Bibliografias temáticas / Introduction effort

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Introduction effort"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 19 de fevereiro de 2022

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Introduction effort"

Noys, Benjamin. "Introduction: One More Effort…". Film-Philosophy 11, n.º 3 (outubro de 2007): i—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/film.2007.0015.

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Celichowski, Jan. "Role of physical effort - Introduction". Kosmos 69, n.º 4 (30 de janeiro de 2021): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.36921/kos.2020_2732.

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Athanassakis, Apostolos N. "Introduction". Ramus 21, n.º 02 (1992): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00002587.

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This second volume of essays on Hesiod published under the auspices of Ramus is a supplement to Ramus Essays on Hesiod I. Neither this volume by itself nor for that matter both volumes taken together aspire, in the opinion of the editor, to more than addressing some of the key issues of Hesiodic research from a contemporary perspective. To the extent that all contributors are professors at American universities, the effort is limited in compass. Strictures imposed by a very tight publication schedule and a very trim budget made it quite clear from the beginning that a truly comprehensive and, therefore, international effort could not be initiated by the editor and his collaborators at this time. It is sincerely hoped that our successes will spur others on to better ways of interpreting Hesiodic poetry and archaic Greek poetics in general. Perhaps even our mistakes will be of the kind that will provoke ‘the good Eris’.

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Yap, Alpha S. "Editorial introduction". Molecular Biology of the Cell 31, n.º 16 (21 de julho de 2020): 1651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0414.

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Welcome to this Fourth Special Issue of Molecular Biology of the Cell on Forces on and within Cells. As with our other Special Issues, the journal’s goal here is to focus attention on a major new direction in cell biology. In this case, it is the field of mechanobiology, which endeavours, broadly, to understand how mechanical forces are harnessed to drive cellular function and how force can also be a mode of biological information that regulates cell behavior. The collection of papers that we have in this issue reflects many current efforts to address these questions. While each of these papers is a distinct creative effort of its authors, I would like to draw your attention to a number of themes that emerge across these diverse studies.

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Cork, Steven J., Tim W. Clark e Nicole Mazur. "Introduction: an Interdisciplinary Effort for Koala Conservation". Conservation Biology 14, n.º 3 (junho de 2000): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99381.x.

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Armstrong, J. Scott. "Forecasting of software development work effort: Introduction". International Journal of Forecasting 23, n.º 3 (julho de 2007): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2007.05.014.

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den Boer, Pim. "Introduction". Contributions to the History of Concepts 3, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2007): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/180793207x248793.

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A series of panels focusing on the concept of civilization were organized in each one of the annual meetings held by the History of Political and Social Concepts Group (HPSCG) in New York (2005), Uppsala (2006) and Istanbul (2007). The guiding idea of such an effort was to stimulate research on what became one of the most successful eighteenth-century neologisms in modern socio-political vocabulary. There has been extensive historical and conceptual research on civilization in German, French and English, but little has been produced on its introduction, translation and usage in other European and non-European languages.

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Zeki, Semir. "Introduction". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, n.º 1435 (29 de julho de 2003): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1320.

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The papers in this issue of Philosophical Transactions have an interesting history. They were prepared within a research programme entitled Cognitique, instituted by the French Ministry of Education and Research within the broader context of a research effort that sought to combine, as far as possible, a study of the humanities and cognitive sciences, including studies that explore brain function through modern imaging techniques. The programme was launched and given a high priority by the then French Minister for Education and Research, Claude Allègre, in a far-sighted move that presages future directions in research into the human brain.

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Kolbert, Kathryn. "Introduction: Did the Amicus Effort Make a Difference?" American Journal of Law & Medicine 15, n.º 2-3 (1989): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800009837.

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With the opening of the new Supreme Court term and three new cases, each with the potential of eroding or overruling Roe v. Wade, discussions of Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, the most anticipated case of the 1989 term, are seemingly out of fashion. But Webster is significant and noteworthy as the first case of this decade which directly presented the high Court an opportunity to overrule Roe, the 1973 landmark case which afforded women the right to make intimate decisions about abortion free of governmental interference. The Court, flooded with amici curiae on both sides of the issue and an avalanche of political activism unparalleled in this decade, left Roe intact, albeit slightly modified. Because there are no longer five solid votes on the Court to uphold Roe, Webster has left its mark on American politics and has radically changed the tenor of the abortion debate for years to come.

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Vrba, Jan, e Jan Mareš. "Introduction to Extreme Seeking Entropy". Entropy 22, n.º 1 (12 de janeiro de 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22010093.

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Recently, the concept of evaluating an unusually large learning effort of an adaptive system to detect novelties in the observed data was introduced. The present paper introduces a new measure of the learning effort of an adaptive system. The proposed method also uses adaptable parameters. Instead of a multi-scale enhanced approach, the generalized Pareto distribution is employed to estimate the probability of unusual updates, as well as for detecting novelties. This measure was successfully tested in various scenarios with (i) synthetic data, (ii) real time series datasets, and multiple adaptive filters and learning algorithms. The results of these experiments are presented.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Introduction effort"

Gravuer, Kelly. "Determinants of the introduction, naturalisation, and spread of Trifolium species in New Zealand". Master's thesis, Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, 2004. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20071015.060329/.

