.
16
Fulford, K. W. M., Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini e Tim Thornton. Introduction. Editado por K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini e Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0065.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This Section examines several moral dilemmas and epistemological aporias in clinical practice and shows how clinicians can benefit from the introduction of philosophical methods and discourse. The authors develop these issues having in mind emblematic mental disorders (e.g. depression, personality disorders, schizophrenia) and typical clinical situations (e.g. how to establish an effective therapeutic relationship with borderline persons, dream interpretation, cognitive-behavioural therapy). One important claim shared by the Authors is that a great effort has been made to ground psychiatry on evidence-based science, and to tie it to our growing understanding of the human brain. This is obviously an exceedingly important project, but it would be a mistake to assume that the central questions of psychiatry can be completely resolved through scientific inquiry. Science offers guidance for clinical practice only in light of our concepts and normative judgments.
17
Kerrigan, John. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793755.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Most people interested in Shakespeare have wondered about his originality. Is it true that his plays were adapted from other authors’ plays, poems, and romances? Are his best-known speeches really lifted out of Montaigne and Plutarch? If so—and it is far from entirely so—does it matter, any more than it does when a classic movie is based on a novel? What distinctions and relationships hold between originality, collaboration, and adaptation? To think adequately about such questions requires a lot of information-gathering and sifting, but the effort is worthwhile because it helps us identify creative decisions made by Shakespeare in the process of composition while it also shows him participating in a larger culture of play-making. We equip ourselves to characterize the techniques by which he managed to achieve the types of originality available during his lifetime....
18
Delaney, Douglas E. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198704461.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The introduction sets the scope in terms of perspective and time span. This is an imperial history—from the time that imperial authorities decided to address seriously the military problems of the empire (1902) until the end of the last great imperial war effort (1945). These wide parameters are critical. Only by stepping outside the bounds of national histories can one appreciate the imperial ‘big picture’. After all, the interoperability of the imperial armies would not have been necessary were it not for imperial military problems. And only by taking a longer view can one see the full arc of the enterprise, which amounted to an imperial army project. British military authorities wanted a continental-type army, but one adapted to British imperial circumstances: British rejection of peacetime conscription, self-governing dominions, the non-contiguous nature of the empire, and the vast distances involved.
19
Tallberg, Jonas, Karin Bäckstrand e Jan Aart Scholte. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826873.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Legitimacy is central for the capacity of global governance institutions to address problems such as climate change, trade protectionism, and human rights abuses. However, despite legitimacy’s importance for global governance, its workings remain poorly understood. That is the core concern of this volume, which engages with the overarching question: whether, why, how, and with what consequences global governance institutions gain, sustain, and lose legitimacy. This introductory chapter explains the rationale of the book, introduces its conceptual framework, reviews existing literature, and presents the key themes of the volume. It emphasizes in particular the volume’s sociological approach to legitimacy in global governance, its comparative scope, and its comprehensive treatment of the topic. Moreover, a specific effort is made to explain how each chapter moves beyond existing research in exploring the book’s three themes: (1) sources of legitimacy, (2) processes of legitimation and delegitimation, and (3) consequences of legitimacy.
20
Brown, Stewart J., Peter Nockles e James Pereiro. Introduction. Editado por Stewart J. Brown, Peter Nockles e James Pereiro. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199580187.013.50.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In the wake of an era of political and social turmoil, the Oxford Movement represented an effort to recover the Catholic and apostolic patrimony of the Church of England. It had its precursors and background context, but burst forth in 1833 as a potentially disruptive force, challenging contemporaries and provoking opposition. Although the personality and genius of John Henry Newman lay at its heart, the Movement proved greater and more enduring than Newman’s personal Anglican history and took on new life after his departure for Rome in 1845. As the Movement moved away from its Oxford origins to the parishes and wider world, it became increasingly problematic, especially in the context of the rise of Ritualism, as to who could be considered its genuine descendants. Yet the Movement also exercised a profound influence, developing many variations and permutations, and its legacy continues to inform Church life.