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Two conceptual approaches which offer promise for improved understanding of biological invasions are conceptualizing the invasion process as a series of distinct stages and explicitly incorporating human actions into analyses. This study explores the utility of these approaches for understanding the invasion of Trifolium (true clover) species in New Zealand. From the published literature, I collected a range of Trifolium species attributes, including aspects of global transport and use by humans, opportunistic association with humans in New Zealand, native range attributes, habitat characteristics, and biological traits. I also searched historical records to estimate the extent to which each species had been planted in New Zealand, a search facilitated by the enormous importance of Trifolium in New Zealands pastoral agriculture system. Regression analysis and structural equation modelling were then used to relate these variables to success at each invasion stage. Fifty-four of the 228 species in the genus Trifolium were intentionally introduced to New Zealand. Species introduced for commercial agriculture were characterised by a large number of economic uses and presence in Britain, while species introduced for horticulture or experimental agriculture were characterised by a large native range area. Nine of these 54 intentionally introduced species subsequently naturalised in New Zealand. The species that successfully naturalised were those that had been planted extensively by humans and that were well-matched to the New Zealand climate. A further 16 species (from the pool of 174 species that were never intentionally introduced) arrived and naturalised in New Zealand without any recorded intentional aid of humans. Several attributes appeared to assist species in unintentional introduction-naturalisation, including a good match to the New Zealand climate, a large native range area, presence in human-influenced habitats, a widespread distribution in Britain, and self-pollination capability. The 25 total naturalised species varied greatly in their current distributions and in the rates at which they had spread to achieve those distributions. Species that had spread quickly and are currently more widespread had been frequent contaminants in the pasture seed supply and have a long flowering period in New Zealand. Other biological traits and native range attributes played supporting roles in the spread process. Attributes facilitating success clearly varied among invasion stages. Humans played a dominant role at all stages of this invasion, although biological traits had increasing importance as a species moved through the invasion sequence. My findings suggest that incorporation of human actions and the stage-based framework provide valuable insight into the invasion process. I discuss potential avenues by which these approaches might be integrated into predictive invasion models.

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Gatehouse, Hazel A. W. "Ecology of the naturalisation and geographic distribution of the non-indigenous seed plant species of New Zealand". Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1009.

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The naturalisation and subsequent spread of non-indigenous plant species (NIPS) is a major problem for most regions of the world. Managing plant invasions requires greater understanding of factors that determine initial naturalisation and distribution of wild NIPS. By the year 2000, 2252 NIPS were recorded as wild (1773 fully naturalised and 479 casual) in New Zealand. From published literature and electronic herbaria records, I recorded year of discovery of wild populations, and regional distribution of these wild NIPS. I also recorded species related attributes hypothesised to affect naturalisation and/or distribution, including global trade, human activities, native range and biological data; and regional attributes hypothesised to affect distribution, including human population densities, land use/cover, and environmental data. I used interval-censored time-to-event analyses to estimate year of naturalisation from discovery records, then analysed the importance of historical, human activity, biogeographical and biological attributes in determining patterns of naturalisation. Typically, NIPS that naturalised earlier were herbaceous, utilitarian species that were also accidentally introduced and/or distributed, with a wide native range that included Eurasia, naturalised elsewhere, with a native congener in New Zealand. In the year 2000, 28% of wild NIPS occupied only one region, 18% occupied two regions, decreasing incrementally to 2.5 % for nine regions, but with 13.5% occupying all ten regions. I used generalised linear models (GLMs) with binomial distribution to determine predictors of whether a wild NIPS occupied ten regions or not, and GLMs with Poisson distribution for wild NIPS occupying 0 – 9 regions. As expected, the dominant effect was that species discovered earlier occupied more regions. Utilitarian wild NIPS that were also accidentally introduced and/or distributed, and wild NIPS with a native congener tended to be more widely distributed, but results for other attributes varied between datasets. Although numbers of wild NIPS recorded in regions of New Zealand were sometimes similar, composition of wild NIPS was often very different. I used nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to determine dissimilarity in composition between regions. Then, after reducing correlation between predictor variables using principal components analyses (PCAs), I tested the importance of regional variables in determining the regional composition of wild NIPS using metaMDS. The density of human populations best explained the dissimilarity in composition, but temperature gradients and water availability gradients were also important. In the year 2000 more than 1100 (60%) of the 1773 fully naturalised NIPS in mainland New Zealand had each been recorded in Northland/Auckland and Canterbury, and at the other end of the scale, Southland and Westland each had fewer than 500 (30%). I used GLMs to analyse the importance of people and environment in determining the numbers of wild NIPS in each region. Because I conducted multiple tests on the same dataset I used sequential Bonferroni procedures to adjust the critical P-value. Only human population density was important in explaining the numbers of NIPS in the regions. Overall, humans were the dominant drivers in determining the patterns of naturalisation and spread, although environment helps determine the composition of NIPS in regions. Incorporating human associated factors into studies of wild NIPS helps improve the understanding of the stages in the naturalisation and spread process.

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Self, Lance. "INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE AGENTS". International Foundation for Telemetering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/607343.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
Software agents are application programs that perform duties in an autonomous fashion. These applications can be used to increase productivity, better use existing bandwidth, and improve present and future software application programs. By using existing established methods, and adding a layer of intelligence, software agents can add problem solving abilities to an application program.

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Franks, Jeff. "Sample introduction into ICP-MS systems". Thesis, University of Hull, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262437.

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de, Paula Abdon B. "An introduction to Doppler effect and fading in mobile communication". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23709.

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Miller, William Harley. "AN INTRODUCTION TO A HYPERTHERMIA PATIENT PLANNING AND PATIENT TREATMENT EVALUATION SYSTEM (NUMERICAL, CANCER)". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275373.

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Mashwani, Asad Iqbal. "Evaluation, information et perspectives industrielles lors des scissions de filiales par introduction en bourse". Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL20012/document.

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Nous étudions l’évaluation, l’information et les perspectives industrielles lors des scissions de filiales par introduction en Bourse (ECO). Dans notre première étude, nous estimons les effets de richesse aux différentes étapes d’une ECO et leur lien sur les rentabilités boursières anormales de la société mère de la filiale. Nous trouvons que c’est la période de construction du livre d’ordres de l’introduction en bourse qui permet au marché financier de mieux estimer les effets de richesse positifs pour la société mère. Dans notre second travail, nousavançons que les ECO sont effectuées dans les secteurs industriels où les firmes présentent des opportunités de croissance plus faibles en moyenne. Nous démontrons que les industries concernées par des ECO ont des performances opérationnelles (mesurées par la rentabilité d’exploitation, les liquidités générées et la margeopérationnelle) plus faibles. Nous montrons également que les fusions acquisitions réalisées dans les industries où une ECO a eu lieu durant les trois années précédentes créent moins de valeur pour l’offreur que les fusions acquisitions qui ne sont pas concernées par une ECO. La dernière étude de cette thèse analyse l’impact d’une ECO sur la divergence d’estimations des analystes financiers et sur le nombre d’analystes suivants la société mère. Nous trouvons que la divergence d’estimations et le nombre d’analystes augmentent après une ECO
We study the valuation, information and industry perspectives of equity carve-outs. In our first paper, we study the wealth effect of equity carve-outs and its relationship with the abnormal returns to the parent firm. Using thisrelationship we find that during book-building period of equity carve-out, the returns to the parent firm can be used to pre-empt the wealth effect of equity carve-out. In our second paper, we argue that equity carve-outs, on average, are carried out in industries, where opportunities are low. We find that these industries have low operating performance, gauged on profitability, cash flow and profit margin compared to industries where there are no carve-outs. In addition to this evidence, we find that the merger and acquisition activities, in which targetsare in industries where carve-out activities happened in last three years before the M&A activity, bidders have less value created compared to mergers where the target industry has no carve-out activity. In our third paper, we analyze the impact of carve-outs on the divergence of belief and the number of analysts following the firm. We find that divergence of belief increases after a carve-out and number of analysts following the firm increases, also

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Matsusue, Naoya, Hiroshi Hasegawa e Ken-ichi Sato. "Suppression of Boundary Effect and Introduction of Scale Correlation for Wavelet based Traffic Prediction". IEEE, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/12048.

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Moreira, Juliana. "Introduction to a mobile development methods investigation to Scania IT AB : Case: Rundtursbuss application". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kommunikation, medier och it, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16531.

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The purpose of this work was both to explore the variety of methods to develop mobile applications and to create a requirement documentation and solution proposal to the case study Rundtursbuss. During the 10 weeks work-experience, I had the possibility to investigate a range of methods to develop mobile applications and apply it to a reference case. The questions regarding which method to choose when developing mobile application are not easy to answer, once there is not only one solution that can fit the needs of all the applications that will be developed at Scania. Each application needs to be evaluated not only from a technical perspective, but also from a user-centered way. One of the best ways to quickly evaluate a project is asking what that makes the project mobile The analysis of each criteria aided in the evaluation of the application requirements and in reaching the conclusion that the most promising methods to develop the application Rundtursbuss are either native or cross-compilation ones. In conclusion, it is crucial to emphasize that while Scania does not have a procedure on how to develop, maintain and coordinate the development of mobile applications, single initiatives will continue to emerge, which increase the cost and affect the quality of their IT products and services.

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Sawers, L. "The effect of the introduction of new technology upon female labour in the retail sector". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372278.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Introduction effort"

Schneider, Jörg, e Ton Vrouwenvelder. Introduction to safety and reliability of structures. 3^a ed. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed005.