21
Westfahl, Gary. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037801.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This book offers a comprehensive study of William Gibson's career as a science fiction writer, focusing not only on his novels and stories but also on his other works such as publications in science fiction fanzines and contributions to elusive books. Having read almost all of Gibson's published works (including over 170 interviews), the author examines aspects of Gibson's works that are visibly most important to him. For example, he has always been and remains, in his background and proclivities, a science fiction writer. In addition, he has grown especially intrigued by both tinkerers with new technology and avant-garde artists as chief avatars of the constant transformations now characterizing contemporary life, as can be inferred from Spook Country and Zero History. This book also includes a new Gibson interview; the first determined effort to compile an exhaustive, accurate bibliography of his works; and a survey of the relevant secondary literature.
22
Fox, Kieran C. R., e Kalina Christoff. Introduction. Editado por Kalina Christoff e Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.44.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Enormous questions still loom for the emerging science of spontaneous thought: What, exactly, is spontaneous thought? Why does the human brain engage in spontaneous forms of thinking, and when is this most likely to occur? And perhaps the question most interesting and accessible from a scientific perspective: How does the brain generate, elaborate, and evaluate its own spontaneous creations? The central aim of this volume is to bring together views from neuroscience, psychology, philosophy, phenomenology, history, education, contemplative traditions, and clinical practice in order to begin to address the ubiquitous but poorly understood mental phenomena collectively known as “spontaneous thought.” Perhaps no other mental experience is so familiar in daily life, and yet so difficult to understand and explain scientifically. The present volume represents the first effort to bring such highly diverse perspectives to bear on answering the what, when, why, and how of spontaneous thought.
23
Cave, Terence, e Deirdre Wilson, eds. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794776.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
After initial remarks on the relations between literature, language, and communication, the Introduction outlines the main assumptions of relevance theory, explaining the distinctions between coded and ‘ostensive’ communication, between ‘meaning’ and ‘import’, and between ‘showing’ and ‘telling’. It considers the role of relevance and inference in comprehension; discusses how implicatures are derived in context and why words are not always used to convey their literal meanings; reflects on the nature of metaphor and irony, and examines the relation between processing effort, rhetoric, and style. It then turns to ways in which a relevance theory approach might question the tenets of modern literary theory (the ‘death of the author’, scepticism about intentions), to issues of historical and contextual interpretation, and to the notion of ‘intertextuality’. Finally, it reviews a range of evidence widely taken to support an ‘embodied’ conception of cognition, language, and communication which seems particularly well-adapted to literary studies.
24
Weiss, Shira. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190684426.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The introductory chapter describes Joseph Albo’s biography and historical context to provide background for an analysis of his work. The structure and content of his popular Sefer ha-‘Iqqarim is discussed, as well as his philosophical influences. Criticism of Albo as an unoriginal philosopher is described in an effort to refute the scholarly consensus and argue for the philosophical ingenuity embedded within Albo’s individual homilies. The explicit objective of Albo’s Sefer ha-‘Iqqarim was to provide an explication of dogma to defend the authenticity of Judaism and create a uniform set of Jewish doctrine for his persecuted coreligionists. Albo integrates individual biblical homilies that convey theological lessons within his discussions of principles of faith which provide a vivid and accessible understanding of complex philosophical ideas. Several of Albo’s exegetical analyses focus on free choice, which emerges as a conceptual scheme throughout his work, demonstrating its significance during a period of religious coercion.
25
Songster, E. Elena. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199393671.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Panda Nation examines the giant panda and its fascinating qualities as an animal while tracing the story of its rise from obscurity to global prominence as a symbol of nature and the nation of China. The book places this story in the historical and political context of the tumultuous history of the People’s Republic of China. The emergence of the giant panda as a national icon was made possible in part by its own striking natural appearance and allure, but ultimately was the result of China’s effort to define itself as a nation. As the subject of government-directed science and popular nationalism, the giant panda’s rose in tandem with the dramatic ascent of China to a position of broad global influence. As a bridge to nature, the panda also integrated urban centers with local officials and ethnic minority villagers in China’s remote regions. As a point of pride, the panda symbolized cultural and economic shifts before it was used as a diplomatic tool. It became an expression of nationalism, a tool for diplomacy, and a means for international cooperation and scientific exchange.
26
Drachen, Anders, Pejman Mirza-Babaei e Lennart E. Nacke. Introduction to Games User Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794844.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This chapter provides an introduction to the field of Games User Research (GUR) and to the present book. GUR is an interdisciplinary field of practice and research concerned with ensuring the optimal quality of usability and user experience in digital games. GUR inevitably involves any aspect of a video game that players interface with, directly or indirectly. This book aims to provide the foundational, accessible, go-to resource for people interested in GUR. It is a community-driven effort—it is written by passionate professionals and researchers in the GUR community as a handbook and guide for everyone interested in user research and games. We aim to provide the most comprehensive overview from an applied perspective, for a person new to GUR, but which is also useful for experienced user researchers.
27
Steel, Duncan G. Introduction to Quantum Nanotechnology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895073.001.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Quantum physics is rapidly emerging as a transformative approach to expand the frontiers of technology in areas including communications, information processing, metrology, and sensing. Indeed, the end of Moore’s Law looms in the near future and quantum effects in modern electronics such as quantum tunneling are a limiting factor. In contrast, in new technology based on quantum behavior, the quantum properties represent a new dimension of opportunity. This shift is already creating a growing need for engineers and physical scientists who have specialized knowledge in this area, in order to contribute to the growing effort. There are numerous outstanding textbooks available for a general approach to the field of quantum physics. There is much to be gained by taking the traditional learning approach, but it can take two or three years before students encounter many of the exciting ideas and tools for this area. This book takes an application-motivated approach to enable students to build a quantum toolbox. The first six chapters describe the quantum states of various systems of interest, while the remaining chapters focus mainly on dynamics. Important concepts like the quantum flip-flop, based using Rabi oscillations, and engineering the quantum vacuum are presented. Powerful tools including the atomic operator approach and density matrix operator are introduced with examples of applications. This book is aimed at upper level undergraduates and some first year graduate students. The book is arranged to fulfil the needs for a one-semester or two-semester sequence. For a one-semester sequence, the preface describes several paths that emphasize different aspects of quantum behavior.
28
Shapiro, Stewart. Philosophy of Mathematics and Its Logic: Introduction. Editado por Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Mathematics plays an important role in virtually every scientific effort, no matter what part of the world it is aimed at. There is scarcely a natural or a social science that does not have substantial mathematics prerequisites. The burden on any complete philosophy of mathematics is to show how mathematics is applied to the material world, and to show how the methodology of mathematics (whatever it may be) fits into the methodology of the sciences (whatever it may be). In addition to its role in science, mathematics itself seems to be a knowledge-gathering activity. The philosophy of mathematics is, at least in part, a branch of epistemology. However, mathematics is at least prima facie different from other epistemic endeavors.
29
Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid e Bernard Prendergast, eds. An introduction to evidence-based medicine. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0002.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Clinicians have historically used ‘evidence’ from their individual clinical experiences to inform decisions about health care. However, with the emergence of novel technologies, treatments, and epidemiological methods in the latter half of the twentieth century, some questioned whether more harm than good was being done in attempts to ‘cure’ disease. In 1971, Archie Cochrane suggested clinicians were overly devoted to their patients, overtreating in an effort to do everything possible to ‘cure’. He argued the systematic application of medical research, in particular evidence from randomized controlled trials, should be encouraged to maximize the use of therapies proven to be safe and effective, and to minimize the impact of those ineffective and unsafe. David Sackett and colleagues developed these concepts further, writing about the ‘science of the art of medicine’ to describe how the principles of population epidemiology might be applied to individual patient care decisions and the appraisal of research for quality. This chapter presents an overview of how to approach the critique of a clinical trial and an introduction to common statistical tests that readers will encounter.
30
Dow, Bonnie J. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038563.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book focuses on the national television news narratives about the second wave of feminism that proliferated in 1970, a year in which the networks' eagerness to make sense of the movement for their viewers was accompanied by feminists' efforts to use national media for their own purposes. The interaction of these efforts produced coverage that was distinguished by its contradictions—it ranged from sympathetic to patronizing, from thoughtful to sensationalistic, and from evenhanded to overtly dismissive. The effects of the movement's heightened public profile proved to be equally unpredictable. Even negative coverage had positive outcomes for movement growth; at the same time, some feminist media activism that proved surprisingly successful had an adverse effect on movement cohesion.