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Society expects that buildings and other structures are safe for the people who use them or who are near them. The failure of a building or structure is expected to be an extremely rare event. Thus, society implicitly relies on the expertise of the professionals involved in the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the structures it uses.Structural engineers devote all their effort to meeting society’s expectations effi ciently. Engineers and scientists work together to develop solutions to structural problems. Given that nothing is absolutely and eternally safe, the goal is to attain an acceptably small probability of failure for a structure, a facility, or a situation. Reliability analysis is part of the science and practice of engineering today, not only with respect to the safety of structures, but also for questions of serviceability and other requirements of technical systems that might be impacted by some probability.The present volume takes a rather broad approach to safety and reliability in Structural Engineering. It treats the underlying concepts of safety, reliability and risk and introduces the reader in a ﬁ rst chapter to the main concepts and strategies for dealing with hazards. The next chapter is devoted to the processing of data into information that is relevant for applying reliability theory. Two following chapters deal with the modelling of structures and with methods of reliability analysis. Another chapter focuses on problems related to establishing target reliabilities, assessing existing structures, and on effective strategies against human error. The last chapter presents an outlook to more advanced applications. The Appendix supports the application of the methods proposed and refers readers to a number of related computer programs.This book is aimed at both students and practicing engineers. It presents the concepts and procedures of reliability analysis in a straightforward, understandable way, making use of simple examples, rather than extended theoretical discussion. It is hoped that this approach serves to advance the application of safety and reliability analysis in engineering practice.The book is amended with a free access to an educational version of a Variables Processor computer program. FreeVaP can be downloaded free of charge and supports the understanding of the subjects treated in this book.

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Salikhov, K. M. Magnetic isotope effect in radical reactions: An introduction. Wien: Springer, 1996.

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Barrie, Andrew. Translocation of roan antelope in South Africa and the effect this has had on the genetic diversity of the species. [South Africa]: [s.n.], 2003.

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Angus, Fergusson, Whitewood Bob, Hengeveld Henry 1947- e Canada Environment Canada, eds. An introduction to climate change: A Canadian perspective. [Ottawa]: Environment Canada, 2005.

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Dagger, Richard. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199388837.003.0001.

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This book aims to develop a unified theory of political obligation and the justification of punishment that takes its bearings from the principle of fair play. Much has been written on each of these subjects, of course, including numerous essays in recent years that approach one or the other topic in fair-play terms. However, there has been no sustained effort to link the two in a fair-play theory of political obligation and punishment. This book undertakes such an effort. This introduction explains why such a theory is an attractive possibility and how the argument for it unfolds in the succeeding chapters.

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Charon, Rita, Sayantani DasGupta, Nellie Hermann, Craig Irvine, Eric R. Marcus, Edgar Rivera Colón, Danielle Spencer e Maura Spiegel. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360192.003.0001.

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The care of the sick centers on the giving and receiving of accounts of illness. Narrative medicine arose at the turn of this century to equip healthcare professionals with the capacity to skillfully receive these accounts—to recognize, absorb, interpret, and be moved to action by the stories patients tell. The Introduction summarizes the field’s emergence from narrative theory and primary healthcare in an effort to heighten the attention of clinicians for their patients, strengthen their perception of a patient’s situation, and deepen the affiliation between them. The field’s scholarly, educational, and clinical missions are summarized, and a précis of each of the book’s chapters is offered.

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Browning, Birch P. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199928200.003.0001.

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It is possible to be both an artistic musician and an effective educator. Becoming both is a process that requires relentless effort to comprehend and apply basic understandings of how music works and how students learn. The core concepts of both fields can be organized into frameworks of understanding, from which details can be derived and on which musical and instructional decisions can be based. During the process of becoming a musician-educator, the student must make wise decisions about what needs to be learned, how it will be learned, and how the knowledge and skills will be used or engaged. Above all, the student needs to be curious.

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Scheipers, Sibylle. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799047.003.0001.

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During his early years, Clausewitz spent a large amount of time and effort on analysing small wars. Yet his legacy as a thinker of small war has been neglected by the mainstream traditions of Clausewitz scholarship in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The narrow interpretation of Clausewitz as a paradigmatic thinker of major interstate war was largely a result of a lack of engagement with Clausewitz’s historical intellectual context. The introduction gives an overview of both the mainstream Clausewitz reception and Clausewitz’s contemporary context. Finally, it discusses methodological perspectives that allow us to analyse Clausewitz’s engagement with his context, that stretch beyond the crude concept of ‘influence’.

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Roberson, Quinetta M. Introduction. Editado por Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0001.

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Diversity refers to differences among people. While such differences are characteristic of the human race, socio-cultural and economic trends have given rise to such variation in organizational workforces as well. To keep pace with society and the changing business environment, researchers across a number of disciplines have studied the phenomenon in an effort to understand its meaning, import, operation and consequences in organizations. The purpose of this chapter is to consider the environmental trends that have changed the composition of workforces and brought diversity to the forefront as an important management and research concern. In addition, it provides a tour of the structure of the volume and topics covered, which illustrate the diversity of this science and its application to work and organizations.

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Goodall, Alex. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038037.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter analyzes how conflicting impulses for loyalty and liberty shaped the politics of countersubversion between World War I and the McCarthy era. By examining the ways this intellectual problem manifested in various historical contexts, the chapter uncovers a history of fits and starts rather than simple, linear progression: waves of growth in political policing followed by undercurrents of reform. The contradictory effort to retain historic freedoms while simultaneously limiting them is what gave American countersubversion its distinctively American character: populist, legalistic, voluble, and partisan. The chapter also seeks to explain how a country with a long-standing hostility to the centralization of power, and a strong disposition to associate activist government with tyranny, gradually reconciled itself to a domestic security state.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Introduction effort"

Wolfe, Charles R. "Introduction". In Urbanism Without Effort, 1–9. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-962-3_1.