31
Steinberg, Ellen F., e Jack H. Prost. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036200.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book explores the state, shape, change, and evolution of Midwestern Jewish cuisine through time. It tracks geographically based culinary recipes and changes made to them through time by presenting and analyzing ones from Midwestern Jewish sources, both kosher and non-kosher. It documents the availability of fruits, vegetables, and other comestibles throughout the Midwest that impacted how and what Jews cooked; and considers the effect of improved preservation and transportation on rural and urban Jewish foodways. Then, it examines the impact on Jewish foodways—the cultural, social, and economic practices relating to the production and consumption of food—of large-scale immigration, relocation, and Americanization efforts during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, paying special attention to the attempts of social and culinary reformers to modify traditional Jewish food preparation and ingredients.
32
Windham, Lane. Introduction. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632070.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This introductory chapter is about how historians have overlooked a wave of private-sector union organizing efforts in the 1970s. These efforts were led by the women and people of color who had gained new access to the nation’s best jobs following the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and who transformed the U.S. working class. This book uses National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) election records to show that an average of half a million workers a year went through NLRB elections in the 1970s. The fact that workers increasingly lost those elections due to weak labor law fed the nation’s new economic divide.
33
Kendler, Kenneth S., e Josef Parnas, eds. Philosophical Issues in Psychiatry IV. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.001.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This book contains, in addition to an introduction, sixteen chapters, each with its own introduction and discussion, that review various issues within psychiatric nosology from clinical, historical and particularly philosophical perspectives. The contributors to this book include major psychiatric researchers, clinicians, historians and especially nosologists (including several leaders of the DSM-5 effort and the DSM Steering Committee that will be guiding future revisions in DSM for the foreseeable future), psychologists with a special interest in psychiatric nosology and philosophers with a wide range of orientations. The book is organized into four major sections. The first explores the nature of psychiatric illness and the ways in which define it including clinical and psychometric perspectives. The second section examines problems in the reification of psychiatric diagnostic criteria, the problem of psychiatric epidemics and the nature and definition of individual symptoms. The third session explores the concept of epistemic iteration as a possible governing conceptual framework for the revision efforts for official psychiatric nosologies such as DSM and ICD and the problems of validation of psychiatric diagnoses. The final session explores how we might move from the descriptive to the etiologic in psychiatric diagnoses, the nature of progress in psychiatric research and the possible benefits of moving to a living document (or continuous improvement) model for psychiatric nosologic systems. The organization of the book—with its introduction and comments—well captures the dynamic cross-disciplinary interactions that characterize the best work in the philosophy of psychiatry.
34
Introduction to Quantum Hall Effect. Nova Science Publishers, 2002.
Encontre o texto completo da fonte
35
Fishkin, James S. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820291.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Democracy requires some connection to the “will of the people.” But there are impediments to how that will is formed and how it is connected to public decisions. Efforts to manipulate public opinion, the competitive pressures of campaigns, discussions among the like-minded on social media, distortions of campaign finance all make it difficult for a mostly inattentive mass public to come to considered judgments. “Deliberative democracy” offers a useful method of supplementing our current political practices. There is a need for research and experimentation into entry points for a thoughtful and representative public voice. Such efforts provide a solution to a recurring dilemma—do we listen to the people and get the angry voices of populism or rely on widely distrusted elites and get policies that seem out of touch with the public’s concerns. Populism or technocracy? Deliberative democracy can provide a thoughtful and representative public voice.
36
Kahan, Dan M., Dietram A. Scheufele e Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Introduction. Editado por Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan e Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.1.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The introductory chapter defines a science of science communication, examines efforts to advance scholarship in this area, provides an overview of the contents within the six parts of the handbook, and indicates ways in which communication about the Zika virus relates to each of those parts and to chapters within them.