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Wasserman, Theodore, e Lori Wasserman. "Introduction". In Motivation, Effort, and the Neural Network Model, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58724-6_1.

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Erim, Timur. "Introduction". In Expanding the Conceptual Boundaries of Work Effort, 1–21. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-23316-7_1.

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Mendes, Emilia. "Introduction to Effort Estimation". In Practitioner's Knowledge Representation, 27–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54157-5_3.

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Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Thierry Volery, Heiko Bergmann e Cornelia Amstutz. "Introduction". In Masterpieces of Swiss Entrepreneurship, 3–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_1.

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AbstractThis chapter tells the story of the origin of the project from the Big Idea: the research design, the recruiting of the research team, adoption of the sample design, the database, the extensive field research effort, as well as the application of pattern analysis to arrive at findings on management practices. Details on the book’s organization can be found here, as well as some suggestions on how to absorb both the 36 company profiles in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_26 and the detailed analyses in Chaps. 10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_2–10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_25.

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Gartstein, Maria A., Samuel P. Putnam, Helena Slobodskaya e Carolina de Weerth. "Introduction to the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium (JETTC)". In Toddlers, Parents, and Culture, 1–10. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315203713-1.

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Imai, Jun. "Re-bargaining Effort: The Introduction of Results-Orientation at COMPUJ". In The Transformation of Japanese Employment Relations, 122–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230295308_5.

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Desille, Amandine, e Karolina Nikielska-Sekula. "Introduction". In IMISCOE Research Series, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67608-7_1.

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AbstractA significant effort in theorising and conceptualising the visual has been made within various disciplines. To mention only a few, Howard Becker (Art as collective action. Am Sociol Rev 767–776, 1974) in visual sociology, Lucien Taylor (Visualising theory. Routledge, 1994), Marcus Banks and Howard Morphy ((eds): Rethinking visual anthropology. Yale University Press, London, 1999) and Jay Ruby (Picturing culture: explorations of film and anthropology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2000) in visual anthropology, Chris Jenk ((ed): Visual culture. Routledge, 1995) in cultural studies, Gillian Rose (Visual methodologies: an introduction to the interpretation of visual methods. Sage, 2001) in geography and Sarah Pink (Doing visual ethnography. Sage, London, 2001) in visual ethnography, all produced fundamental works focusing on the visual in social sciences. This book, however, without diminishing the disciplinary work within the subject, proposes to approach visual methodologies in the specific context of a field of study, adopting an interdisciplinary approach that brings together geography, sociology, anthropology and communication studies. As Adrian Favell (Rebooting migration theory: interdisciplinarity, globality and postdisciplinarity in migration studies. In: Brettell C, Hollifield J (eds) Migration theory: talking across disciplines. Routledge, pp 259–278, 2007, p. 1988) has suggested: “On the face of it, there could hardly be a topic in the contemporary social sciences more naturally ripe for interdisciplinary thinking than migration studies.” In this piece we will attempt to explain why the adoption of visual methodologies in the field of migration studies is of particular interest.

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Van den Broeck, Anja, Joseph Carpini, Hannes Leroy e James M. Diefendorff. "How Much Effort Will I Put into My Work? It Depends on Your Type of Motivation". In An Introduction to Work and Organizational Psychology, 354–72. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119168058.ch19.

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"Introduction". In Efficiency and Effort, 11–24. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315013671-9.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Introduction effort"

Kailin Pan, Daoguo Yang, Qiao Kai, Kouchi Zhang e Lianfa Yang. "Introduction of Microelectronics Manufacturing Engineering into professional education: a joint effort among industry, government and universities". In 2008 International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology & High Density Packaging (ICEPT-HDP). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icept.2008.4606961.

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Goettert, Jost. "An Introduction Into X-Ray Micromachining Using Synchrotron Radiation". In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62019.

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Micro production technologies are a driving factor in today’s continuous effort of developing new, highly functional products. The need for increased functionality is met by decreasing the size of individual components as well as consequently miniaturizing components for non-electronic properties including optical, mechanical, and fluidic functions. An important factor in this approach his the right material for a given task and the ability to shape it into the desired geometry as well as to combine micro components in a cost-effective way to build more complex modules and micro systems. One micro production technology that meet several of the above mentioned needs is the LIGA process, a combination of three major fabrication processes — x-ray based micromachining or deep x-ray lithography (DXRL), electroplating, and molding. In x-ray lithography the unique properties of synchrotron radiation, especially high intensity of collimated x-ray photons, permit patterning of extremely precise, very tall primary microstructures up to several millimeters in height with micrometer lateral dimensions and sub-micrometer details (so-called High-Aspect Ratio Microstructures, HARM). These microstructures are attractive for mechanical and optical components in MEMS (MicroElectroMechanicalSystems) devices. While x-ray lithography is crucial to achieve a primary microstructure with superior features, the use of synchrotron radiation is limiting the material choice to only a few polymer materials, so-called x-ray resists. Additional processes including electroplating and molding, however, open up a huge selection of engineering materials such as metals, ceramics, and also a large number of polymers and allow MEMS engineers to combine structural and material properties to build the next generation MEMS devices. This paper is primarily focusing on the DXRL process. Process fundamentals including equipment and infrastructure, x-ray masks, resists, typical structure geometries as well as patterning accuracy will be discussed. A few examples will illustrate ongoing efforts of commercializing this technology and also indicate future areas of applications.

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Biyanni, Hanifan Mayo, Suhail Mohammed Al Ameri, Erwan Couzigou, Khalid Ahmed Alwahedi, Adel Al Marzouqi, Fahed Salem Al Ameri, Ahmed Tahoun, Lucian Liang e Fairuz Mohamad. "Introduction of Smart Circulating Sub in Offshore Abu Dhabi". In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/202197-ms.

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Abstract The paper describes deployment phase of a smart circulating sub in offshore Abu Dhabi field as an effort to improve efficiency and flexibility in tackling operational drilling risk and minimize associated NPT. It will describe the pre-campaign technical assessment and preparation, the field operation summary, the detail activation record, and the trial statistics including the activation success ratio including also some reliability milestones that will beneficial to be reference in term of tool functionality and reliability. The smart sub offers practicality to select three different flow path mode on top of the isolation mode without any necessity to pull out of hole nor to disconnect the pipe at surface. Different from any other conventional tool, the command to change the flow path mode is fully achieved only by manipulating absolute pressure or pipe rotation speed. Thus, it will save time, lower the operational risk as well as increase flexibility. As part of new technology implementation, a set of factory test and field trial run were conducted to evaluate its operability, reliability, and also to define its technical limit. A total of 8 field trial runs with 38 activation in more than 800 running hours has proved the system's the reliability through the field trial. And through the paper, some feedback from the field trial runs that is aimed to raise a design and operational improvement towards a more robust tool functionality.

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Premkumar, P., e S. N. Kramer. "A Generalized Expert System Shell for Implementing Mechanical Design Applications: Review, Introduction and Fundamental Concepts". In ASME 1988 Design Technology Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1988-0040.

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Abstract The foundations for an expert system shell for implementing mechanical design applications are presented in this paper. The shell supports facilities for knowledge acquisition, quasi-reactive planning, design evaluation, and subjective explanation. The underlying philosophy of each of these facilities and some preliminary implementation issues are discussed. A brief summary of a recent research effort and its implications on the development of a generalized expert system shell for implementing mechanical design applications are also presented.

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Wong, Kau-Fui V., e Pablo A. Garcia. "Introduction of Nanotechnology in the Basic Energy Sciences". In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43500.

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Nanotechnology is, according to some authorative sources, the new wave of the immediate future in science and technology. Many universities in the world do not have this topic taught at the college level in engineering. The objective of the current work is to prepare teaching materials in nanotechnology that could be used in a couple of lectures to be incorporated in a junior-level course of thermodynamics or other basic energy science course. The aim of preparing these modules is an effort to introduce our current undergraduate engineering students to some important concepts in nanotechnology. The modality of modules is so that many other college programs in the world can adopt these modules and incorporate in their curriculum easily; the result is that the education of our future engineers will be more complete and our engineers more competitive in the world market. The current work concentrates on the discussion and elaboration of the topics to be covered in nanotechnology in two one-hour and a-half lectures. Introductory items include the differences between nano-science and macro-science as well as atomic-level science theory. It cannot just be a survey of where nanotechnology has affected our modern lives. It should contain enough basics so that future courses/topics can build on these preliminary foundation lectures. The topics will tie in two existing lectures with nanotechnology applications. First, the principles of heat transfer relating to thermodynamics will be introduced. Second, an overview of nanotechnology will be presented. Third, students will be given an in-depth look at the various heat transfer processes. Finally, the nanotechnology applications relating to heat transfer shall be discussed, including a focus on nanofluids. This work will introduce some of the fundamental ideas regarding nanotechnology that relates to the energy sciences as it may be presented to a junior-level engineering class. This will include a discussion of some of the properties of nanoparticles, the synthesis of nanoparticles and the various materials used in fabrication, as well as the importance of nanofluids to complex thermal energy systems based on current and past research. After laying out the lesson plan integration in the current course curricula, several sample problems are presented in the appendix that would lend the students a greater grasp of the new material. An engineering upperclassman should understand the fundamentals of nanoscale engineering. Initial educational evaluation data based on a couple of lectures alone gave an average concept inventory, ([1] C.I., Foundation Coalition, 2007) score (geared for the two lectures) of 61.4% for a class of about twenty students (Spring 2007) in thermodynamics; the corresponding improvement in the average C.I. score for about ten students (Summer 2007) was from 43.7% to about 60%.

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Borse, Nagesh N., Matthew Barnhart, Lee Claypool e Benny Kottiri. "062: USAID'S EFFORT IN DEVELOPMENT AND INTRODUCTION OF MICROBICIDES FOR WOMEN TO REDUCE THE RISK OF HIV – USAID TACTICS – TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH ACTIVITIES TO ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND INTRODUCTION OF POTENTIAL MICROBICIDE CANDIDATES". In Global Forum on Research and Innovation for Health 2015. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-forum2015abstracts.62.

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Dantas, Mario A. R. "Data Intensive Scalable Computing (DISC)". In Escola Regional de Alto Desempenho de São Paulo. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eradsp.2020.16873.