37
Birk, Megan. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039249.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This book investigates how the practice of placing children with farmers in the rural Midwest that lasted from the early decades of the 1800s until after World War I eventually fell out of favor as a matter of policy. It explores the problems of abuse, neglect, and overwork that some children faced once they went into placement homes, along with efforts to remedy the problems with farm placements. It also considers how Progressive efforts at studying child welfare and farm life further cast doubts on the wisdom of farm placements and free placements in general. The book attributes the rise and fall of farm placements as a reflection of an important series of changes in dependent child care; between the 1870s and 1920s, farm placements for dependent children increased alongside the number of children institutionalized. However, problems with farms and farm placements forced reformers to discard this method in favor of paid foster care, adoptions, and family preservation. This introduction provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
38
Mathews, Jud. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682910.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This chapter introduces readers to the horizontal effect of rights and why it matters. It explains how horizontal effect doctrines define some of the key commitments of the legal systems that produce them. The chapter also introduces the three legal systems that are the subject of the book, Germany, the United States, and Canada, and lays out the basic structure of the case studies. For each, the focus is on three things in particular: a court’s initial moves to apply rights horizontally, the doctrinal structures the court devises to manage the horizontal effect of rights, and the broader consequences these choices have on governance, in interaction with the moves made by other actors and institutions. Applying rights horizontally has the potential to empower courts, but a mix of variables shape the consequences of any such move. The chapter previews the patterns that the case studies reveal.
39
Scott, Tom. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725275.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The history of Switzerland has rarely been of lively concern to foreign scholars. Apart from Edward Gibbon in the mid-eighteenth century (whose reflections on Switzerland and on Bern in particular were written in French), English-speaking historians have been content to treat the country as a peripheral curiosity, since neither its constitution nor its governance appear to fit the pattern of nations and states emerging elsewhere in Europe. This neglect has been compounded by Swiss historians themselves, who until recently have devoted their efforts to burnishing the image of a heroic Swiss past which emphasized separation and exceptionalism....
40
Tomlinson, Jim. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786092.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This introduction outlines how the idea of a national economy subject to governmental management was constructed in Britain out of the dissolution of the unmanaged economy of the pre-1914 era. It argues that a key turning point came in 1931 with the departure from the gold standard and the introduction of protection. But, it is argued, it was only from the 1940s that national economic management was combined with ‘managing the people’, through major efforts to shape public opinion on the economy. This chapter also summarizes the development of the major kinds of economic statistics which underpinned both facets of economic management.
41
Guittet, Emmanuel-Pierre. Unpacking the new mobilities paradigm: lessons for critical security studies? Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526107459.003.0012.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The epilogue makes an effort to close the bracket that this introduction has opened. Arguing from the disciplinary perspective of critical security studies, it takes a step back and evaluates which lessons can be learned from an agenda of security/mobility. The epilogue underlines the need for critical security studies to incorporate the notion of mobility more strongly, particularly with regard to its theoretical underpinnings and empirical and material manifestations. Moreover, it calls to take into account the multiplicity of actors that shape and influence any politics of movement, and to pay attention to (globalised) narratives of mobility and risk.
42
Spies, Dennis C. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812906.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
By briefly summarizing the New Progressive Dilemma (NPD) debate, this introduction presents to the reader the general research question: does immigration necessarily lead to welfare cuts? It outlines the significance of relationships between immigrants and native citizens, showing how these relate to redistributive policies in the US and Western Europe—but with very different results. In the US, states with high minority populations tend to favor lower welfare benefits, whereas in cross-national comparisons no such depressing effect of immigration on welfare spending can easily be identified. The book applies the insights from comparative welfare state and party research to the NPD to explain this difference, analyzing the effect of immigration on welfare state retrenchment. Finally, the introduction presents the book’s overall line of reasoning and the structure of its chapters.
43
Stanley, Timothy, e Jonathan Bell. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036866.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This introductory chapter considers the challenges, setbacks, and accomplishments of American liberal reformers in the twentieth century. Covering themes such as gender, class, labor, race, urban development, and underlying ideology, ten experts in their given fields have identified ways in which liberal politics has helped shape the nation's political landscape over the last half century. American political history cannot be labeled uniformly as conservative or liberal. Rather, there are conservative moments and liberal moments. Throughout them, reform is possible if given the right leadership and political context. Particular attention is given to the importance of grassroots coalition efforts to the functioning of “high politics” and policy making.