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This work presents an introduction to the Data Intensive Scalable Computing (DISC) approach. This paradigm represents a valuable effort to tackle the large amount of data produced by several ordinary applications. Therefore, subjects such as characterization of big data and storage approaches, in addition to brief comparison between HPC and DISC are differentiated highlight.

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Yamane, Takashi, e Kazuomi Yamamoto. "Introduction of Combined Usage of Overset Grid Method in Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation". In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59832.

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The conjugate heat transfer simulation is expected to simulate precise temperature distributions of turbine cooling structures and contribute to the reduction of cooling air usage. However, the generation of computational grids for highly complicated cooling structures in turbine blade is a quite difficult work, especially in the conjugate simulation because grids for fluid and solid regions should be generated simultaneously. In this study the combined usage of the overset grid method with the attached multiblock grid method is introduced for the grid generation with less effort. In the original UPACS flow solver, the overset is treated as one type of boundary conditions where the data are interpolated from the background grid blocks. If the interpolations of data are allowed along the solid surface which is the connecting boundary of fluid and solid grid blocks, the heat flux calculation becomes quite complicated and the benefits of longstanding researches on the turbulence models for boundary fitted grids cannot be used, thus the overset treatments have been limited among the same type of calculation blocks, that is, the fluid blocks should be on the background grid of fluid region and the solid blocks should be on the background grid of solid region. The procedure to create grids with the above restriction has also developed. Numerical result using the overset grid method is compared with the conventional multi-block grid result for evaluation. With this method, the grid generation labor for such as parametric simulations of different arrangements of film holes in a turbine blade will be greatly reduced.

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English, Kenneth W. "Challenges of Incorporating Guided-Inquiry Learning in an Engineering Optimization Class". In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35277.

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This paper describes the introduction and impact of using process oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) to increase student engagement in a graduate level engineering optimization class. POGIL exercises were introduced into the class as an effort to enhance student engagement and improve retention of knowledge. The effort revealed that although POGIL has been adopted in many contexts (e.g, materials science, chemical engineering, and computer science), characteristics of the student population and the course may play a significant role in the success of a POGIL implementation. The paper describes the POGIL method, how it was adapted for inclusion in an optimization class, and observations on classroom impacts, engagement, and effectiveness.

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Filippi, Stefano, e Daniela Barattin. "Analysis of Users and Designers’ Cognitive Processes in Interaction Design Activities". In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47166.

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Over the years, the increasing importance of interaction issues has suggested involving final users in design teams. This involvement requires a careful reasoning in order to maximize the users’ contribution. The research described in this paper aims at this maximization based on considerations about cognitive processes. The situated FBS framework — an existing tool to describe designers’ reasoning — is exploited to analyze the users and designers’ cognitive processes while they are designing together. The quantification of the cognitive effort allows highlighting and managing peaks, possible further interactions and missing activities. The result is a revised release of the design process, with a redistribution of the effort, an enhancement of the user-designer dialogue and the introduction of a new activity.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Introduction effort"

Littleton, Ginger, e Joseph Wander. STEM Education: Introduction of Quantitative Math and Science Content into Elementary Education, STEM Enrichment Effort in Title One Elementary and Middle Schools in Bay County, Florida. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, junho de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada596391.

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Tajima, Tsuyoshi. Introduction to Superconducting RF Structures and the Effect of High Pressure Rinsing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), junho de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1260364.

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Avery, Michael L., e James R. Lindsay. Monk Parakeets. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, novembro de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7208743.ws.

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Since their introduction to the United States in the 1960s, monk parakeets (Myiopsittamonachus) have thrived. Monk parakeets often construct nests on man-made structures, such as electric utility facilities and cell phone towers. Monk parakeets are non-native and not protected by the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Their status at the State level varies considerably─from no regulation to complete protection. Thus, it is best to consult with the appropriate local wildlife management agency before initiating any control efforts. The monk parakeet is a popular cage bird, and although imports from South America have ceased, many are available in the U.S. through captive breeding and from individuals who take young birds from nests.

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Zilberman, Mark. The "Dimming Effect" Produced by the Application of Doppler Effect on the Quantity of Photons Arriving to a Receiver and its Implication to Astronomy (ver. 2). Intellectual Archive, novembro de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2444.

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This article describes the "Dimming effect" that is produced by the Doppler effect applied to a quantity of individual photons arriving to a receiver from a moving source of light. The corpuscular-wave dualism of light suggests that the well-known Doppler effect, which is currently applied only to the wave component of light, should also be considered for the corpuscular component of light. Application of the Doppler effect on a quantity of photons leads to the "Dimming Effect" - as the faster light source is moving away from observer - the dimmer its brightness appears. While the described dimming effect is negligible for low-speed light sources, it becomes significant for light sources with a velocity comparable to light speed in a vacuum. The relativistic adjustments for time dilation cause the described dimming effect to be even stronger. For example, the "Dimming Effect" for an object moving away from the observer with the speed 0.1c is 0.904 and for an object moving away from the observer with the speed 0.5c is 0.577. Article also provides the formula for the calculation of "Dimming effect" values using the red-shift parameter Z widely used in astronomy as N/N0=1/(Z+1). If confirmed, the "Dimming effect" must be taken into account in calculations of astronomical "Standard Candles" and in particular in the "Supernova Cosmology Project", which has claimed the acceleration of the Universe's expansion and led to the introduction of dark energy.

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Keane, Claire, Karina Doorley e Dora Tuda. COVID-19 and the Irish welfare system. ESRI, junho de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/bp202201.

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COVID-19 had, and continues to have, a strong negative effect on incomes in Ireland due to widespread job losses as the measures put in place to slow the spread of the disease resulted in severe economic restrictions. Despite the existence of unemployment supports, additional income supports were introduced to protect incomes. As public health restrictions lift and the economy recovers, we face the withdrawal of such supports. We examine these supports and the role they played in supporting incomes. By profiling those who benefitted most from the new schemes, we highlight the groups most at risk of significant income losses as they wind down. We consider what gaps in the social welfare system necessitated the introduction of such schemes in the first place, along with potential future policy changes to ensure that the social welfare system can provide adequate income protection and financial incentives to work as we emerge from the COVID-19 crisis.

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Zilberman, Mark. “Doppler de-boosting” and the observation of “Standard candles” in cosmology. Intellectual Archive, julho de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2549.

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“Doppler boosting” is a well-known relativistic effect that alters the apparent luminosity of approaching radiation sources. “Doppler de-boosting” is the name of relativistic effect observed for receding light sources (e.g. relativistic jets of active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts). “Doppler boosting” changes the apparent luminosity of approaching light sources to appear brighter, while “Doppler de-boosting” causes the apparent luminosity of receding light sources to appear fainter. While “Doppler de-boosting” has been successfully accounted for and observed in relativistic jets of AGN, it was ignored in the establishment of Standard candles for cosmological distances. A Standard candle adjustment of an Z>0.1 is necessary for “Doppler de-boosting”, otherwise we would incorrectly assume that Standard Candles appear dimmer not because of “Doppler de-boosting” but because of the excessive distance, which would affect the entire Standard Candles ladder at cosmological distances. The ratio between apparent (L) and intrinsic (Lo) luminosities as a function of the redshift Z and spectral index α is given by the formula ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)α -3 and for Type Ia supernova appears as ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)-2. “Doppler de-boosting” may also explain the anomalously low luminosity of objects with a high Z without the introduction of an accelerated expansion of the Universe and Dark Energy.

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Zilberman, Mark. PREPRINT. “Doppler de-boosting” and the observation of “Standard candles” in cosmology. Intellectual Archive, junho de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/ia_2021_06_23.

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PREPRINT. “Doppler boosting” is a well-known relativistic effect that alters the apparent luminosity of approaching radiation sources. “Doppler de-boosting” is the term of the same relativistic effect observed for receding light sources (e.g.relativistic jets of active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts). “Doppler boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of approaching light sources to appear brighter, while “Doppler de-boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of receding light sources to appear fainter. While “Doppler de-boosting” has been successfully accounted for and observed in relativistic jets of AGN, it was ignored in the establishment of Standard candles for cosmological distances. A Standard candle adjustment of Z>0.1 is necessary for “Doppler de-boosting”, otherwise we would incorrectly assume that Standard Candles appear dimmer, not because of “Doppler de-boosting” but because of the excessive distance, which would affect the entire Standard Candles ladder at cosmological distances. The ratio between apparent (L) and intrinsic (Lo) luminosities as a function of the redshift Z and spectral index α is given by the formula ℳ(Z) =L/Lo=(Z+1)^(α-3) and for Type Ia supernova appears as ℳ(Z)=L/Lo=(Z+1)^(-2). “Doppler de-boosting” may also explain the anomalously low luminosity of objects with a high Z without the introduction of an accelerated expansion of the Universe and Dark Energy.

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Zilberman, Mark. "Doppler De-boosting" and the Observation of "Standard Candles" in Cosmology. Intellectual Archive, julho de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2552.

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“Doppler boosting” is a well-known relativistic effect that alters the apparent luminosity of approaching radiation sources. “Doppler de-boosting” is the same relativistic effect observed but for receding light sources (e.g. relativistic jets of AGN and GRB). “Doppler boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of approaching light sources to appear brighter, while “Doppler de-boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of receding light sources to appear fainter. While “Doppler de-boosting” has been successfully accounted for and observed in relativistic jets of AGN, it was ignored in the establishment of Standard candles for cosmological distances. A Standard Candle adjustment of Z>0.1 is necessary for “Doppler de-boosting”, otherwise we would incorrectly assume that Standard Candles appear dimmer, not because of “Doppler de-boosting” but because of the excessive distance, which would affect the entire Standard Candles ladder at cosmological distances. The ratio between apparent (L) and intrinsic (Lo) luminosities as a function of the redshift Z and spectral index α is given by the formula ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)α -3 and for Type Ia supernova appears as ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)-2. “Doppler de-boosting” may also explain the anomalously low luminosity of objects with a high Z without the introduction of an accelerated expansion of the Universe and Dark Energy.

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Hunter, Fraser, e Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, setembro de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world

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Recommendations for energy conservation standards for new residential buildings - volume 3: Introduction and Background to the Standard Development Effort. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maio de 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5737921.

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