44
Patton, Raymond A. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872359.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This chapter introduces punk as a phenomenon that arose in the mid-1970s across the societies of the First and Second Worlds and in conversation with the Third World. It briefly reviews the trajectory of punk scholarship from the British cultural studies tradition, the post-subcultural studies critique, and recent efforts to combine the strengths of both approaches to capture punk’s sociopolitical significance without reducing it to politics. It locates punk’s significance in terms of several interrelated global sea changes taking place in the “late Cold War world” of the 1970s through 1980s, including globalization, postmodernism, a transformation in subcultures, and the intertwining of politics and culture.
45
Farriss, Nancy. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190884109.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Language diversification is as old as the human capacity for speech and along with it the need for translation. In the Old World multilingual diasporas and centuries-long contact facilitated communication across language boundaries. The formerly isolated and linguistically fragmented Americas presented a new and severe challenge to the Europeans, especially the Christian missionaries. Relying on language to convert the indigenous populations, they regarded the extreme degree of language diversity as exemplifying the curse of Babel and saw their role as an extension of the early age of the apostles. Their efforts to translate the Christian message into indigenous languages highlights the interplay between language gaps and cultural gaps.
46
González, Gabriela. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199914142.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Introduction: The introductory chapter considers how transborder activists opposed race-based discrimination and sought to “save” la raza by challenging their marginality in the United States. The quest for rights itself represented a modernist intervention in a racist society. However, their efforts at redemption were not limited to societal transformations. They also invested much energy into effecting individual and communal changes among Mexican-origin people. Activists such as Malpica de Munguía expressed faith in the tenets of modern society, believing that the best hope for the underprivileged lay in their adaptation to the best aspects of modernity. By lifting them out of their “state of intellectual, moral, and economic abandonment,” activists believed they could redeem la raza.
47
Elgström, Ole. Introduction. Editado por Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.47.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Research on Swedish foreign policy has primarily focused on four recurrent themes: Sweden’s policy of neutrality, its relations with Russia, Swedish internationalism, and its efforts to promote allegedly universal values. Each of the four themes is covered in this section. The authors reconstruct the predominant narratives of the roles that Sweden has played in international politics, but also challenge them: to what extent are they still valid? Is it possible to discern any specific Swedish traits in its foreign policy? It is argued that the combination of nonalignment with an active internationalist stance is one example of “Swedish exceptionalism.” However, increasing Europeanization and global trends have challenged this role combination, making Sweden more of an ordinary European small state.
48
Valls, Andrew. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860554.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The persistence of racial inequality in the United States raises deep and complex questions of racial justice. Some observers argue that public policy must be “color-blind,” while others argue that policies that take race into account should be defended on grounds of diversity or integration. This chapter begins to sketch an alternative to both of these, one that supports strong efforts to address racial inequality but that focuses on the conditions necessary for the liberty and equality of all. It argues that while race is a social construction, it remains deeply embedded in American society. A conception of racial justice is needed, one that is grounded on the premises provided by liberal political theory.
49
Franz, Carleen, Lee Ascherman e Julia Shaftel. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195383997.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The introduction provides a case study illustrating the complexities of the interface between learning disabilities and psychiatric comorbidity. Educational challenges can exacerbate and muddy the presentation of psychiatric difficulties and lead to diagnostic disagreement and less than optimal treatment efforts. Clinicians may have limited exposure to learning disorders, relevant cognitive functioning, and appropriate assessments. When learning disabilities are accurately recognized and diagnosed, educational supports and interventions can play their roles in improving the long-term emotional outlook for a student and enhance future educational and vocational opportunities. The purpose of this book is to provide information about diagnosing learning disabilities as clearly as possible so that clinicians will gain confidence in advocating for appropriate cognitive and educational evaluations that will enhance the accuracy of their clinical conclusions.
50
Anker, Elizabeth S., e Bernadette Meyler. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0001.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
While law and literature represents one of the most enduring sites of interdisciplinary inquiry, the field has recently expanded in a wide range of exciting new directions. Since its inception, law and literature has inspired taxonomies of the field, and the Introduction evaluates the limits and merits of those existing categorical schemes. It assesses frequent critiques of law and literature, while developing a framework for conceptualizing the many methodological and other innovations transforming the field. In particular, it emphasizes five new directions, considering the influence of history and political theory, efforts to globalize the field, the broadening of focus beyond legal texts along with changes in legal hermeneutics, attempts to transcend suspicion and critique, and new work on the imagination.